493:
41:
177:
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superintendent. The casualties suffered by the colonial militias were higher than those suffered by the
Maroons. In the first two weeks of the conflict, the Maroons of Trelawny Town had killed 65 British soldiers without any Maroon death reported. Throughout the entire conflict, one general complained that the colonial forces had killed less than 32 Maroons and their allies. Recent research shows that the colonial militias were only able to kill about 16 Trelawnys. The Maroon warriors also laid waste to a number of sugar estates in western Jamaica.
490:
491:
http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01019153409&indx=1&recIds=BLL01019153409&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BLCONTENT%29&vl(2084770704UI0)=any&tb=t&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&srt=rank&tab=local_tab&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=michael%20sivapragasam&dstmp=1546605833202
189:
Maroon War of 1795–6. When
Trelawny Town was ruled by the white superintendents father-and-son team of John James and John Montague James, they were able to quell these disputes. However, when the Jamaican Assembly dismissed the James family, and appointed the inexperienced Thomas Craskell as superintendent, then Maroon colonel
161:. The town and the parish were both named after Governor Trelawny. After the treaty of 1739, both the colonial authorities, generals and Maroons gradually stopped calling it Cudjoe's Town, and started to call it Trelawny Town. Trelawny Town's population grew from 276 in 1740 to 362 in 1770, to 594 in 1788.
188:
Because of their population growth, in the second half of the eighteenth century, there were a number of land disputes between
Trelawny Town and neighbouring planters. When the Assembly sided with the planters in these disputes, the tension that occurred as a result exploded in the form of the Second
281:
However, in 1831, another petition was presented by 224 Sierra Leone
Maroons to the British government, and this time the Jamaican authorities relented. They responded by saying they would place no obstacle in the way of Maroons returning to Jamaica, but would not pay any passage or the purchase of
204:
unwisely ordered that two
Trelawny Town Maroons, one named Peter Campbell, be flogged by slaves for stealing two pigs. This action outraged the Maroons of Trelawny Town, and led to Montague James ousting Craskell, and renewing calls for more land, and the reinstatement of his friend, John James, as
258:
As many as 58 Trelawny Town
Maroons avoided deportation to Nova Scotia, and they remained in Jamaica, some settling in Accompong Town, while others merged with the free black population. The Second Maroon War proved costly to the colonial authorities, and in an attempt to recoup their losses, the
298:
Brown, Ricketts and their families petitioned the
Jamaican Assembly, pointing out they had used up all their resources in returning to their homeland, and requested financial assistance in purchasing the property of their ancestors. However, their request was ignored by the Jamaican Assembly, so
164:
In 1758, a
Trelawny Town captain named Furry built houses on the land belonging to a St James planter, and Governor Roger Hope Elletson forced Furry and his followers to vacate the land, and return to Trelawny Town, in return for financial compensation from the Jamaican Assembly. In 1770, Furry
294:
In 1839, the first
Maroons made their way from Sierra Leone to Jamaica. Mary Brown and her family, which included her daughter Sarah McGale and a Spanish son-in-law, sold off their property in Sierra Leone, bought a schooner, and set sail for Jamaica. They were joined by two other Sierra Leone
290:
After slavery was abolished in 1838, the
Jamaican colonial authorities imported labourers from Sierra Leone, and among that number were a small number of Trelawny Town Maroons. These Returned Maroons established themselves in nearby Flagstaff, and their descendants are still there today.
262:
The Maroons were unhappy with the conditions of their exile in Nova Scotia, and they regularly petitioned the British government to be relocated to another colony. In 1800, the British government eventually agreed to transport the Trelawny Maroons to
165:
complained that he and his men never received the promised financial compensation, after which the Assembly eventually paid the outstanding £150. The length of these delays contributed to rising discontent in Trelawny Town.
278:. The Trelawny Maroons flourished in Sierra Leone at first, but their situation soon soured, and they submitted petitions to British government, asking for permission to return to Jamaica. These petitions were turned down.
140:
The Maroon town eventually became known to the colonial authorities as Trelawny Town. The 1739 treaty initially only recognised the existence of Cudjoe's Town, which they called Trelawny Town, and failed to identify
132:
felt compelled to offer Cudjoe a peace treaty. After some initial suspicion, Cudjoe signed the treaty in 1739, reportedly at Petty River Bottom, near the present-day village of Flagstaff. However, the Maroons of
306:, and several Maroons were so desperate to leave Sierra Leone that they did not wait for the ship to dock, but rowed out to meet it in their canoes. In all, 64 Maroons left Sierra Leone for Jamaica on the
299:
Brown, Ricketts and their families settled on land near Maroon Town, contributing to the establishment of the village of Flagstaff. Their descendants, the Returned Maroons, still live there today.
93:
freedom fighters already living in the mountains launched an assault on the Sutton's Estate in Clarendon, central Jamaica, free between 300 and 400 enslaved people. They established a new town of
338:
However, the numbers of people identifying as Maroons in Sierra Leone continued to decline after the Returned Maroon migration to Jamaica. In 2011, representatives of Flagstaff travelled to
310:
alone. Most Sierra Leone Maroons lived in Freetown, and between 1837 and 1844, Freetown's Maroon population shrank from 650 to 454, suggesting that about 200 made their way back to Jamaica.
238:
Walpole promised the Maroons that they would not be transported off the island if they laid down their arms, and the Trelawny Town warriors agreed to submit to terms. However, the governor,
295:
Maroons, Mary Ricketts and her daughter Jane Bryan. In 1841, this group found their way to Trelawny Town, now called Maroon Town, but which they still insisted on calling Cudjoe's Town.
168:
Leeward Maroons from Trelawny Town helped the colonial authorities to put down the rebellions of Tacky and Apongo between 1760-6, and were financially rewarded for their assistance.
320:
Some historians believe that the Returned Maroons were absorbed into existing Maroon towns. However, Returned Maroon oral historians describe how many of their ancestors landed at
223:
employed a scorched-earth policy, backed up by the importation of hunting dogs. By 22 December Walpole was able to persuade Montague James and his Maroon lieutenants, including
313:
As many as one-third of the Maroons in Sierra Leone returned to Jamaica in the 1840s. Among those who returned was Peter Campbell, whose flogging by the authorities of
101:. Naquan, Cudjoe's father, was allegedly the one who orchestrated this rebellion. Naquan was succeeded by Cudjoe, the first leader of this group of
935:
950:
242:, exploited a loophole to reverse Walpole's promise, and he promptly arranged for the deportation of just under 600 Trelawny Town Maroons to
176:
890:
267:, where they helped to suppress a rebellion by the Black Nova Scotians. As a reward, the Sierra Leone colonial authorities granted the
208:
Hundreds of runaway slaves secured their freedom by fighting alongside Trelawny Town. They formed independent communities first under
628:
239:
940:
40:
117:, who according to Maroon oral history is the son of Naquan. Cudjoe was the Maroon warrior who led them into battle during the
219:
However, the Maroons of Trelawny Town were unable to maintain their guerrilla campaign during the drought months, and Colonel
220:
128:
of Cudjoe's Town, known as Leeward Maroons, fought the British colonial forces to a standstill in the 1730s, until Governor
801:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
736:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
723:
Navigating Crosscurrents: Trans-linguality, Trans-culturality and Trans-identification in the Dutch Caribbean and Beyond
274:
After the Second Maroon War, the colonial authorities converted Trelawny Town into a military barracks, and renamed it
748:
66:
268:
658:
552:
531:
510:
623:
Michael Sivapragasam (2019) "The Second Maroon War: Runaway Slaves fighting on the side of Trelawny Town",
94:
82:
was located in the mountains in the southern extremities of the parish of St James, close to the border of
335:
In 1905, visitors to Maroon Town observed some Returned Maroons from nearby Flagstaff hunting wild hogs.
154:
945:
409:
The Maroon Story: The Authentic and Original History of the Maroons in the History of Jamaica 1490-1880
328:, as well as Hampden and Long Pond in Trelawny, before eventually settling in Flagstaff. In the 1840s,
129:
554:
After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842
533:
After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842
512:
After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842
487:
After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842
339:
891:
https://www.yardedge.net/current-affairs/maroons-to-reunite-with-long-lost-relatives-in-sierra-leone
228:
629:
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/PEX47HQYJUGEEZRJY6DE/full?target=10.1080/0144039X.2019.1662683
460:
32:
868:(London: West India Committee, 1915) Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, (2020), p. 335.
725:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), pp. 17-18.
232:
213:
83:
329:
275:
28:
803:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 21.
738:, ed. by Nicholas Faraclas, etc (Curacao/Puerto Rico: University of Curacao, 2020), p. 18.
8:
325:
247:
184:
of a maroon raid on the Dromilly estate, Jamaica, during the Second Maroon War of 1795–6.
474:
The Maroons of Jamaica 1655-1796: a History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal
302:
In 1841, the first ship to arrive in Sierra Leone looking for African workers was the
197:
379:
259:
Jamaica Assembly auctioned off most of the 1,500 acres belonging to Trelawny Town.
209:
118:
102:
378:
1767 - 1787 John James (promoted to the position of Superintendent-General of all
497:
158:
98:
271:
the best houses and land, which originally belonged to the Black Nova Scotians.
845:
A Narrative of the Life and Travels, of Mrs Nancy Prince (Boston: 1850), p. 54.
601:(Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2002), pp. 159, 165-7.
321:
190:
142:
134:
812:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town", pp. 13, 18, 21.
659:
https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf
929:
224:
264:
781:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town", pp. 18-19.
314:
243:
201:
90:
489:, PhD Dissertation (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), p. 46.
877:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town", p. 22.
855:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town", p. 22.
834:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town", p. 21.
790:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town", p. 18.
772:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town", p. 18.
193:
took control of Trelawny Town, and dismissed Craskell from his post.
181:
137:
believe that the treaty was signed by Cudjoe in their Maroon town.
749:"Maroon Connection: A Brief History of the Trelawny Town Maroons"
125:
332:, an American traveller, met several of these Returned Maroons.
799:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
734:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
721:
Michael Sivapragasam, "The Returned Maroons of Trelawny Town",
114:
461:
https://www.caribbeanbirdingtrail.org/sites/jamaica/flagstaff/
145:
as another Maroon town that fell under Cudjoe's jurisdiction.
823:
The Maroons of Jamaica: African slave rebels in the Caribbean
97:, in the forested mountains of the island's interior, in the
887:
Maroons to reunite with long lost relatives in Sierra Leone
825:, PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota (1974), p. 210.
476:(Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), pp. 88-118.
16:
Settlement of Jamaican Maroons in Westmoreland, Jamaica
375:
Late 1760s John Kidd, William Carson and Thomas Burke
411:(Kingston, Jamaica: Agouti Press, 1997), pp. 413-423.
285:
599:Slaves Who Abolished Slavery: Blacks in Rebellion
927:
345:
200:of 1795-6 was sparked when the magistrate of
560:(PhD). Southampton: Southampton University.
539:(PhD). Southampton: Southampton University.
518:(PhD). Southampton: Southampton University.
437:(London: Allison & Busby, 1977), p. 24.
253:
364:
240:Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres
175:
936:17th-century establishments in Jamaica
928:
627:, DOI: 10.1080/0144039X.2019.1662683
388:c. 1779 - 1792/3 John Montague James
113:This town was eventually named after
951:1690 establishments in North America
550:
529:
508:
361:1790s - 1812 Colonel Montague James
171:
13:
712:(London: BBC Books, 2002), p. 382.
14:
962:
350:
286:The Returned Maroons of Flagstaff
153:Trelawny Town was located in the
269:Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone
148:
108:
39:
909:
896:
880:
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591:
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424:(London: Collins, 1975), p. 84.
324:, working on the canefields of
317:sparked the Second Maroon War.
941:Jamaican Maroon establishments
523:
502:
479:
466:
453:
440:
427:
414:
401:
391:1792/3 - 1795 Thomas Craskell
45:Illustration of Trelawney Town
33:Slave Revolts in North America
1:
753:maroonconnection.blogspot.com
394:
342:to re-establish connections.
631:Retrieved 10 September 2019.
369:c. 1740s Dr William Russell
358:1764 - ? Colonel Lewis
355:1720s - 1764 Colonel Cudjoe
95:Free black people in Jamaica
7:
346:Government of Trelawny Town
155:Saint James Parish, Jamaica
89:In 1690, a large number of
10:
967:
372:c. 1761 - 1767 John Scott
340:Maroon Town, Sierra Leone
49:
38:
26:
21:
625:Slavery & Abolition
463:Retrieved 24 June 2020.
893:Retrieved 5 June 2021.
551:Siva, Michael (2018).
530:Siva, Michael (2018).
509:Siva, Michael (2018).
254:Trelawny Town in Exile
185:
385:c. 1773 Thomas Leamy
365:White superintendents
282:lands in the island.
214:Me-no-Sen-You-no-Come
179:
84:Westmoreland, Jamaica
22:The Second Maroon War
330:Nancy Gardner Prince
276:Maroon Town, Jamaica
246:, where they became
235:, to come to terms.
105:in western Jamaica.
29:Atlantic Revolutions
326:Westmoreland Parish
248:Black Nova Scotians
917:After the Treaties
904:After the Treaties
697:After the Treaties
684:After the Treaties
671:Maroons of Jamaica
655:After the Treaties
642:Maroons of Jamaica
612:After the Treaties
586:After the Treaties
573:After the Treaties
496:2021-05-20 at the
433:Milton McFarlane,
422:History of Jamaica
186:
946:Colony of Jamaica
448:Cudjoe the Maroon
435:Cudjoe the Maroon
198:Second Maroon War
172:Second Maroon War
77:
76:
73:
72:
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920:
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866:Historic Jamaica
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821:Daniel Schafer,
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472:Mavis Campbell,
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380:Jamaican Maroons
210:Cuffee (Jamaica)
119:First Maroon War
103:Jamaican Maroons
51:
50:
43:
19:
18:
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498:Wayback Machine
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229:Charles Samuels
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130:Edward Trelawny
111:
99:Cockpit Country
69:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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708:Simon Schama,
701:
688:
686:, pp. 145-151.
675:
673:, pp. 230-242.
662:
646:
633:
616:
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597:Richard Hart,
590:
588:, pp. 129-132.
577:
564:
543:
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485:Michael Siva,
478:
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413:
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366:
363:
352:
351:Maroon leaders
349:
347:
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322:Lucea, Jamaica
287:
284:
255:
252:
221:George Walpole
212:, and then at
191:Montague James
173:
170:
150:
147:
143:Accompong Town
135:Accompong Town
121:in the 1730s.
110:
107:
75:
74:
71:
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63:
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58:
55:
47:
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36:
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24:
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657:, pp. 148-9.
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225:Major Jarrett
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149:Trelawny Town
146:
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127:
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109:Cudjoe's Town
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80:Cudjoe's Town
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860:
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756:. Retrieved
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743:
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709:
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699:, pp. 152-5.
696:
691:
683:
678:
670:
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641:
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619:
614:, pp. 144-7.
611:
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598:
593:
585:
580:
575:, pp. 126-7.
572:
567:
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511:
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486:
481:
473:
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459:"Flagstaff"
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429:
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420:C.V. Black,
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265:Sierra Leone
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237:
233:Andrew Smith
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167:
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152:
139:
123:
112:
88:
79:
78:
27:Part of the
446:McFarlane,
407:Bev Carey,
315:Montego Bay
244:Nova Scotia
202:Montego Bay
57:1795 – 1796
930:Categories
669:Campbell,
640:Campbell,
541:pp. 126-7.
395:References
919:, p. 275.
906:, p. 273.
644:, p. 229.
562:pp. 93-9.
758:25 April
494:Archived
450:, p. 24.
182:aquatint
159:Trelawny
62:Location
31:and the
520:p. 239.
126:Maroons
67:Jamaica
915:Siva,
902:Siva,
695:Siva,
682:Siva,
653:Siva,
610:Siva,
584:Siva,
571:Siva,
308:Hector
304:Hector
157:, not
115:Cudjoe
558:(PDF)
537:(PDF)
516:(PDF)
180:1801
760:2019
231:and
196:The
124:The
91:Akan
54:Date
932::
751:.
382:)
250:.
227:,
216:.
86:.
762:.
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