552:
22:
828:
763:
676:
into the blood. The net result is that about 5 mmol more calcium is absorbed from the gut than is excreted into it via the bile. If there is no active bone building (as in childhood), or increased need for calcium during pregnancy and lactation, the 5 mmol calcium that is absorbed from the gut makes up for urinary losses that are only partially regulated.
675:
Since about 15 mmol of calcium is excreted into the intestine via the bile per day, the total amount of calcium that reaches the duodenum and jejunum each day is about 40 mmol (25 mmol from the diet plus 15 mmol from the bile), of which, on average, 20 mmol is absorbed (back)
840:
When the plasma ionized calcium level is low or falls the opposite happens. Calcitonin secretion is inhibited and PTH secretion is stimulated, resulting in calcium being removed from bone to rapidly correct the plasma calcium level. The high plasma PTH levels inhibit calcium loss via the urine while
270:
Because the intracellular calcium ion concentration is extremely low (see above) the entry of minute quantities of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum or from the extracellular fluids, cause rapid, very marked, and readily reversible changes in the relative concentration of these ions in the
661:
Low PTH levels in the blood (which occur under physiological conditions when the plasma ionized calcium levels are high) inhibit the conversion of cholecalciferol into calcitriol, which in turn inhibits calcium absorption from the gut. The opposite happens when the plasma ionized calcium levels are
983:
are therefore often a first indication of hyperparathyroidism, especially since the hypercalcuria is accompanied by an increase in urinary phosphate excretion (a direct result of the high plasma PTH levels). Together the calcium and phosphate tend to precipitate out as water-insoluble salts, which
800:
The reduced levels of PTH inhibit removal of calcium from the skeleton. The low levels of PTH have several other effects: there is increased loss of calcium in the urine, but more importantly, the loss of phosphate ions through urine is inhibited. Phosphate ions will therefore be retained in the
225:
It readily binds to proteins, particularly those with amino acids whose side chains terminate in carboxyl (-COOH) groups (e.g. glutamate residues). When such binding occurs the electrical charges on the protein chain change, causing the protein's tertiary structure (i.e. 3-dimensional form) to
841:
stimulating the excretion of phosphate ions via that route. They also stimulate the kidneys to manufacture calcitriol (a steroid hormone), which enhances the ability of the cells lining the gut to absorb calcium from the intestinal contents into the blood, by stimulating the production of
416:
Not all the calcium in the diet can be readily absorbed from the gut. The calcium that is most readily absorbed is found in dairy products (72%), vegetables (7%), grains (5%), legumes (4%), fruit (3%), protein (3%). The calcium contained in vegetable matter is often complexed with
395:
provides the energy. During the cycle, each myosin protein âpaddlesâ along the thin actin filament, repeatedly binding to myosin-binding sites along the actin filament, ratcheting and letting go. In effect, the thick filament moves or slides along the thin filament, resulting in
1556:
López-López A, Castellote-Bargalló AI, Campoy-Folgoso C, Rivero-Urgël M, Tormo-Carnicé R, Infante-Pina D, López-Sabater MC (Nov 2001). "The influence of dietary palmitic acid triacylglyceride position on the fatty acid, calcium and magnesium contents of at term newborn faeces".
708:
in the plasma, therefore, lower the ionized calcium level in the extra-cellular fluids. Thus, the excretion of more phosphate than calcium ions in the urine raises the plasma ionized calcium level, even though the total calcium concentration might be lowered.
864:
Thus fast short term regulation of the plasma ionized calcium level primarily involves rapid movements of calcium into or out of the skeleton. Long term regulation is achieved by regulating the amount of calcium absorbed from the gut or lost via the feces.
447:
may be positive, negative, or neutral. When it is neutral, about 5â10 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Calcium release from bone is regulated by
1590:
Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H, "Chapter 23. Hormonal
Control of Calcium & Phosphate Metabolism & the Physiology of Bone" (Chapter). Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23e:
958:
The main determinant of the amount of calcium excreted into the urine per day is the plasma ionized calcium concentration. The plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration only increases or decreases the amount of calcium excreted at any
793:, a polypeptide hormone, into the blood. At the same time, the parathyroid glands reduce the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), also a polypeptide hormone, into the blood. The resulting high levels of calcitonin in the blood stimulate
743:
Most excretion of excess calcium is via the bile and feces, because the plasma calcitriol levels (which ultimately depend on the plasma calcium levels) regulate how much of the biliary calcium is reabsorbed from the intestinal contents.
929:
The role that calcium might have in reducing the rates of colorectal cancer has been the subject of many studies. However, given its modest efficacy, there is no current medical recommendation to use calcium for cancer reduction.
1761:
194:
Between 35 and 50% of the calcium in plasma is protein-bound, and 5â10% is in the form of complexes with organic acids and phosphates. The remainder (50â60%) is ionized. The ionized calcium can be determined directly by
460:(a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when plasma ionized calcium levels are high or rising; not to be confused with "calcitriol" which is manufactured in the kidney) stimulates incorporation of calcium into bone.
483:
KO mice did not display significant reduction of serum calcium levels and showed only slightly reduced or even unchanged intestinal Ca absorption, indicating that other absorption pathways must exist. Recently,
25:
The body regulates calcium homeostasis with two pathways; one is signaled to turn on when blood calcium levels drop below normal and one is the pathway that is signaled to turn on when blood calcium levels are
692:), and resorbs 245 mmol, leading to a net average loss in the urine of about 5 mmol/d. The quantity of calcium ions excreted in the urine per day is partially under the influence of the plasma
1664:
Sylvia Benn, Bryan S. Ajibade, Dare Porta, Angela Dhawan, Puneet
Hediger, Matthias Peng, Ji-Bin Jiang, Yi Oh, Goo Taeg Jeung, Eui-Bae Lieben, Liesbet Bouillon, Roger Carmeliet, Geert Christakos.
242:
in the cell membranes of nerves and muscle are particularly sensitive to the calcium ion concentration in the plasma. Relatively small decreases in the plasma ionized calcium levels (
175:, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood. The biologic effect of calcium is, however, determined by the amount of
696:(PTH) level - high levels of PTH decreasing the rate of calcium ion excretion, and low levels increasing it. However, parathyroid hormone has a greater effect on the quantity of
801:
plasma where they form insoluble salts with calcium ions, thereby removing them from the ionized calcium pool in the blood. The low levels of PTH also inhibit the formation of
262:) more calcium is bound to these sodium channels having a negative bathmotropic effect on them, causing lethargy, muscle weakness, anorexia, constipation and labile emotions.
1760:
Mittermeier L, Demirkhanyan L, Stadlbauer B, Breit A, Recordati C, Hilgendorff A, Matsushita M, Braun A, Simmons DG, Zakharian E, Gudermann T, Chubanov V (February 2019).
230:
in the blood plasma, which are functionless in the absence of calcium ions, but become fully functional on the addition of the correct concentration of calcium salts.
662:
low: parathyroid hormone is secreted into the blood and the kidneys convert more calcifediol into the active calcitriol, increasing calcium absorption from the gut.
567:) concentration in the blood. Calcitriol is a cholesterol derivative. Under the influence of ultraviolet light on the skin, cholesterol is converted to previtamin D
752:
Urinary excretion of calcium is normally about 5 mmol (200 mg) /day. This is less in comparison to what is excreted via the feces (15 mmol/day).
1615:
Bianco SD, Peng JB, Takanaga H, Suzuki Y, Crescenzi A, Kos CH, Zhuang L, Freeman MR, Gouveia CH, Wu J, Luo H, Mauro T, Brown EM, Hediger MA (February 2007).
2191:
2233:
1687:
820:) of the duodenum, inhibiting their ability to absorb calcium from the intestinal contents. The low calcitriol levels also act on bone causing the
1951:(Fourth Edition). Chapter 27 "Vitamin D is derived from cholesterol by the ring-splitting action of light". New York, W.H. Freeman and Company.
2238:
1443:
Yanagida T, Arata T, Oosawa F (1985). "Sliding distance of actin filament induced by a myosin crossbridge during one ATP hydrolysis cycle".
845:
in these cells. The PTH stimulated production of calcitriol also causes calcium to be released from bone into the blood, by the release of
387:
can then bind to the exposed myosin-binding sites on the thin filament, to undergo a repeating series of conformational changes called the
587:) lining the small intestine to increase the rate of absorption of calcium from the intestinal contents. In short the cycle is following:
2228:
2223:
2218:
509:
155:) is more than 7,000 times lower than in the blood plasma (i.e. at <0.0002 mmol/L, compared with 1.4 mmol/L in the plasma)
2358:
2300:
2098:
1595:
2243:
258:(the sensation of "pins and needles") of the extremities and round the mouth. When the plasma ionized calcium rises above normal (
2543:
773:
The plasma ionized calcium concentration is regulated within narrow limits (1.3â1.5 mmol/L). This is achieved by both the
2184:
979:) despite the modestly increased rate of calcium re-absorption from the renal tubules caused by PTH's effect on those tubules.
203:, though the usefulness of the latter is limited when the pH and protein content of the plasma deviate widely from the normal.
2067:
2037:
1278:
1176:
1144:
1052:
96:
1035:
Brini M, Ottolini D, CalĂŹ T, Carafoli E (2013). "Chapter 4. Calcium in Health and
Disease". In Sigel A, Helmut RK (eds.).
1871:
723:, the active form that is most effective in promoting the intestinal absorption of calcium. This conversion of vitamin D
388:
1013:
704:) excreted in the urine. Phosphates form insoluble salts in combination with calcium ions. High concentrations of HPO
2177:
1666:
Active
Intestinal Calcium Transport in the Absence of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 6 and Calbindin-D9k
575:(or cholecalciferol). It is then converted from cholecalciferol to calcifediol in the liver. Under the influence of
789:
When the concentration of calcium rises, the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland increase their secretion of
504:
is essential for the intestinal bulk uptake of calcium. After the cellular uptake, calcium is immediately bound to
143:. Approximately 10 mmol of calcium is exchanged between bone and the ECF over a period of twenty-four hours.
2698:
874:
171:
is 1.3â1.5 mmol/L (4.5â5.6 mg/dL). The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of
2351:
861:
which increases the bone resorptive activity by the osteoclasts. These are, however, relatively slow processes
139:
salts. The extracellular fluid (ECF) contains approximately 22 mmol, of which about 9 mmol is in the
115:
when the plasma calcium level falls below the normal range in order to raise it; calcitonin is released by the
1617:"Marked disturbance of calcium homeostasis in mice with targeted disruption of the Trpv6 calcium channel gene"
551:
132:
2248:
1824:"Human duodenum responses to vitamin D metabolites of TRPV6 and other genes involved in calcium absorption"
1521:
Watts PS (2009). "Effects of oxalic acid ingestion by sheep. II. Large doses to sheep on different diets".
525:
73:. Bone acts as a calcium storage center for deposits and withdrawals as needed by the blood via continual
921:
in later life; and a diet with sustained adequate amounts of calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
816:
The reduction in the blood calcitriol concentration acts (comparatively slowly) on the epithelial cells (
781:
constantly sensing (i.e. measuring) the concentration of calcium ions in the blood flowing through them.
2774:
1703:"TRPV6 is not required for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced intestinal calcium absorption in vivo"
135:. The average adult body contains in total approximately 1 kg, 99% in the skeleton in the form of
2158:
2779:
2344:
2316:
2150:
766:
2734:
2295:
1762:"TRPM7 is the central gatekeeper of intestinal mineral absorption essential for postnatal survival"
1701:
Kutuzova GD, Sundersingh F, Vaughan J, Tadi BP, Ansay SE, Christakos S, Deluca HF (December 2008).
939:
712:
The kidney influences the plasma ionized calcium concentration in yet another manner. It processes
517:
492:
results in strongly reduced calcium levels in serum and bones, and intensively increased levels of
479:
membrane. The TRPV6 channel was proposed to be the major player in intestinal Ca uptake. However,
472:
of calcium per day. Only about 5 mmol of this is absorbed into the body per day (see below).
246:) cause these channels to leak sodium into the nerve cells or axons, making them hyper-excitable (
2739:
2290:
2134:
2601:
2371:
2320:
2264:
907:
537:
401:
392:
352:
344:
308:
42:
2716:
2507:
2471:
2388:
513:
368:
348:
971:
despite the high levels of PTH in the blood. This is because hyperparathyroidism results in
583:
convert calcifediol into the active hormone calcitriol, which acts on the epithelial cells (
488:
was linked to intestinal calcium uptake. The authors could show that intestinal deletion of
152:
2708:
2690:
2450:
2445:
2440:
1776:
1714:
1452:
1352:
1205:
1080:
903:
774:
8:
2764:
1592:
964:
913:
A diet adequately rich in calcium may reduce calcium loss from bone with advancing (post-
693:
689:
644:
576:
497:
449:
167:
concentration is in the range of 2.2â2.6 mmol/L (9â10.5 mg/dL), and the normal
116:
100:
66:
62:
1780:
1718:
1555:
1456:
1356:
1209:
184:
2285:
2126:
1992:
1967:
1922:
1897:
1848:
1823:
1799:
1737:
1702:
1681:
1641:
1616:
1538:
1476:
1376:
1320:
1295:
778:
397:
280:
212:
112:
1898:"Indications on the use of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites in clinical phenotypes"
1566:
1420:
1395:
2672:
2169:
2118:
2063:
2033:
1997:
1927:
1909:
1853:
1804:
1742:
1669:
1646:
1570:
1468:
1425:
1368:
1325:
1274:
1233:
1228:
1193:
1172:
1140:
1110:
1102:
1058:
1048:
1009:
288:
188:
136:
2130:
2028:
Boron, Walter F., Boulpaep, Emile L (2003). "The
Parathyroid Glands and Vitamin D".
1542:
1380:
2769:
2588:
2379:
2204:
2114:
2110:
1987:
1979:
1917:
1843:
1835:
1794:
1784:
1732:
1722:
1636:
1628:
1562:
1530:
1503:
1480:
1460:
1415:
1407:
1360:
1315:
1307:
1223:
1213:
1092:
1040:
529:
276:
227:
2680:
2626:
2462:
1599:
1139:. Vol. 565 (Seventh ed.). Basel: Ciba-Geigy Limited. pp. 653â654.
622:
336:
239:
123:
when the plasma level of calcium is above the normal range in order to lower it.
74:
1044:
917:) age. A low dietary calcium intake may be a risk factor in the development of
2408:
2336:
2325:
1769:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1707:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1198:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1534:
2758:
2606:
2555:
1913:
1839:
1673:
1106:
980:
976:
972:
883:
727:
into calcitriol, is also promoted by high plasma parathyroid hormone levels.
606:
430:
292:
259:
172:
120:
85:
1789:
1727:
1258:(third ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 170, 571â579.
2481:
2122:
2087:
Guyton A (1976). ââMedical
Physiologyââ. p.1062; New York, Saunders and Co.
2001:
1931:
1857:
1808:
1746:
1650:
1574:
1372:
1329:
1237:
1218:
1114:
1062:
918:
891:
887:
879:
532:
calcium into the body. Active transport of calcium occurs primarily in the
476:
340:
304:
255:
247:
243:
140:
92:
58:
1472:
1429:
1311:
21:
2663:
2570:
2565:
2538:
2436:
2431:
1983:
1097:
898:
are bone disorders linked to calcium metabolism disorders and effects of
817:
638:
597:
591:
536:
portion of the intestine when calcium intake is low; and through passive
469:
422:
418:
372:
275:. This can therefore serve as a very effective intracellular signal (or "
196:
88:
1632:
1507:
1039:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 81â137.
2560:
2427:
2367:
2200:
914:
858:
821:
806:
802:
794:
790:
720:
654:
584:
563:(or 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, or 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D
560:
493:
457:
453:
356:
108:
104:
81:
1759:
1411:
512:. Calbindin transfers the calcium directly into the epithelial cell's
2548:
1828:
American
Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
1464:
899:
854:
842:
827:
762:
713:
697:
548:
parts when calcium intake is high, independently of Vitamin D level.
505:
364:
1364:
797:
in bone to remove calcium from blood plasma and deposit it as bone.
429:
and other organic acids, such as the long-chained fatty acids (e.g.
2529:
2516:
2486:
2476:
2422:
2397:
850:
533:
200:
559:
The active absorption of calcium from the gut is regulated by the
99:. The level of the calcium in plasma is regulated by the hormones
2649:
2644:
2611:
2027:
895:
580:
541:
521:
426:
284:
272:
180:
34:
1968:"Renal control of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium homeostasis"
685:
384:
376:
251:
50:
2018:(Fifth Edition) p. 696. New York, Harper & Row Publishers.
1700:
1273:(7th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson. pp. 377â416.
1194:"Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate"
1037:
Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
16:
Movement and regulation of calcium ions in and out of the body
2616:
2596:
2058:
Walter F. (2003). "The Parathyroid Glands and Vitamin D in".
1343:
Geeves MA (January 2002). "Stretching the lever-arm theory".
846:
545:
501:
489:
485:
433:), with which calcium binds to form insoluble calcium soaps.
380:
360:
179:, rather than the total calcium. It is therefore the plasma
688:
filter 250 mmol of calcium ions a day in pro-urine (or
475:
Calcium is absorbed across the intestinal epithelial cell's
295:
from pre-synaptic terminals of nerves) and other functions.
2639:
2634:
2533:
2417:
444:
70:
886:(high blood calcium) are both serious medical disorders.
1034:
967:
the quantity of calcium excreted in the urine per day is
1614:
520:
on the opposite side of the cell, without entering its
456:
manufactured in the kidney under the influence of PTH.
151:
The concentration of calcium ions inside cells (in the
2199:
1972:
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1821:
1593:
http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=5244785
1085:
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2506:
2060:
Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
2030:
Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
975:, which increases the urinary calcium concentration (
824:
to release fewer calcium ions into the blood plasma.
1822:Balesaria S, Sangha S, Walters JR (December 2009).
1442:
375:to which it is attached to be rolled away from the
187:to remain within very narrow limits by homeostatic
1965:
524:or intracellular fluid. From there calcium pumps (
516:, through which the calcium is transferred to the
1494:Graf E (1983). "Calcium binding to phytic acid".
226:change. Good examples of this are several of the
2756:
2366:
233:
217:Calcium has several main functions in the body.
1961:
1959:
1957:
1262:
383:that form the back-bone of the thin filaments.
2387:
1185:
2352:
2185:
1902:Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism
1191:
468:The normal adult diet contains about 25
2103:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1954:
1686:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
279:") in a variety of circumstances, including
131:Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the
1268:
571:which spontaneously isomerizes to vitamin D
510:vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein
265:
250:), thus causing spontaneous muscle spasms (
126:
2359:
2345:
2301:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2192:
2178:
2099:"Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis"
1496:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1249:
1247:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1081:"Calcium Metabolism in Health and Disease"
1006:Essentials of human anatomy and physiology
961:given plasma ionized calcium concentration
220:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1991:
1943:
1941:
1921:
1847:
1798:
1788:
1736:
1726:
1640:
1586:
1584:
1419:
1319:
1227:
1217:
1096:
997:
2234:Hypothalamicâpituitaryâsomatotropic axis
1271:Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach
1166:
826:
761:
550:
463:
91:, the regulation of calcium ions in the
20:
2544:Iron-responsive element-binding protein
1393:
1296:"The sliding filament model: 1972-2004"
1244:
1153:
1078:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
158:
2757:
2096:
2076:
2046:
1938:
1895:
1581:
1342:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1003:
146:
2340:
2239:Hypothalamicâpituitaryâprolactin axis
2173:
1966:Blaine J, Chonchol M, Levi M (2015).
1610:
1608:
1520:
1293:
2244:Hypothalamicâneurohypophyseal system
2016:Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
1621:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
1493:
1253:
1074:
1072:
1021:
1008:, San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings,
784:
2229:Hypothalamicâpituitaryâgonadal axis
2224:Hypothalamicâpituitaryâadrenal axis
2219:Hypothalamicâpituitaryâthyroid axis
2062:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1094.
2032:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1094.
1872:"Absorption of Minerals and Metals"
1523:The Journal of Agricultural Science
1121:
910:related to the calcium metabolism.
835:
13:
1663:
1605:
1269:Silverthorn DU (2016). "Muscles".
363:-containing thin filaments of the
343:, calcium ions, released from the
33:is the movement and regulation of
14:
2791:
2156:
2144:
1300:The Journal of General Physiology
1192:Armstrong CM, Cota G (Mar 1999).
1069:
809:) from cholecalciferol (vitamin D
240:voltage gated sodium ion channels
283:, the release of hormones (e.g.
2699:Phosphoric acids and phosphates
2090:
2021:
2008:
1889:
1864:
1815:
1753:
1694:
1657:
1549:
1514:
1487:
1436:
1396:"In pursuit of myosin function"
1387:
1336:
1256:Principles of Internal Medicine
1171:(3rd ed.). London: Mosby.
952:
875:Disorders of calcium metabolism
665:
438:
400:. This process is known as the
80:An important aspect of calcium
2163:Essentials of Human Physiology
2115:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718088
1287:
777:of the thyroid gland, and the
738:
1:
2432:Ferroportin (SLC11A3/SLC40A1)
2014:Tortora GJ, Anagnostakos NP.
1567:10.1016/S0378-3782(01)00210-9
991:
757:
443:Calcium flow to and from the
303:Calcium acts structurally as
291:) or neurotransmitters (e.g.
234:Voltage gated sodium channels
199:, or it can be read off from
1394:Spudich JA (November 1989).
984:readily form solid âstonesâ.
945:
868:
747:
733:
670:
555:Vitamin D metabolism pathway
248:positive bathmotropic effect
7:
1045:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_4
933:
924:
287:from the beta cells in the
206:
10:
2796:
872:
679:
411:
371:as a result, causing the
210:
2725:
2707:
2689:
2671:
2662:
2625:
2587:
2525:
2499:
2461:
2407:
2396:
2378:
2309:
2278:
2257:
2211:
2159:"Section 5/5ch6/5ch6line"
1668:. The Endocrine Society.
1535:10.1017/S0021859600036765
1091:(Supplement 1): S23âS30.
805:(not to be confused with
330:
127:Body compartment content
107:. PTH is released by the
2735:Calcium-sensing receptor
2482:Calreticulin/mobilferrin
2296:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2249:Reninâangiotensin system
1840:10.1152/ajpgi.00237.2009
1079:Peacock M (2010-01-01).
940:European Calcium Society
882:(low blood calcium) and
266:Intracellular signalling
2740:Calcium-binding protein
2291:Pediatric endocrinology
1790:10.1073/pnas.1810633116
1728:10.1073/pnas.0810761105
1559:Early Human Development
404:of muscle contraction.
359:protein present on the
298:
221:Bound to serum proteins
183:calcium level which is
57:body compartments: the
2265:Blood sugar regulation
2097:Heaney RP (Apr 2000).
1876:www.vivo.colostate.edu
1219:10.1073/pnas.96.7.4154
908:chronic kidney failure
832:
770:
556:
538:paracellular transport
402:sliding filament model
379:-binding sites on the
345:sarcoplasmic reticulum
309:calcium hydroxyapatite
27:
2717:Magnesium transporter
2508:Iron-binding proteins
2472:Duodenal cytochrome B
2317:WolffâChaikoff effect
1312:10.1085/jgp.200409089
1294:Cooke R (June 2004).
830:
765:
554:
514:endoplasmic reticulum
464:Intestinal absorption
349:endoplasmic reticulum
24:
2709:Magnesium metabolism
2691:Phosphate metabolism
2441:Transferrin receptor
2109:(2 Suppl): 83Sâ99S.
1984:10.2215/CJN.09750913
1561:. 65 Suppl: S83â94.
1167:Marshall WJ (1995).
1098:10.2215/CJN.05910809
906:is a consequence of
904:Renal osteodystrophy
775:parafollicular cells
592:7-Dehydrocholesterol
452:in conjunction with
369:3D structure changes
159:Normal plasma levels
117:parafollicular cells
2153:at Lab Tests Online
1781:2019PNAS..116.4706M
1719:2008PNAS..10519655K
1633:10.1359/jbmr.061110
1508:10.1021/jf00118a045
1457:1985Natur.316..366Y
1357:2002Natur.415..129G
1210:1999PNAS...96.4154A
965:hyperparathyroidism
963:. Thus, in primary
831:Calcium homeostasis
694:parathyroid hormone
690:glomerular filtrate
577:parathyroid hormone
450:parathyroid hormone
305:supporting material
153:intracellular fluid
147:Blood concentration
101:parathyroid hormone
53:) of the body, and
2727:Calcium metabolism
2321:Jod-Basedow effect
2286:Neuroendocrinology
2270:Calcium metabolism
2212:Regulatory systems
1598:2011-07-07 at the
1169:Clinical Chemistry
1135:Diem K, Lenter C.
833:
813:) by the kidneys.
779:parathyroid glands
771:
769:in the human body.
767:Calcium regulation
557:
530:actively transport
500:, indicating that
398:muscle contraction
389:cross-bridge cycle
281:muscle contraction
213:Calcium in biology
113:parathyroid glands
31:Calcium metabolism
28:
2775:Human homeostasis
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2673:Sodium metabolism
2658:
2657:
2589:Copper metabolism
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2495:
2494:
2334:
2333:
2069:978-1-4160-2328-9
2039:978-1-4160-2328-9
1896:Brandi M (2010).
1775:(10): 4706â4715.
1412:10.1091/mbc.1.1.1
1280:978-0-321-98122-6
1178:978-0-7234-2190-0
1146:978-3-9801244-0-9
1137:Scientific Tables
1054:978-94-007-7499-5
1004:Marieb E (2000),
785:High plasma level
367:. The troponin's
289:pancreatic islets
189:negative feedback
185:tightly regulated
137:calcium phosphate
49:(via the gut and
2787:
2780:Endocrine system
2669:
2668:
2504:
2503:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2380:Transition metal
2372:Metal metabolism
2361:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2205:endocrine system
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2139:
2138:
2133:. Archived from
2094:
2088:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1963:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1612:
1603:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1465:10.1038/316366a0
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1351:(6868): 129â31.
1340:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1132:
1119:
1118:
1100:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1032:
1019:
1018:
1001:
985:
956:
836:Low plasma level
653:
652:
651:
648:
637:
636:
635:
632:
621:
620:
619:
616:
605:
604:
603:
600:
353:striated muscles
277:second messenger
228:clotting factors
2795:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2744:
2721:
2703:
2685:
2654:
2627:Zinc metabolism
2621:
2575:
2521:
2491:
2463:Iron(III) oxide
2457:
2399:
2389:Iron metabolism
2374:
2365:
2335:
2330:
2305:
2274:
2253:
2207:
2198:
2147:
2142:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1939:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1820:
1816:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1713:(50): 19655â9.
1699:
1695:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1613:
1606:
1600:Wayback Machine
1589:
1582:
1554:
1550:
1519:
1515:
1492:
1488:
1451:(6026): 366â9.
1441:
1437:
1400:Cell Regulation
1392:
1388:
1365:10.1038/415129a
1341:
1337:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1245:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1165:
1154:
1147:
1133:
1122:
1077:
1070:
1055:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
988:
957:
953:
948:
936:
927:
877:
871:
838:
812:
787:
760:
750:
741:
736:
730:
726:
718:
707:
703:
682:
673:
668:
660:
649:
643:
642:
641:
633:
630:
629:
628:
626:
617:
614:
613:
612:
610:
601:
596:
595:
594:
574:
570:
566:
466:
441:
414:
381:actin molecules
355:), bind to the
333:
326:
322:
318:
314:
301:
268:
236:
223:
215:
209:
177:ionized calcium
169:ionized calcium
161:
149:
129:
75:bone remodeling
17:
12:
11:
5:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2434:
2425:
2420:
2418:DMT1 (SLC11A2)
2414:
2412:
2409:Iron(II) oxide
2402:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2326:Plummer effect
2323:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2154:
2146:
2145:External links
2143:
2141:
2140:
2137:on 2012-08-03.
2089:
2075:
2068:
2045:
2038:
2020:
2007:
1978:(7): 1257â72.
1953:
1937:
1908:(3): 243â250.
1888:
1863:
1834:(6): G1193-7.
1814:
1752:
1693:
1656:
1604:
1580:
1548:
1529:(2): 250â255.
1513:
1502:(4): 851â855.
1486:
1435:
1386:
1335:
1286:
1279:
1261:
1243:
1184:
1177:
1152:
1145:
1120:
1068:
1053:
1020:
1015:978-0805349405
1014:
995:
993:
990:
987:
986:
950:
949:
947:
944:
943:
942:
935:
932:
926:
923:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
837:
834:
810:
786:
783:
759:
756:
749:
746:
740:
737:
735:
732:
724:
716:
705:
701:
698:phosphate ions
681:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
658:
657:
624:
608:
572:
568:
564:
518:basal membrane
465:
462:
440:
437:
413:
410:
332:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
300:
297:
267:
264:
235:
232:
222:
219:
211:Main article:
208:
205:
173:plasma albumin
160:
157:
148:
145:
128:
125:
86:plasma calcium
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:Ceruloplasmin
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Ceruloplasmin
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:Absorption in
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:(2): 274â85.
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:(6): 643â56.
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1254:Harrison TR.
1250:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:(7): 4154â7.
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
982:
981:Kidney stones
978:
977:hypercalcuria
974:
973:hypercalcemia
970:
966:
962:
955:
951:
941:
938:
937:
931:
922:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:hypercalcemia
881:
876:
866:
862:
860:
856:
855:local hormone
852:
848:
844:
829:
825:
823:
819:
814:
808:
804:
798:
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
768:
764:
755:
753:
745:
731:
728:
722:
715:
710:
699:
695:
691:
687:
677:
663:
656:
646:
640:
627:
615:isomerization
611:
599:
593:
590:
589:
588:
586:
582:
578:
562:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
473:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
436:
434:
432:
431:palmitic acid
428:
424:
420:
409:
407:
405:
403:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
328:
310:
306:
296:
294:
293:acetylcholine
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
263:
261:
260:hypercalcemia
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
231:
229:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:total calcium
156:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
124:
122:
121:thyroid gland
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:narrow limits
94:
90:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
69:fluids, and
68:
67:intracellular
64:
63:extracellular
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2726:
2269:
2162:
2135:the original
2106:
2102:
2092:
2059:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2010:
1975:
1971:
1949:Biochemistry
1948:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1772:
1768:
1755:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1665:
1659:
1624:
1620:
1558:
1551:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1168:
1136:
1088:
1084:
1036:
1005:
999:
968:
960:
954:
928:
919:osteoporosis
912:
892:osteomalacia
888:Osteoporosis
880:Hypocalcemia
878:
863:
839:
815:
799:
788:
772:
754:
751:
742:
729:
711:
683:
674:
666:Reabsorption
659:
607:Previtamin D
558:
480:
477:brush border
474:
467:
442:
439:Bone storage
435:
415:
408:
406:
391:, for which
341:heart muscle
334:
307:in bones as
302:
269:
256:paraesthesia
244:hypocalcemia
237:
224:
216:
193:
176:
168:
164:
162:
150:
130:
93:blood plasma
79:
59:blood plasma
54:
46:
38:
30:
29:
18:
2681:Na/K-ATPase
2664:Electrolyte
2571:Lactoferrin
2566:Hemosiderin
2539:Hemojuvelin
2437:Transferrin
1406:(1): 1â11.
859:osteoblasts
857:) from the
822:osteoclasts
818:enterocytes
795:osteoblasts
639:Calcifediol
598:ultraviolet
585:enterocytes
373:tropomyosin
197:colorimetry
163:The plasma
109:chief cells
89:homeostasis
2765:Physiology
2759:Categories
2428:Hephaestin
2368:Metabolism
2258:Metabolism
2201:Physiology
2157:Nosek TM.
1947:Stryer L.
992:References
915:menopausal
807:calcitonin
803:calcitriol
791:calcitonin
758:Regulation
721:calcitriol
655:Calcitriol
561:calcitriol
494:calcitriol
458:Calcitonin
454:calcitriol
365:myofibrils
357:troponin C
133:human body
105:calcitonin
103:(PTH) and
82:metabolism
37:ions (Ca)
2549:Aconitase
1914:1724-8914
1682:cite book
1674:680131487
1107:1555-9041
969:increased
946:Footnotes
900:vitamin D
869:Disorders
843:calbindin
739:Intestine
734:Excretion
714:vitamin D
671:Intestine
647:+ Kidneys
623:Vitamin D
506:calbindin
201:nomograms
191:systems.
41:(via the
26:elevated.
2530:Hepcidin
2517:Ferritin
2487:Ferritin
2477:Integrin
2423:Ferritin
2400:duodenum
2131:18794160
2123:10759135
2002:25287933
1932:22460535
1881:19 April
1858:19779013
1809:30770447
1747:19073913
1651:17129178
1596:Archived
1575:11755039
1543:86290753
1381:30618615
1373:11805818
1330:15173218
1238:10097179
1115:20089499
1063:24470090
934:See also
925:Research
851:cytokine
534:duodenum
423:oxalates
419:phytates
337:skeletal
207:Function
2770:Calcium
2650:SLC39A4
2645:SLC30A1
2612:SLC31A1
2203:of the
2151:Calcium
1993:4491294
1923:3213838
1849:2850091
1800:6410795
1777:Bibcode
1738:2605002
1715:Bibcode
1642:4548943
1481:4352361
1473:4022127
1453:Bibcode
1430:2519609
1353:Bibcode
1321:2234572
1206:Bibcode
896:rickets
748:Kidneys
686:kidneys
680:Kidneys
581:kidneys
542:jejunum
540:in the
522:cytosol
427:citrate
412:Sources
285:insulin
273:cytosol
181:ionized
119:of the
111:of the
95:within
55:between
51:kidneys
35:calcium
2279:Fields
2129:
2121:
2066:
2036:
2000:
1990:
1930:
1920:
1912:
1856:
1846:
1807:
1797:
1745:
1735:
1672:
1649:
1639:
1573:
1541:
1479:
1471:
1445:Nature
1428:
1421:361420
1418:
1379:
1371:
1345:Nature
1328:
1318:
1277:
1236:
1226:
1175:
1143:
1113:
1105:
1061:
1051:
1012:
579:, the
385:Myosin
377:myosin
331:Muscle
254:) and
252:tetany
141:plasma
61:, the
45:) and
2617:ATOX1
2602:ATP7B
2597:ATP7A
2500:Other
2310:Other
2127:S2CID
1765:(PDF)
1539:S2CID
1477:S2CID
1377:S2CID
1229:22436
853:, or
847:RANKL
719:into
631:Liver
546:ileum
526:PMCA1
502:TRPM7
490:TRPM7
486:TRPM7
481:Trpv6
361:actin
347:(the
2640:TMC8
2635:TMC6
2534:HAMP
2451:TFR2
2446:TFR1
2119:PMID
2064:ISBN
2034:ISBN
1998:PMID
1928:PMID
1910:ISSN
1883:2018
1854:PMID
1805:PMID
1743:PMID
1688:link
1670:OCLC
1647:PMID
1571:PMID
1469:PMID
1426:PMID
1369:PMID
1326:PMID
1275:ISBN
1234:PMID
1173:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1111:PMID
1103:ISSN
1059:PMID
1049:ISBN
1010:ISBN
894:and
700:(HPO
684:The
544:and
508:, a
496:and
470:mmol
445:bone
339:and
323:(OH)
299:Bone
238:The
71:bone
65:and
2561:HFE
2439:to
2111:doi
1988:PMC
1980:doi
1918:PMC
1844:PMC
1836:doi
1832:297
1795:PMC
1785:doi
1773:116
1733:PMC
1723:doi
1711:105
1637:PMC
1629:doi
1563:doi
1531:doi
1504:doi
1461:doi
1449:316
1416:PMC
1408:doi
1361:doi
1349:415
1316:PMC
1308:doi
1304:123
1224:PMC
1214:doi
1093:doi
1041:doi
849:(a
645:PTH
498:PTH
393:ATP
351:of
335:In
327:).
315:(PO
311:(Ca
84:is
77:.
47:out
43:gut
2761::
2370::
2161:.
2125:.
2117:.
2107:19
2105:.
2101:.
2078:^
2048:^
1996:.
1986:.
1976:10
1974:.
1970:.
1956:^
1940:^
1926:.
1916:.
1904:.
1900:.
1874:.
1852:.
1842:.
1830:.
1826:.
1803:.
1793:.
1783:.
1771:.
1767:.
1741:.
1731:.
1721:.
1709:.
1705:.
1684:}}
1680:{{
1645:.
1635:.
1625:22
1623:.
1619:.
1607:^
1583:^
1569:.
1537:.
1527:52
1525:.
1500:31
1498:.
1475:.
1467:.
1459:.
1447:.
1424:.
1414:.
1402:.
1398:.
1375:.
1367:.
1359:.
1347:.
1324:.
1314:.
1302:.
1298:.
1246:^
1232:.
1222:.
1212:.
1202:96
1200:.
1196:.
1155:^
1123:^
1109:.
1101:.
1087:.
1083:.
1071:^
1057:.
1047:.
1023:^
902:.
890:,
528:)
425:,
421:,
313:10
39:in
2532:/
2510::
2465::
2430:/
2411::
2360:e
2353:t
2346:v
2319:/
2193:e
2186:t
2179:v
2165:.
2113::
2072:.
2042:.
2004:.
1982::
1934:.
1906:7
1885:.
1860:.
1838::
1811:.
1787::
1779::
1749:.
1725::
1717::
1690:)
1676:.
1653:.
1631::
1602:.
1577:.
1565::
1545:.
1533::
1510:.
1506::
1483:.
1463::
1455::
1432:.
1410::
1404:1
1383:.
1363::
1355::
1332:.
1310::
1283:.
1240:.
1216::
1208::
1181:.
1149:.
1117:.
1095::
1089:5
1065:.
1043::
811:3
725:3
717:3
706:4
702:4
650:â
634:â
625:3
618:â
609:3
602:â
573:3
569:3
565:3
325:2
321:6
319:)
317:4
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
