164:
Cashless
Welfare Card is a success also neglects to mention an actual increase in crime when year to year averages are considered. There is also very little mention of negative outcomes such as an increase in suicides which has been directly linked to the implementation of the Cashless Welfare Card trial, which was raised in the 2017 inquiry. A Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights report from 2017 has found that the CDC negatively impacts rights to social security, privacy, family, equality and non-discrimination, furthermore finding that there has been no compelling rationale for the scale of the CDC.
418:
been mention of "about 700 people have come off the card", but this appears to be "because they found work or they were suspended from welfare payments for breaching the rules", rather than due to exiting the trial. Participants in the trial have waited for a year to find out if their application to withdraw from the CDC trial has been approved. As of June 2020, only a fifth of applications to withdraw from the trial have been approved. A report from the ANAO said that as of
February 2022, 591 participants have exited the CDC trial.
184:
32:
132:
card only be used in areas where most households were receiving welfare, with the goal of ending intergenerational poverty. The
Forrest Review did not review the impact of the BasicsCard or other income management schemes when recommending the Healthy Welfare Card. While Forrest initially envisaged a fully cashless card, Tudge altered it to be mostly cashless. Marcia Langton has since withdrawn her support for the scheme citing it as "brutal" and abuse of the poor.
460:
Senate, certain users of the
Cashless Debit Card were allowed to leave the program before it ended on 6 March 2023. Cashless Debit Card users in the Northern Territory were to be transitioned back onto the BasicsCard, a Howard-era income management scheme, but a new "smart card" has been set up from 6 March 2023 for people who had compulsory income management in the Northern Territory or Cape York. This card has been criticised for its lack of a
247:
443:, as well as at least fourteen related groups representing each of the regions the program is being trialled or being proposed. These online groups collate all the various perceived or actual failings of the Cashless Welfare Card, ranging from the perception of it being a breach of a person's right to financial autonomy, to instances where the CDC has failed at an EFTPOS terminal, yet other cards have worked.
287:. This was a major shift for Labor, which had supported all previous income management processes. The third trial location had not been decided as of December 2017. The legislation to decide on the third trial site would also make it possible for the government to roll the card out more widely without parliamentary approval. This legislation was not passed through the senate, following opposition by
219:
233:
205:
191:
320:. In 2020, a brief pause was put on adding new participants to the Cashless Debit Card due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, a bill was put before the Senate to make the cards permanent. The trial was extended until 2022. As of February 2022, there were 16,685 CDC participants across the five sites of the trial. Eventually, the Senate opposed making the trials permanent.
371:
commented on the site's potential to test the card's scalability to wider use within the population. Participants in
Kalgoorlie report that they cannot make bank loan repayments as they are not allowed to be paid for using the quarantined money. The trial in Kalgoorlie has been expanded. 48% of the people in the trial in the Goldfields are Indigenous.
332:
elder Sue
Haseldine stated that community consultation had been limited to service providers, rather than including people who would be put on the card. Mimi Smart, a Yalata elder, argued that the consultations had indicated that the CDC would be targeted at "people that hang out in Ceduna drinking
106:
The Labor Party promised to end the
Cashless Debit Card and make the Basics Card voluntary if it won the 2022 election. In the lead up to the election, Labor claimed that the Coalition government planned to expand the card's use to aged pensioners. As of June 2022, briefings had begun to wind down
446:
In
September 2019 the media reported a 10% reduction in youth unemployment within the Bundaberg and Hervey Bay areas since the Cashless Welfare Card was introduced which is double the national reduction level of 5% but this was shown later to be a Wide Bay regional figure misrepresented in media by
163:
This response is in stark contrast with one of the four community leaders who supported the
Cashless Welfare Card being trialled in his area withdrawing support due to feeling "used" to drum up support and the failure to provide adequate support services as was promised. Commentary stating that the
86:
from 2016 onwards, which quarantines income for people on certain income support payments to "encourage socially responsible behaviour" by not allowing the owner to purchase alcohol, gamble or withdraw cash. The cards are attached to a separate account managed by Indue into which 80% of the income
459:
Legislation to end the
Cashless Debit Card was passed by the House of Representatives, and was considered by the Senate in September 2022. As many card users linked theirs to "buy now, pay later" services, it may be difficult to transition away from the cards. Following legislation passing in the
399:
Following the rape of an Aboriginal toddler in February 2018, it was proposed to trial the cashless welfare card in Tennant Creek with the indigenous community. As part of the 2019-20 Federal Budget, the Government announced a further extension and expansion of the Cashless Welfare Card to 30 June
151:
should fully utilise all available data to measure performance, instead of the limited data set used in the evaluation commissioned by the department. It was widely reported that there were fundamental flaws in the Cashless Welfare Card evaluation and justification for continued operation, but the
426:
Those who oppose the card commonly call it the "white card", as it has been imposed by white people, to the point where Indue, the company that administers the card, refuses to give service to people who call it the "white card". A number of groups have expressed their opposition to the Cashless
417:
were made available. In addition to these, it was also stated that an assessment will be undertaken and that there will be a phone interview. It is unclear to date how many people were successfully exited from the trial either before or after the changes introduced on 12 September 2019. There has
277:
attempted to halt the trials. The card has faced criticism for targeting Indigenous people, and for its compulsory use by recipients of social security payments, even when they do not engage in behaviours like using illegal drugs. In August 2017, a delegation of community and Indigenous leaders
131:
was also on the review committee. The review was delivered on 1 August 2014, with 27 recommendations. Forrest recommended that the Healthy Welfare Card be mandatory for unemployed people, carers, people with disabilities and single parents. According to Langton, the review recommended that the
370:
The then-prime minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that the Goldfields, including Kalgoorlie, would be a trial site for the cashless card in September 2017. This trial site would include 3,800 participants. In a statement to the senate inquiry on the suitability of Kalgoorlie, the government
408:
On 5 April 2019, legislation was passed which allowed for an individual who had been placed on the Cashless Welfare Card to apply to exit the trial after 1 July 2019. On 12 August 2019, the assessment criteria were broadened to also consider personal circumstances, in addition to financial
171:
found that the trial results and outcomes were inadequately monitored, and therefore it was difficult to evaluate whether the trial had been successful in reducing social harms and delivering a cheaper welfare quarantining system. Despite this, trials were extended on multiple occasions.
1232:
361:
so that they fall outside the cashless welfare card trial area in an attempt to avoid being placed onto the card. As of February 2018, the trial in the Kimberlies has been extended for another year. 82% of the people in the East Kimberleys trial are Indigenous.
451:, the representative for the neighbouring Wide Bay electorate that similar reductions in welfare dependency had been recorded in his electorate in the same period, though again, no data has been found to support this statement in the national employment record.
435:. The ACOSS has particularly expressed its opposition to the extension of the trials, and has called for the card to be voluntary. There are also numerous grassroots groups which oppose and criticise the Cashless Welfare Card, including (but not limited to)
333:
and causing trouble". The community panels that cardholders can apply to get more of their payments as cash are anonymous. As of February 2018, the trial in Ceduna has been extended for another year. 75% of people in the Ceduna trial are Indigenous.
467:
A review of the end of the card in 2024 found that since the card had been abolished, stigmatisation had decreased, and a minority of CDC stakeholders were concerned about increased "poor decision making" and financial coercion.
282:
video footage of their town, describing them as "war zones", asking for the card to be implemented in their towns. In December 2017, Labor and the Greens announced that they would not support further trials in the Goldfields or
414:
2141:
2320:
988:
Marston, Greg; Cowling, Sally; Bielefeld, Shelley (December 2016). "Tensions and contradictions in Australian social policy reform: compulsory Income Management and the National Disability Insurance Scheme".
521:
Smith, Kristen. The cashless debit card trial: A public health, rights-based approach to better health and social outcomes . Indigenous Law Bulletin, Vol. 8, No. 29, Apr/Jun 2017: 22-27. Availability: <
291:
senators. A drug testing regime for young people receiving Centrelink payments may also use the cashless welfare card as a consequence of testing positive. 5,000 people are expected to be involved in the
387:
to roll out the card, and the first trial area to not consist of mainly Indigenous people, as 18% of trial participants in Hinkler are Indigenous. The Queensland trial has been passed by the vote of
95:
payments. It cannot stop users from buying restricted goods at shops that sell both restricted and approved goods, such as supermarkets that sell alcohol. Bill payments are set up by
2603:
2584:
1692:
649:
410:
2057:
400:
2021. This includes the transition of approximately 22,500 Income Management participants in the Northern Territory and Cape York to the Cashless Welfare Card from April 2020.
357:
have released statistics saying that violence and intimidating behaviour has increased in the area since the card's introduction. Some people have changed their address with
1204:
1750:
776:
147:
which resulted in a number of flaws in the trial being identified, and a series of recommendations made including that a cost-benefit analysis be conducted, and that the
1922:
832:
893:
2328:
2565:
1326:
383:
has been announced as the next region to roll out the card in 2018, with approximately 6,700 people expected to be placed on the card. This would make it the first
898:
2167:
1054:
1768:
87:
support payment is paid. In addition, the cashless welfare card only allows users of the card to buy products at approved sellers, that support electronic
938:
724:
111:
has promised to consult with the trial communities, and CDC users in the Northern Territory will transition onto the BasicsCard income management scheme.
2192:
1566:
612:
Humpage, Louise (22 June 2016). "Income management in New Zealand and Australia: Differently framed but similarly problematic for Indigenous peoples".
594:
1723:
160:
indicated that the trials would continue, stating that "The cashless debit card is making a real difference in the communities where it operates".
1535:
1379:
2030:
123:
was chosen by Tony Abbott, to lead a review into Indigenous employment and training programs, which was to report to the Australian government.
1838:
1508:
2085:
1027:
668:
492:
1641:
2004:
1896:
2273:
1947:
2294:
1175:
1153:
1408:
2486:
2350:
1978:
866:
801:
750:
1441:
1128:
1103:
1078:
699:
148:
2442:
1667:
1469:"Top-down Paternalism Versus Bottom-up Community Development: A Case Study of Compulsory Income Management Programmes in Australia"
153:
2539:
1857:
1616:
428:
183:
1309:
2468:
2112:
961:
903:
432:
1296:
143:
An independent review of the implementation and performance of the Cashless Welfare Card trial was performed by the
2648:
168:
144:
2371:
1352:
2653:
350:
260:
1176:"Cashless welfare audit finds data on effectiveness severely flawed, but Government maintains scheme is working"
930:
2417:
1979:"Controversial cashless welfare program trial extended for two years after failed attempt to make it permanent"
1059:
809:
1798:
522:
99:
to automatically be paid by the card. An earlier income management card, the BasicsCard, was trialled in the
2681:
2676:
391:, who has modified the trial there to ensure that an independent inquiry consults with trial participants.
342:
313:
1064:
17:
2142:"John Howard's former chief of staff apologises for calling Labor's female MPs 'dregs' – as it happened"
2671:
2632:
871:
346:
2487:"Cashless debit card to be abolished, but a new income-management system will take its place for some"
1357:
1881:
751:"Election scare alert: Does the Coalition plan to expand the cashless debit card to age pensioners?"
140:
Senate inquiries were conducted into the card in 2015, 2017, and 2018. two in 2019 and one in 2020.
354:
2686:
1803:
1259:
329:
530:
2585:"Labor's cashless welfare bill criticised as disproportionately affecting First Nations people"
2295:"'Absolute chaos in everyone's lives': Cashless welfare card recipients denied exit from trial"
1617:"David Leyonhjelm Wants Young People On Centrelink Tested For Alcohol As Well As Illegal Drugs"
614:
447:
LNP federal member Keith Pitt and not specific to Hinkler electorate. It was highlighted by MP
2245:
2220:"Social Security (Administration) Amendment (Income Management and Cashless Welfare) Act 2019"
2219:
1868:
83:
2649:"Social Security Legislation Amendment (Debit Card Trial) Bill 2015: Explanatory Memorandum"
2392:
2512:
2090:
1751:"Morrison government failed to show cashless debit card scheme works, auditor general says"
1693:"Cashless debit card extended for two years after Senate rejects plan to make it permanent"
1032:
777:"Cashless debit card to be abolished in Australia after scathing report on ineffectiveness"
546:
Klein, Elise (March 2020). "Settler colonialism in Australia and the cashless debit card".
8:
1384:
502:
497:
380:
108:
1923:"Cashless welfare card researcher rejects 'completely inaccurate' Andrew Forrest attack"
1591:
1426:
Laurie, Victoria; Baxendale, Rachel (10 August 2017). "Welfare card key in 'war zone'".
45:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2604:"Abolished cashless debit card still divides, two years after Labor ordered its demise"
2443:"Income management up in the air as federal government looks to scrap cashless welfare"
1697:
1490:
1278:
1129:"Social Services Legislation Amendment (Cashless Debit Card Trial Expansion) Bill 2018"
1002:
673:
631:
595:"Cashless Debit Card – Overview | Department of Social Services, Australian Government"
573:
288:
100:
2321:"What's wrong with the cashless debit card? - St Vincent de Paul Society - Good Works"
1205:"Aboriginal leader withdraws support for cashless welfare card and says he feels used"
1812:
1494:
1305:
1282:
635:
577:
526:
477:
301:
270:
2086:"'Welfare quarantine on the cards for thousands of Queenslanders in Wide Bay region"
2031:"Cashless welfare card trial causing 'horrible' financial stress, participants say"
1480:
1268:
1006:
998:
623:
563:
555:
279:
1209:
482:
448:
317:
1592:"Remember the Government's Plan To Drug Test Unemployed Young People? It's Back"
2566:"'Less than optimal': Centrelink call wait times blow out amid staff shortages"
926:
862:
837:
274:
128:
120:
1327:"Cashless welfare card trials extended despite 'no evidence' they reduce harm"
2665:
2117:
1816:
1724:"Implementation and Performance of the Cashless Debit Card Trial — Follow-on"
1485:
1468:
1273:
1254:
627:
461:
436:
2168:"Turnbull reveals Tennant Creek 'deal' as cashless welfare card considered"
523:
http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=040892129947211;res=IELIND
1055:"'It's brutal': Marcia Langton says cashless welfare cards are a failure"
966:
2246:"Social Security (Administration) Amendment (Cashless Welfare) Act 2019"
1668:"Decision looms on plan to extend 'racist' cashless welfare card scheme"
1011:
568:
2058:"Labor and Greens fail to stop cashless welfare trial in WA Goldfields"
1409:"As costs mount, the government should abandon the Cashless Debit Card"
1104:"Social Services Legislation Amendment (Cashless Debit Card) Bill 2017"
867:"The Cashless Debit Card Trial is working and it is vital – here's why"
559:
440:
388:
384:
358:
309:
305:
124:
96:
88:
79:
2351:"Mandatory cashless debit must cease following damning report – ACOSS"
1769:"On the ground in Ceduna on day one of the Healthy Welfare Card trial"
1233:"ParlInfo - Community Affairs Legislation Committee : 12/10/2017"
1154:"The Implementation and Performance of the Cashless Debit Card Trial"
293:
284:
157:
92:
1799:"Cashless welfare cards: Controlling spending patterns to what end?"
1079:"Social Security Legislation Amendment (Debit Card Trial) Bill 2015"
700:"Why the 'cashless welfare card' trial will leave us none the wiser"
2469:"Buy now, pay later services complicate end of cashless debit card"
1298:
The Implementation and Performance of the Cashless Debit Card Trial
725:"Cashless welfare: Labor vows to end compulsory use of basics card"
349:
began in April 2016. Around 1,200 people are part of the trial in
297:
1442:"Cashless welfare card future in doubt as ALP opposes more trials"
1028:"Architect of welfare card says there should be no access to cash"
2062:
1642:"Government lifts temporary pause on cashless welfare card trial"
1255:"The Cashless Debit Card and rights of persons with disabilities"
695:
1948:"Cashless welfare card future uncertain amid reports of rorting"
2540:"Has Labor learnt from the failure of the cashless debit card?"
1567:"Cashless welfare card trials extended for a year in SA and WA"
487:
23:
Australian Government issued debit card for welfare recipients
1473:
The International Journal of Community and Social Development
2640:
2113:"Cashless welfare card 'apartheid' a mess of contradictions"
1897:"Battle lines drawn as 'white card' divides East Kimberley"
1509:"Government to push ahead with cashless welfare card trial"
802:"Forrest to review Indigenous employment training programs"
336:
2140:
Remeikis, Amy; Henriques-Gomes, Luke (11 September 2018).
1536:"Acoss urges Senate to dump cashless welfare card program"
669:"'Ration days again': cashless welfare card ignites shame"
1353:"Long-awaited Cashless Debit Card evaluation made public"
2005:"National cashless card could be trialled in Kalgoorlie"
601:. Australian Government - Department of Social Services.
403:
2139:
987:
1839:"Cashless welfare card panel 'akin to a star chamber'"
1858:"The Cashless Debit Card trial in the East Kimberley"
2274:"Cashless trial sees lowering of youth unemployment"
1380:"Greens reattempt derailment of cashless debit card"
394:
931:"Healthy Welfare Card begins here ... where next?"
2372:"Statement on Cashless Debit legislation – ACOSS"
1253:Bielefeld, Shelley; Beaupert, Fleur (June 2019).
1252:
2663:
1730:. Australian National Audit Office. 24 June 2021
365:
264:Existing trial sites (red) and proposed (yellow)
2582:
2563:
1748:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1425:
1324:
493:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
1792:
1790:
1553:
899:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
433:Australian Council of Social Service (ACOSS)
167:A 2018 review of the trial programme by the
127:was to work with Forrest on the review, and
924:
2564:Henriques-Gomes, Luke (15 February 2023).
1325:Henriques-Gomes, Luke (14 December 2018).
857:
855:
650:"Cashless Debit Card - automatic blocking"
323:
1855:
1796:
1787:
1533:
1484:
1272:
1025:
1010:
567:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1718:
1716:
337:Kununurra and Wyndham, Western Australia
107:the Cashless Welfare Card, although the
1565:Knaus, Christopher (13 February 2018).
1350:
1199:
1197:
959:
861:
852:
611:
541:
539:
2664:
2601:
1797:Bielefeld, Shelley (April–June 2017).
1466:
374:
2583:Henriques-Gomes, Luke (15 May 2023).
2268:
2266:
2055:
1966:
1920:
1894:
1836:
1749:Henriques-Gomes, Luke (2 June 2022).
1713:
1564:
1351:Knowles, Rachael (19 February 2021).
894:"Indigenous Jobs and Training Review"
830:
666:
545:
404:Exiting cashless welfare arrangements
246:
2165:
2083:
1534:Wahlquist, Calla (7 December 2017).
1194:
941:from the original on 7 December 2015
589:
587:
536:
515:
429:St Vincent De Paul Society (Vinnies)
269:The trials began in March 2016. The
25:
2084:Horn, Allyson (21 September 2017).
991:Australian Journal of Social Issues
694:
427:Welfare Card trials, including the
13:
2418:"Failure of CDC at ALDI Bundaberg"
2263:
1430:. p. 8 – via EBSCOhost.
1003:10.1002/j.1839-4655.2016.tb01240.x
548:Social Policy & Administration
454:
218:
14:
2698:
2625:
2537:
1406:
1026:Henderson, Anna (24 March 2015).
833:"Review aims to find 'real' jobs"
667:Davey, Melissa (8 January 2017).
584:
409:management. On 12 September, an
232:
204:
1921:Barry, Hannah (18 August 2017).
395:Northern Territory and Cape York
245:
231:
217:
203:
189:
182:
169:Australian National Audit Office
145:Australian National Audit Office
30:
2654:Federal Register of Legislation
2595:
2576:
2557:
2531:
2505:
2479:
2461:
2435:
2410:
2385:
2364:
2343:
2313:
2287:
2243:
2237:
2217:
2211:
2185:
2159:
2133:
2105:
2077:
2049:
2023:
1997:
1940:
1914:
1888:
1849:
1837:Davey, Melissa (3 March 2017).
1830:
1761:
1742:
1685:
1660:
1634:
1609:
1584:
1527:
1501:
1460:
1434:
1419:
1400:
1372:
1344:
1318:
1289:
1246:
1225:
1168:
1146:
1121:
1096:
1071:
1047:
1019:
981:
953:
918:
902:. 23 March 2016. Archived from
886:
824:
794:
769:
273:senator for Western Australia,
2056:Young, Emma (22 August 2018).
1895:Parke, Erin (24 August 2017).
960:Langton, Marcia (1 May 2015).
743:
717:
688:
660:
642:
605:
190:
1:
2197:Department of Social Services
1467:Mendes, Philip (March 2019).
831:Maher, Sid (7 October 2013).
508:
421:
366:Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
2602:Butler, Josh (5 July 2024).
154:Minister for Social Services
149:Department of Social Service
7:
2166:Karp, Paul (23 July 2018).
471:
18:electronic benefit transfer
10:
2703:
1856:Klein, E; Razi, S (2017).
437:No Cashless Card Australia
135:
15:
1358:National Indigenous Times
175:
114:
39:This article needs to be
1486:10.1177/2516602618816485
1274:10.1177/1037969X19831768
628:10.1177/0261018316638459
16:Not to be confused with
2199:. Australian Government
1804:Indigenous Law Bulletin
1260:Alternative Law Journal
324:Ceduna, South Australia
2250:www.legislation.gov.au
2224:www.legislation.gov.au
1876:Cite journal requires
615:Critical Social Policy
328:When the trial began,
2643:on 11 September 2017.
2513:"Cashless Debit Card"
2193:"Cashless Debit Card"
351:Kununurra and Wyndham
84:Australian Government
64:Cashless Welfare Card
1067:. 26 September 2019.
962:"Health and welfare"
929:(15 November 2015).
314:Canterbury-Bankstown
261:class=notpageimage|
72:Healthy Welfare Card
66:, also known as the
2682:Morrison government
2677:Turnbull government
2493:. 27 September 2022
2121:. 21 September 2018
2009:The West Australian
1385:The West Australian
1304:. 2018. p. 8.
698:(22 October 2015).
503:Morrison government
498:Turnbull government
381:Division of Hinkler
375:Hinkler, Queensland
109:Albanese government
78:, is an Australian
76:Cashless Debit Card
2633:"Debit Card Trial"
2517:Services Australia
2393:"The Say NO Seven"
2325:www.vinnies.org.au
1755:Guardian Australia
1698:Guardian Australia
906:on 1 November 2017
674:Guardian Australia
560:10.1111/spol.12576
289:Nick Xenophon Team
101:Northern Territory
82:, trialled by the
2672:Abbott government
1985:. 9 December 2020
1954:. 16 January 2017
1701:. 9 December 2020
1515:. 7 December 2017
1448:. 5 December 2017
1311:978-1-76033-374-4
478:Abbott government
415:information sheet
302:Western Australia
60:
59:
2694:
2658:
2644:
2639:. Archived from
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2544:The Conversation
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2475:. 2 August 2022.
2465:
2459:
2458:
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2454:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2422:www.facebook.com
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2408:
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2403:
2397:www.facebook.com
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2378:
2368:
2362:
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2359:
2357:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2327:. Archived from
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2301:. 21 August 2020
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2209:
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2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2011:. 8 October 2017
2001:
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1413:The Conversation
1404:
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1250:
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1241:
1239:
1229:
1223:
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1220:
1218:
1213:. 23 August 2017
1201:
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948:
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935:The Conversation
922:
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913:
911:
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884:
883:
881:
879:
872:The Conversation
859:
850:
849:
847:
845:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
812:. 8 October 2013
798:
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704:The Conversation
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411:application form
280:Malcolm Turnbull
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2449:. 8 August 2022
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2331:on 17 July 2019
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2078:
2068:
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2054:
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2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1941:
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1919:
1915:
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1893:
1889:
1877:
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1865:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1795:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1775:. 15 March 2016
1767:
1766:
1762:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1728:www.anao.gov.au
1722:
1721:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1690:
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1666:
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1651:
1649:
1648:. 24 March 2021
1640:
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1590:
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1424:
1420:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1388:. 21 March 2017
1378:
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1349:
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1231:
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1216:
1214:
1210:TheGuardian.com
1203:
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1038:
1036:
1024:
1020:
986:
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958:
954:
944:
942:
927:Go-Sam, Carroll
923:
919:
909:
907:
892:
891:
887:
877:
875:
863:Langton, Marcia
860:
853:
843:
841:
829:
825:
815:
813:
800:
799:
795:
785:
783:
775:
774:
770:
760:
758:
757:. 23 March 2022
749:
748:
744:
734:
732:
731:. 19 April 2022
723:
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718:
708:
706:
693:
689:
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665:
661:
648:
647:
643:
610:
606:
593:
592:
585:
544:
537:
520:
516:
511:
483:Closing the Gap
474:
457:
455:End of the card
424:
406:
397:
377:
368:
339:
326:
318:New South Wales
267:
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117:
56:
50:
47:
44:
35:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2687:Welfare reform
2684:
2679:
2674:
2660:
2659:
2645:
2627:
2626:External links
2624:
2621:
2620:
2594:
2575:
2556:
2538:Klein, Elise.
2530:
2519:. 8 March 2023
2504:
2478:
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2022:
1996:
1965:
1939:
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1878:|journal=
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1433:
1428:The Australian
1418:
1407:Klein, Elise.
1399:
1371:
1343:
1317:
1310:
1288:
1267:(2): 114–120.
1245:
1224:
1193:
1182:. 17 July 2018
1167:
1156:. 12 July 2017
1145:
1133:www.aph.gov.au
1120:
1108:www.aph.gov.au
1095:
1083:www.aph.gov.au
1070:
1046:
1018:
997:(4): 399–417.
980:
952:
917:
885:
865:(4 May 2017).
851:
838:The Australian
823:
793:
768:
742:
716:
687:
659:
654:www.aph.gov.au
641:
622:(4): 551–571.
604:
599:www.dss.gov.au
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554:(2): 265–277.
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275:Rachel Siewert
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121:Andrew Forrest
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2118:The New Daily
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2037:. 15 May 2018
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1811:(29): 28–32.
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925:Moran, Mark;
921:
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462:sunset clause
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253:Tennant Creek
185:
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133:
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110:
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90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
54:
42:
37:
28:
27:
19:
2652:
2641:the original
2636:
2611:. Retrieved
2608:The Guardian
2607:
2597:
2589:The Guardian
2588:
2578:
2570:The Guardian
2569:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2427:21 September
2425:. Retrieved
2421:
2412:
2402:21 September
2400:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:the original
2324:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2279:21 September
2277:. Retrieved
2255:21 September
2253:. Retrieved
2249:
2239:
2229:21 September
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2213:
2203:21 September
2201:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2172:the Guardian
2171:
2161:
2151:11 September
2149:. Retrieved
2146:The Guardian
2145:
2135:
2125:25 September
2123:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2089:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2061:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1956:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1869:cite journal
1851:
1843:The Guardian
1842:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1808:
1802:
1777:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1754:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1703:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1645:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1571:the Guardian
1570:
1543:. Retrieved
1540:The Guardian
1539:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1512:
1503:
1479:(1): 42–57.
1476:
1472:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1436:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1331:The Guardian
1330:
1320:
1297:
1291:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1208:
1184:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1107:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1058:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1031:
1021:
1012:10072/378673
994:
990:
983:
971:. Retrieved
965:
955:
943:. Retrieved
934:
920:
908:. Retrieved
904:the original
897:
888:
876:. Retrieved
870:
842:. Retrieved
836:
826:
814:. Retrieved
805:
796:
784:. Retrieved
780:
771:
759:. Retrieved
754:
745:
733:. Retrieved
729:the Guardian
728:
719:
707:. Retrieved
703:
690:
678:. Retrieved
672:
662:
653:
644:
619:
613:
607:
598:
569:11343/276832
551:
547:
517:
466:
458:
449:Llew O'Brien
445:
441:Say No Seven
425:
407:
398:
378:
369:
340:
327:
294:drug testing
268:
166:
162:
142:
139:
118:
105:
75:
71:
67:
63:
61:
48:
40:
1958:16 February
1932:20 November
1779:20 November
1626:27 February
1601:27 February
1576:16 February
1336:14 December
973:12 December
967:The Monthly
2666:Categories
2097:30 October
2015:6 December
1906:30 October
1822:30 October
1705:9 December
1677:8 December
1545:8 December
1519:6 December
1452:6 December
1392:30 October
1088:30 October
1039:30 October
945:30 October
910:30 October
878:30 October
844:30 October
816:30 October
709:30 October
680:30 October
509:References
422:Opposition
389:Tim Storer
385:urban area
359:Centrelink
341:Trials in
310:Queensland
225:Kalgoorlie
125:Alan Tudge
97:Centrelink
89:Mastercard
80:debit card
68:Indue Card
51:April 2022
2549:12 August
2453:12 August
2069:23 August
1817:1328-5475
1495:159420931
1283:150588300
1238:26 August
1217:26 August
1186:26 August
1160:26 August
1138:26 August
1113:26 August
1060:NITV News
810:NITV News
636:155849571
578:213688480
531:1328-5475
355:WA Police
343:Kununurra
296:trial in
285:Bundaberg
239:Bundaberg
211:Kununurra
158:Dan Tehan
119:In 2013,
2523:19 March
2497:18 March
2491:ABC News
2473:ABC News
2447:ABC News
2299:ABC News
2091:ABC News
2035:ABC News
1983:ABC News
1952:ABC News
1927:WA Today
1901:ABC News
1672:SBS News
1646:ABC News
1621:BuzzFeed
1596:BuzzFeed
1513:ABC News
1446:ABC News
1180:ABC News
1033:ABC News
939:Archived
806:SBS News
781:SBS News
755:ABC News
696:Cox, Eva
472:See also
431:and the
298:Mandurah
2377:17 July
2356:17 July
2335:17 July
2177:23 July
2063:WAtoday
347:Wyndham
278:showed
136:Inquiry
41:updated
2613:5 July
2305:6 June
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