Bowling ball - Knowledge

847: 96: 554: 195: 890: 131: 667: 258:(hardwood) until the 1905 introduction of rubber balls. Polyester ("plastic") balls were introduced in 1959 and, despite developing less hook-generating lane friction than rubber balls, by the 1970s plastic dominated over rubber balls. Briefly, "soaker" ball technology—involving softening coverstocks to achieve greater hook—were used, until rules for minimum hardness were implemented. The early-1980s development of polyurethane ("urethane") balls developed more friction with the newly developed polyurethane lane finishes of the day, sparking the evolution of coverstock technology to pursue ever-stronger hooks with correspondingly higher 179: 163: 115: 512: 539: 654: 637: 247: 751: 954: 387: 898: 763: 27: 727:

the lane, and the ball's oil absorption rate, followed in dominance by certain characteristics of the ball's core (mainly radius of gyration, and total differential). Freeman and Hatfield (2018) explain that in most circumstances it is chemical friction—controlled by the manufacturer's proprietary coverstock formulation governing its "stickiness"—that primarily determines ball motion. Further, surface finish—modifiable by sandpaper, polish and the like—is also a material factor.

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length but offer less hook potential and allow faster lane transition. Various factors influence an oil's native viscosity, including temperature (with higher temperatures causing the oil to be thinner) and humidity (variations of which can cause crowning and cupping of the lane surface). Also, high humidity increases friction that reduces skid distance so the ball tends to hook sooner.

812:". In practice, a higher RG indicates that a ball's mass is distributed more toward its cover—making it "cover heavy"—which tends to make the ball enter the roll phase later (further down the lane). Conversely, a lower RG indicates the ball's mass is distributed more towards its center—making it "center heavy"—which tends to make it enter the roll phase sooner. 326:— the pocket end of the ball's initial axis of rotation). "Pin down" layouts place the pin between the finger holes and the thumb hole, while "pin up" layouts place the pin further from the thumb hole than the finger holes (see photos). Bowling ball motion is influenced by how far the pin and the mass bias (MB) are from the PAP, the distances determining 1007:) are smaller, sized between ten-pin and duckpin balls, and have no holes. The ball is 16 cm (6.3 in) in diameter and weighs approximately 2.85 kg (6.3 lb). There are also special balls for novice players, which is 14 cm (5.5 in) in diameter and weigh 1.9 kg (4.2 lb), often with two finger holes. 589:) is more complex: There is a degree of axis rotation—generally 25° to 35° and varying with ball speed and rev rate—that may be considered optimal in that hook is maximized; however, this optimum axis rotation also causes minimal length. Specifically, Freeman & Hatfield (2018) report optimal axis rotation to be 964:

balls are regulated to be from 4.75–5.00 inches (12.1–12.7 cm) in diameter and to weigh between 3 pounds 6 ounces (1.5 kg) and 3 pounds 12 ounces (1.7 kg). They lack finger holes. Though duckpin balls are slightly larger than candlepin balls, they have less than 60%

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Ball Motion Study found that the ball design factors that most contributed to ball motion were the microscopic "spikes" and pores on the ball's surface (considered part of chemical frictional characteristics), the respective coefficients of friction between ball and lane in the oiled and dry parts of

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lane oils (those with thicker consistency) engage balls with more friction and thus cause slower speeds and shorter length but provide more hook potential and reduced lane transition; conversely, lane oils of lower viscosity (thinner consistency) are more slippery and thus support greater speeds and

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Informally, a low-differential ball has been likened to one whose core is a spherical object (whose height and width are the same); a high-differential ball has been likened to a tall drinking glass (whose height and width are different); and a high-mass-bias ball has been likened to a tall drinking

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Greater degrees of initial (at-the-foul-line) axis tilt cause the ball to rotate on smaller-circumference "tracks" (rings on the ball at which it contacts the lane on each revolution), thus reducing the amount of frictional contact to provide greater length and less hook; conversely, smaller degrees

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Analytically, ID is defined by the USBC as the "difference in radius of gyration between the Y (high RG) and Z (intermediate RG) axes". In practice, a higher ID indicates greater asymmetry, which causes more area to be created at the break point to cause the ball to respond more quickly to friction

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Greater rev rates cause the ball to experience more frictional lane contact per revolution and thus (assuming non-zero axis rotation) greater and earlier hook (less "length"— which is the distance from the foul line to the breakpoint at which hooking is maximum); conversely, smaller rev rates cause

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Various characteristics of ball delivery affect a ball's motion throughout its skid, hook and roll phases. The particular way in which energy is imparted to a ball—with varying proportions of that energy divided among ball speed, axis control and rev rate—determines the ball's motion. The following

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is ball speed (m/s). Below and above optimal axis rotation, more length and less hook are encountered, with greater-than-optimal axis rotation causing a sharper hook. Another source states that strictly behind-the-ball release (0° axis rotation) causes an end-over-end rotation, with early hooking,

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away from its original direction. Concurrently, lane friction continually decreases the angle of axis rotation until it exactly matches the direction of the ball's forward motion, and rev rate (rotational speed) increases until it exactly matches the ball's forward speed: full traction is achieved

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the thumb hole for "two-handed" bowlers), balance, plug limitations, and exterior markings (structural and commercial), as well as requirements for dynamic performance characteristics such as radius of gyration (RG; 2.46—2.80), RG differential (≤0.06), and coefficient of friction (≤0.32). The USBC

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Candlepin bowling balls have a weight of between 2 lb 4 oz (1.0 kg) and 2 lb 7 oz (1.1 kg), and a diameter of 4.5 in (11 cm)—much smaller than the 8.5 in (22 cm) balls in ten-pin bowling, and even smaller than the 5.0 in (13 cm) balls in

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The early 1990s brought development of reactive resin ("reactive") balls by introducing additives in urethane surface materials to create microscopic oil-absorbing pores that increase the "tackiness" that enhances traction. In the "particle-enhanced" balls developed in the late 1990s, microscopic

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ball motion study showed flare's influence to be small, assuming that a minimal threshold of flare exists to present a "dry" surface for successive ball revolutions. Similarly, though manufacturer literature often describes specific core shapes, differently-shaped cores can make exactly the same

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A "dull" (rough) ball surface, having spikes and pores, provides greater friction in the oil-covered front end of the lane but reduced frictional contact in the dry back end of the lane, and thus enables an earlier hook. In contrast, a "gloss" (smooth) ball surface tends to glide atop oil on the

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occurs when balls form oil tracks in formerly dry areas, tracks that subsequently cause balls to experience less friction and delayed hook. Balls tend to "roll out" (hook sooner but hook less) in response to breakdown, and, conversely, tend to skid longer (and hook later) in response to carry

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promulgate bowling ball specifications. USBC specifications include physical requirements for weight (≤16 pounds (7.3 kg)), diameter (8.500 inches (21.59 cm)—8.595 inches (21.83 cm)), surface hardness, surface roughness, hole drilling limitations (example: a single balance hole

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in competition, effective August 1, 2020, to prevent their changing ball dynamics. The USBC permits three ounces (85 grams) of static side weight and three ounces (85 grams) of top weight. These figures are up from one ounce (28 grams) following the August 1, 2020 rule change.

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denotes the ratio of the ball's forward (translational) speed to its rev rate (rotational speed) at time of release. This ratio continually decreases throughout the ball's travel until it reaches exactly 1.0 when full traction is achieved upon entering the roll phase. A

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The basic specifications of five-pin balls are the same a duckpin balls: diameters from 4.75 to 5.0 in (12.1 to 12.7 cm), weights from 3 pounds 6 ounces (1.5 kg) to 3 pounds 12 ounces (1.7 kg); the balls have no finger holes.

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particles embedded in reactive coverstocks reach through oil lane coatings to provide even greater traction. Ball manufacturers developed closely guarded proprietary blends including ground-up material such as glass, ceramic or rubber, to enhance friction.

742:"Weak" layouts ("pin down": pin between finger and thumb holes) hook sooner but have milder backend reaction, while "strong" layouts ("pin up": pin further from thumb hole than finger holes) enable greater skid lengths and more angular backend reaction. 706:

friction characteristics. Also, the ball's internal structure—especially the density, shape (symmetric vs. asymmetric), and orientation of its core (also called "weight block") relative to the ball's axis of rotation—substantially affect ball motion.

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Lane materials with softer surfaces such as wood engage the ball with more friction and thus provide more hook potential, while harder surfaces like synthetic compositions provide less friction and thus provide less hook potential.

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down—both resulting in light hits. Breakdown is influenced by the oil absorption characteristics and rev rates of the balls that were previously rolled, and carry down is mitigated by modern balls having substantial track flare.

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Finger inserts and thumb slugs are custom-fit urethane tubes inserted into the drilled holes, generally for balls with a fingertip grip. Finger inserts enhance the torque provided by the fingers after the thumb exits the ball.

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Commonly cited specifications, RG (radius of gyration) and Differential of RG (indicative of flare potential), plotted on orthogonal axes. Freeman & Hatfield (2018) minimize the contribution of differential to ball

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A complex interaction of a variety of factors influences ball motion and its effect on scoring results. The factors may be categorized as the bowler's delivery, the bowling ball's design, and the condition of the lane.

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Bowling ball motion is commonly broken down into sequential skid, hook, and roll phases. As the ball travels down the lane in the skid and hook phases, frictional contact with the lane causes the ball's forward

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Hook potential has increased so much that dry lane conditions or certain spare shots sometimes cause bowlers to use plastic or urethane balls, to purposely avoid the larger hook provided by reactive technology.

823:. A higher differential indicates greater track flare potential—more angular motion from the break point to the pocket—and a lower differential indicates lower flare potential and a smoother arc to the hook. 559:

Bowling ball motion is affected by various characteristics of delivery, as discussed by, for example, Freeman & Hatfield (2018). Ball motion is determined by a complex interaction of a variety of factors.

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length of the lane as experienced by the ball: greater loft distances effectively shorten the lane and provide greater length, while smaller loft distances engage the lane earlier and cause an earlier hook.

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The ball initially skids after first contact with the oily part of the lane, but enters a roll phase as full traction is eventually obtained in the dry portion of the lane. Side rotation and hook are not

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The lanes' physical topography—hills and valleys that diverge from an ideal planar surface—can substantially and unpredictably affect ball motion, even if the lane is within permissible tolerances.

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Various characteristics of ball core structure and coverstock composition affect a ball's motion throughout its skid, hook and roll phases. Such motion is largely (about 75%) governed by the lane's

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Bowling ball motion is affected by ball design, as discussed by, for example, Freeman & Hatfield (2018). See also the USBC ball motion study by Stremmel, Ridenour & Stervenz (published

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Bowling ball motion is affected by lanes' inherent characteristics (composition, topography), oil viscosity, environmental factors (temperature, humidity), and previous ball traffic.

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if the ball enters the roll phase immediately before impacting the pins, maximizing power imparted to the pins yet helping to provide an entry angle that minimizes ball deflection.

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Higher-friction surfaces (lower grit numbers) cause balls to hook earlier, and lower-friction surfaces (higher grit numbers) cause balls to skid longer before reacting (hooking).

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to hook, thus reducing observed hook though imparting more kinetic energy to the pins; conversely, slower speeds allow more time for greater hook though reducing kinetic energy.

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grip (ring finger inserted to the second knuckle but middle finger inserted only to the first knuckle). Many bowlers using the so-called "two-handed delivery" (which is still a

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occurs when balls remove oil from the lane as they pass, and deposit some of that oil on originally dry parts of the lane. The process of oil removal, commonly called

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discussion considers delivery characteristics separately, with the understanding that ball motion is determined by a complex interaction of a variety of factors.

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refers to how and where holes are drilled, in relation to the ball's locator pin and mass bias (MB) marker. Layout is determined with reference to each bowler's

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release, causes the ball to enter the roll phase before reaching the pins, sacrificing power to friction that would ideally be delivered to the pins to enhance

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Track flare—the sequence of oil rings showing migration of the ball's axis on successive revolutions through the oil pattern—is popularly thought to influence

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forms dry paths that subsequently cause balls to experience increased friction and to hook sooner. Conversely, the process of oil deposition, commonly called

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duckpin bowling . Candlepin balls deflect significantly upon impact, being even lighter than the 2 lb 8 oz (1.1 kg) candlepins themselves.

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the diameter of ten-pin balls, to match the smaller size of duckpins. Duckpin balls are sometimes used for scaled-down ten-pin bowling lanes installed in

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Differential of RG is the difference between maximum and minimum RGs measured with respect to different axes. Differential indicates the ball's track

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of axis tilt involve larger-circumference tracks with more frictional contact per revolution, thus providing less length and more hook.

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Adjusting screws at the sides of bowling lanes in this 1895 cross-sectional diagram show the recognized importance of controlling lane

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Bowling ball core ("weight block") technical specifications include RG, differential of RG, intermediate differential, and (a)symmetry.

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layout, the mass bias indicator visible. Urethane coverstocks provide gentler, less angular hooking motion than reactive resin balls.

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This 1894 patent shows how bowling balls once had a thumb hole and only a single finger hole. Bowling balls of the era were made of

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defines RG as "the distance from the axis of rotation at which the total mass of a body might be concentrated without changing its

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The USBC maintains a list, said to be updated weekly, of about 100 bowling ball manufacturers and their approved bowling balls.

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reactive coverstocks (combining the mid-lane reaction of solid coverstocks and the back-end reaction of pearl coverstocks), and

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grip (fingers inserted only to the first knuckle, enabling greater rev-generating torque), or less standard grips such as the

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speed). Especially as the ball encounters greater friction in the last ≈20 feet (approximate) of the lane, the ball's

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uses the same ball (and pins) as in ten-pin bowling. European nine-pin bowling balls (such as those used in German

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Benner, Donald; Mours, Nicole; Ridenour, Paul; USBC, Equipment Specifications and Certifications Division (2009).

2112: 1544: 1489: 553: 2663: 2577: 2006: 1670: 805: 735: 723: 212: 2180: 2178: 2176: 1465: 372:) do not insert their thumbs, thus allowing their fingers to impart even more torque than the fingertip grip. 194: 2633: 2476: 1737: 1028: 204:

layout (note green dot), the mass bias indicator visible. Reactive resin coverstocks increase hook potential.

20: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1588: 889: 2173: 769: 684: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2683: 2648: 2623: 2352: 2093: 2027: 1834:"Improving Your Release / Tools, techniques, and practice drills for developing a more effective release" 1763: 1714: 1367: 676: 130: 1118:"Bowling Technology Study: An Examination and Discussion on Technology's Impact in the Sport of Bowling" 484: 334: 259: 2613: 2608: 2435: 2249: 2144: 1569: 666: 547:(view from behind). Black rings show the smaller tracks characteristic of greater degrees of axis tilt. 470: 453: 1185:. Vol. 1, no. 3. New York: American Sports Publishing Company. December 1892. Archived from 426:

convergence of the ball's forward (translational) speed and rev rate (rotational speed) (bottom chart)

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release, causes the ball to reach the pins while still in the hook phase, resulting in a shallow

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frictional contact in the dry back end, thus promoting a sharper hook downlane, such as in the "

680: 613: 312: 178: 162: 2744: 2653: 2557: 2294: 1117: 734:—exhibited by successive tracks of oil in a "bowtie" pattern and caused by RG differential—the 851: 623:

Loft—the distance past the foul line at which the ball first contacts the lane—determines the

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Bowling Beyond the Basics: What's Really Happening on the Lanes, and What You Can Do about It

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coverstocks (including microscopic silica particles, favored for use on heavy oil volumes).

246: 2709: 2693: 2218: 1075:"Identifying the Critical Factors That Contribute to Bowling Ball Motion on a Bowling Lane" 750: 8: 2979: 2724: 2658: 1016: 953: 2927: 781: 140:(fingers insert to the second knuckle; thumb hole relatively close to the finger holes) 779:

Manufacturers commonly cite specifications relating to a bowling ball's core, include

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less frictional engagement and allow the ball to hook less and later (more "length").

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mug with a handle on the side (which has different widths in different directions).

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A polyester ("plastic") ball. Pin location is between finger holes and thumb hole (

62: 58: 2875: 2392: 1396: 1292:"Bowling Technology Study Conclusion / Research Summary and Specification Updates" 897: 2957: 2907: 2828: 2754: 2749: 2492: 1053: 1004: 961: 461:

and the ball enters the roll phase in which forward speed continues to decrease.

74: 70: 54: 1512:"What is the difference between Pin up and Pin down Drilling on a Bowling Ball?" 1344: 2998: 2962: 2885: 2865: 2840: 2734: 2729: 2316: 1349:

BowlingDigital.com (Courtesy of USBC Equipment Specification and Certification)

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contribution to ball motion if they have the same overall RG characteristics.

337:, but Freeman & Hatfield (2018) discount its contribution to ball motion. 26: 2992: 2952: 2764: 2526: 1315:"2020 USBC Rule Changes On Bowling Ball Weight Holes By MDM Bowling Coaching" 487:

that permits ball deflection and resultant leaves of the 10-pin, while a too-

216: 39: 2195: 2193: 1420:"Perfection Made Easy; Bowling a 300 Game Just Isn't the Feat It Used to Be" 1238: 1089:

Study began in 2005. Publication date is estimated based on article content.

2820: 2719: 2668: 2455: 2346: 2317:"Accessories and Equipment / Accessoires et équipements (2015-2016 Season)" 255: 121: 101: 2349:"Candlepin Bowling Rules / Pin specifications and ~ / Ball specifications" 2833: 2673: 2511: 2267: 2190: 966: 854:" of abrasives used—affects ball path (skid distance and hook intensity). 303: 241: 43: 30:

Comparative sizes of bowling balls, portrayed on boards of a bowling lane

2880: 1858:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). December 22, 2011. 1686: 1684: 1652:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). December 29, 2016. 273:

reactive coverstocks (having the greatest amount of microscopic pores),

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A polyester ("plastic") house ball, having large, non-custom holes in a

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have no holes, and are small enough to be held in the palm of the hand.

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ball's direction and waning speed (direction and size of brown arrows)

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grip (fingers inserted to the second knuckle as with "house balls"), a

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traditionally have holes for two fingers and the thumb. Balls used in

2714: 2678: 2516: 1986: 1681: 1673:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). April 18, 2016. 1609:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). April 13, 2015. 1239:

Wiseman, Lucas; United States Bowling Congress (USBC) (May 7, 2014).

1138: 1115: 1092: 930: 2937: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2203:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). June 28, 2016. 1866: 1825: 1706:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). July 28, 2016. 1665: 1663: 1644: 1642: 464: 2643: 2136:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). May 22, 2016. 1468:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). January 2015. 695: 390:

Progression of various quantities as the ball moves down the lane:

2461: 2348: 2211: 2922: 2806: 2237: 1976:"A Guide to Bowling Ball Cores, RG, Differential, and Coverstock" 1953:"A Guide to Bowling Ball Cores, RG, Differential, and Coverstock" 1660: 1639: 1607:"What Are The Boiled Down Factors Affecting Bowling Ball Motion?" 444:) speed to continually decrease, but to continually increase its 47: 1856:"Being Able To Adjust Your Axis Rotation Is A Tool Worth Having" 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 884: 172:

layout). Ball is used as a "straight ball" for some spare shots.

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to provide a flat and level surface for repeatable ball motion.

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rating) quantifies the degree to which a bowling ball core is

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A rough timeline of ten-pin bowling ball coverstock technology

2870: 2850: 1944: 1747: 1345:"Understanding the relationship between core and cover stock" 1168: 2932: 2436:"The insides of pro bowling balls will make your head spin" 2252:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2015. 2030:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2005. 2017: 1910:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2014. 1572:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2013. 304:§ Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion 278: 242:§ Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion 2775: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1696: 877:(greatest skid distance among reactive cover stocks), and 2260: 1343:

Siefers, Nick (USBC research engineer) (April 23, 2007).

1263:"USBC Equipment Specifications and Certifications Manual" 1095:"USBC Equipment Specifications and Certifications Manual" 1992: 1967: 1877: 1690: 1622: 1620: 1541:, Chapter 9 ("Track Flare, or Much Ado About Nothing?"). 1073:

Stremmel, Neil; Ridenour, Paul; Stervenz, Scott (2008).

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while a release with large side rotation causes greater

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evolving axis rotation (direction of yellow arrowheads)

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United States Bowling Congress (USBC) (February 2018).

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United States Bowling Congress (USBC) (February 2012).

683:(simulated in blue) reflecting migration of the ball's 281:

additives that enhance reaction on dry lane surfaces),

2128: 2126: 881:(combination of skid distance and back end reaction). 768:

Bowling balls with cores exposed, as displayed in the

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Muller, Derek and Zhang, Emily (September 25, 2021).

2425:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2412:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2115:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2096:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2051: 2049: 2009:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 1631:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 1617: 1591:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 1492:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 1445:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 1370:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 1224:. BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section). 2347:

New Hampshire Candlepin Bowling Association (2013).

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Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion

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2013 date estimated based on earliest archive date.

2123: 1934:"Picking a New Bowling Ball for the Average Bowler" 1241:"USBC Modifies Rule on Bowling Ball Gripping holes" 1232: 2046: 408:increasing rev rate (motion of yellow arrowheads) 1378: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 465:Effect of delivery characteristics on ball motion 2990: 2289: 2287: 2285: 1908:"Bowling Ball RG And Differential Range Ratings" 1564: 1562: 1460: 1458: 1456: 108:1892, in addition to larger, "regulation" balls. 104:(hardwood) balls of various diameters were used 2272:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC) 2184: 2167: 1819: 1785:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC) 1741: 1553: 1538: 1411: 1270:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC) 1245:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC) 1052:Freeman, James; Hatfield, Ron (July 15, 2018). 1051: 1038:bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC) 730:Though manufacturer literature often specifies 698:interaction with the ball, which exhibits both 2104: 2085: 1998: 1848: 1580: 1556:, Chapter 5 ("You Say You Want a Revolution"). 1483: 1481: 1479: 1434: 1329: 1196: 1139:United States Bowling Congress (USBC) (2021). 532:arrows: finger motion inducing axis rotation. 2791: 2477: 2282: 1559: 1453: 1359: 885:Effect of lane characteristics on ball motion 16:Ball used to hit pins in the sport of bowling 1822:, Chapter 13 ("Create a Bowler's Tool Kit"). 1283: 1255: 1761: 1476: 2798: 2784: 2484: 2470: 2342: 2340: 2309: 2201:"Bowling Lane Adjusting From Pair To Pair" 1936:. National Bowling Academy. May 13, 2024. 873:(longer skid distance than matte finish), 850:The texture of ball surfaces—measured in " 819:and contributes to how sharply a ball can 2187:, Chapter 16 ("Advanced Considerations"). 1298:. United States Bowling Congress (USBC). 499:. Ball speed and rev rate are said to be 2433: 2429:from the original on September 17, 2018. 2420: 2368:"Basics of candlepin vs. tenpin bowling" 2256:from the original on September 18, 2015. 2119:from the original on September 18, 2015. 2110: 2091: 2004: 1629:"The Simple Keys Of Bowling Ball Motion" 1626: 1586: 1509: 1487: 1466:"How Should My Bowling Ball Be Drilled?" 1440: 1374:from the original on September 26, 2022. 1355:from the original on September 20, 2018. 1228:from the original on September 17, 2018. 1219: 952: 896: 888: 845: 635: 434: 385: 339: 245: 235: 184:A polyurethane ("urethane") ball with a 25: 2599:WTBA World Tenpin Bowling Championships 2407: 2337: 2134:"Understand Your Bowling Ball Reaction" 2100:from the original on November 11, 2020. 2073:from the original on September 20, 2018 2013:from the original on February 26, 2021. 1744:, Chapter 8 ("Why Does My Ball Hook?"). 1710:from the original on November 10, 2016. 1490:"Your Bowling Ball Positive Axis Point" 1342: 1325:from the original on November 13, 2020. 1279:from the original on December 29, 2018. 1134:from the original on December 31, 2018. 1111:from the original on December 29, 2018. 957:A duckpin bowling ball in an adult hand 865:Reactive cover stocks finishes include 2991: 2355:from the original on January 26, 2016. 2278:from the original on November 6, 2018. 2225:. Narragansett Machine Company. 1895. 2207:from the original on October 31, 2016. 2140:from the original on December 2, 2018. 2034:from the original on November 24, 2005 2007:"How To Find A Skid-Flip Bowling Ball" 1993:Stremmel, Ridenour & Stervenz 2008 1973: 1950: 1914:from the original on December 26, 2014 1878:Stremmel, Ridenour & Stervenz 2008 1691:Stremmel, Ridenour & Stervenz 2008 1677:from the original on October 12, 2016. 1671:"Variables You Encounter When Bowling" 1656:from the original on February 9, 2017. 1576:from the original on January 16, 2019. 1365: 1312: 1289: 1157:from the original on November 2, 2021. 1047:from the original on December 7, 2010. 155:(fingers insert only to first knuckle) 150:Balls with custom finger inserts in a 2779: 2465: 2446:from the original on August 27, 2021. 2393:"Bowling Balls: An In-Depth Overview" 2170:, Chapter 14 ("Applying Your Tools"). 1613:from the original on August 18, 2015. 1520:(Web page archiving attempts failed.) 1417: 1397:"Bowling Balls: An In-Depth Overview" 2452:"The Fascinating Physics of Bowling" 2403:from the original on April 12, 2019. 2333:from the original on March 28, 2017. 2305:from the original on April 11, 2017. 2005:Carrubba, Rich (September 7, 2010). 1982:from the original on March 21, 2023. 1963:from the original on 25 August 2022. 1831: 1791:from the original on April 17, 2017. 1449:from the original on August 6, 2020. 1407:from the original on April 12, 2019. 2604:World Bowling Singles Championships 2491: 2416:from the original on 24 March 2023. 2092:Carrubba, Rich (February 4, 2013). 1940:from the original on July 19, 2024. 1862:from the original on March 5, 2021. 1844:from the original on April 5, 2019. 1774:from the original on April 2, 2016. 1635:from the original on July 23, 2021. 1627:Carrubba, Rich (February 5, 2013). 1589:"Understanding Bowling Ball Motion" 1510:Hickland, Ronald (April 11, 2017). 1472:from the original on July 11, 2015. 679:"—is progression of the ball's oil 456:(side rotation) causes the ball to 13: 2378:from the original on May 13, 2014. 2229:from the original on July 1, 2018. 2066:. United States Bowling Congress. 2028:"Ball Dynamics and Hook Potential" 1587:Carrubba, Rich (October 2, 2011). 1496:from the original on July 9, 2017. 1441:Carrubba, Rich (January 1, 2013). 1430:from the original on June 7, 2016. 1313:Barnes, Clifton (March 19, 2020). 1302:from the original on May 26, 2019. 1251:from the original on July 7, 2017. 1087:from the original on June 3, 2012. 1080:. United States Bowling Congress. 985: 570:Greater ball speeds give the ball 296: 14: 3020: 2385: 1595:from the original on May 5, 2023. 1031:"Pin Carry Study: Bowl Expo 2009" 994: 976: 269:Within the reactive category are 85: 2553:International Bowling Federation 2434:Horaczek, Stan (July 27, 2020). 2094:"Bowling Ball Surface Grit Pads" 1570:"Finger Inserts For New Bowlers" 1488:Carrubba, Rich (November 2012). 1368:"The Evolution of Bowling Balls" 1290:Bigham, Terry (April 24, 2018). 948: 940: 761: 749: 665: 652: 552: 537: 510: 277:reactive coverstocks (including 193: 177: 161: 129: 113: 94: 80: 1022: 479:release ratio, also known as a 2250:"Changing Lane Oil Conditions" 1366:Martin, Jimmy (May 12, 2011). 1306: 806:United States Bowling Congress 381: 1: 2634:European Bowling Tour Masters 1951:McEwan, Jason (August 2022). 1418:Barry, Dan (April 21, 2000). 1162: 702:friction characteristics and 581:Analysis of the influence of 491:release ratio, also called a 200:A reactive resin ball with a 21:Bowling ball (disambiguation) 2421:Carrubba, Rich (June 2012). 2410:"How Bowling Balls Are Made" 2234:release date: June 16, 2018. 1978:. National Bowling Academy. 1704:"Bowling Ball Reaction Keys" 1220:Carrubba, Rich (June 2012). 770:International Bowling Museum 227:weight holes (balance holes) 7: 2805: 2684:Mediterranean Challenge Cup 2649:PBA Tournament of Champions 2624:QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup 2185:Freeman & Hatfield 2018 2168:Freeman & Hatfield 2018 1820:Freeman & Hatfield 2018 1742:Freeman & Hatfield 2018 1554:Freeman & Hatfield 2018 1539:Freeman & Hatfield 2018 1516:CTDbowling.com News section 1183:Spalding's Athletic Library 1010: 603:is rev rate (radians/sec), 352:Holes may be drilled for a 301: 254:Bowling balls were made of 10: 3025: 2299:paramountindustriesinc.com 1650:"Your Bowling Ball Motion" 711:front end but establishes 687:on successive revolutions. 675:—not to be confused with " 239: 18: 2971: 2813: 2702: 2639:NCAA Bowling Championship 2591: 2535: 2499: 1141:"Playing Rules 2021-2022" 1034:(Slide show presentation) 830:rating (sometimes termed 828:intermediate differential 795:intermediate differential 345:Side view of ball motion: 75:European nine-pin bowling 2423:"Bowling Ball Evolution" 1957:National Bowling Academy 1443:"Reactive Bowling Balls" 1222:"Bowling Ball Evolution" 843:than symmetrical balls. 607:is ball radius (m), and 528:arrows: ball direction. 2111:Carrubba, Rich (2012). 1781:"Adjusting Entry Angle" 1764:"Bowling Release Ratio" 1762:O'Keefe, Bryan (2015). 869:(aggressive reaction), 524:arrows: ball rotation. 2654:PBA World Championship 2408:Carruba, Rich (2011). 1974:McEwen, Jason (2022). 1776:(date is approximate) 1768:usbcbowlingacademy.com 958: 906: 894: 855: 789:(commonly abbreviated 645: 427: 349: 251: 31: 2903:Cantabrian bolo palma 2689:World Ranking Masters 2629:European Bowling Tour 1793:(date is approximate) 956: 900: 892: 849: 639: 435:Stages of ball motion 389: 343: 249: 240:Further information: 236:Coverstock technology 29: 2694:World Tenpin Masters 2268:"Approved Ball List" 1832:Rose, Tyrel (2019). 971:amusement facilities 38:is a hard spherical 19:For other uses, see 2980:QubicaAMF Worldwide 2725:Glossary of bowling 2219:"Bowling Catalog E" 1017:Glossary of bowling 319:positive axis point 42:used to knock down 2928:Irish road bowling 2619:Pan American Games 2399:. March 31, 2017. 2397:Bowling This Month 1838:Bowling This Month 1424:The New York Times 1403:. March 31, 2017. 1401:Bowling This Month 1192:on March 27, 2020. 959: 909:The phenomenon of 907: 895: 856: 804:Analytically, the 787:differential of RG 782:radius of gyration 646: 585:(sometimes called 428: 420: 411: 402: 393: 350: 252: 32: 2986: 2985: 2773: 2772: 2664:U.S. Women's Open 2324:PhippsBowling.com 2295:"Duckpin Bowling" 2232:Project Gutenberg 2057:"Technical Terms" 1272:. February 2012. 1065:978-1 73 241000 8 810:moment of inertia 138:conventional grip 67:candlepin bowling 3016: 2913:Finnish skittles 2891:Taistelupetankki 2800: 2793: 2786: 2777: 2776: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2447: 2430: 2417: 2404: 2380: 2379: 2372:The Boston Globe 2364: 2358: 2356: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2291: 2280: 2279: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2246: 2235: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2171: 2165: 2142: 2141: 2130: 2121: 2120: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2072: 2061: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2024: 2015: 2014: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1904: 1881: 1875: 1864: 1863: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1794: 1792: 1775: 1758: 1745: 1739: 1712: 1711: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1679: 1678: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1566: 1557: 1551: 1542: 1536: 1521: 1519: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1485: 1474: 1473: 1462: 1451: 1450: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1393: 1376: 1375: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1340: 1327: 1326: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1267: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1217: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1180: 1172: 1158: 1156: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1099: 1088: 1086: 1079: 1069: 1048: 1046: 1035: 1001:nine-pin bowling 826:The lesser-used 817:flare potential, 765: 753: 685:axis of rotation 669: 656: 616:before hooking. 595: 556: 541: 514: 425: 421: 416: 412: 407: 403: 398: 394: 325: 306: 197: 181: 165: 133: 117: 98: 63:five-pin bowling 59:nine-pin bowling 46:in the sport of 3024: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3004:Ten-pin bowling 2989: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2967: 2809: 2804: 2774: 2769: 2698: 2587: 2531: 2495: 2493:Ten-pin bowling 2490: 2440:Popular Science 2391: 2388: 2383: 2374:. May 4, 2014. 2366: 2365: 2361: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2293: 2292: 2283: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2248: 2247: 2238: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2183: 2174: 2166: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2109: 2105: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1972: 1968: 1949: 1945: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1884: 1876: 1867: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1797: 1779: 1777: 1759: 1748: 1740: 1715: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1682: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1625: 1618: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1585: 1581: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1552: 1545: 1537: 1524: 1508: 1501: 1486: 1477: 1464: 1463: 1454: 1439: 1435: 1416: 1412: 1395: 1394: 1379: 1364: 1360: 1341: 1330: 1319:bowlersmart.com 1311: 1307: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1237: 1233: 1218: 1197: 1189: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1154: 1143: 1131: 1120: 1108: 1097: 1084: 1077: 1066: 1044: 1033: 1025: 1013: 997: 988: 986:Candlepin balls 979: 962:Duckpin bowling 951: 943: 911:lane transition 887: 777: 776: 775: 774: 773: 766: 758: 757: 754: 692: 691: 690: 689: 688: 677:flare potential 670: 662: 661: 657: 634: 593: 564: 563: 562: 561: 560: 557: 549: 548: 542: 534: 533: 515: 467: 437: 423: 419: 418: 414: 410: 409: 405: 401: 400: 396: 392: 391: 384: 323: 299: 297:Layout and grip 244: 238: 209: 208: 207: 206: 205: 198: 190: 189: 182: 174: 173: 166: 157: 156: 154: 145: 144: 143: 142: 141: 134: 126: 125: 118: 110: 109: 99: 88: 83: 71:duckpin bowling 55:ten-pin bowling 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3022: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2866:Bolas criollas 2863: 2858: 2853: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2814:Bowling venues 2811: 2810: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2448: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2387: 2386:External links 2384: 2382: 2381: 2359: 2336: 2308: 2281: 2259: 2236: 2210: 2189: 2172: 2143: 2122: 2103: 2084: 2045: 2016: 1997: 1985: 1966: 1943: 1925: 1882: 1865: 1847: 1824: 1795: 1746: 1713: 1695: 1680: 1659: 1638: 1616: 1598: 1579: 1558: 1543: 1522: 1499: 1475: 1452: 1433: 1410: 1377: 1358: 1328: 1305: 1282: 1254: 1231: 1195: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1136: 1113: 1090: 1070: 1064: 1049: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1012: 1009: 996: 995:Nine-pin balls 993: 987: 984: 978: 977:Five-pin balls 975: 950: 947: 942: 939: 886: 883: 767: 760: 759: 755: 748: 747: 746: 745: 744: 671: 664: 663: 658: 651: 650: 649: 648: 647: 633: 630: 558: 551: 550: 543: 536: 535: 516: 509: 508: 507: 506: 505: 485:angle of entry 481:speed-dominant 466: 463: 436: 433: 383: 380: 298: 295: 237: 234: 199: 192: 191: 183: 176: 175: 167: 160: 159: 158: 152:fingertip grip 149: 148: 147: 146: 135: 128: 127: 119: 112: 111: 100: 93: 92: 91: 90: 89: 87: 86:Specifications 84: 82: 79: 53:Balls used in 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3021: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2972:Manufacturers 2970: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2953:Spanish Bowls 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2876:Jeu provençal 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2766: 2765:Trick bowling 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536:Organizations 2534: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2223:Gutenberg.org 2220: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1504: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1448: 1444: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1286: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1171: 1167: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1083: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1058:. BowlSmart. 1057: 1056: 1050: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1002: 992: 983: 974: 972: 968: 963: 955: 949:Duckpin balls 946: 941:Manufacturers 938: 935: 932: 927: 923: 920: 916: 912: 904: 899: 891: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 860: 853: 848: 844: 841: 840:asymmetrical. 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 802: 800: 797:(also called 796: 792: 788: 784: 783: 771: 764: 752: 743: 740: 737: 733: 728: 725: 720: 718: 714: 708: 705: 701: 697: 686: 682: 678: 674: 668: 655: 643: 638: 629: 626: 621: 617: 615: 610: 606: 602: 598: 597: 588: 587:side rotation 584: 583:axis rotation 579: 575: 573: 568: 555: 546: 540: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:Axis rotation 513: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 472: 471:Release ratio 462: 459: 455: 454:axis rotation 451: 447: 443: 442:translational 432: 388: 379: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 346: 342: 338: 336: 332: 330: 321: 320: 315: 314: 307: 305: 294: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 263: 261: 257: 248: 243: 233: 231: 228: 223: 218: 217:World Bowling 214: 203: 196: 187: 180: 171: 164: 153: 139: 132: 123: 116: 107: 103: 97: 81:Ten-pin balls 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57:and American 56: 51: 49: 45: 41: 37: 28: 22: 2821:Basque bowls 2745:Perfect game 2669:USBC Masters 2506: 2439: 2396: 2371: 2362: 2323: 2311: 2298: 2271: 2262: 2222: 2213: 2106: 2087: 2077:25 September 2075:. Retrieved 2063: 2038:25 September 2036:. Retrieved 2000: 1995:, p. 8. 1988: 1969: 1956: 1946: 1928: 1918:25 September 1916:. 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