2027:
complexed with a macromolecule that acts as an absorption enhancer through the transcellular pathway and, additionally, protects the peptide from the harsh pH and enzymatic conditions of the GI tract. This complexation is weak, noncovalent and reversible and the drug remains chemically unmodified. After passage through the intestine, the delivery agent dissociates from the peptide. One of the extensively studied oral formulations is the disodium salts of 5-CNAC oral calcitonin. This novel oral platform in a number of clinical trials at different phases has demonstrated promising enhanced pharmacokinetic profile, high bioavailability, well-established safety and comparable efficacy to that of nasal calcitonin especially for treatment of postmenopausal bone loss.
1603:
31:
308:
285:
207:
182:
573:
559:
566:
314:
213:
1857:
1794:
Calcitonin has short absorption and elimination half-lives of 10–15 minutes and 50–80 minutes, respectively. Salmon calcitonin is primarily and almost exclusively degraded in the kidneys, forming pharmacologically inactive fragments of the molecule. Therefore, the metabolic clearance is much lower in
1803:
There is a relationship between the subcutaneous dose of calcitonin and peak plasma concentrations. Following parenteral administration of 100 IU calcitonin, peak plasma concentration lies between about 200 and 400 pg/ml. Higher blood levels may be associated with increased incidence of nausea,
1556:. However, this is a minor effect with no physiological significance in humans. It is also a short-lived effect because the kidneys become resistant to calcitonin, as demonstrated by the kidney's unaffected excretion of calcium in patients with thyroid tumors that secrete excessive calcitonin.
2026:
In addition to the injectable and nasal spray dosage forms of the salmon calcitonin, noninvasive oral formulations of the peptide are currently under clinical development. The short-half-life of this peptide in serum triggered several attempts to enhance plasma concentrations. The peptide is
57:
1991:
Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone of 32 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 3454.93 daltons. Its structure comprises a single alpha helix. Alternative splicing of the gene coding for calcitonin produces a distantly related peptide of 37 amino acids, called
1956:: between 97.2% and 100%), these results had a high risk of bias due to design flaws of included studies. Overall, the value of routine testing of calcitonin for diagnosis and prognosis of Medullary Thyroid Cancer remains uncertain and questionable.
1819:
An increased incidence of pituitary adenomas has been reported in rats given synthetic salmon calcitonin for 1 year. This is considered a species-specific effect and of no clinical relevance. Salmon calcitonin does not cross the placental barrier.
1589:
do not have calcitonin receptors and are therefore not directly affected by calcitonin levels. However, since bone resorption and bone formation are coupled processes, eventually calcitonin's inhibition of osteoclastic activity leads to increased
321:
220:
1872:. In a recent clinical study, subcutaneous injections of calcitonin have reduced the incidence of fractures and reduced the decrease in bone mass in women with type 2 diabetes complicated with osteoporosis.
1567:. The protective mechanisms include the direct inhibition of bone resorption and the indirect effect through the inhibition of the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. The reason provided is that
2136:"Evidence for Conservation of the Calcitonin Superfamily and Activity-regulating Mechanisms in the Basal Chordate Branchiostoma floridae: Insights Into the Molecular and Functional Evolution in Chordates"
5537:
1948:
assessed the diagnostic accuracy of basal and stimulated calcitonin for
Medullary Thyroid cancer. Although both basal and combined basal and stimulated calcitonin testing presented high accuracy (
3176:
2417:
Potts J, JĂĽppner H (2008). "Chapter 353. Disorders of the
Parathyroid Gland and Calcium Homeostasis". In Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J (eds.).
1921:
for calcitonin to distinguish cases with medullary thyroid cancer have been suggested to be as follows, with a higher value increasing the suspicion of medullary thyroid cancer:
1791:
of calcitonin. Bioavailability following subcutaneous and intramuscular injection in humans is high and similar for the two routes of administration (71% and 66%, respectively).
1787:
Animal studies have shown that calcitonin is primarily metabolised via proteolysis in the kidney following parenteral administration. The metabolites lack the specific
1795:
patients with end-stage kidney failure than in healthy subjects. However, the clinical relevance of this finding is not known. Plasma protein binding is 30% to 40%.
1418:
Its importance in humans has not been as well established as its importance in other animals, as its function is usually not significant in the regulation of normal
3364:
Verbeek HH, de Groot JW, Sluiter WJ, Muller Kobold AC, van den Heuvel ER, Plukker JT, et al. (Cochrane
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (March 2020).
1960:
1816:, and carcinogenicity studies have been performed in laboratory animals. Salmon calcitonin is devoid of embryotoxic, teratogenic, and mutagenic potential.
1066:
143:
2392:
2241:
2186:
1843:. The pharmacological properties of the synthetic and recombinant peptides have been demonstrated to be qualitatively and quantitatively equivalent.
1047:
5043:
5038:
5028:
1451:). It is functionally an antagonist with PTH and Vitamin D3. The CALC1 gene belongs to a superfamily of related protein hormone precursors including
5073:
1559:
In its skeleton-preserving actions, calcitonin protects against calcium loss from the skeleton during periods of calcium mobilization, such as
2818:
Rosenfeld MG, Amara SG, Roos BA, Ong ES, Evans RM (March 1981). "Altered expression of the calcitonin gene associated with RNA polymorphism".
3250:
Dexue L, Yueyue Z (November 2014). "Salmon calcitonin in the treatment of elderly women with type 2 diabetes complicated with osteoporosis".
2116:
6813:
4993:
2976:
2098:
5120:
4116:
4088:
3985:
2418:
1735:
Calcitonin has clinically been used for metabolic bone disorders for more than 50 years. Salmon calcitonin is used for the treatment of:
54:
3183:
1784:
Salmon calcitonin is rapidly absorbed and eliminated. Peak plasma concentrations are attained within the first hour of administration.
1325:
1318:
717:
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway
1899:, in which high calcitonin levels may be present and elevated levels after surgery may indicate recurrence. It may even be used on
3638:"Diagnostic value and prognostic implications of serum procalcitonin after cardiac surgery: a systematic review of the literature"
7002:
5846:
4619:
3944:
2015:
Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro
2007:
Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro
6992:
1823:
In lactating animals given calcitonin, suppression of milk production has been observed. Calcitonin is secreted into the milk.
1704:. It is helpful in making an early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of thyroid. A malignancy of the parafollicular cells, i.e.
1879:
resulted in significant decreases in irritability, euphoria and hyperactivity and hence calcitonin holds promise for treating
6982:
6691:
4186:
3422:
2348:
Erdogan MF, Gursoy A, Kulaksizoglu M (October 2006). "Long-term effects of elevated gastrin levels on calcitonin secretion".
2332:
2081:
6798:
5238:
3868:
2716:
Copp DH, Cheney B (January 1962). "Calcitonin-a hormone from the parathyroid which lowers the calcium-level of the blood".
2060:
1708:(MTC), typically produces an elevated serum calcitonin level. Prognosis of MTC depends on early detection and treatment.
3479:
6038:
3829:
3801:
3558:"Modulation of neuronal nicotinic receptor function by the neuropeptides CGRP and substance P on autonomic nerve cells"
2950:
2509:
2454:
2527:"Continuous PTH and PTHrP infusion causes suppression of bone formation and discordant effects on 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D"
2424:
307:
6285:
6224:
4289:
1677:
3527:
MacIntyre I, Alevizaki M, Bevis PJ, Zaidi M (April 1987). "Calcitonin and the peptides from the calcitonin gene".
6464:
6056:
5113:
4983:
3863:
2767:
Foster GV, Baghdiantz A, Kumar MA, Slack E, Soliman HA, Macintyre I (June 1964). "Thyroid origin of calcitonin".
2085:
2064:
1993:
1774:
1456:
1452:
284:
6360:
4395:
4018:
3954:
3848:
2224:
1669:
1423:
1111:
2666:"Abundant calcitonin receptors in isolated rat osteoclasts. Biochemical and autoradiographic characterization"
1831:
Calcitonin was extracted from the ultimobranchial glands (thyroid-like glands) of fish, particularly salmon.
6900:
6454:
6124:
5207:
4410:
3878:
3853:
3440:"Structural determinants of salmon calcitonin bioactivity: the role of the Leu-based amphipathic alpha-helix"
1688:. Dr. Copp named the discovered hormone calcitonin because of its role in 'maintaining normal calcium tone'.
1571:
induces the release of PTH related peptide which enhances bone resorption, but is still under investigation.
1548:
High concentrations of calcitonin may be able to increase urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate via the
206:
181:
1092:
6808:
6407:
6338:
6310:
6083:
5557:
5532:
5172:
4998:
4467:
4462:
4204:
3919:
2396:
2245:
2194:
123:
3151:
1767:
6859:
6854:
6838:
5839:
4612:
3949:
3929:
1953:
1949:
1578:
resulting from absorption of Ca. Also, calcitonin inhibits food intake in rats and monkeys, and may have
320:
219:
6882:
6762:
6449:
5106:
4575:
4457:
3207:
Inzerillo AM, Zaidi M, Huang CL (2004). "Calcitonin: physiological actions and clinical applications".
1755:
1633:
313:
212:
6987:
6823:
6742:
6684:
6444:
5625:
5312:
5243:
5018:
4580:
2134:
Sekiguchi T, Kuwasako K, Ogasawara M, Takahashi H, Matsubara S, Osugi T, et al. (January 2016).
1301:
1291:
1260:
4138:
2525:
Horwitz MJ, Tedesco MB, Sereika SM, Syed MA, Garcia-Ocaña A, Bisello A, et al. (October 2005).
110:
6928:
6803:
6239:
6214:
6186:
6114:
5944:
5935:
5562:
4209:
3773:
1959:
Increased levels of calcitonin have also been reported for various other conditions. They include:
1918:
1896:
1705:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
807:
artery vasodilation involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure
131:
1610:
complex. The transmembrane calcitonin receptor (blue) is bound to human calcitonin (red) and the G
6997:
5675:
5567:
5233:
4438:
2931:
das Neves J, Sarmento B (2014). "Eligen® Technology for Oral
Delivery of Proteins and Peptides".
2871:"Calcitonin mRNA polymorphism: peptide switching associated with alternative RNA splicing events"
1942:
2966:
2926:
2924:
1287:
1226:
1193:
7007:
6864:
6507:
6318:
5832:
5680:
5547:
5527:
5492:
5392:
5068:
4605:
4284:
4261:
4013:
3794:
1968:
1963:, nonthyroidal oat cell carcinoma, nonthyroidal carcinoma and other nonthyroidal malignancies,
1602:
1579:
3718:
Grani G, Nesca A, Del Sordo M, Calvanese A, Carbotta G, Bianchini M, et al. (June 2012).
1447:
30:
6352:
6219:
5670:
5587:
5202:
4030:
3366:"Calcitonin testing for detection of medullary thyroid cancer in people with thyroid nodules"
2921:
2625:"Calcitonin plays a critical role in regulating skeletal mineral metabolism during lactation"
1720:
1585:
Calcitonin lowers blood calcium and phosphorus mainly through its inhibition of osteoclasts.
1404:
195:
3993:
3039:
6728:
6677:
5978:
5597:
5572:
5192:
5187:
5013:
3681:
Schneider HG, Lam QT (August 2007). "Procalcitonin for the clinical laboratory: a review".
2882:
2827:
2776:
2725:
2574:
Davey RA, Turner AG, McManus JF, Chiu WS, Tjahyono F, Moore AJ, et al. (August 2008).
151:
114:, CT, CGRP-I, CGRP-alpha, KC, PCT, calcitonin related polypeptide alpha, CGRP, CGRP1, CALC1
2324:
2317:
1883:. However no further work on this potential application of calcitonin has been reported.
8:
6733:
6299:
4870:
4570:
4176:
4171:
4143:
4106:
3939:
3924:
3888:
2576:"Calcitonin receptor plays a physiological role to protect against hypercalcemia in mice"
1964:
1788:
1681:
1665:
1629:
1504:
1412:
1388:
2932:
2886:
2869:
Rosenfeld MG, Lin CR, Amara SG, Stolarsky L, Roos BA, Ong ES, et al. (March 1982).
2831:
2780:
2729:
5577:
5418:
5397:
5346:
4702:
4677:
3911:
3706:
3664:
3637:
3624:
3582:
3557:
3390:
3365:
3295:
3278:
3232:
3089:
2851:
2800:
2749:
2600:
2575:
2556:
2373:
2292:
2267:
2162:
2135:
1908:
1494:
1419:
155:
3769:
2905:
2870:
2690:
2665:
1835:
resembles human calcitonin, but is more active. At present, it is produced either by
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
6412:
6399:
6324:
6247:
6201:
6173:
6009:
5387:
5361:
4707:
4646:
4098:
3787:
3745:
3698:
3669:
3628:
3616:
3587:
3544:
3540:
3461:
3418:
3395:
3341:
3300:
3259:
3224:
3130:
3081:
2946:
2910:
2843:
2792:
2741:
2695:
2646:
2605:
2548:
2505:
2479:
2450:
2365:
2328:
2297:
2220:
2167:
1980:
1945:
1840:
1760:
1712:
1673:
1653:
1616:
103:
47:
3720:"Interpretation of serum calcitonin in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis"
3710:
3236:
3093:
2560:
2377:
135:
6915:
6646:
5955:
5896:
5791:
5748:
5542:
5129:
4065:
4060:
3735:
3690:
3659:
3649:
3608:
3577:
3569:
3536:
3451:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3331:
3290:
3216:
3120:
3073:
2998:
2938:
2900:
2890:
2855:
2835:
2804:
2784:
2753:
2733:
2685:
2677:
2636:
2595:
2587:
2538:
2357:
2287:
2279:
2157:
2147:
1976:
1880:
1701:
1641:
400:
331:
275:
230:
3764:
2470:
Carney SL (1997). "Calcitonin and human renal calcium and electrolyte transport".
6957:
6935:
6905:
6718:
6499:
6436:
6374:
6332:
6139:
5963:
5743:
5033:
4758:
4748:
4390:
4023:
3818:
3612:
3438:
Andreotti G, MĂ©ndez BL, Amodeo P, Morelli MA, Nakamuta H, Motta A (August 2006).
3336:
3319:
2942:
1836:
1750:
1680:
and his team at the Royal
Postgraduate Medical School, London, to be secreted by
1384:
942:
nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure
375:
159:
2623:
Woodrow JP, Sharpe CJ, Fudge NJ, Hoff AO, Gagel RF, Kovacs CS (September 2006).
2121:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2103:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1656:
in target cells. It may also affect the ovaries in women and the testes in men.
6793:
6788:
6517:
6276:
5991:
5922:
5805:
5423:
5366:
5331:
5197:
5053:
5048:
4781:
4776:
4753:
4655:
4542:
4511:
4483:
4428:
4040:
3971:
3731:
3504:
2875:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1745:
1460:
476:
4323:
3694:
3220:
3125:
3108:
572:
558:
6976:
6723:
6540:
6001:
5986:
5930:
5888:
5796:
5723:
5438:
5167:
4730:
4725:
4692:
4552:
4328:
3556:
Di
Angelantonio S, Giniatullin R, Costa V, Sokolova E, Nistri A (July 2003).
2664:
Nicholson GC, Moseley JM, Sexton PM, Mendelsohn FA, Martin TJ (August 1986).
2036:
1972:
1865:
1575:
1442:
601:
2152:
1999:
The following are the amino acid sequences of salmon and human calcitonin:
565:
536:
414:
6940:
6738:
6366:
6346:
6078:
6066:
5855:
5777:
5757:
5612:
5479:
5402:
5304:
5058:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4886:
4881:
4632:
4335:
4271:
4256:
4219:
4166:
4133:
3873:
3840:
3749:
3702:
3673:
3620:
3591:
3573:
3465:
3456:
3439:
3399:
3345:
3263:
3228:
3134:
3085:
2895:
2796:
2745:
2650:
2609:
2552:
2369:
2301:
2171:
1892:
1869:
1813:
1740:
1719:
encoding calcitonin was the first gene discovered in mammalian cells to be
1553:
1479:
393:
172:
5264:
4597:
3548:
3304:
3026:
2914:
2847:
2699:
2483:
1365:
1360:
6846:
6832:
6700:
6625:
6563:
6152:
6143:
6106:
6048:
6030:
5602:
5274:
5177:
5063:
4973:
4901:
4876:
4812:
4797:
4717:
4687:
4672:
4519:
4496:
3998:
3901:
3022:
2641:
2624:
2283:
1637:
1586:
1438:
1160:
1156:
1137:
857:
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
3740:
3719:
2591:
2543:
2526:
2018:
Compared to salmon calcitonin, human calcitonin differs at 16 residues.
792:
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
6952:
6892:
6767:
6616:
5878:
5644:
5552:
5433:
5428:
5410:
5356:
5137:
4865:
4829:
4819:
4802:
4768:
4740:
4697:
4547:
4433:
4035:
3964:
3959:
3555:
2361:
1912:
1904:
1832:
1649:
1591:
1521:
1381:
972:
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide
292:
189:
139:
5592:
5078:
3472:
3320:"Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children"
3109:"Lumbar spinal stenosis: a brief review of the nonsurgical management"
3077:
3064:
Wall GC, Heyneman CA (April 1999). "Calcitonin in phantom limb pain".
2788:
2681:
2187:"Sect. 5, Ch. 6: Anatomy, Structure, and Synthesis of Calcitonin (CT)"
1620:
80:
76:
6757:
6612:
6119:
5968:
5661:
5465:
5371:
5284:
5003:
4988:
4834:
4824:
4807:
4664:
4350:
4279:
4161:
4073:
4008:
3934:
2839:
2737:
2268:"Calcitonin, the forgotten hormone: does it deserve to be forgotten?"
1724:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1536:
1508:
1400:
1396:
1011:
359:
346:
258:
245:
147:
5098:
2233:
6947:
6602:
6568:
6553:
6070:
5870:
5582:
5446:
5351:
5162:
4978:
4957:
4952:
4896:
4501:
4400:
4382:
4340:
4318:
4241:
4233:
4214:
4196:
4125:
4003:
3896:
3858:
3654:
3363:
2133:
1934:
children between 6 months and 3 years of age: 15 ng/L or pg/mL
1856:
1766:
It has been investigated as a possible non-operative treatment for
1349:
1779:
1514:
More specifically, calcitonin lowers blood Ca levels in two ways:
6923:
6709:
6594:
6548:
6484:
6380:
5782:
5698:
5294:
5279:
5269:
5259:
5212:
5182:
5023:
5008:
4628:
4405:
4372:
4367:
4359:
4246:
4181:
4052:
3810:
1685:
1532:
1500:
1475:
1408:
1392:
1123:
1078:
996:
992:
5824:
2663:
127:
6874:
6747:
6654:
6469:
6416:
6291:
6251:
6209:
6181:
5289:
5217:
4944:
4529:
4491:
4310:
4251:
3155:
1900:
1549:
1333:
1033:
6669:
3635:
3415:
Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
1429:
Historically calcitonin has also been called thyrocalcitonin.
581:
6772:
6573:
6558:
6530:
6525:
6489:
6474:
6459:
6426:
6388:
6229:
6191:
6129:
5901:
5511:
5317:
4857:
4562:
4537:
4448:
4420:
4153:
2971:
1876:
1697:
1540:
3717:
3526:
3437:
1864:
Calcitonin can be used therapeutically for the treatment of
6479:
6421:
6305:
3779:
2178:
1716:
1525:
3318:
Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P (October 2004).
3317:
2868:
2766:
2215:
Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2004). "Endocrine system chapter".
982:
calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway
742:
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
5083:
3279:"Calcitonin and bipolar disorder: a hypothesis revisited"
2524:
2347:
1672:, Canada. It was initially thought to be secreted by the
1582:
action involving the regulation of feeding and appetite.
947:
negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol
2191:
Endocrinology: hormonal control of calcium and phosphate
383:
2384:
1875:
Subcutaneous injections of calcitonin in patients with
2622:
2573:
1503:(Ca) metabolism. In many ways, calcitonin counteracts
3828:
3636:
Sponholz C, Sakr Y, Reinhart K, Brunkhorst F (2007).
3599:
Findlay DM, Sexton PM (December 2004). "Calcitonin".
2817:
2217:
Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
1931:
children under 6 months of age: 40 ng/L or pg/mL
877:
positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production
548:
2447:
Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical Medicine
1938:
When over 3 years of age, adult cutoffs may be used
3484:
SMART (a Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool)
3209:
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
3206:
2449:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1640:as well kidney and brain cells. It is coupled to a
827:
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
3412:
3106:
2316:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2056:
2054:
2052:
5716:
3417:(5th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1774.
2930:
902:positive regulation of macrophage differentiation
887:negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation
862:regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
712:cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus
330:
229:
6974:
2410:
2323:. Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins. pp.
2265:
2208:
722:negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction
6645:
5736:
5660:
5520:
2495:
2493:
2070:
2049:
1812:Conventional long-term toxicity, reproduction,
1780:General characteristics of the active substance
937:positive regulation of interleukin-8 production
5074:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
2082:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030669
1798:
1432:
6685:
5840:
5114:
4994:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
4613:
3795:
3598:
2214:
1826:
1700:is used in identifying patients with nodular
1574:Other effects are in preventing postprandial
772:negative regulation of nervous system process
3680:
3431:
3311:
3243:
3200:
3107:Tran DQ, Duong S, Finlayson RJ (July 2010).
3100:
3063:
3057:
2711:
2709:
2616:
2567:
2518:
2490:
2423:(18th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Archived from
2416:
2395:. Medical College of Georgia. Archived from
2341:
2244:. Medical College of Georgia. Archived from
2193:. Medical College of Georgia. Archived from
1979:, and other gastrointestinal disorders, and
1723:, now known to be a ubiquitous mechanism in
852:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
4627:
3370:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3270:
3249:
2862:
2811:
2657:
2463:
2061:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000110680
1711:Calcitonin also has significantly impacted
967:defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
927:defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
6692:
6678:
5847:
5833:
5653:
5121:
5107:
4620:
4606:
3802:
3788:
3529:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
2715:
2420:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2242:"Sect. 5, Ch. 6: Biological Actions of CT"
1807:
1466:Secretion of calcitonin is stimulated by:
1445:, which is the product of the CALC1 gene (
872:G protein-coupled receptor internalization
747:cellular response to tumor necrosis factor
5770:
3772:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3739:
3663:
3653:
3581:
3455:
3389:
3335:
3294:
3276:
3124:
2937:. Boston: Springer US. pp. 407–422.
2904:
2894:
2706:
2689:
2640:
2599:
2542:
2291:
2161:
2151:
1773:The following information is from the UK
1664:Calcitonin was first purified in 1962 by
847:regulation of signaling receptor activity
3413:Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (2012).
3283:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
3146:
3144:
2314:
1855:
1691:
1601:
782:activation of adenylate cyclase activity
2499:
2444:
2393:"Sect. 5, Ch. 6: Effects of CT on Bone"
2266:Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS (April 2015).
1903:samples from suspicious lesions (e.g.,
1606:Structure of human calcitonin recptor-G
16:Peptide hormone secreted by the thyroid
6975:
2934:Mucosal Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals
2469:
1539:, allowing them to be excreted in the
842:negative regulation of bone resorption
6860:ACys+ABri/Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
6814:ATTR/Transthyretin-related hereditary
6673:
5828:
5128:
5102:
4601:
3783:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3141:
1846:
832:activation of protein kinase activity
737:negative regulation of blood pressure
335:
296:
291:
234:
193:
188:
3044:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
3003:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
523:vestibular membrane of cochlear duct
2390:
2239:
2184:
2140:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1891:It may be used diagnostically as a
797:negative regulation of ossification
777:positive regulation of ossification
13:
3519:
3352:
2472:Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism
1804:vomiting, and secretory diarrhea.
1594:activity (as an indirect effect).
661:intracellular anatomical structure
640:protein-containing complex binding
14:
7019:
5854:
3758:
3152:"Electronic Medicines Compendium"
2967:"Handout on Health: Osteoporosis"
977:amylin receptor signaling pathway
6286:Surface epithelial-stromal tumor
6225:Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72
4290:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
3541:10.1097/00003086-198704000-00007
2979:from the original on 18 May 2015
1911:) to establish whether they are
762:cellular calcium ion homeostasis
571:
564:
557:
319:
312:
306:
283:
218:
211:
205:
180:
29:
6883:AApoA1+AFib+ALys/Familial renal
6809:AA/Familial Mediterranean fever
6699:
6465:Early prostate cancer antigen-2
6057:Glial fibrillary acidic protein
4984:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
3562:British Journal of Pharmacology
3497:
3406:
3277:Vik A, Yatham LN (March 1998).
3169:
3032:
3016:
2991:
2959:
2760:
2438:
2308:
1994:calcitonin gene-related peptide
1860:Calcitonin affecting the spine.
1775:Electronic Medicines Compendium
1730:
1457:calcitonin gene-related peptide
1453:islet amyloid precursor protein
1391:(also known as C cells) of the
727:regulation of heart contraction
7003:Hormones of calcium metabolism
5367:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
3480:"calcitonin domain annotation"
3382:10.1002/14651858.CD010159.pub2
3177:"Injectable Salmon Calcitonin"
2259:
2127:
2109:
2091:
1886:
1670:University of British Columbia
1424:calcitonin-like protein family
1411:(Ca), opposing the effects of
932:endothelial cell proliferation
897:antibacterial humoral response
822:neuropeptide signaling pathway
582:More reference expression data
537:More reference expression data
1:
6993:Hormones of the thyroid gland
6929:ACal/Medullary thyroid cancer
6901:Primary cutaneous amyloidosis
6799:Aβ2M/Haemodialysis-associated
6455:Glutamate carboxypeptidase II
3066:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
2504:(Fourth ed.). Elsevier.
2042:
1925:females: 5 ng/L or pg/mL
1851:
1472:an increase in serum Calcium
304:
203:
6983:Genes on human chromosome 11
6084:Melanoma inhibitory activity
4999:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
3809:
3613:10.1080/08977190410001728033
3337:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963
2943:10.1007/978-1-4614-9524-6_18
1986:
1928:males: 12 ng/L or pg/mL
1659:
1499:The hormone participates in
1437:Calcitonin is formed by the
912:regulation of blood pressure
867:leukocyte cell-cell adhesion
499:anterior horn of spinal cord
453:Epithelium of choroid plexus
7:
6855:Familial amyloid neuropathy
2502:Basic Medical Endocrinology
2030:
2021:
1799:Characteristics in patients
1597:
1552:tubules. leading to marked
1528:, which break down the bone
1488:
1433:Biosynthesis and regulation
962:antifungal humoral response
620:calcitonin receptor binding
10:
7024:
6450:Prostatic acid phosphatase
6361:Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour
4458:Insulin-like growth factor
1839:technology or by chemical
1827:Pharmaceutical manufacture
1634:G protein-coupled receptor
1492:
1407:. It acts to reduce blood
957:endothelial cell migration
635:signaling receptor binding
6914:
6891:
6873:
6845:
6831:
6824:Organ-limited amyloidosis
6822:
6781:
6707:
6638:
6611:
6593:
6586:
6539:
6516:
6498:
6445:Prostate-specific antigen
6435:
6398:
6275:
6264:
6238:
6200:
6172:
6165:
6138:
6125:Autocrine motility factor
6105:
6096:
6065:
6047:
6029:
6022:
6000:
5977:
5954:
5921:
5914:
5887:
5869:
5862:
5709:
5697:
5643:
5620:
5611:
5510:
5487:
5478:
5458:
5380:
5339:
5330:
5303:
5252:
5226:
5173:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
5168:Aspartic acid (aspartate)
5155:
5146:
5136:
5019:Gastrin-releasing peptide
4966:
4943:
4912:
4856:
4847:
4790:
4767:
4739:
4716:
4663:
4654:
4639:
4561:
4528:
4510:
4482:
4447:
4419:
4381:
4358:
4349:
4309:
4302:
4270:
4232:
4195:
4152:
4124:
4115:
4097:
4051:
3984:
3910:
3887:
3839:
3817:
3695:10.1080/00313020701444564
3221:10.1007/s00198-015-3149-3
3126:10.1007/s12630-010-9315-3
3040:"Paget's Disease of Bone"
2117:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2099:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1364:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1332:
1326:Chr 7: 114.23 – 114.24 Mb
1313:
1298:
1274:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1219:
1215:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1154:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1109:
1105:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1064:
1060:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1017:
1010:
1006:
990:
630:identical protein binding
600:
596:
579:
556:
547:
534:
483:
474:
433:quadriceps femoris muscle
421:
412:
382:
374:
370:
353:
340:
303:
282:
273:
269:
252:
239:
202:
179:
170:
166:
121:
118:
108:
101:
96:
73:
68:
51:
46:
41:
37:
28:
23:
6240:Hepatocellular carcinoma
6215:Carcinoembryonic antigen
6187:Carcinoembryonic antigen
6115:Carcinoembryonic antigen
5945:Carcinoembryonic antigen
5936:Medullary thyroid cancer
5357:Epinephrine (adrenaline)
3774:Medical Subject Headings
3724:Endocrine-Related Cancer
1952:: between 82% and 100%;
1915:of the original cancer.
1897:medullary thyroid cancer
1706:medullary thyroid cancer
1319:Chr 11: 14.97 – 14.97 Mb
907:receptor internalization
787:regulation of heart rate
457:tibialis anterior muscle
2272:Clinical Kidney Journal
2153:10.1074/jbc.M115.664003
1808:Preclinical safety data
1535:reabsorption of Ca and
1531:Minor effect: Inhibits
1520:Major effect: Inhibits
1459:, and the precursor of
922:vasculature development
917:protein phosphorylation
437:vastus lateralis muscle
6865:Aβ/Alzheimer's disease
5792:Carbonyl sulfide (COS)
5393:N-Methylphenethylamine
5069:Pancreatic polypeptide
4285:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
4262:Pancreatic polypeptide
3765:The Calcitonin Protein
3574:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705337
3457:10.1074/jbc.M603528200
3258:(6 Suppl): 2079–2081.
2896:10.1073/pnas.79.6.1717
1969:chronic kidney failure
1861:
1625:
1399:) in humans and other
952:innate immune response
495:lumbar spinal ganglion
5979:Neuroendocrine tumors
5533:2-AGE (noladin ether)
2350:J. Endocrinol. Invest
2219:. Elsevier/Saunders.
1859:
1721:alternatively spliced
1692:Clinical significance
1668:and B. Cheney at the
1605:
1441:cleavage of a larger
1405:ultimopharyngeal body
817:inflammatory response
196:Chromosome 11 (human)
6839:AANF/Isolated atrial
6782:Systemic amyloidosis
5744:Carbon monoxide (CO)
5014:Galanin-like peptide
3505:"Salmon calicitonin"
3486:. embl-heidelberg.de
3450:(34): 24193–241203.
3023:MedlinePlus Overview
2642:10.1210/en.2005-1616
2315:Costanzo LS (2007).
2197:on September 5, 2008
1682:parafollicular cells
1422:. It belongs to the
1389:parafollicular cells
666:extracellular region
487:facial motor nucleus
337:7 F1|7 59.99 cM
298:Chromosome 7 (mouse)
69:List of PDB id codes
42:Available structures
5749:Hydrogen sulfide (H
5603:Virodhamine (O-AEA)
4571:Natriuretic peptide
3889:Posterior pituitary
3874:Somatostatin (GHIH)
3741:10.1530/ERC-12-0013
2887:1982PNAS...79.1717R
2832:1981Natur.290...63R
2781:1964Natur.202.1303F
2730:1962Natur.193..381C
2592:10.1359/jbmr.080310
2544:10.1359/JBMR.050602
2500:Goodman HM (2009).
1996:(CGRP), beta type.
1965:acute kidney injury
1789:biological activity
1666:Douglas Harold Copp
1648:, thus stimulating
1630:calcitonin receptor
1505:parathyroid hormone
1420:calcium homeostasis
1413:parathyroid hormone
892:cell-cell signaling
837:embryo implantation
732:monocyte chemotaxis
696:extracellular space
511:trigeminal ganglion
461:right lobe of liver
445:islet of Langerhans
429:trigeminal ganglion
5806:Sulfur dioxide (SO
5717:Cholinergic system
5419:Phenylethanolamine
5398:N-Methyltryptamine
5362:NAS (normelatonin)
5149:inhibitory systems
5147:Major excitatory /
3912:Anterior pituitary
2580:J. Bone Miner. Res
2531:J. Bone Miner. Res
2445:Rhoades R (2009).
2362:10.1007/BF03347369
2284:10.1093/ckj/sfv011
1961:C-cell hyperplasia
1862:
1847:Uses of calcitonin
1626:
1614:complex (yellow).
1533:renal tubular cell
1495:Calcium metabolism
1112:ENSMUSG00000030669
705:Biological process
681:neuronal cell body
649:Cellular component
608:Molecular function
6970:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6941:APro/Prolactinoma
6804:AGel/Finnish type
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6634:
6633:
6587:General histology
6582:
6581:
6413:Alpha-fetoprotein
6400:Testicular cancer
6325:Alpha-fetoprotein
6260:
6259:
6248:Alpha-fetoprotein
6202:Pancreatic cancer
6174:Colorectal cancer
6161:
6160:
6092:
6091:
6018:
6017:
6010:Homovanillic acid
5910:
5909:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5766:
5765:
5758:Nitric oxide (NO)
5732:
5731:
5705:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5474:
5473:
5388:3-Iodothyronamine
5326:
5325:
5130:Neurotransmitters
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
4843:
4842:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4478:
4477:
4298:
4297:
4228:
4227:
3980:
3979:
3424:978-1-4160-6164-9
3330:(10): 1828–1830.
3078:10.1345/aph.18204
2789:10.1038/2021303a0
2682:10.1172/JCI112584
2537:(10): 1792–1803.
2334:978-0-7817-7311-9
1981:pulmonary disease
1946:systematic review
1841:peptide synthesis
1833:Salmon calcitonin
1761:Phantom limb pain
1713:molecular biology
1676:but was shown by
1674:parathyroid gland
1654:adenylate cyclase
1563:and, especially,
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1344:
1343:
1309:
1308:
1268:
1267:
1242:
1241:
1209:
1208:
1167:
1166:
1144:
1143:
1118:
1117:
1099:
1098:
1073:
1072:
1054:
1053:
1002:
1001:
882:response to yeast
686:neuron projection
592:
591:
588:
587:
543:
542:
530:
529:
503:lactiferous gland
468:
467:
441:cerebellar vermis
366:
365:
265:
264:
160:CALCA - orthologs
92:
91:
88:
87:
52:Ortholog search:
7015:
6988:Peptide hormones
6953:AIAPP/Insulinoma
6829:
6828:
6712:forming proteins
6694:
6687:
6680:
6671:
6670:
6647:Rhabdomyosarcoma
6643:
6642:
6591:
6590:
6273:
6272:
6170:
6169:
6103:
6102:
6027:
6026:
5956:Pheochromocytoma
5919:
5918:
5867:
5866:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5797:Nitrous oxide (N
5768:
5767:
5737:Gasotransmitters
5734:
5733:
5714:
5713:
5704:
5658:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5618:
5617:
5553:Anandamide (AEA)
5521:Endocannabinoids
5518:
5517:
5485:
5484:
5372:Serotonin (5-HT)
5337:
5336:
5156:Glutamate system
5153:
5152:
5144:
5143:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5100:
5099:
4854:
4853:
4661:
4660:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4356:
4355:
4351:Digestive system
4307:
4306:
4122:
4121:
4061:Thyroid hormones
3837:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3753:
3743:
3714:
3677:
3667:
3657:
3632:
3595:
3585:
3568:(6): 1061–1073.
3552:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3361:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3182:. Archived from
3181:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3154:. Archived from
3148:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3036:
3030:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2881:(6): 1717–1721.
2866:
2860:
2859:
2840:10.1038/290063a0
2815:
2809:
2808:
2775:(4939): 1303–5.
2764:
2758:
2757:
2738:10.1038/193381a0
2713:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2635:(9): 4010–4021.
2620:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2586:(8): 1182–1193.
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:on June 22, 2008
2388:
2382:
2381:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2146:(5): 2345–2356.
2131:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2068:
2058:
1977:hypergastrinemia
1881:bipolar disorder
1702:thyroid diseases
1623:
1357:
1356:
1328:
1321:
1304:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1251:
1250:
1247:RefSeq (protein)
1237:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1176:
1175:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1128:
1103:
1102:
1084:
1083:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1038:
1008:
1007:
812:feeding behavior
802:response to pain
767:response to heat
615:hormone activity
598:
597:
584:
575:
568:
561:
554:
553:
539:
479:
477:Top expressed in
472:
471:
417:
415:Top expressed in
410:
409:
389:
388:
372:
371:
362:
349:
338:
323:
316:
310:
299:
287:
271:
270:
261:
248:
237:
222:
215:
209:
198:
184:
168:
167:
162:
113:
106:
83:
66:
65:
60:
39:
38:
33:
21:
20:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7012:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6962:
6958:Type 2 diabetes
6910:
6906:Amyloid purpura
6887:
6869:
6841:
6818:
6777:
6703:
6698:
6668:
6659:
6639:Musculoskeletal
6630:
6607:
6578:
6559:erbB-3 receptor
6554:erbB-2 receptor
6535:
6526:erbB-3 receptor
6512:
6500:Germ cell tumor
6494:
6460:erbB-3 receptor
6437:Prostate cancer
6431:
6394:
6333:Choriocarcinoma
6268:
6266:
6256:
6234:
6196:
6157:
6140:Hemangiosarcoma
6134:
6098:
6097:Cardiovascular/
6088:
6061:
6043:
6014:
5996:
5973:
5964:Normetanephrine
5950:
5906:
5883:
5858:
5853:
5823:
5814:
5809:
5800:
5786:
5762:
5752:
5728:
5685:
5631:
5607:
5498:
5470:
5454:
5376:
5332:Biogenic amines
5322:
5299:
5248:
5222:
5148:
5132:
5127:
5097:
5088:
5044:Neuropeptide VF
5039:Neuropeptide SF
5034:Neuropeptide FF
5029:Neuropeptide AF
4962:
4939:
4908:
4849:
4839:
4786:
4763:
4735:
4712:
4681:
4656:Opioid peptides
4650:
4635:
4626:
4596:
4587:
4557:
4524:
4506:
4474:
4443:
4415:
4377:
4345:
4294:
4266:
4224:
4191:
4148:
4111:
4093:
4077:
4069:
4047:
4031:Adrenal medulla
4024:Androstenedione
3976:
3906:
3883:
3831:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3761:
3756:
3522:
3520:Further reading
3517:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3411:
3407:
3376:(3): CD010159.
3362:
3353:
3316:
3312:
3275:
3271:
3252:Pak J Pharm Sci
3248:
3244:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3105:
3101:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2999:"Hypercalcemia"
2997:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2975:. August 2014.
2965:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2929:
2922:
2867:
2863:
2826:(5801): 63–65.
2816:
2812:
2765:
2761:
2724:(4813): 381–2.
2714:
2707:
2670:J. Clin. Invest
2662:
2658:
2621:
2617:
2572:
2568:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2498:
2491:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2385:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2313:
2309:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2248:on July 5, 2008
2238:
2234:
2227:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2071:
2059:
2050:
2045:
2033:
2024:
1989:
1889:
1854:
1849:
1837:recombinant DNA
1829:
1810:
1801:
1782:
1768:spinal stenosis
1756:Paget's disease
1751:Bone metastases
1739:Postmenopausal
1733:
1694:
1662:
1645:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1497:
1491:
1435:
1385:peptide hormone
1366:View/Edit Mouse
1361:View/Edit Human
1324:
1317:
1314:Location (UCSC)
1300:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1259:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1159:
1093:ENSG00000110680
986:
700:
676:terminal bouton
644:
625:protein binding
580:
570:
569:
563:
562:
535:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
475:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
413:
357:
344:
336:
326:
325:
324:
317:
297:
274:Gene location (
256:
243:
235:
225:
224:
223:
216:
194:
171:Gene location (
122:
109:
102:
75:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7021:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6998:Human hormones
6995:
6990:
6985:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6879:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6794:AA amyloidosis
6791:
6789:AL amyloidosis
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6715:
6713:
6705:
6704:
6697:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6674:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6599:
6597:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6518:Bladder cancer
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6111:
6109:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6024:
6023:Nervous system
6020:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6006:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5992:Chromogranin A
5989:
5983:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5923:Thyroid cancer
5916:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5852:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5424:Phenethylamine
5421:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5253:Glycine system
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5198:Kynurenic acid
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5150:
5141:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5054:Neuropeptide Y
5051:
5049:Neuropeptide S
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4782:Leu-enkephalin
4779:
4777:Met-enkephalin
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4708:β-Neoendorphin
4705:
4703:α-Neoendorphin
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4625:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4484:Adipose tissue
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:Enteroglucagon
4425:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4329:Beta thymosins
4326:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4041:Norepinephrine
4038:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3994:Adrenal cortex
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3760:
3759:External links
3757:
3755:
3754:
3732:Bioscientifica
3715:
3689:(4): 383–390.
3678:
3655:10.1186/cc5067
3633:
3607:(4): 217–224.
3601:Growth Factors
3596:
3553:
3535:(217): 45–55.
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3496:
3471:
3430:
3423:
3405:
3351:
3310:
3289:(2): 109–117.
3269:
3242:
3215:(7): 931–940.
3199:
3168:
3140:
3119:(7): 694–703.
3099:
3072:(4): 499–501.
3056:
3031:
3015:
2990:
2958:
2952:978-1461495246
2951:
2920:
2861:
2810:
2759:
2705:
2676:(2): 355–360.
2656:
2615:
2566:
2517:
2511:978-0123739759
2510:
2489:
2462:
2456:978-0781768528
2455:
2437:
2409:
2383:
2340:
2333:
2319:BRS Physiology
2307:
2278:(2): 180–187.
2258:
2232:
2225:
2207:
2177:
2126:
2108:
2090:
2069:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1988:
1985:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1888:
1885:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1828:
1825:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1781:
1778:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Hypercalcaemia
1743:
1732:
1729:
1693:
1690:
1678:Iain Macintyre
1661:
1658:
1652:production by
1643:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1529:
1493:Main article:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1461:adrenomedullin
1434:
1431:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:NP_001276373.1
1296:
1295:
1292:NP_001029126.1
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:NP_001029125.1
1255:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
988:
987:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
708:
706:
702:
701:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
652:
650:
646:
645:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
611:
609:
605:
604:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
577:
576:
551:
545:
544:
541:
540:
532:
531:
528:
527:
525:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
480:
469:
466:
465:
463:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:spinal ganglia
422:
419:
418:
406:
405:
397:
386:
380:
379:
376:RNA expression
368:
367:
364:
363:
355:
351:
350:
342:
339:
334:
328:
327:
318:
311:
305:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
280:
279:
267:
266:
263:
262:
254:
250:
249:
241:
238:
233:
227:
226:
217:
210:
204:
200:
199:
192:
186:
185:
177:
176:
164:
163:
120:
116:
115:
107:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
71:
70:
62:
61:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7020:
7009:
7008:Tumor markers
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6690:
6688:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6541:Breast cancer
6538:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6277:Ovarian tumor
6274:
6271:
6265:Reproductive/
6263:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6101:
6095:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6002:Neuroblastoma
5999:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5987:Synaptophysin
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5931:Thyroglobulin
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5889:Lymphosarcoma
5886:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5856:Tumor markers
5850:
5845:
5843:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5811:
5804:
5802:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5724:Acetylcholine
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5710:Miscellaneous
5708:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5613:Neurosteroids
5610:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:Neuropeptides
5477:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5112:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:neuropeptides
4846:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4731:Endomorphin-2
4729:
4727:
4726:Endomorphin-1
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Big dynorphin
4691:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4633:neuropeptides
4630:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4553:Prostaglandin
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:Hypothalamic–
3827:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:Critical Care
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:J. Biol. Chem
3441:
3434:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3189:on 2018-06-18
3185:
3178:
3172:
3158:on 2005-11-08
3157:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:Can J Anaesth
3110:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:Endocrinology
2626:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2427:on 2017-05-08
2426:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2037:Procalcitonin
2035:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:hypercalcemia
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:hypercalcemia
1858:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1686:thyroid gland
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1636:localized to
1635:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:hypercalcemia
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1542:
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1471:
1470:
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1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:prepropeptide
1440:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
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1218:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:RefSeq (mRNA)
1170:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1094:
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1085:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
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928:
925:
923:
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918:
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913:
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905:
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895:
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890:
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880:
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868:
865:
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860:
858:
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848:
845:
843:
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838:
835:
833:
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828:
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823:
820:
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815:
813:
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805:
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795:
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788:
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768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
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748:
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743:
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738:
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733:
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723:
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664:
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659:
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648:
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638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:Gene ontology
599:
595:
583:
578:
574:
567:
560:
555:
552:
550:
546:
538:
533:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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214:
208:
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197:
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178:
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149:
145:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
84:
82:
78:
72:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
49:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6752:
6387:
6373:
6367:Testosterone
6359:
6347:Dysgerminoma
6345:
6331:
6317:
6298:
6284:
6079:S100 protein
5939:
5778:Acetaldehyde
5447:
5439:
5411:
5403:
5381:Trace amines
5059:Neurophysins
4887:Neurokinin B
4882:Neurokinin A
4718:Endomorphins
4644:
4336:Thymopoietin
4272:Pineal gland
4257:Somatostatin
4220:Progesterone
4167:Progesterone
4134:Testosterone
4117:Gonadal axis
4089:Thyroid axis
4083:
3986:Adrenal axis
3841:Hypothalamus
3727:
3723:
3686:
3682:
3645:
3641:
3604:
3600:
3565:
3561:
3532:
3528:
3508:
3499:
3488:. Retrieved
3483:
3474:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3414:
3408:
3373:
3369:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3191:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3171:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3116:
3112:
3102:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:
3034:
3025:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2970:
2961:
2933:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2721:
2717:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2501:
2478:(1): 43–47.
2475:
2471:
2465:
2446:
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2425:the original
2419:
2412:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:the original
2386:
2356:(9): 771–5.
2353:
2349:
2343:
2318:
2310:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:the original
2235:
2216:
2210:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2190:
2180:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2025:
2017:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1958:
1940:
1937:
1917:
1893:tumor marker
1890:
1874:
1870:osteoporosis
1863:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:mutagenicity
1811:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1772:
1765:
1741:osteoporosis
1734:
1731:Pharmacology
1710:
1695:
1663:
1627:
1592:osteoblastic
1584:
1573:
1558:
1554:hypocalcemia
1547:
1524:activity in
1513:
1498:
1480:pentagastrin
1465:
1446:
1436:
1428:
1417:
1387:secreted by
1377:
1376:
1299:
1284:NP_001292545
1280:NP_001276373
1276:NP_001029126
1258:
1235:NM_001305616
1231:NM_001289444
1223:NM_001033954
1220:
1202:NM_001378950
1198:NM_001378949
1190:NM_001033953
1186:NM_001033952
1183:
1155:
1136:
1110:
1091:
1065:
1046:
1026:
1021:
757:vasodilation
752:human ageing
491:motor neuron
449:human kidney
399:
392:
358:114,235,592
345:114,230,713
119:External IDs
74:
18:
6701:Amyloidosis
6626:Cytokeratin
6564:Cathepsin D
6153:Factor VIII
6144:endothelium
6107:Lung cancer
6099:respiratory
6049:Astrocytoma
6031:Brain tumor
5783:Ammonia (NH
5654:Nucleosides
5414:-Octopamine
5406:-Octopamine
5318:T-HCA (GHC)
5275:Hypotaurine
5227:GABA system
5178:Glutathione
5064:Neurotensin
4974:Angiotensin
4913:Neuromedins
4902:Physalaemin
4877:Substance P
4871:Tachykinins
4866:Bradykinins
4813:Hemorphin-4
4798:Adrenorphin
4769:Enkephalins
4759:Îł-Endorphin
4754:β-Endorphin
4749:α-Endorphin
4688:Dynorphin B
4678:Dynorphin A
4673:Dynorphin A
4520:Osteocalcin
4497:Adiponectin
4324:Thymosin α1
4099:Parathyroid
3999:Aldosterone
3902:Vasopressin
3734:: 345–349.
3648:(5): R145.
2391:Costoff A.
2240:Costoff A.
2185:Costoff A.
1954:specificity
1950:sensitivity
1905:lymph nodes
1887:Diagnostics
1696:Calcitonin
1638:osteoclasts
1587:Osteoblasts
1439:proteolytic
257:14,972,351
244:14,966,668
97:Identifiers
6977:Categories
6617:epithelium
5940:Calcitonin
5879:Neprilysin
5771:Candidates
5645:Nucleobase
5434:Tryptamine
5429:Synephrine
5340:Monoamines
5305:GHB system
5138:Amino acid
4893:amphibian
4830:Spinorphin
4820:Nociceptin
4803:Amidorphin
4741:Endorphins
4698:Leumorphin
4665:Dynorphins
4548:Calcitriol
4434:Peptide YY
4084:Calcitonin
4036:Adrenaline
3965:Lipotropin
3960:Endorphins
3770:Calcitonin
3509:prospecbio
3490:2009-02-22
3324:Clin. Chem
3193:2017-02-07
3162:2008-08-07
3027:bonecancer
2431:2017-05-29
2403:2008-08-07
2252:2008-08-07
2226:1416023283
2201:2008-08-07
2088:, May 2017
2067:, May 2017
2043:References
1913:metastases
1852:Treatments
1725:eukaryotes
1522:osteoclast
1507:(PTH) and
1382:amino acid
1378:Calcitonin
403:(ortholog)
140:HomoloGene
6936:Pituitary
6916:Endocrine
6613:Carcinoma
6166:Digestive
6120:Enolase 2
5969:Enolase 2
5915:Endocrine
5662:Adenosine
5466:Histamine
5450:-Tyramine
5442:-Tyramine
5285:Sarcosine
5265:β-Alanine
5260:α-Alanine
5004:FMRFamide
4989:Carnosine
4873:: mammal
4835:Valorphin
4825:Opiorphin
4808:Hemorphin
4319:Thymosins
4280:Melatonin
4162:Estradiol
4009:Cortisone
3935:Prolactin
3832:pituitary
3819:Endocrine
3683:Pathology
3629:218910711
3049:1 October
3008:1 October
1987:Structure
1907:that are
1715:, as the
1660:Discovery
1646:α subunit
1569:prolactin
1565:lactation
1561:pregnancy
1537:phosphate
1509:vitamin D
1401:chordates
1397:endostyle
1288:NP_031613
1227:NM_007587
1194:NM_001741
1012:Orthologs
656:cytoplasm
148:GeneCards
6948:Pancreas
6603:Vimentin
6569:CA 27-29
6267:urinary/
6071:Melanoma
5871:Lymphoma
5701:-derived
5647:-derived
5628:instead.
5583:Oleamide
5514:-derived
5495:instead.
5352:Dopamine
5163:Agmatine
5140:-derived
4979:Bombesin
4897:Kassinin
4647:hormones
4640:Hormones
4629:Peptides
4512:Skeleton
4502:Resistin
4401:Secretin
4383:Duodenum
4341:Thymulin
4242:Glucagon
4234:Pancreas
4215:Estrogen
4197:Placenta
4004:Cortisol
3897:Oxytocin
3859:Dopamine
3811:Hormones
3750:22399011
3711:28018130
3703:17676478
3674:17038199
3621:15621724
3592:12871824
3466:16766525
3400:32176812
3346:15388660
3264:25410076
3237:23551343
3229:15301040
3135:20428988
3094:30651328
3086:10332543
2977:Archived
2797:14210962
2746:13881213
2651:16675524
2610:18627265
2561:25594820
2553:16160737
2378:41798141
2370:17114906
2302:25815174
2172:26644465
2084:–
2063:–
2031:See also
2022:Research
1943:Cochrane
1598:Receptor
1489:Function
1380:is a 32
1350:Wikidata
991:Sources:
6924:Thyroid
6710:amyloid
6708:Common
6595:Sarcoma
6549:CA 15-3
6485:TMPRSS2
6381:Inhibin
5699:Vitamin
5593:RVD-Hpα
5548:AA-5-HT
5295:Taurine
5280:Proline
5270:Glycine
5213:Proline
5183:Glycine
5079:RVD-Hpα
5024:Ghrelin
5009:Galanin
4945:Orexins
4406:Motilin
4373:Ghrelin
4368:Gastrin
4360:Stomach
4247:Insulin
4182:Relaxin
4177:Inhibin
4172:Activin
4144:Inhibin
4053:Thyroid
3665:1751067
3583:1573932
3549:3549095
3391:7075519
3305:9549251
3296:1188909
2915:6952224
2883:Bibcode
2856:4318349
2848:7207587
2828:Bibcode
2805:2443410
2777:Bibcode
2754:4292938
2726:Bibcode
2700:3016026
2601:2680171
2484:9058369
2293:4370311
2163:4732217
2086:Ensembl
2065:Ensembl
2003:salmon:
1919:Cutoffs
1909:swollen
1684:of the
1624:
1501:calcium
1476:gastrin
1415:(PTH).
1409:calcium
1403:in the
1393:thyroid
1124:UniProt
1079:Ensembl
1018:Species
997:QuickGO
691:nucleus
507:trachea
378:pattern
236:11p15.2
136:2151253
104:Aliases
6875:Kidney
6655:Desmin
6470:SPINK1
6417:AFP-L3
6292:CA-125
6269:breast
6252:AFP-L3
6220:CA 242
6210:CA19-9
6182:CA19-9
5664:system
5538:2-ALPI
5459:Others
5290:Serine
5218:Serine
4858:Kinins
4791:Others
4530:Kidney
4492:Leptin
4451:/other
4311:Thymus
4252:Amylin
4126:Testis
4019:DHEA-S
3821:glands
3776:(MeSH)
3748:
3709:
3701:
3672:
3662:
3627:
3619:
3590:
3580:
3547:
3464:
3421:
3398:
3388:
3344:
3303:
3293:
3262:
3235:
3227:
3133:
3092:
3084:
2983:16 May
2949:
2913:
2906:346051
2903:
2854:
2846:
2820:Nature
2803:
2795:
2769:Nature
2752:
2744:
2718:Nature
2698:
2691:423551
2688:
2649:
2608:
2598:
2559:
2551:
2508:
2482:
2453:
2376:
2368:
2331:
2300:
2290:
2223:
2170:
2160:
2011:human:
1901:biopsy
1336:search
1334:PubMed
1161:Q99JA0
1157:P70160
1138:P06881
1034:Entrez
549:BioGPS
519:embryo
515:embryo
128:114130
6847:Brain
6833:Heart
6748:AIAPP
6574:hPG80
6531:NMP22
6508:NANOG
6490:hPG80
6475:GOLM1
6427:hPG80
6389:hPG80
6230:hPG80
6192:hPG80
6130:hPG80
5902:CD79a
5863:Blood
5573:NAGly
5512:Lipid
5347:6-OHM
5239:GABOB
4967:Other
4848:Other
4563:Heart
4538:Renin
4468:IGF-2
4463:IGF-1
4449:Liver
4439:GLP-1
4421:Ileum
4303:Other
4187:GnSAF
4154:Ovary
3730:(3).
3707:S2CID
3625:S2CID
3233:S2CID
3187:(PDF)
3180:(PDF)
3090:S2CID
2972:NIAMS
2852:S2CID
2801:S2CID
2750:S2CID
2557:S2CID
2374:S2CID
1877:mania
1698:assay
1632:is a
1550:renal
1541:urine
1526:bones
1448:CALCA
1067:12310
1027:Mouse
1022:Human
993:Amigo
401:Mouse
394:Human
341:Start
276:Mouse
240:Start
173:Human
152:CALCA
144:88401
111:CALCA
24:CALCA
6893:Skin
6773:ABri
6768:ACys
6763:AANF
6758:APro
6753:ACal
6729:Aβ2M
6724:ATTR
6480:PCA3
6422:CD30
6408:βhCG
6306:CD30
6039:PCNA
5626:here
5624:See
5568:NADA
5543:2-OG
5528:2-AG
5493:here
5491:See
5234:GABA
5208:NAAG
5193:GSSG
5188:GSNO
4645:see
4014:DHEA
3950:ACTH
3945:CLIP
3940:POMC
3869:GHRH
3849:GnRH
3746:PMID
3699:PMID
3670:PMID
3617:PMID
3588:PMID
3545:PMID
3462:PMID
3419:ISBN
3396:PMID
3374:2020
3342:PMID
3301:PMID
3260:PMID
3225:PMID
3131:PMID
3082:PMID
3051:2021
3010:2021
2985:2015
2947:ISBN
2911:PMID
2844:PMID
2793:PMID
2742:PMID
2696:PMID
2647:PMID
2606:PMID
2549:PMID
2506:ISBN
2480:PMID
2451:ISBN
2366:PMID
2329:ISBN
2298:PMID
2221:ISBN
2168:PMID
1967:and
1895:for
1717:gene
1650:cAMP
1628:The
1621:7TYO
1478:and
1395:(or
671:axon
384:Bgee
332:Band
293:Chr.
231:Band
190:Chr.
124:OMIM
81:1LS7
79:,%%s
77:2JXZ
58:RCSB
55:PDBe
6743:APP
6375:GCT
6353:LDH
6339:hCG
6319:EST
6311:hCG
5897:CD3
5681:ATP
5676:AMP
5671:ADP
5598:SEA
5588:PEA
5578:OEA
5563:LPI
5558:DEA
5313:GHB
5244:GHB
5203:NAA
5084:VGF
4680:1–8
4581:BNP
4576:ANP
4543:EPO
4411:VIP
4396:GIP
4391:CCK
4210:HPL
4205:hCG
4139:AMH
4107:PTH
3955:MSH
3930:TSH
3920:FSH
3879:MCH
3864:CRH
3854:TRH
3736:doi
3691:doi
3660:PMC
3650:doi
3609:doi
3578:PMC
3570:doi
3566:139
3537:doi
3533:217
3452:doi
3448:281
3386:PMC
3378:doi
3332:doi
3291:PMC
3217:doi
3121:doi
3074:doi
2939:doi
2901:PMC
2891:doi
2836:doi
2824:290
2785:doi
2773:202
2734:doi
2722:193
2686:PMC
2678:doi
2637:doi
2633:147
2596:PMC
2588:doi
2539:doi
2358:doi
2325:263
2288:PMC
2280:doi
2158:PMC
2148:doi
2144:291
1868:or
1617:PDB
1580:CNS
1048:796
354:End
253:End
156:OMA
132:MGI
48:PDB
6979::
6739:Aβ
6734:AL
6719:AA
6300:EC
6067:NC
5801:O)
5753:S)
4631::
3972:GH
3925:LH
3744:.
3728:19
3726:.
3722:.
3705:.
3697:.
3687:39
3685:.
3668:.
3658:.
3646:10
3644:.
3640:.
3623:.
3615:.
3605:22
3603:.
3586:.
3576:.
3564:.
3560:.
3543:.
3531:.
3507:.
3482:.
3460:.
3446:.
3442:.
3394:.
3384:.
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