1313:
to 28 feet of subsidence. With the creation and use of the
California Aqueduct along these regions, surface water being transported put a halt on significant compaction and a recovery in ground water levels now with less ground water pumping. The aqueduct has been increasing in subsidence rates rapidly, even though it was relatively stable for many years after being constructed. The Tulare Basin is subsiding at a rate of about one foot per year, as measured by NASA's GRACE satellite. The Central Valley, where a large portion of the California Aqueduct runs through, has been affected by the pumping of groundwater and subsequent land subsidence. Farmers in and near the Central Valley have become reliant on groundwater especially with recent droughts impacting the amount of readily accessible surface water. However, overuse of groundwater can cause irreversible damage. During the
659:
1303:
permanent. Coarse-grained sediment which holds groundwater can be drained and recharged with minimal underground and surface level damage and the change that does occur is considered seasonal subsidence. However, fine-grained sediment takes longer to draw water out of and recharge and if groundwater levels are left low for too long, the compaction of the sediment is permanent and causes irreversible land subsidence. This often occurs due to human interference, but can also happen from natural phenomena. Subsidence can happen over very large areas or small little sections of land. This has occurred along the
California Aqueduct of the State Water Project since construction.
33:
937:
510:
776:
1317:, a record high drought, groundwater and its storage capabilities in the San Joaquin Valley saw a sharp decline. From October 2011 to September 2015 measurements made on groundwater levels in the San Joaquin Valley's aquifers recorded a loss of 14 km/year, a total of 56 km. During this same period up to 1,000 mm of land subsidence was measured in the San Joaquin Valley. Concerns around groundwater depletion have contributed to legislation to reduce the demand for groundwater and incentivize farmers to use sustainable irrigation practices.
1169:
1155:
706:. The Coastal Branch is 116 mi (187 km) and has five pump stations. Phase I, an above-ground aqueduct totaling 15 mi (24 km) from where it branches from the California Aqueduct, was completed in 1968. With construction beginning in 1994, Phase II consists of 101 mi (163 km) of a 42–57-inch (1.07–1.45 m) diameter buried pipeline extending from the Devils Den Pump Plant, and terminates at Tank 5 on
600:-lined channel 40 feet (12 m) at the base and an average water depth of about 30 ft (9.1 m). The widest section of the aqueduct is 110 feet (34 m) and the deepest is 32 feet (9.8 m). Channel capacity is 13,100 cubic feet per second (370 m/s) and the largest pumping plant capacity at Dos Amigos is 15,450 cubic feet per second (437 m/s).
561:. After the coastal branch, the line continues by gravity another 66 mi (106 km) to the Buena Vista Pumping Plant. From the Buena Vista, it flows approximately 27 mi (43 km) to the Teerink Pumping Plant. After Teerink it flows about 2.5 mi (4.0 km) to the Chrisman Pumping Plant. Chrisman is the last pumping plant before
1281:
the present rate of outflow to about 17 million acre-feet (21 km) for the
Sacramento and 3 million acre-feet (3.7 km) for the San Joaquin; however, these figures still vary widely from year to year. Over 25 million people, living both in the valley and in other regions of the state, rely on the water carried by these rivers.
1335:
threatened. Damage and sinking of the canal of the aqueduct has already occurred from subsidence which has made the canal less reliable. Capacity has been compromised due to damage to the canals and therefore has caused problems and delays with delivering the water across the state, as well as higher rates and costs for power and operation.
1325:
Measurement of this subsidence is done in a few ways. Originally, subsidence was recorded based on land surveying, repeating the surveying, and along with monitoring compaction by recording the data from extensometers at multiple sites. Since then, Global
Positioning Systems (GPS) has been used along
1302:
are removed from sediment or rocks. As groundwater is drawn from deep underground layers of clay, the clay compresses, causing subsidence. In cases of groundwater removal, disruption to land on the surface and underground water storage can either be elastic, meaning recoverable, or inelastic, meaning
1280:
The
Sacramento River carries far more water than the San Joaquin, with an estimated 22 million acre-feet (27 km) of virgin annual runoff, as compared to the San Joaquin's approximately 6 million acre-feet (7.4 km). Intensive agricultural and municipal water consumption has reduced
1312:
Groundwater use and pumping in the area was the major water use for farmers and agriculture in the 1920s, and over time, this over-pumping resulted in land subsidence and a decline in groundwater-level resources. In time, this resulted in major land subsidence by the 1970s with local areas having 1
1334:
Subsidence can put land, both private and public, at risk of infrastructure damage. Bridges, levees, roads, and groundwater wells are either at risk of damage or have been damaged already. With subsidence progression, underground aquifers could be at risk and water storage from them could be
1326:
with land surveying to record subsidence and compaction. More recently, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has been used to monitor subsidence along with GPS. InSAR is being used to recreate maps to closely watch the progression of the land around the aqueduct.
617:
by 11–22 million US gallons per mile (27,000,000–51,000,000 L/km) of canal. While electricity generated by the solar panels could be used by the aqueduct's pumping systems, the study also considered the possibility of supplying power to irrigation systems in the
592:
plants. The initial pumping station fed by the
Sacramento River Delta raises the water 240 ft (73 m), while a series of pumps culminating at the Edmonston Pumping Plant raises the water 1,926 ft (587 m) over the Tehachapi Mountains.
1277:. Many of the islands now lie below sea level because of intensive agriculture, and have a high risk of flooding, which would cause salt water to rush back into the delta, especially when there is too little fresh water flowing in from the Valley.
926:. This path was closed in 1988 due to bicyclist safety and liability issues. It is expected to remain closed indefinitely due to the continued liability issues and an increased focus on security, especially after the
1297:
is when the land gradually or suddenly sinks or settles due to movement or removal of natural materials such as water, minerals, oil and natural gases. More often than not, subsidence occurs when large quantities of
638:
From its beginning until its first branch, the aqueduct passes through parts of Contra Costa, Alameda, San
Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, Fresno, and Kings counties. The aqueduct then divides into three branches: the
1359:(a primary intake point for California Aqueduct) as a "strategic piece of California freshwater infrastructure" subject to shutdown for up to two years if struck by an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 or greater.
1257:, a complex network of marshy channels, distributaries and sloughs that wind around islands mainly used for agriculture. Here the freshwater of the rivers merges with tidewater, and eventually reach the
2252:
1230:
and another one from Coast Ranges streams have created a divide and resultantly the currently dry Tulare basin of the
Central Valley, into which flow four major Sierra Nevada rivers, the Kings,
714:. The Central Coast Water Authority (CCWA) extension, completed in 1997, is a (30–39 in) (76–99 cm) diameter pipeline that travels 42 mi (68 km) from Vandenberg through
576:
Water flows through the aqueduct in a series of abrupt rises and gradual falls. The water flows down a long segment, built at a slight grade, and arrives at a pumping station powered by
1429:
2755:
2383:
1813:
936:
2643:
2496:
2423:
943:
622:
to reduce reliance on diesel-powered irrigation pumps. Similar canal-spanning solar installations have been demonstrated in India, including a steel truss design in
2388:
2428:
1512:
1912:
584:. The pumping station raises the water, where it again gradually flows downhill to the next station. However, where there are substantial drops, the water's
2663:
2501:
783:
The aqueduct splits off into the East Branch and West Branch in extreme southern Kern County, north of the Los
Angeles County line. The East Branch supplies
2531:
2368:
2413:
1726:"Restoring the San Joaquin River: Following an 18-year legal battle, a great California river once given up for dead is on the verge of a comeback"
2230:
2511:
2343:
2308:
863:
1752:
565:, which is 13 mi (21 km) from Chrisman. South of the plant the west branch splits off in a southwesterly direction to serve the
484:
1452:
2699:
501:
has occurred along the aqueduct and has had a steady increase since its relatively stable state post construction of the aqueduct.
457:
280:
1821:
1552:
McKuin, Brandi; Zumkehr, Andrew; Ta, Jenny; Bales, Roger; Viers, Joshua H.; Pathak, Tapan; Campbell, J. Elliott (March 18, 2021).
2735:
2575:
1112:
1078:
1044:
969:
426:
237:
194:
151:
2178:
1003:
102:
2745:
411:
57:
2668:
2258:
1355:
television channel in the United States, although other educational broadcasters globally have shown it. It features the
658:
554:
1989:
1676:
2040:
687:
518:
2301:
1913:"Droughts highlighted California's unsustainable use of groundwater. Now, the state is trying to refill its aquifers"
1608:
1504:
450:
188:
1624:
2730:
1314:
1199:, flows southwards through the Sacramento Valley for about 447 miles (719 km). In the San Joaquin Valley, the
691:
434:
231:
2673:
1790:
1702:
461:
96:
1309:
Natural causes include; earthquakes, erosion, glacial movement, soil compaction and the formation of sinkholes.
2317:
1526:
715:
442:
415:
145:
2274:
2269:
2279:
2264:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2294:
1254:
50:
2709:
2658:
2580:
2471:
2373:
1250:, it is usually dry nowadays because the rivers feeding it have been diverted for agricultural purposes.
1184:
707:
695:
619:
541:. From the Bethany Reservoir, the aqueduct flows by gravity approximately 60 mi (97 km) to the
429:. The aqueduct then heads south, eventually splitting into three branches: the Coastal Branch, ending at
2014:
927:
735:
675:
558:
32:
2066:
1943:
2633:
2446:
2333:
2231:"California Aqueduct Special – California's Gold (001) – Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University"
1352:
703:
2694:
2648:
1655:
1478:
1227:
923:
874:
to supply the western Los
Angeles basin. It passes through parts of Kern and Los Angeles counties.
679:
557:
splits from the "main line". The split is approximately 16 mi (26 km) south-southeast of
550:
2678:
2653:
2590:
2418:
1381:
947:
915:
871:
699:
683:
562:
538:
509:
361:
38:
1942:
Miller, Megan M.; Jones, Cathleen E.; Sangha, Simran S.; Bekaert, David P. (December 15, 2020).
1760:
1405:
2363:
2119:"Groundwater Loss and Aquifer System Compaction in San Joaquin Valley During 2012–2015 Drought"
1416:
2461:
1697:
1356:
605:
526:
422:
92:
674:
The Coastal Branch splits from the main line 11.3 mi (18.2 km) south-southeast of
1386:
1364:
1246:, formerly filled during heavy snowmelt and spilled out into the San Joaquin River. Called
723:
711:
517:
The aqueduct serves 35 million people and 5.7 million acres of farmland, and begins at the
465:
395:
1698:"Sacramento River Basin National Water Quality Assessment Program: Study Unit Description"
8:
2638:
2628:
2536:
1600:
1456:
727:
652:
570:
522:
407:
399:
2067:"Role of agricultural activity on land subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley, California"
1782:
1725:
1203:
flows roughly northwest for 365 miles (587 km), picking up tributaries such as the
795:. It passes through parts of Kern, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside counties.
775:
2612:
2607:
2541:
2521:
2506:
2466:
2378:
2151:
2118:
2094:
1971:
1573:
719:
546:
542:
534:
473:
403:
1853:
779:
The California Aqueduct East Branch, flowing east after crossing under state route 138
2451:
2353:
2156:
2138:
2098:
2086:
1975:
1963:
1604:
1577:
1270:
1200:
792:
566:
530:
42:
2065:
Jeanne, Pierre; Farr, Tom G.; Rutqvist, Jonny; Vasco, Donald W. (February 1, 2019).
394:
is a system of canals, tunnels, and pipelines that conveys water collected from the
2704:
2570:
2146:
2130:
2078:
1955:
1881:
1565:
1212:
1188:
907:
585:
553:. After Dos Amigos, the aqueduct flows about 95 mi (153 km) to where the
549:. From the O'Neill Forebay, it flows approximately 16 mi (26 km) to the
2082:
2526:
2286:
1944:"Rapid drought-induced land subsidence and its impact on the California aqueduct"
1593:
1294:
1216:
919:
498:
446:
184:
2481:
2393:
1569:
1208:
1196:
2203:
1959:
1168:
569:. At Edmonston Pumping Plant it is pumped 1,926 ft (587 m) over the
483:
The Castaic Power Plant, while similar and which is owned and operated by the
2724:
2560:
2486:
2358:
2142:
2090:
1967:
1348:
1266:
1258:
1192:
1154:
1127:
1114:
1093:
1080:
1059:
1046:
1018:
1005:
984:
971:
784:
589:
252:
239:
209:
196:
166:
153:
117:
104:
72:
59:
1852:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1553:
2456:
2398:
2338:
2160:
1369:
1231:
1223:
1204:
1187:. Their impact on the California Aqueduct is both direct and indirect. The
867:
731:
610:
488:
469:
438:
430:
414:, the over 400-mile (640 km) aqueduct is the principal feature of the
227:
141:
2491:
2408:
2348:
2134:
1628:
1299:
1274:
1247:
788:
663:
614:
492:
2565:
2516:
2476:
2403:
2117:
Ojha, Chandrakanta; Werth, Susanna; Shirzaei, Manoochehr (March 2019).
1990:"California Aqueduct Subsidence | USGS California Water Science Center"
1820:. America's Most Endangered Rivers Report: 2009 Edition. Archived from
1262:
1239:
1235:
911:
1343:
A documentary about the decline of the United States' infrastructure,
2438:
1554:"Energy and water co-benefits from covering canals with solar panels"
1243:
477:
1530:
1455:. Department of Water Resources, State of California. Archived from
1430:"Feature Detail Report: Governor Edmund G Brown California Aqueduct"
597:
2208:
623:
581:
577:
1783:"Delta Subsidence in California: The sinking heart of the State"
1627:. Central Coast Water Authority. March 10, 2003. Archived from
627:
2179:"NASA Data Show California's San Joaquin Valley Still Sinking"
1183:
Two major river systems drain and define the two parts of the
460:
operates and maintains the California Aqueduct, including one
2594:
2551:
1427:
1351:
in the late 2000s. The documentary is typically shown on the
2247:
2270:
Governor Edmund G Brown Coastal Branch California Aqueduct
1529:. Center for Land Use Interpretation. 2009. Archived from
862:
The West Branch continues to head towards its terminus at
2325:
1450:
1941:
2280:
Governor Edmund G Brown West Branch California Aqueduct
2275:
Governor Edmund G Brown East Branch California Aqueduct
2064:
1505:"Why Covering Canals With Solar Panels Is a Power Move"
2041:"NASA Finds New Way to Monitor Underground Water Loss"
2756:
Transportation buildings and structures in California
1851:
1599:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
613:
over the canal could potentially reduce annual water
2248:
The California Department of Water Resources website
1551:
1306:
Human causes include; pumping, mining and fracking.
529:. Water is pumped by the Banks Pumping Plant to the
2204:"The Crumbling of America (2:49 introductory clip)"
2316:
1592:
1428:U.S. Geological Survey – GNIS (January 19, 1981).
2116:
1814:"Sacramento-San Joaquin River System, California"
1759:. www.tularehistoricalmueseum.org. Archived from
1253:The rivers of the Central Valley converge in the
1222:In the south part of the San Joaquin Valley, the
2722:
41:(left) and the California Aqueduct (right) near
355:East Branch San Gorgonio Pass extension - 2002
2302:
1625:"State Water Project in Santa Barbara County"
2123:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1177:San Joaquin River watershed and Tulare Basin
533:. The reservoir serves as a forebay for the
392:Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct
272:Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct
2265:Governor Edmund G Brown California Aqueduct
323:13,100 cu ft/s (370 m/s) max
2309:
2295:
1362:The aqueduct is featured in an episode of
906:was the longest of the paved paths in the
694:to deliver water to the coastal cities of
2150:
485:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
2700:California Department of Water Resources
2176:
2015:"California Aqueduct Subsidence Program"
1910:
1684:California Department of Water Resources
1660:California Department of Water Resources
1519:
774:
657:
508:
281:California Department of Water Resources
2253:Historic Pump-Storage Operation in WSCC
2038:
910:, at 107 miles (172 km) long from
2723:
2112:
2110:
2108:
1876:
1874:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
832:Devil Canyon Afterbay 1 and Afterbay 2
504:
437:; the West Branch, conveying water to
299:East Branch: 140 mi (230 km)
16:Water supply project in California, US
2290:
2172:
2170:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1671:
1669:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1590:
1545:
1502:
1338:
946:Fishing spot and closed bikeway near
468:. Gianelli is located at the base of
2177:Greicius, Tony (February 28, 2017).
1750:
487:, is located on the northern end of
2259:Geographic Names Information System
2105:
1871:
1836:
1595:Introduction to Water in California
955:
741:Coastal Branch facilities include:
609:estimated that the installation of
458:Department of Water Resources (DWR)
13:
2576:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
2167:
1930:
1899:
1732:. www.nrdc.org. September 17, 2007
1666:
1643:
1451:DWR Public Affairs Office (2005).
1284:
760:Polonio Pass Water Treatment Plant
662:Aqueduct and surrounding farms in
519:San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta
445:; and the East Branch, connecting
427:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
425:at the southwestern corner of the
410:. Named after California Governor
14:
2772:
2241:
1911:Stokstad, Erik (April 16, 2020).
1730:Natural Resources Defense Council
1515:from the original on May 4, 2021.
1432:. U.S. Department of the Interior
1191:, along with its tributaries the
669:
626:and a suspension cable design in
2669:O'Neill Pumping-Generating Plant
2039:Hartono, Naomi (April 5, 2022).
1167:
1153:
935:
798:East Branch facilities include:
495:is located at the southern end.
295:Total: 444 mi (715 km)
31:
2223:
2196:
2058:
2032:
2007:
1982:
1806:
1791:United States Geological Survey
1775:
1744:
1718:
1703:United States Geological Survey
1690:
1617:
1347:, was commissioned by the U.S.
1329:
877:West Branch facilities include
835:Greenspot Pump Station (Backup)
823:San Bernardino Intake Structure
643:in the Central Valley, and the
513:San Luis Reservoir in July 2021
297:Main: 304 mi (489 km)
2736:California State Water Project
2318:California State Water Project
1584:
1503:Simon, Matt (March 19, 2021).
1496:
1471:
1444:
1421:
1410:
1399:
1320:
1144:
857:
770:
416:California State Water Project
1:
2083:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.077
1948:Remote Sensing of Environment
1392:
1289:
1036:Phase II, pipeline and tunnel
412:Edmund Gerald "Pat" Brown Sr.
349:Coastal Branch Phase 2 - 1997
346:Coastal Branch Phase 1 - 1968
1315:2011-2017 California drought
1255:Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta
462:pumped-storage hydroelectric
307:110 ft (34 m) max.
7:
2746:Central Valley (California)
2710:Bay Delta Conservation Plan
2674:Oroville–Thermalito Complex
2659:Feather River Fish Hatchery
1453:"State Water Project Today"
1375:
1109:Polonio Pass Pumping Plant
1041:Devil's Den Pumping Plant
966:Las Perillas Pumping Plant
904:California Aqueduct Bikeway
766:Santa Ynez Pumping Facility
708:Vandenberg Space Force Base
633:
421:The aqueduct begins at the
315:40 ft (12 m) max.
10:
2777:
1570:10.1038/s41893-021-00693-8
1160:Sacramento River watershed
1000:Badger Hill Pumping Plant
928:September 11, 2001 attacks
897:
850:Cherry Valley Pump Station
847:Crafton Hills Pump Station
757:Polonio Pass Pumping Plant
745:Las Perillas Pumping Plant
736:Los Padres National Forest
603:A 2021 study published in
2687:
2634:Buena Vista Pumping Plant
2621:
2589:
2550:
2437:
2324:
1960:10.1016/j.rse.2020.112063
1677:"Coastal Branch Brochure"
1527:"Edmonston Pumping Plant"
1075:Bluestone Pumping Plant
814:Mojave Siphon Power Plant
808:Pearblossom Pumping Plant
751:Devil's Den Pumping Plant
748:Badger Hill Pumping Plant
384:
379:
375:
370:
340:
332:
327:
319:
311:
303:
291:
286:
276:
268:
133:
88:
49:
30:
23:
2695:CALFED Bay-Delta Program
2649:Dos Amigos Pumping Plant
2644:Devil Canyon Power Plant
2497:Little Panoche Reservoir
1757:Tulare Historical Museum
1345:The Crumbling of America
1140:, San Luis Obispo County
1128:35.731046°N 120.207682°W
1094:35.707946°N 120.084429°W
1060:35.711935°N 120.010958°W
1019:35.834680°N 119.942658°W
985:35.843143°N 119.909055°W
924:San Bernardino Mountains
829:Devil Canyon Power Plant
596:A typical section has a
551:Dos Amigos Pumping Plant
476:, the largest offstream
253:34.586656°N 119.980975°W
210:34.303457°N 117.319908°W
167:34.587379°N 118.656893°W
2731:Aqueducts in California
2679:South Bay Pumping Plant
2654:Edmonston Pumping Plant
1382:Colorado River Aqueduct
916:Sierra Pelona Mountains
872:Angeles National Forest
844:Crafton Hills Reservoir
802:Tehachapi East Afterbay
754:Bluestone Pumping Plant
730:where it terminates at
651:after passing over the
563:Edmonston Pumping Plant
539:South Bay Pumping Plant
525:, which pumps from the
396:Sierra Nevada Mountains
1261:after passing through
1242:. This basin, usually
1133:35.731046; -120.207682
1099:35.707946; -120.084429
1065:35.711935; -120.010958
1024:35.834680; -119.942658
990:35.843143; -119.909055
918:through the desert to
902:When it was open, the
780:
688:San Luis Obispo County
666:
514:
480:in the United States.
258:34.586656; -119.980975
215:34.303457; -117.319908
172:34.587379; -118.656893
118:37.82972°N 121.55694°W
2462:Clifton Court Forebay
1858:oceanservice.noaa.gov
1854:"What is subsidence?"
1591:Carle, David (2004).
1558:Nature Sustainability
1357:Clifton Court Forebay
884:Peace Valley Pipeline
826:San Bernardino Tunnel
791:, in the area of the
778:
661:
606:Nature Sustainability
527:Clifton Court Forebay
512:
451:San Bernardino County
423:Clifton Court Forebay
189:San Bernardino County
93:Clifton Court Forebay
2424:Thermalito Diversion
2135:10.1029/2018JB016083
2071:Journal of Hydrology
1763:on February 19, 2010
1631:on December 11, 2009
1406:East Branch Aqueduct
1387:Los Angeles Aqueduct
712:Santa Barbara County
692:Santa Barbara County
466:Gianelli Power Plant
435:Santa Barbara County
358:West Branch - ?
352:East Branch - ?
232:Santa Barbara County
123:37.82972; -121.55694
2761:Water in California
2751:Southern California
2741:Interbasin transfer
2664:Kern River Intertie
2639:Castaic Power Plant
2629:Banks Pumping Plant
2603:California Aqueduct
2554:and bodies of water
2537:Thermalito Afterbay
2502:Los Banos Reservoir
2419:Thermalito Afterbay
1824:on January 17, 2010
1794:. ca.water.usgs.gov
1706:. ca.water.usgs.gov
1417:California Aqueduct
1124: /
1090: /
1056: /
1015: /
981: /
914:near Gorman in the
893:Castaic Power Plant
853:Perris Lake and Dam
841:Citrus Pump Station
653:Tehachapi Mountains
571:Tehachapi Mountains
523:Banks Pumping Plant
505:The aqueduct system
408:Southern California
362:Delta–Mendota Canal
249: /
206: /
163: /
114: /
97:Contra Costa County
73:37.8297°N 121.557°W
69: /
39:Delta–Mendota Canal
25:California Aqueduct
2613:South Bay Aqueduct
2608:North Bay Aqueduct
2542:Thermalito Forebay
2532:Tehachapi Afterbay
2522:San Luis Reservoir
2467:Elderberry Forebay
2429:Thermalito Forebay
2364:Elderberry Forebay
1339:In popular culture
787:and terminates at
781:
716:Vandenberg Village
667:
547:San Luis Reservoir
535:South Bay Aqueduct
515:
474:San Luis Reservoir
443:Los Angeles County
404:Central California
333:Construction start
146:Los Angeles County
2718:
2717:
2452:Bethany Reservoir
1994:ca.water.usgs.gov
1751:Gorelick, Ellen.
1365:California's Gold
1271:San Francisco Bay
1201:San Joaquin River
881:Oso Pumping Plant
817:Cedar Springs Dam
805:Alamo Power Plant
793:San Gorgonio Pass
588:is recaptured by
567:Los Angeles Basin
531:Bethany Reservoir
388:
387:
78:37.8297; -121.557
43:Tracy, California
2768:
2705:Peripheral Canal
2622:Other facilities
2571:Sacramento River
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2129:(3): 3127–3143.
2114:
2103:
2102:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1662:. April 7, 2019.
1652:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1533:on July 24, 2008
1523:
1517:
1516:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1479:"SWP Facilities"
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1459:on June 10, 2007
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1273:and finally the
1213:Stanislaus River
1189:Sacramento River
1171:
1157:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
996:
995:
993:
992:
991:
986:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
956:Pumping stations
950:, panoramic view
939:
908:Los Angeles area
887:Warne Powerplant
838:Citrus Reservoir
586:potential energy
264:
263:
261:
260:
259:
254:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
221:
220:
218:
217:
216:
211:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
84:
83:
81:
80:
79:
74:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
35:
21:
20:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2683:
2617:
2585:
2546:
2527:Silverwood Lake
2507:O'Neill Forebay
2433:
2320:
2315:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2168:
2115:
2106:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1940:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1909:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1850:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1818:American Rivers
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1589:
1585:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1378:
1349:A&E network
1341:
1332:
1323:
1295:Land subsidence
1292:
1287:
1285:Land subsidence
1217:Mokelumne River
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1147:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1001:
989:
987:
983:
980:
975:
972:
970:
968:
967:
958:
953:
952:
951:
945:
940:
920:Silverwood Lake
900:
860:
820:Silverwood Lake
773:
696:San Luis Obispo
672:
636:
543:O'Neill Forebay
507:
499:Land subsidence
447:Silverwood Lake
398:and valleys of
364:Intertie - 2012
298:
296:
287:Characteristics
257:
255:
251:
248:
243:
240:
238:
236:
235:
234:
226:
222:
214:
212:
208:
205:
200:
197:
195:
193:
192:
191:
185:Silverwood Lake
183:
179:
171:
169:
165:
162:
157:
154:
152:
150:
149:
148:
140:
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
99:
77:
75:
71:
68:
63:
60:
58:
56:
55:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2581:San Luis Creek
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Lake Del Valle
2479:
2474:
2472:Frenchman Lake
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Little Panoche
2381:
2379:Grizzly Valley
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2242:External links
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:. May 3, 2016.
2222:
2195:
2166:
2104:
2057:
2031:
2006:
1981:
1929:
1898:
1870:
1835:
1805:
1774:
1743:
1717:
1689:
1665:
1642:
1616:
1609:
1583:
1564:(7): 609–617.
1544:
1518:
1495:
1470:
1443:
1420:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1209:Tuolumne River
1197:American River
1185:Central Valley
1176:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1107:
1073:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1031:, Kings County
998:
997:, Kings County
963:
962:
961:Phase I, canal
957:
954:
942:
941:
934:
933:
932:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
890:Angeles Tunnel
888:
885:
882:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
676:Kettleman City
671:
670:Coastal Branch
668:
641:Coastal Branch
635:
632:
620:Central Valley
559:Kettleman City
555:Coastal Branch
506:
503:
472:, which forms
386:
385:
382:
381:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
366:
365:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
342:
338:
337:
334:
330:
329:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
309:
308:
305:
301:
300:
293:
289:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
224:Coastal Branch
135:
131:
130:
90:
86:
85:
53:
47:
46:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2773:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Feather River
2559:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Lake Oroville
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Antelope Lake
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Los Banos Dam
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Cedar Springs
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2215:September 11,
2211:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:"Tulare Lake"
1747:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1610:0-520-23580-0
1606:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:San Pablo Bay
1264:
1260:
1259:Pacific Ocean
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:Feather River
1190:
1186:
1170:
1156:
1137:
1108:
1106:, Kern County
1103:
1074:
1072:, Kern County
1069:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1028:
999:
994:
965:
964:
960:
959:
949:
944:
938:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
869:
865:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
811:Mojave Siphon
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:Lake Palmdale
777:
765:
763:Cuesta Tunnel
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Santa Barbara
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
665:
660:
656:
654:
650:
649:West Branches
646:
642:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
612:
608:
607:
601:
599:
594:
591:
590:hydroelectric
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
502:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
383:
378:
374:
369:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
290:
285:
282:
279:
277:Maintained by
275:
271:
269:Official name
267:
262:
233:
229:
225:
219:
190:
186:
182:
176:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
98:
94:
91:
87:
82:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2602:
2512:Pyramid Lake
2457:Castaic Lake
2369:Fish Barrier
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:
2126:
2122:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2019:water.ca.gov
2018:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:
1984:
1951:
1947:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1889:. Retrieved
1886:www.cmua.org
1885:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1817:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1789:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1756:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1729:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1683:
1659:
1656:"Facilities"
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1619:
1594:
1586:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1521:
1508:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1483:water.ca.gov
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1423:
1412:
1401:
1370:Huell Howser
1363:
1361:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1330:Consequences
1324:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1293:
1279:
1252:
1224:alluvial fan
1221:
1205:Merced River
1182:
903:
901:
876:
868:Castaic Lake
864:Pyramid Lake
861:
797:
782:
740:
732:Lake Cachuma
680:Kings County
673:
648:
644:
640:
637:
611:solar panels
604:
602:
595:
575:
516:
497:
489:Castaic Lake
482:
470:San Luis Dam
455:
439:Castaic Lake
431:Lake Cachuma
420:
391:
389:
292:Total length
228:Lake Cachuma
223:
180:
142:Castaic Lake
137:
18:
2492:Lake Perris
2077:: 462–469.
1321:Measurement
1300:groundwater
1275:Golden Gate
1248:Tulare Lake
1228:Kings River
1145:Hydrography
1131: /
1119:120°12′28″W
1097: /
1085:120°05′04″W
1063: /
1051:120°00′39″W
1022: /
1010:119°56′34″W
988: /
976:119°54′33″W
948:Pearblossom
858:West Branch
789:Lake Perris
771:East Branch
700:Santa Maria
684:Kern County
678:transiting
664:Kern County
615:evaporation
493:Castaic Dam
256: /
244:119°58′52″W
213: /
201:117°19′12″W
181:East Branch
170: /
158:118°39′25″W
138:West Branch
121: /
109:121°33′25″W
76: /
64:121°33′25″W
51:Coordinates
2725:Categories
2566:Piru Creek
2517:Quail Lake
2477:Lake Davis
2439:Reservoirs
2414:Quail Lake
1954:: 112063.
1922:October 3,
1393:References
1290:Background
1263:Suisun Bay
1116:35°43′52″N
1082:35°42′29″N
1048:35°42′43″N
1007:35°50′05″N
973:35°50′35″N
912:Quail Lake
380:References
241:34°35′12″N
198:34°18′12″N
155:34°35′15″N
106:37°49′47″N
61:37°49′47″N
2591:Aqueducts
2374:Frenchman
2359:Del Valle
2339:B.F. Sisk
2143:2169-9313
2099:135110152
2091:0022-1694
1976:225017671
1968:0034-4257
1635:March 22,
1578:232273487
1537:March 19,
1463:March 19,
1436:March 19,
1244:endorheic
478:reservoir
2399:Oroville
2334:Antelope
2188:April 1,
2161:31218156
1999:April 1,
1891:April 1,
1863:April 1,
1828:July 26,
1798:July 26,
1767:July 26,
1736:July 26,
1710:July 26,
1513:Archived
1488:March 3,
1376:See also
1269:, upper
724:Buellton
634:Branches
598:concrete
537:via the
491:, while
400:Northern
371:Location
320:Capacity
2688:Related
2409:Pyramid
2394:O'Neill
2349:Castaic
2344:Bethany
2209:YouTube
2152:6559157
1917:Science
1353:History
1226:of the
922:in the
898:Bikeway
870:in the
728:Solvang
624:Gujarat
582:Path 15
578:Path 66
545:at the
521:at the
464:plant,
328:History
2595:canals
2552:Rivers
2404:Perris
2159:
2149:
2141:
2097:
2089:
2050:May 4,
2024:May 2,
1974:
1966:
1882:"CMUA"
1607:
1576:
1232:Kaweah
726:, and
720:Lompoc
702:, and
690:, and
628:Punjab
341:Opened
312:Height
89:Begins
2261:data
2257:USGS
2095:S2CID
1972:S2CID
1786:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1603:–99.
1574:S2CID
1509:Wired
1368:with
304:Width
2593:and
2326:Dams
2217:2013
2190:2022
2183:NASA
2157:PMID
2139:ISSN
2087:ISSN
2052:2022
2045:NASA
2026:2022
2001:2022
1964:ISSN
1924:2023
1893:2022
1865:2022
1830:2009
1800:2009
1769:2009
1738:2009
1712:2009
1637:2009
1605:ISBN
1539:2009
1490:2022
1465:2009
1438:2009
1240:Kern
1238:and
1236:Tule
1215:and
1195:and
866:and
647:and
645:East
456:The
402:and
390:The
336:1963
134:Ends
37:The
2147:PMC
2131:doi
2127:124
2079:doi
2075:569
1956:doi
1952:251
1566:doi
734:in
710:in
580:or
449:in
441:in
433:in
406:to
2727::
2206:.
2181:.
2169:^
2155:.
2145:.
2137:.
2125:.
2121:.
2107:^
2093:.
2085:.
2073:.
2069:.
2043:.
2017:.
1992:.
1970:.
1962:.
1950:.
1946:.
1932:^
1915:.
1901:^
1884:.
1873:^
1856:.
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1788:.
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1682:.
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1658:.
1645:^
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1958::
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