623:... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature.
536:. His hands were large, he had a good firm stance, and his neck and back were compact. If to the astute and meticulous observer he appeared to stoop slightly, that was not caused by any weakness of the vertebrae of the lower spine, but presumably there was some malformation there from birth. The skin all over his body was very pale, except for his face which was pale but with some colour to it too. His hair was light-colored and did not go down to his shoulders as it does with other barbarians; in fact, the man had no great predilection for long hair, but cut his short, to the ears. Whether his beard was red or of any other color I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it closely, leaving his chin smoother than any marble. However, it seemed that it would have been red. His eyes were light-blue and gave some hint of the man's spirit and dignity. He breathed freely through nostrils that were broad, worthy of his chest and a fine outlet for the breath that came in gusts from his lungs."
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699:, a prominent crusade leader, did not want to hand Antioch over to Bohemond. Raymond claimed that Bohemond and other leaders would be breaking their oath to Alexios, which was to give any conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond argued that because Alexios had failed to come to the crusaders' aid at Antioch that the oath was no longer valid. Bohemond set himself up as the Prince of Antioch, and no Latin crusader or Byzantine force came to take it from him. Raymond of Toulouse decided to give up Antioch to Bohemond in January 1099, as the other crusaders moved south to the
601:. Bohemond's reputation as an effective strategist and leader came from his fighting experience in the Balkans when he took charge of his father's army against Emperor Alexios (1082–1085). There Bohemond became familiar with various Byzantine and Muslim strategies, including an encircling strategy used by Turkish forces at the siege of Nicaea. Mounted archers would encircle the crusader force, who would be unable to retaliate using close combat weaponry. Bohemond's familiarity with this Eastern strategy allowed him to adapt quickly, leading to crusader victories through Antioch.
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738:'s power in the city. By submitting to the patriarch, Bohemond made connections to Jerusalem, a potential ally against future attacks on Antioch, and to remain in the Pope's good graces. While Bohemond had the fine territory, strategic position, and army necessary to found a principality in Antioch, he had to face two great forces—the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of
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943:, consented to receive Alexios' pay, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth, Bohemond was a broken man. He died six months later without returning to Antioch. With one last jab at Alexios, by not returning to Antioch the Treaty of Deabolis became null and void as it only applied to Bohemond himself. Antioch was left in Norman hands with Bohemond's nephew
850:). The defeat was decisive, making the great eastern principality which Bohemond had contemplated impossible. It was followed by a Greek attack on Cilicia and, despairing of his own resources, Bohemond returned to Europe for reinforcements in late 1104. It is a matter of historical debate whether his "crusade" against the Byzantine empire was to gain the backing and indulgences of
594:. Bohemond's best chance at gaining a favorable position was to be loyal to Alexios, which he attempted to prove while the crusaders were camped around Constantinople. Bohemond, proficient in Greek, was a conduit between Alexios and the crusade leaders. Bohemond also attempted to prove his loyalty by convincing other crusade leaders to take the oath of homage to Alexios.
573:'s force of 2,000 men. What contributed to the Norman army's reputation as a great fighting force was their experience fighting in the East. Many Normans had been employed as mercenaries by the Byzantine Empire. Others like Bohemond had experience fighting the Byzantines and Muslim groups in the East fifteen years prior with Robert Guiscard. Bohemond crossed the
1027:(1898) may also be consulted for his history. The only major biography (of Tancred) that exists in English is "Tancred: a study of his career and work in their relation to the First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states in Syria and Palestine" by Robert Lawrence Nicholson. Details of his pre-crusade career can found in Geoffrey Malaterra's
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barbarian's characteristics. His stature was such that he towered almost a full cubit over the tallest men. He was slender of waist and flanks, with broad shoulders and chest, strong in the arms; overall he was neither too slender, nor too heavily built and fleshy, but perfectly proportioned - one might say that he conformed to the ideal of
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tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of
882:, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince of Antioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fully deserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by the bishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, and many archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm.
878:' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding, elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed
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When he arrived at
Constantinople in April 1097, he took an oath of homage to Emperor Alexios, which he demanded from all crusade leaders. It's not clear what exact negotiations Bohemond and Alexios made concerning Bohemond governing the part of the eastern lands of the Byzantine Empire Alexios hoped
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was unsuccessful. Supply and pay problems (and the gifts promised to deserters by the
Byzantines) undermined the morale of the Norman army, so Bohemond returned to Italy for financial support. During his absence, most of the Norman commanders deserted to the Byzantines and a Venetian fleet recaptured
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and other contemporaneous writers accused his widow, Sikelgaita, of having poisoned Robert to secure Apulia for her son, Roger Borsa, but failed to establish her guilt. She persuaded the army to acclaim Roger Borsa his father's successor and they hurried back to
Southern Italy. Two months later, the
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Now the man was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans, be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly – he was so
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overlord of Gümüshtigin, heard of the proposed payment, he threatened to attack unless given half the ransom. Bohemond proposed instead a ransom of 130,000 dinars paid just to Gümüshtigin. The bargain was concluded, and Gümüshtigin and
Bohemond exchanged oaths of friendship. Ransomed by Baldwin of
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Afraid to weaken his forces at
Antioch, but not wishing to avoid the chance to extend his domain northwards, in August 1100 Bohemond marched north with only 300 knights and a small force of foot soldiers. Failing to send scouting parties, they were ambushed by the Turks and completely encircled at
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to
Constantinople. It is possible that Bohemond had religious reasons for joining the First Crusade. It is equally likely that he saw in the First Crusade the chance to gain a lordship in the Middle East. Lilie details that Bohemond's "father's second marriage deprived him of future prospects," in
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wrote a description of
Bohemond's physical appearance; “The appearance of this man was, to put it briefly, unlike that of any other man whether Greek or barbarian seen in those days on Roman soil. The sight of him inspired admiration, the mention of his name terror. I will describe in detail the
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He has oppressed many thousands of
Christians with wicked treachery, some consigned to shipwreck, many to poison, more still to exile, and countless others he has handed over to pagans. This emperor is not a Christian but a mad heretic, Julian the Apostate, another Judas, friend of the Jews,
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to
Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084 when attacking the Byzantine Empire. He was careful to observe the correct attitude towards Alexios along this route, which was mainly keeping his soldiers from plundering Byzantine villages en route to Constantinople.
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Emperor
Alexios was incensed that Bohemond had broken his oath made in Constantinople and kept Antioch for himself. When he heard of Bohemond's capture, he offered to redeem the Norman commander for 260,000 dinars, if Gümüshtigin would hand the prisoner over to Byzantium. When
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to his uncle's territory; he was now deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return. During the summer of 1103, the northern Franks attacked Ridwan of Aleppo to gain supplies and compelled him to pay tribute. Meanwhile, Raymond of Toulouse had established himself in
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Bohemond was then resolved to use his newly recruited army of 34,000 men not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexios. Bohemond took a route similar to the one that was successful for his father in Illyria and Greece. Alexios, aided by the
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Bohemond accompanied his father to the Byzantine Empire again in 1084, when they defeated the Venetian fleet and captured Corfu. An epidemic decimated the Normans and Bohemond, who was taken seriously ill, was forced to return to Italy in December 1084.
926:, proved to be much stronger than when he faced Bohemond and Robert Guiscard in 1082–1084. Alexios was used to Norman battle tactics and their strength, and decided on a war of attrition rather than face them head on. During the Norman
562:, a powerful Crusade leader, asking him to join forces to sack Constantinople. While Godfrey declined his offer, taking Constantinople was never far from Bohemond's mind, as seen in his later attempt to take over the Byzantine Empire.
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the crusaders would reclaim. Alexios had no reason to trust Bohemond enough to give him a position at the time, but hinted that he could get a position by proving his loyalty, similarly to Bohemond's half-brother
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bluntly states that Bohemond took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Byzantine lands. Another reason to suspect Bohemond's religious zeal is the supposed embassy Bohemond sent to
635:, the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemond's eastern principality. Bohemond was the first to take up a position before Antioch (October 1097). In the subsequent
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The Crusaders' troubles were not over, however, as Kerbogha started his own siege on Antioch. Bohemond was credited as the general and creator of the battle plan used to defeat Kerbogha by
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306:. In 1058, Pope Nicholas II strengthened existing canon law against consanguinity and, on that basis, Guiscard repudiated Alberada in favour of a then more advantageous marriage to
854:. Either way, he enthralled audiences across France with gifts of relics from the Holy Land and tales of heroism while fighting the infidel, gathering a large army in the process.
422:, but Alexios's agents stirred up a rebellion in Southern Italy, forcing Robert Guiscard to return to his realm in April. He charged Bohemond with the command of his army in the
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famously prevented him from landing on English shores, since the king anticipated Bohemond's great attraction to the English nobility. His newfound status won him the hand of
614:. She met him for the first time when she was fourteen and was seemingly fascinated by him, leaving no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemond, she wrote:
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1041:(1964) is a historical novel concerning the life of Bohemond and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemond also appears in the historical novel
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assembly of the Norman barons confirmed the succession, but Bohemond regarded himself his father's lawful heir. He made an alliance with Jordan of Capua, and captured
480:. Bohemond and Roger Borsa met at their father's tomb at Venosa to reach a compromise. Under the terms of their agreement, Bohemond received Taranto, Oria, Otranto,
287:. He was born between 1050 and 1058—in 1054 according to historian John Julius Norwich. He was baptised Mark, possibly because he was born at his father's castle at
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with the aid of Alexios, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south. Early in 1104, Baldwin and Bohemond passed Aleppo to move eastward and attack
692:. Running very low on food and supplies Bohemond took the initiative by leaving the city and attacking Kerbogha's forces, leading to a victory for the crusaders.
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which lay in the port of St. Simeon. Due to his successful efforts Bohemond was seen as the actual leader of the siege of Antioch, rather than the elected leader
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and other Norman barons in 1079. His father dispatched him at the head of an advance guard against the Byzantine Empire in early 1081 and he captured Valona (now
677:, one of the commanders of the city wall to end the siege of Antioch. However, he did not press to end the siege until May 1098 when learning of the approach of
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with a relief army. He then proposed to the other crusade leaders that the one to take Antioch should be put in charge of the city, as Alexios' representative
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had left in February 1098. Firouz led Bohemond's force up the walls of Antioch, allowing the Norman troops to infiltrate and ultimately capture the city.
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but he was forced by returning crusading leaders, including Raymond, to abandon the siege. Bohemond went together with Baldwin of Edessa to Jerusalem at
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Bohemond saw the root of his problems in Alexios and Constantinople when it came to preserving the Principality of Antioch. In speech at the shrine of
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360:, Robert's heir, claiming that the half-Lombard Roger would be the ruler most acceptable to the Lombard nobles in Southern Italy. Robert's nephew,
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to await the arrival of his father's forces. After Robert Guiscard arrived in the latter half of May, they laid siege to Dyrrhachium (present-day
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1094:, there are two campaigns relating to Bohemond for his victory against Alexia Kommenus and his defending against Kerbogha's siege of Antioch.
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Bohemond saw the opportunity to use the crusade for his own ends at the siege of Antioch. When his nephew Tancred left the main army at
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321:. With the annulment of his parents' marriage, Bohemond became a bastard. Before long, Alberada married Robert Guiscard's nephew,
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His nephew Tancred had taken his uncle's place for three years. During that time, he had attacked the Byzantines, and had added
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Bohemond renewed the war against his brother in the autumn of 1087. The ensuing civil war prevented the Normans from supporting
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Recalcitrant Crusaders?: The Relationship Between Southern Italy and Sicily, Crusading and the Crusader States, c. 1060–1198
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Fink, Harold S. (1969). "The Growth of the Latin States, 1118–1144". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
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Edessa, he returned in triumph to Antioch in August 1103. Instrumental in the release of Bohemond was according to
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Bohemond then wanted to take control of Antioch for himself, but there were some problems he had to face first.
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1007:, which is a panegyric of Bohemond's second-in-command, Tancred. His career is discussed by B. von Kügler,
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is a primary authority for the whole of his life. A 1924 biography exists by R. B. Yewdale. See also the
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through earlier campaigns with his father, he was the most experienced military leader of the crusade.
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A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
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Defending the City of God: A Medieval Queen, the First Crusades and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem
548:, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass on their way through
356:. She persuaded Robert's vassals who were present to proclaim her eldest son, the thirteen-year-old
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A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187
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388:, but did not invade the island since the local garrison outnumbered his army. He withdrew to
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pretending peace but inciting war, cut-throat to his brothers, a bloody Herod against Christ!
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Norman Italy. While he was well known as a warrior, Bohemond's lordship in Italy was small.
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of 1107–1108, Alexios blockaded the Norman camp until Bohemond was forced to negotiate.
484:(through the transfer of Geoffrey of Conversano's vassalage from Roger to Bohemond) and
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1074:(1949) written by Laverne Gay gives an embellished accounting of the life of Bohemond.
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Bohemond had to submit to a humiliating peace, all his ambitions destroyed. Under the
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to relieve the city from the east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the
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11/12th-century prince of Taranto and Antioch; military leader in the First Crusade
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but was captured. He was laden with chains and imprisoned in Neo-Caesarea (modern
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1099 to fulfill his crusade vows. While there he took part in the installation of
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From Constantinople to Antioch, Bohemond was a stand out among the leaders of the
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Robert Guiscard was taken seriously ill in early 1073. Fearing that he was dying,
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Whilst leading the campaign against Harran, Bohemond was defeated at Balak, near
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of Jerusalem, perhaps in order to check the growth of Godfrey and his knights of
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After the fall of Jerusalem, Bohemond was besieging the Byzantine garrison in
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The Normans captured Dyrrhachium on 21 February 1082. They marched along the
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1873:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–136.
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Bohemond came to France to seek by any means he could gain the hand of the
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The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099–1187
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The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c. 1024–c. 1198, Part II
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came to the rescue of the town but, on 18 October, his army suffered
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325:. She arranged for a knightly education for Bohemond. Bohemond was
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Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
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Conti, Emanuele (1967). "L'abbazia della Matina (note storiche)".
2009:
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1049:(1955), the short story "The Track of Bohemond" in the collection
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The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance
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1085:(writing as Jack Ludlow) casts Bohemond as the main protagonist.
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Bohemond and his Norman troops scale the walls of Antioch, in an
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In 1097, Bohemond and his uncle Roger I of Sicily were attacking
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Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse
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His parents were related within the degree of kinship that made
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Edgington, Susan (2006). "Bohemond I of Antioch (d. 1111)". In
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Capture of Antioch by Bohemond in June 1098, in a painting by
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A map of the routes of the major leaders of the First Crusade
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Bohemond fought in his father's army during the rebellion of
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A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years
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Chapter XII. The Foundations of the Latin States, 1099–1118
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in 1108, he became the vassal of Alexios with the title of
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2096:(Reprint). London : Cassell Military, 2002, pp. 5–7.
1970:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409.
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2210:. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409.
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God, Gold, or Glory: Norman Piety and the First Crusade
1966:." In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
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The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130
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A History of the Crusades: I. The First Hundred Years
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Geschichte der Normannen in Sizilien und Unteritalien
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742:. Against these two forces he would ultimately fail.
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1148:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–136.
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In 1100, Bohemond received a petition for help from
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234: – 5 or 7 March 1111), also known as
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2015:
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2459:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
2434:The Norman Campaigns in the Balkans: 1081–1108 AD
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2176:The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily
987:was written by one of Bohemond's followers. The
2267:Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2004).
258:on the quest eastward. Knowledgeable about the
639:, he played a key role in gathering supplies,
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2195:Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania
2169:(Master thesis). University of North Florida.
746:Wars between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire
488:, but acknowledged Roger Borsa's succession.
2248:Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204
2041:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
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2443:Bohemond of Taranto: Crusader and Conqueror
2092:Evelyn Waugh, "Preface", in Alfred Duggan,
1692:E.R.A Sewter Penguin Publishing pg 383-384
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1809:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 211.
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631:and attempted to establish a footing in
580:
505:
2473:
2449:
2354:
1802:
1665:
1641:
1626:
1585:
1573:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1510:
1474:
1445:
1406:
1391:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1289:
1274:
1262:
1231:
1173:
1113:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
886:Bohemond and Constance produced a son,
766:was preparing an expedition to capture
2713:
2313:
2294:
2140:
1991:
1979:
1855:
1823:
1796:
908:in early 1106, written down by Bishop
673:Bohemond was able to make a deal with
518:
426:. Bohemond defeated the Byzantines at
270:
2542:
2332:
2243:
2192:
2173:
1950:
1922:
1778:
1706:
1677:
1653:
1602:
1561:
1491:
1462:
1430:
1418:
1374:
1316:
1243:
1190:
2494:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2436:. Suffolk, UK: Boydell & Brewer.
2280:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2205:
2071:(Albericus Aquensis II. XI, p. 177).
1109:
1091:Age of Empires II: Lords of the West
1059:(1979) and in the fantastical novel
1025:Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem
454:
2771:People of the Byzantine–Norman wars
2746:People from the Province of Cosenza
2480:(PhD thesis). Princeton University.
2252:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
495:, and enabled the brothers' uncle,
341:" and spoke and possibly even read
13:
2642:
2486:
962:Bohemond I in literature and media
608:, leaves a portrait of him in her
442:; however, the six-month siege of
14:
2792:
1234:, pp. 116–117 (note 1), 227.
367:
2318:. St Martin's Publishing Group.
2163:Bartlett, Samuel Andrew (2008).
1843:
1021:Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges
1011:(1862); while L. von Heinemann,
539:
2761:Christians of the First Crusade
2736:12th-century princes of Antioch
2731:11th-century princes of Antioch
2086:
2058:
2016:Luscombe & Riley-Smith 2004
1956:
1683:
1207:"Bohemond II Prince of Antioch"
912:, Bohemond said of the emperor:
862:, daughter of the French king,
141:, County of Apulia and Calabria
2474:Yewdale, Ralph Bailey (1917).
2417:. Cambridge University Press.
2395:. Cambridge University Press.
2340:. Cambridge University Press.
2276:MacEvitt, Christopher (2010).
2244:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1993).
1159:The Crusades – An Encyclopedia
1151:
1130:
1103:
1:
2477:Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch
2271:. Cambridge University Press.
1097:
1070:The historical fiction novel
970:Depiction of Bohemond in the
265:
228:
127:County of Apulia and Calabria
113:
2492:Ghisalberti, Albert M. (ed)
2441:Theotokis, Georgios (2020).
2432:Theotokis, Georgios (2014).
2225:Hailstone, Paula Z. (2019).
2178:. McFarland & Co., Inc.
2055:, pp. 206–207, 212–213.
1806:The Portable Medieval Reader
1265:, pp. 116–117 (note 1).
1140:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
434:, taking control of most of
281:Count of Apulia and Calabria
7:
2781:Children of Robert Guiscard
2445:. Pen & Sword Military.
2299:. Oxford University Press.
10:
2797:
2109:
1116:. Routledge. p. 232.
384:in Albania). He sailed to
254:, leading a contingent of
246:from 1089 to 1111 and the
2653:
2640:
2577:
2526:
2516:
2507:
2502:
2295:Morton, Nicholas (2020).
2174:Brown, Gordon S. (2003).
2148:. Yale University Press.
1962:Fink, Harold S. (1969). "
897:Mausoleum of Bohemond in
866:. Of this marriage wrote
212:
202:
192:
180:
168:
158:
145:
136:5 or 7 March 1111 (56-57)
132:
109:
105:
95:
85:
77:
70:
60:
50:
42:
35:
26:
21:
2381:. New York: Basic Books.
2377:Rubenstein, Jay (2011).
1793:, pp. 167–168, 183.
604:The Emperor's daughter,
459:Robert Guiscard died at
329:. Apart from his native
275:Bohemond was the son of
2571:Principality of Antioch
2314:Newman, Sharan (2014).
1870:Encyclopædia Britannica
1211:Encyclopædia Britannica
1142:Encyclopædia Britannica
1136:Ernest Barker (1911). "
1029:Deeds of Count Roger...
950:Bohemond was buried at
906:Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat
447:Dyrrhachium and Corfu.
285:Alberada of Buonalbergo
207:Alberada of Buonalbergo
2647:
978:
919:
901:
888:Bohemond II of Antioch
884:
715:
670:
625:
586:
515:
378:Geoffrey of Conversano
300:their marriage invalid
283:, and his first wife,
240:Bohemond of Hauteville
175:Bohemond II of Antioch
2646:
2360:The Normans in Sicily
2067:records his death at
969:
914:
896:
880:Hugh, count of Troyes
872:
709:
661:
616:
584:
509:
469:William of Malmesbury
362:Abelard of Hauteville
323:Richard of Hauteville
225:Bohemond I of Antioch
65:Tancred of Hauteville
2451:Tyerman, Christopher
2356:Norwich, John Julius
1901:, pp. 169, 189.
1277:, pp. 116, 118.
1110:Lock, Peter (2013).
1009:Bohemund und Tancred
976:Merry-Joseph Blondel
928:siege of Dyrrhachium
701:capture of Jerusalem
510:Coat-of-arms of the
352:held an assembly in
2146:The Crusader States
1913:, pp. 195–196.
1889:, pp. 192–193.
1629:, pp. 267–268.
1576:, pp. 258–259.
1552:, pp. 249–250.
1409:, pp. 231–232.
1346:, pp. 195–196.
756:Gabriel of Melitene
697:Raymond of Toulouse
690:Raymond of Aguilers
560:Godfrey of Bouillon
523:Byzantine princess
519:Physical appearance
289:San Marco Argentano
271:Childhood and youth
236:Bohemond of Taranto
163:Constance of France
119:San Marco Argentano
2741:Princes of Taranto
2648:
1769:, pp. 169–70.
1052:The Road of Azrael
979:
974:in Versailles, by
972:"Hall of Crusades"
935:Treaty of Deabolis
910:Walram of Naumburg
902:
856:Henry I of England
776:Battle of Melitene
716:
671:
587:
555:Geoffrey Malaterra
516:
401:Alexios I Komnenos
2766:Hauteville family
2708:
2707:
2537:
2536:
2529:Prince of Antioch
2517:Succeeded by
2510:Prince of Taranto
2466:978-0-674-02387-1
2369:978-0-14-015212-8
2362:. Penguin Books.
2287:978-0-8122-4050-4
2259:978-0-19-820407-7
2185:978-0-7864-1472-7
2155:978-0-300-11312-9
2133:978-0-85115-661-3
2126:. Boydell Press.
1816:978-1-101-17374-9
1728:, pp. 71–72.
1617:, pp. 20–26.
1433:, pp. 57–58.
1304:, pp. 27–28.
1123:978-1-135-13137-1
1047:F. Van Wyck Mason
1017:Reinhold Röhricht
801:Matthew of Edessa
780:Baldwin of Edessa
629:Heraclea Cybistra
497:Roger I of Sicily
463:on 17 July 1085.
455:Succession crisis
405:a crushing defeat
398:Byzantine Emperor
374:Jordan I of Capua
319:Prince of Salerno
248:prince of Antioch
244:prince of Taranto
222:
221:
72:Prince of Taranto
37:Prince of Antioch
2788:
2579:Reigning princes
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2470:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2411:Runciman, Steven
2406:
2387:Runciman, Steven
2382:
2373:
2351:
2334:Nicol, Donald M.
2329:
2310:
2291:
2272:
2263:
2251:
2240:
2221:
2202:
2189:
2170:
2159:
2137:
2118:Asbridge, Thomas
2104:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1821:
1820:
1803:Various (1977).
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1729:
1723:
1714:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1495:
1489:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1107:
1057:Robert E. Howard
899:Canosa di Puglia
848:Battle of Harran
760:Gazi Gümüshtigin
728:Dagobert of Pisa
653:Stephen of Blois
645:Ridwan of Aleppo
637:siege of Antioch
310:, the sister of
260:Byzantine Empire
233:
230:
151:Canosa di Puglia
139:Canosa di Puglia
115:
31:
19:
18:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2756:Norman warriors
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2657:
2655:Titular princes
2649:
2638:
2581:
2573:
2569:Princes of the
2567:
2532:
2522:
2513:
2489:
2487:Further reading
2484:
2467:
2425:
2403:
2370:
2348:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2260:
2237:
2218:
2186:
2156:
2142:Barber, Malcolm
2134:
2112:
2107:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1899:Rubenstein 2011
1897:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1767:Rubenstein 2011
1765:
1761:
1755:Rubenstein 2011
1753:
1749:
1741:
1732:
1726:Rubenstein 2011
1724:
1717:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1498:
1490:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1373:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1180:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1108:
1104:
1100:
984:Gesta Francorum
964:
852:Pope Paschal II
748:
643:the attempt of
542:
521:
465:Orderic Vitalis
457:
409:Varangian Guard
370:
339:Lombard Italian
277:Robert Guiscard
273:
268:
231:
197:Robert Guiscard
154:
137:
117:
90:Robert Guiscard
17:
12:
11:
5:
2794:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Raymond-Roupen
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2407:
2401:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2352:
2346:
2330:
2325:978-1137437839
2324:
2311:
2306:978-0192557988
2305:
2292:
2286:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2241:
2236:978-1000764628
2235:
2222:
2216:
2203:
2190:
2184:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2138:
2132:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2094:Count Bohemond
2085:
2083:, p. 214.
2081:Theotokis 2014
2073:
2057:
2053:Theotokis 2014
2045:
2039:W. Treadgold,
2032:
2030:, p. 144.
2028:Theotokis 2020
2020:
2018:, p. 760.
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1955:
1943:
1939:Hailstone 2019
1931:
1915:
1911:Theotokis 2014
1903:
1891:
1887:Theotokis 2014
1876:
1865:Chisholm, Hugh
1857:Barker, Ernest
1822:
1815:
1795:
1791:Theotokis 2014
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1745:, p. 187.
1743:Theotokis 2014
1730:
1715:
1694:
1682:
1680:, p. 186.
1670:
1668:, p. 269.
1658:
1656:, p. 187.
1646:
1644:, p. 268.
1631:
1619:
1615:Hailstone 2019
1607:
1605:, p. 185.
1590:
1588:, p. 261.
1578:
1566:
1564:, p. 184.
1554:
1542:
1540:, p. 250.
1530:
1528:, p. 245.
1515:
1513:, p. 243.
1496:
1494:, p. 170.
1479:
1477:, p. 235.
1467:
1450:
1448:, p. 233.
1435:
1423:
1421:, p. 166.
1411:
1396:
1394:, p. 228.
1379:
1360:
1358:, p. 196.
1348:
1336:
1334:, p. 195.
1321:
1319:, p. 143.
1306:
1302:Hailstone 2019
1294:
1292:, p. 227.
1279:
1267:
1252:
1236:
1224:
1195:
1178:
1176:, p. 116.
1163:
1161:. pp. 175–176.
1150:
1129:
1122:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1083:David Donachie
1043:Silver Leopard
1035:Count Bohemund
1000:Gesta Tancredi
981:The anonymous
963:
960:
792:Kilij Arslan I
786:) until 1103.
747:
744:
565:He gathered a
541:
538:
520:
517:
456:
453:
369:
368:Byzantine wars
366:
272:
269:
267:
264:
220:
219:
217:Roman Catholic
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
149:
147:
143:
142:
134:
130:
129:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2793:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Italo-Normans
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2424:0-521-06162-8
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2402:0-521-06161-X
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:0-521-42894-7
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:. Routledge.
2228:
2223:
2219:
2217:0-299-04844-6
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2102:9780304362738
2099:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2065:Albert of Aix
2061:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2006:, p. 86.
2005:
2004:MacEvitt 2010
2000:
1994:, p. 83.
1993:
1988:
1982:, p. 18.
1981:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1953:, p. 64.
1952:
1947:
1941:, p. 27.
1940:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:public domain
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1781:, p. 13.
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1757:, p. 96.
1756:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1465:, p. 58.
1464:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1377:, p. 57.
1376:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1193:, p. 97.
1192:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1072:Wine of Satan
1068:
1066:
1065:Russell Hoban
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Alfred Duggan
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:Ralph of Caen
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
991:
986:
985:
977:
973:
968:
959:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
941:
936:
931:
929:
925:
918:
913:
911:
907:
900:
895:
891:
889:
883:
881:
877:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
803:the Armenian
802:
797:
793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
713:
712:Louis Gallait
708:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
669:
665:
660:
656:
654:
650:
649:Genoese fleet
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
624:
622:
615:
613:
612:
607:
602:
600:
599:First Crusade
595:
593:
583:
579:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
556:
551:
547:
540:First Crusade
537:
535:
530:
526:
513:
512:de Hauteville
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:Pope Urban II
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
466:
462:
452:
448:
445:
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433:
429:
425:
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412:
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365:
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328:
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313:
309:
305:
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296:
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286:
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263:
261:
257:
253:
252:First Crusade
249:
245:
241:
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226:
218:
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112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2721:1050s births
2670:Bohemond VII
2614:Bohemond III
2588:
2527:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2476:
2455:
2442:
2433:
2414:
2391:
2378:
2359:
2337:
2315:
2296:
2277:
2268:
2247:
2226:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2175:
2165:
2145:
2122:
2093:
2088:
2076:
2060:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1868:
1805:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1685:
1673:
1666:Norwich 1992
1661:
1649:
1642:Norwich 1992
1627:Norwich 1992
1622:
1610:
1586:Norwich 1992
1581:
1574:Norwich 1992
1569:
1557:
1550:Norwich 1992
1545:
1538:Norwich 1992
1533:
1526:Norwich 1992
1511:Norwich 1992
1475:Norwich 1992
1470:
1446:Norwich 1992
1426:
1414:
1407:Norwich 1992
1392:Norwich 1992
1356:Norwich 1992
1351:
1344:Norwich 1992
1339:
1332:Norwich 1992
1297:
1290:Norwich 1992
1275:Norwich 1992
1270:
1263:Norwich 1992
1239:
1232:Norwich 1992
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1210:
1174:Norwich 1992
1158:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1112:
1105:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:(1894), and
1012:
1008:
998:
995:Anna Comnena
988:
982:
980:
949:
938:
932:
920:
915:
903:
885:
873:
837:
809:
788:
772:
749:
717:
694:
687:
672:
668:Gustave Doré
626:
617:
609:
606:Anna Comnena
603:
596:
588:
575:Adriatic Sea
564:
543:
525:Anna Komnene
522:
490:
458:
449:
413:
371:
347:
327:multilingual
297:
274:
239:
235:
224:
223:
2726:1111 deaths
2680:Philippe II
2665:Bohemond VI
2658:(1268–1457)
2634:Bohemond VI
2619:Bohemond IV
2594:Bohemond II
2582:(1098–1268)
2520:Bohemond II
1992:Morton 2020
1980:Newman 2014
1023:(1901) and
958:, in 1111.
868:Abbot Suger
567:Norman army
416:Via Egnatia
358:Roger Borsa
232: 1054
100:Bohemond II
86:Predecessor
55:Bohemond II
2715:Categories
2629:Bohemond V
2589:Bohemond I
2533:1098–1111
2514:1088–1111
1951:Lilie 1993
1925:, p.
1923:Lilie 1993
1779:Lilie 1993
1709:, p.
1707:Lilie 1993
1678:Brown 2003
1654:Brown 2003
1603:Brown 2003
1562:Brown 2003
1492:Brown 2003
1463:Nicol 1992
1431:Nicol 1992
1419:Brown 2003
1375:Nicol 1992
1317:Brown 2003
1244:Conti 1967
1191:Brown 2003
1098:References
1081:series by
1061:Pilgermann
876:Lord Louis
805:Kogh Vasil
754:chieftain
621:Polycletus
534:Polyklitos
461:Cephalonia
418:as far as
350:Sikelgaita
308:Sikelgaita
266:Early life
242:, was the
187:Hauteville
22:Bohemond I
2599:Constance
2504:New title
2413:(1989b).
2389:(1989a).
1859:(1911). "
924:Venetians
860:Constance
844:Euphrates
732:Patriarch
724:Christmas
664:engraving
527:, in her
486:Gallipoli
436:Macedonia
304:canon law
153:Mausoleum
96:Successor
81:1088–1111
51:Successor
46:1098–1111
2776:Sebastoi
2700:John III
2685:Margaret
2453:(2006).
2358:(1992).
2336:(1992).
2201:: 11–30.
2144:(2012).
2120:(2000).
1861:Bohemund
1138:Bohemund
1079:Crusades
1067:(1983).
940:sebastos
864:Philip I
820:Massissa
768:Melitene
764:Sebastea
752:Armenian
736:Lorraine
679:Kerbogha
641:stopping
482:Brindisi
440:Thessaly
428:Ioannina
420:Kastoria
390:Butrinto
293:Calabria
213:Religion
123:Calabria
2695:John II
2609:Raynald
2604:Raymond
2496:. Rome.
2110:Sources
1867:(ed.).
1854::
1690:Alexiad
990:Alexiad
945:Tancred
842:on the
829:Tripoli
824:Cilicia
720:Latakia
683:Tetigus
633:Cilicia
611:Alexiad
571:Tancred
529:Alexiad
514:dynasty
478:Otranto
444:Larissa
430:and at
424:Balkans
396:). The
335:Romance
316:Lombard
256:Normans
2690:John I
2463:
2421:
2399:
2366:
2344:
2322:
2303:
2284:
2256:
2233:
2214:
2182:
2152:
2130:
2100:
2043:, 626
1863:". In
1848:
1813:
1213:. 2016
1120:
956:Apulia
952:Canosa
833:Harran
812:Tarsus
796:Seljuk
794:, the
784:Niksar
714:, 1840
675:Firouz
546:Amalfi
394:Durrës
331:Norman
314:, the
312:Gisulf
302:under
203:Mother
193:Father
159:Spouse
146:Burial
61:Regent
2675:Lucia
1217:5 May
846:(see
840:Raqqa
816:Adana
740:Syria
550:Italy
501:Melfi
386:Corfu
382:Vlorë
343:Greek
182:House
170:Issue
78:Reign
43:Reign
2461:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2069:Bari
1929:–42.
1811:ISBN
1219:2016
1118:ISBN
1077:The
818:and
774:the
476:and
474:Oria
438:and
432:Arta
354:Bari
133:Died
116:1054
110:Born
1088:In
1063:by
1055:by
1045:by
1037:by
1019:'s
1003:by
993:of
954:in
822:in
762:of
730:as
666:by
592:Guy
291:in
238:or
2717::
2199:35
2197:.
1927:39
1879:^
1825:^
1733:^
1718:^
1697:^
1634:^
1593:^
1518:^
1499:^
1482:^
1453:^
1438:^
1399:^
1382:^
1363:^
1324:^
1309:^
1282:^
1255:^
1248:24
1246:,
1209:.
1198:^
1181:^
1166:^
1146:4.
1144:.
1031:.
947:.
890:.
870::
835:.
814:,
703:.
503:.
467:,
411:.
376:,
345:.
295:.
279:,
229:c.
125:,
121:,
114:c.
2562:e
2555:t
2548:v
2469:.
2427:.
2405:.
2372:.
2350:.
2328:.
2309:.
2290:.
2262:.
2239:.
2220:.
2188:.
2158:.
2136:.
1819:.
1713:.
1711:5
1250:.
1221:.
1126:.
337:"
227:(
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