1035:, and settled many points which had previously been the subject of conjecture. He proved that the mechanism of the trap was purely mechanical by both killing the trigger hairs with iodine and subsequently showing that the response was unaffected, and by demonstrating that the trap could be made ready to spring a second (or third) time immediately after being set off if the bladder's excretion of water were helped by a gentle squeeze; in other words, the delay of at least fifteen minutes between trap springings is due solely to the time needed to excrete water, and the triggers need no time to recover irritability (unlike the reactive trigger hairs of
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778:
682:
44:
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1125:. The upper and lower faces of the leaf are differentially associated with genetic markers. The marker UgPHV1 is associated with the upper leaf face. Trap primordia become spherical in shape, due to growth in both the longitudinal and transverse directions, when UgPHV1 / PHAVOLUTA (PHV) is restricted. Expression of UgPHV1 inhibits trap development and leads to the formation of leaflets. The same model can be used to describe shape development of other leaf shapes, including the pitcher-shaped
318:. Despite their small size, the traps are extremely sophisticated. In the active traps of the aquatic species, prey brush against trigger hairs connected to the trapdoor. The bladder, when "set", is under negative pressure in relation to its environment so that when the trapdoor is mechanically triggered, the prey, along with the water surrounding it, is sucked into the bladder. Once the bladder is full of water, the door closes again, the whole process taking only ten to fifteen milliseconds.
71:
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1183:(ROS)-detox. ROS is a product of cellular metabolism that can potentially cause cellular damage when accumulated in high amounts. They determined the expression of DNA repair and ROS detox was ubiquitous rather than trap-specific. Due to this ubiquitous expression, relative ROS detoxification is expected to be lower in trap structures due to the high respiratory rate caused by trap activations, eventually leading to higher toxic effects and
3014:
858:. In fact, these bristles are simply levers. The suction force exerted by the primed bladder on the door is resisted by the adhesion of its flexible bottom against the soft-sealing velum. The equilibrium depends quite literally on a hair trigger, and the slightest touch to one of the lever hairs will deform the flexible door lip enough to create a tiny gap, breaking the seal.
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prove too large for the mouth of the trap and would remain outside, plugging the door. When this happened, the trap evidently formed an effective seal with the head of the larva as it could still excrete water and become flattened, but it would nevertheless die within about ten days "evidently due to overfeeding".
442:. They can range in size from 0.2 to 10 cm (0.08 to 4 in) wide, and have two asymmetric labiate (unequal, lip-like) petals, the lower usually significantly larger than the upper. They can be of any colour, or of many colours, and are similar in structure to the flowers of a related carnivorous genus,
1003:(ROS) which can be very harmful, unlike its fully reduced counterpart, the water molecule. When there is greater potential change between the lumen and intermembrane space, the leakiness of the electron transport chain also increases, therefore creating a higher production of ROS in the mitochondria of
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needlessly. Epiphytic species have unbranched antennae which curve in front of the mouth and probably serve the same purpose, although it has been observed that they are also capable of holding a pocket of water in front of the mouth by capillary action, and that this assists with the trapping action.
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Silva S.R., Gibson R., Adamec L., DomĂnguez Y., Miranda V.F.O.. (2018) Molecular phylogeny of bladderworts: A wide approach of
Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) species relationships based on six plastidial and nuclear DNA sequences, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 118, Pages 244-264, ISSN
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Prior to Lloyd, several authors had reported this phenomenon and had attempted to explain it by positing that creatures caught by the tail repeatedly set off the trap as they thrash about in an attempt to escape—even as their tails are actively digested by the plant. Lloyd, however, demonstrated that
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at the extremities of their stems: as the autumnal light fails and growth slows down, the main plant may rot away or be killed by freezing conditions, but the turions will separate and sink to the bottom of the pond to rest beneath the coming ice until the spring, when they will return to the surface
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Lloyd concluded that the sucking action produced by the excretion of water from the bladder was sufficient to draw larger soft-bodied prey into the trap without the need for a second or further touch to the trigger levers. An animal long enough not to be fully engulfed upon first springing the trap,
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As water is pumped out, the bladder's walls are sucked inwards by the negative pressure created, and any dissolved material inside the bladder becomes more concentrated. The sides of the bladder bend inwards, storing potential energy like a spring. Eventually, no more water can be extracted, and the
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Bladders are hollow underwater suction cups, also known as utricles, that possess a valve with bristles that open and close. The bladder walls are very thin and transparent but are sufficiently inflexible to maintain the bladder's shape despite the vacuum created within. The entrance, or 'mouth', of
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Mosquito larvae, caught by the tail, would be engulfed bit by bit. A typical example given by Lloyd showed that a larva of a size at the upper limit of what the trap could manage would be ingested stage by stage over the course of about twenty-four hours; but that the head, being rigid, would often
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Once inside, the prey is dissolved by digestive secretions. This generally occurs within a few hours, although some protozoa appear to be highly resistant and have been observed to live for several days inside the trap. All the time, the trap walls continue to pump out water, and the bladder can be
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can survive almost anywhere where there is fresh water for at least part of the year; only
Antarctica and some oceanic islands have no native species. The greatest species diversity for the genus is seen in South America, with Australia coming a close second. In common with most carnivorous plants,
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Very thin strands of albumen could be soft and fine enough to allow the trapdoor to close completely; these would not be drawn in any further unless the trigger hairs were indeed stimulated again. On the other hand, a human hair, finer still but relatively hard and unyielding, could prevent a seal
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are often split into two categories: suspended and affixed aquatic. Suspended aquatics are species which are not rooted into the ground and are free-floating, often found in nutrient poor sites. Conversely, fixed aquatics are species which have at least some of their shoots rooted into the ground.
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He tested the role of the velum by showing that the trap will never set if small cuts are made to it; and showed that the excretion of water can be continued under all conditions likely to be found in the natural environment, but can be prevented by driving the osmotic pressure in the trap beyond
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tend to have larger bladders—up to 1.2 cm (0.47 in)—and the mouth of the trap is usually surrounded not by a beak but by branching antennae, which serve both to guide prey animals to the trap's entrance and to fend the trap mouth away from larger bodies which might trigger the mechanism
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can require a winter period in which they die back each year, and they will weaken in cultivation if they are not given it; tropical and warm-temperate species, on the other hand, require no dormancy. Floating bladderworts in cold temperate zones such as the UK and
Siberia can produce winter buds
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beneath the surface of their substrate, whether that be pond water or dripping moss in the canopy of a tropical rainforest. To these stolons are attached both the bladder traps and photosynthetic leaf-shoots, and in terrestrial species the shoots are thrust upward through the soil into the air or
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According to the ROS mutation hypothesis, the sequestration of these protons has cellular consequences, which could lead to nucleotide substitutions. Oxidative phosphorylation is an imperfect process, which allows electrons to leak into the lumen, and only partially reduce oxygen. This partially
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Once the seal is disturbed, the bladder walls instantly spring back to a more rounded shape; the door flies open and a column of water is sucked into the bladder. The animal which touched the lever, if small enough, is inevitably drawn in, and as soon as the trap is filled, the door resumes its
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community of microbes, which may be a very important factor in digestion of prey within
Utricularia. Bacteria consume dissolved organic material which is not able to be directly ingested by larger organisms. When bacteria absorb dissolved organic material, they also release nutrients, which
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the trap is a circular or oval flap whose upper half is joined to the body of the trap by very flexible, yielding cells which form an effective hinge. The door rests on a platform formed by the thickening of the bladder wall immediately underneath. A soft but substantial membrane called the
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but thin and soft enough to allow the door to return fully to its set position, would indeed be left partly outside the trap until it or another body triggered the mechanism once again. However, the capture of hard bodies not fully drawn into the trap would prevent its further operation.
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stretches in a curve around the middle of this platform, and helps seal the door. A second band of springy cells crosses the door just above its lower edge and provides the flexibility for the bottom of the door to become a bendable 'lip' which can make a perfect seal with the velum.
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and adapted to rapidly moving streams or even waterfalls. The plants are usually found in acidic waters, but they are quite capable of growing in alkaline waters and would very likely do so were it not for the higher level of competition from other plants in such areas. Aquatic
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allowed for radical morphological evolution of relatively simple trap structures to highly complex and efficient snares. This adaptation may have enhanced the genus' fitness by increasing its range of prey, rate of capture, and retention of nutrients during prey decomposition.
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have tiny traps (sometimes as small as 0.2 mm; 1/100") with a broad beak-like structure extending and curving down over the entrance; this forms a passageway to the trapdoor and may help prevent the trapping and ingestion of inorganic particles. Aquatic species, like
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traps often collect a diversity of microplankton and detritus. When this periphyton is dissolved into basic nutrients within the bladder environment, bacterial enzymes help aid in digestion. Therefore, carbon secretion and periphyton utilization in the utricles enable
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Jobson, R. W., Playford, J., Cameron, K. M., & Albert, V. A. (2003). Molecular
Phylogenetics of Lentibulariaceae Inferred from Plastid rps16 Intron and trnL-F DNA Sequences: Implications for Character Evolution and Biogeography. Systematic Botany, 28 (1),
480:) flowers; but the same plant or species might produce open, insect-pollinated flowers elsewhere or at a different time of year, and with no obvious pattern. Sometimes, individual plants have both types of flower at the same time: aquatic species such as
492:, for example, usually have open flowers riding clear of the water and one or more closed, self-pollinating flowers beneath the water. Seeds are numerous and small and for the majority of species are 0.2 to 1 mm (0.008 to 0.04 in) long.
1080:(egg white) into hot water and selecting shreds of an appropriate length and thickness. When caught by one end, the strand would gradually be drawn in, sometimes in sudden jumps, and at other times by a slow and continuous motion. Strands of
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consisting of approximately 233 species (precise counts differ based on classification opinions; a 2001 publication lists 215 species). They occur in fresh water and wet soil as terrestrial or aquatic species across every continent except
365:
The main part of a bladderwort plant always lies beneath the surface of its substrate. Terrestrial species sometimes produce a few photosynthetic leaf-shoots. The aquatic species can be observed below the surfaces of ponds and streams.
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Softer-bodied prey of the same size such as small tadpoles could be ingested completely, because they have no rigid parts and the head, although capable of plugging the door for a time, will soften and yield and finally be drawn in.
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trap evolution as these microbes may have allowed these plants to acquire the needed nutrients when they lost their roots, as they may have had issues acquiring phosphorus. Phosphorus was found to be the most important factor in
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Biogeographic patterns associated with the boreotropic hypothesis lists the origin of
Lentibulariaceae to temperate Eurasia or tropical America. Based on fossilised pollen and insular separation, the last common ancestor of
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About 80% of the species are terrestrial, and most inhabit waterlogged or wet soils, where their tiny bladders can be permanently exposed to water in the substrate. Frequently they will be found in marshy areas where the
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Approximately 20% of the species are aquatic. Most of these drift freely over the surface of ponds and other still, muddy-bottomed waters and only protrude above the surface when flowering, although a few species are
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refers to the bladder-like traps. The aquatic members of the genus have the largest and most obvious bladders, and these were initially thought to be flotation devices before their carnivorous nature was discovered.
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nuclear genome sequencing project. They recorded increased nucleotide substitution rates in chloroplast, mitochondrial, and cellular genomes. They also recorded increased levels of DNA repair-associated proteins and
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Laakkonen, L., Jobson, R. W., & Albert, V. A. (2006). A new model for the evolution of carnivory in the bladderwort plant (utricularia): adaptive changes in cytochrome C oxidase (COX) provide respiratory power.
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leaves appear similar early in development but may develop into either a spherical trap or a cylindrical leaflet at later stages. Directional expansion of the leaf is suggested to be a crucial driver of the trap's
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These plants often have dimorphic shoots, some which are leafy, green, and often bladderless which float in the water, and others which are white and coated with bladders that affix the plant to the ground.
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Sirova D., Borovec, Jakub B.,Rejmankova E., Adamec L., Vrba J. (2009) Microbial community development in the traps of aquatic
Utricularia species, Aquatic Botany, Volume 90, Issue 2, Pages 129-136, ISSN
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on nodding stems. The epiphytic species of South
America, however, are generally considered to have the showiest, as well as the largest, flowers. It is these species that are frequently compared with
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shows the relationship between various subgenera and sections. It summarizes the results of two studies (Jobson et al. 2003; MĂĽller et al. 2004), following MĂĽller et al. 2006. Since the sections
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Albert VA, Jobson RW, Michael TP, Taylor DJ. (2010) The carnivorous bladderwort (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae): a system inflates, Journal of
Experimental Botany, Volume 61, Issue 1, Pages 5–9.
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bladder size, root structure, and relaxed body formation. Overall, the introduction of mutated COXI and high mutation rates provide a strong evolutionary hypothesis for the variability found in
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The ancestral line of
Utricularia is thought to have been terrestrial. From terrestrial forms, epiphytic forms evolved independently three times and aquatic life forms arose four times in genus
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and resume growth. Many Australian species will grow only during the wet season, reducing themselves to tubers only 10 mm (0.4 in) long to wait out the dry season. Other species are
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to show how genes may control the formation of the upper and lower surfaces of flat leaves and how cup-shaped traps may have evolved from flat leaves. Changes in the gene expression of
2931:
Whitewoods, Christopher D.; Gonçalves, Beatriz; Cheng, Jie; Cui, Minlong; Kennaway, Richard; Lee, Karen; Bushell, Claire; Yu, Man; Piao, Chunlan; Coen, Enrico (3 January 2020).
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process where organisms are sucked in by internal negative pressure achieved by pumping water out of the trap and into the external environment. Recent research suggests that
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and under the door, this is produced in greater quantities and contains sugars. The mucilage certainly contributes towards the seal, and the sugars may help to attract prey.
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is purely mechanical; no reaction from the plant (irritability) is required in the presence of prey, in contrast with the triggered mechanisms employed by Venus flytraps (
1187:. Mutagenic action of enhanced ROS production may explain both high rates of nucleotide substitution and the dynamic evolution of genome size (via double strand breaks).
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There are also a few lithophytic species which live on wet surfaces of cliffs and mossy rocks and rheophytic species which live in shallow rivers and streams.
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has a variety of life forms, including terrestrial, lithophytic, aquatic, epiphytic, and rheophytic forms which are all highly adapted for their environments.
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Castaldi, V., Bellino, A., & Baldantoni, D. (2023). The ecology of bladderworts: The unique hunting-gathering-farming strategy in plants. Food Webs, 35.
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they grow in moist soils which are poor in dissolved minerals, where their carnivorous nature gives them a competitive advantage; terrestrial varieties of
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are carnivorous and capture small organisms by means of bladder-like traps. Terrestrial species tend to have tiny traps that feed on minute prey such as
1336:. Some monotypic sections have not been included in the study, so that their place in this system is unclear. Sections that are not included below are
582:, and can be found growing in wet moss and spongy bark on trees in rainforests, or even in the watery leaf-rosettes of other epiphytes such as various
887:’s trap is sealed and contains all the needed components of a microbial food web, one can assume that much enzyme activity and available nutrients in
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Miranda, Vitor F. O.; Silva, Saura R.; Reut, Markus S.; Dolsan, Hugo; Stolarczyk, Piotr; Rutishauser, Rolf; PĹ‚achno, Bartosz J. (3 December 2021).
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bladders combined with the unique sequestration of protons could lead to its high nucleotide substitution rates, and therefore its wide diversity.
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The plants are as highly adapted in their methods of surviving seasonally inclement conditions as they are in their structure and feeding habits.
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rates than most vegetative tissue, primarily due to their complex energy-dependent traps. Upon triggering, prey is captured through a two-step
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Bladderwort trap mechanism: seen from below, a bladder squeezed by water excretion suddenly swells as its trapdoor is released by an errant
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Flowers are the only part of the plant clear of the underlying soil or water. They are usually produced at the end of thin, often vertical
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This structural evolution seems highly unlikely to have arisen by chance alone; therefore, many researchers suggest this key adaption in
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swimming in water-saturated soil. The traps can range in size from 0.02 to 1.2 cm (0.008 to 0.5 in). Aquatic species, such as
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Lloyd devoted several studies to the possibility, often recounted but never previously accounted for under scientific conditions, that
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is an aquatic species and grows into branching rafts with individual stolons up to one metre or longer in ponds and ditches throughout
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1007:. ROS is harmful to cells, as it produces damage to nucleotides and helical DNA. Therefore, the increased cellular respiration of
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Extending outwards from the bottom of the trapdoor are several long bristle-stiff protuberances that are sometimes referred to as
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can consume larger prey such as young tadpoles and mosquito larvae by catching them by the tail, and ingesting them bit by bit.
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in 1989. Taylor's classification is now generally accepted with modifications based on phylogenetic studies (see below).
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291:(common bladderwort), possess bladders that are usually larger and can feed on more substantial prey such as water fleas
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This genus was considered to have 250 species until Peter Taylor reduced the number to 214 in his exhaustive study
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Bladderworts are unusual and highly specialized plants, and the vegetative organs are not clearly separated into
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to optimize power output (energy Ă— rate) during times of need, albeit with a 20% cost in energy efficiency.
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is very close to the surface. Most of the terrestrial species are tropical, although they occur worldwide.
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The dramatic shift in genome size and high mutation rates may have allowed for the variations observed in
661:, and to Africa. There were most likely other transcontinental dispersals, one of which is represented by
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and others–in very wet areas where continuously moving water removes most soluble minerals from the soil.
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827:). The only active mechanism involved is the constant pumping out of water through the bladder walls by
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probably diverged from its sister genus 30 mya and subsequently dispersed to Australia, represented by
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lack a root system. Bladder traps are recognized as one of the most sophisticated structures in the
801:. The bladder sucks in the nearby water, including the unfortunate animal which triggered the trap.
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2404:"Developmental Genetics and Morphological Evolution of Flowering Plants, Especially Bladderworts (
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2563:"A Historical Perspective of Bladderworts (Utricularia): Traps, Carnivory and Body Architecture"
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closed position—the whole operation being completed in as little as one-hundredth of a second.
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by their possession of four calyx lobes rather than two. The genus has now been subsumed into
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Adlassnig, Wolfram; Peroutka, Marianne; Lambers, Hans; Lichtscheidl, Irene K. (1 July 2005).
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2933:"Evolution of carnivorous traps from planar leaves through simple shifts in gene expression"
2444:"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet"
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could sequester protons are store them until the ATP is needed. Such decoupling would allow
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to Eurasia probably occurred through the Bering Strait via long-distance dispersal 4.7 mya.
600:-like flowers and are the most ornamentally sought after. Rosette-forming epiphytes such as
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being formed; these would prevent the trap from resetting at all due to leakage of water.
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Recent Progress in Understanding the Evolution of Carnivorous Lentibulariaceae (Lamiales)
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the plant is quite capable of ingestion by stages without the need of multiple stimuli.
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Chris Whitewoods has developed a computational model of possible genetic regulation in
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are the most sophisticated carnivorous trapping mechanism to be found anywhere in the
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bladders are found with a wide diversity of bacteria to aid in phosphorus digestion.
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Bladderwort traps: long, usually branching (but here simplified), antennae guide
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891:’s trap fluid are derived from these microbial communities. Additionally,
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to North America probably occurred 12mya from South America. The dispersal of
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Certain plants in particular seasons might produce closed, self-pollinating (
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can frequently be found alongside representatives of the carnivorous genera–
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pathway associated with the synthesis of ATP, has evolved under positive
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Article in Wired magazine featuring video of the plant trapping its food
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He produced suitable artificial "prey" for his experiments by stirring
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403:, a word which has many related meanings but which most commonly means
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361:, showing stolon, branching leaf-shoots and transparent bladder traps.
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1219:. It is one of the three genera that make up the Bladderwort family (
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conducted extensive experiments with carnivorous plants, including
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clade. There appear to be adaptive substitutions of two contiguous
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K. F. MĂĽller, T. Borsch, L. Legendre, S. Porembski, W. Barthlott:
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clade was found to be a South American lineage that arose 39 mya.
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732:(though they come in various shapes) and attach to the submerged
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but which have no similarity to the sensitive triggers found in
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2408:): Fuzzy Arberian Morphology Complements Classical Morphology"
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would often be fully ingested in as little as twenty minutes.
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Mutualism could have been an important association in aquatic
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trap, in terms of the spatial regulation of gene expression.
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ready for its next capture in as little as 15 to 30 minutes.
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82:
1271:, previously distinguished from the otherwise similar genus
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2640:"Bagpipe in Latin - English-Latin Dictionary | Glosbe"
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Most species form long, thin, sometimes branching stems or
326:
322:
2810:
Agrawal, Arpita; Pareek, Ashwani; Dkhar, Jeremy (2022).
2684:, revised edition. MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
983:, suggests a conformational change that might decouple
839:
rather than physical pressure is the limiting factor).
2560:
1259:, the pink petticoats, contained just two species of
636:
270:, especially amongst carnivorous plant enthusiasts.
2876:"Form Follows Function: How to Build a Deadly Trap"
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2809:
2442:Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021).
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2323:The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants
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1043:normal limits by the introduction of glycerine.
971:. This C-C motif, absent in ~99.9% of databased
2812:"Genetic Basis of Carnivorous Leaf Development"
2309:
1332:, they show up multiple times in the cladogram
728:. The bladders are usually shaped similarly to
455:are often described as similar to small yellow
2299:. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIV: London.
2289:
1161:genomes known. A recent study conducted three
1134:Increased respiration rates caused by mutated
357:The tip of one stolon from a U.K. instance of
3107:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2296:The genus Utricularia - a taxonomic monograph
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
1243:The genus Utricularia – a taxonomic monograph
1138:may have caused two additional traits in the
2750:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2023.e00273
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
900:to live with relatively little competition.
712:Authorities on the genus, such as botanists
606:put out runners, searching for other nearby
3045:The International Carnivorous Plant Society
2869:
2867:
2865:
2722:
2707:
1046:
967:) at the docking point of COX1 helix 3 and
787:to the trapdoors of an aquatic bladderwort.
720:, agree that the vacuum-driven bladders of
495:
3114:
3100:
2924:
2805:
2803:
2667:
2266:
869:
835:bladder trap is 'fully set' (technically,
748:The outer cells of the whole trap excrete
465:can produce the effect of a field full of
221:
42:
2956:
2891:
2845:
2827:
2615:
2591:
2581:
2459:
2437:
2435:
2423:
2336:
2326:. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, California.
883:facilitates photo-autotrophic growth. As
578:Some South American tropical species are
262:, which are often compared with those of
2873:
2862:
2492:
2248:
2246:
1061:
790:
776:
693:
680:
505:
424:
352:
3447:International Carnivorous Plant Society
2800:
1116:can explain these structural changes.
919:
241:, commonly and collectively called the
14:
3911:
2554:
2432:
2385:. The Ronald Press Company: New York.
1022:
987:from proton pumping. By doing so, the
943:(COX1), a rate limiting enzyme in the
451:The flowers of aquatic varieties like
3487:
3486:
3467:List of carnivorous plant periodicals
3457:North American Sarracenia Conservancy
3095:
2999:, in: Plant Biology, 2006; 8: 748-757
2784:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2757:
2699:
2697:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2461:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429
2243:
1142:clade: i) greatly increased rates of
1072:is held aloft by a rosette of floats.
772:
3870:318a5dd0-f2d7-48d0-8492-6962be3e3fce
3782:61f6d6bc-ac3b-4a4b-8489-0506b2870bc1
515:growing in a rice paddy in Thailand.
1304:. The genus has been subsumed into
912:nutrition, which helps explain why
58:"Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen"
24:
3834:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001688-2
2791:Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)
2779:
2767:
2754:
2694:
2646:
1154:species with some of the smallest
369:
25:
3935:
3006:
2501:"The Roots of Carnivorous Plants"
2254:Carnivorous Plants of New Zealand
1174:(~80Mb) as part of a large scale
637:Dispersal and life form evolution
633:, returning from seed each year.
3028:
3012:
1311:
708:Physical description of the trap
69:
56:illustration from Jakob Sturm's
2989:
2874:Geitmann, Anja (5 March 2020).
2742:
2632:
1248:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
1066:The flower stem of the aquatic
502:Carnivorous plants of Australia
3055:Botanical Society of America,
2448:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2395:
1146:and ii) a dynamic decrease of
348:
13:
1:
2402:Rutishauser, Rolf; Isler, B.
2236:
459:, and the Australian species
676:
390:
7:
3452:Insectivorous Plant Society
2621:Treat, Mary. 6 March 1875.
1208:List of Utricularia species
1103:
927:have significantly greater
27:Genus of carnivorous plants
10:
3940:
3462:List of carnivorous plants
3080:from the John Innes Centre
2893:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.023
2816:Frontiers in Plant Science
2256:. Ecosphere Publications.
1205:
1201:
805:The trapping mechanism of
755:Terrestrial species, like
596:are often known for their
499:
420:
399:is derived from the Latin
3495:
3439:
3337:
3133:
2627:The Gardeners' Chronicles
2525:10.1007/s11104-004-2754-2
2199:
2181:
2174:
2125:
2089:
2071:
2064:
2028:
2010:
1992:
1985:
1952:
1916:
1898:
1891:
1864:
1837:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1727:
1709:
1702:
1666:
1648:
1641:
1614:
1572:
1554:
1547:
1514:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1447:
1440:
1168:from different organs of
258:are cultivated for their
230:Bladderwort distribution
229:
220:
213:
206:
183:
178:
66:Scientific classification
64:
50:
41:
34:
2829:10.3389/fpls.2021.825289
1215:is the largest genus of
1047:Ingestion of larger prey
496:Distribution and habitat
3338:Protocarnivorous genera
3127:protocarnivorous plants
2958:10.1126/science.aay5433
2713:Darwin, Charles. 1875.
2623:Plants that eat animals
2293:Taylor, Peter. (1989).
1269:Polypompholyx multifida
1181:reactive oxygen species
1144:nucleotide substitution
1001:reactive oxygen species
870:Microbial relationships
431:Utricularia amethystina
2583:10.3390/plants10122656
2425:10.1006/anbo.2001.1498
2382:The Carnivorous Plants
2320:D'Amato, Peter. 1998.
2252:Salmon, Bruce (2001).
1288:contained the species
1073:
802:
788:
704:
701:Utricularia hamiltonii
691:
665:. The colonization of
659:subgenus Polypompholyx
592:) species. Epiphytic
516:
435:
362:
3803:Paleobiology Database
2680:Slack, Adrian. 2000.
1265:Polypompholyx tenella
1065:
821:), and many sundews (
794:
780:
697:
684:
509:
428:
356:
3025:at Wikimedia Commons
2716:Insectivorous Plants
2166: Subgenus
1762: Subgenus
1559:Utricularia olivacea
1453: Subgenus
1302:Biovularia cymbantha
1140:Utricularia–Genlisea
1029:Francis Ernest Lloyd
999:reduced oxygen is a
945:cellular respiration
920:Enhanced respiration
718:Francis Ernest Lloyd
651:Genlisea-Utricularia
603:U. nelumbifolia
569:Utricularia vulgaris
53:Utricularia vulgaris
2949:2020Sci...367...91W
2517:2005PlSoi.274..127A
2201: Section
2183: Section
2091: Section
2073: Section
2030: Section
2012: Section
1994: Section
1918: Section
1900: Section
1866: Section
1839: Section
1821: Section
1729: Section
1711: Section
1668: Section
1650: Section
1616: Section
1498: Section
1290:Biovularia olivacea
1069:Utricularia inflata
1023:Lloyd's experiments
989:intermembrane space
949:Darwinian selection
736:by slender stalks.
379:along the surface.
60:, Stuttgart (1796)
3134:Carnivorous genera
3085:2019-07-31 at the
3064:2012-01-05 at the
3059:- the Bladderworts
2730:Carnivorous Plants
2682:Carnivorous Plants
2379:Lloyd, F.E. 1942.
1223:), along with the
1217:carnivorous plants
1074:
985:electron transport
803:
789:
773:Trapping mechanism
705:
692:
517:
436:
363:
247:carnivorous plants
3906:
3905:
3790:Open Tree of Life
3489:Taxon identifiers
3480:
3479:
3017:Media related to
2738:978-0-9591937-0-1
2728:Cheers, G. 1983.
2690:978-0-262-69089-8
2391:978-1-4437-2891-1
2332:978-0-89815-915-8
2305:978-0-947643-72-0
2262:978-0-473-08032-7
2233:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2156:
2155:
2147:
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2105:
2104:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2043:
1974:
1973:
1941:
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1879:
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1743:
1742:
1691:
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1681:
1630:
1629:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1536:
1535:
1261:carnivorous plant
1110:Utricularia gibba
688:Utricularia aurea
512:Utricularia aurea
395:The generic name
333:as in most other
234:
233:
174:
16:(Redirected from
3931:
3899:
3898:
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3885:
3873:
3872:
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3759:NHMSYS0000464740
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3515:
3514:
3484:
3483:
3270:Palaeoaldrovanda
3116:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3033:Data related to
3032:
3016:
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2987:
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2427:
2412:Annals of Botany
2399:
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1471:
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1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1232:corkscrew plants
1221:Lentibulariaceae
1039:, for example).
878:often culture a
874:The bladders of
837:osmotic pressure
829:active transport
815:), waterwheels (
288:U. vulgaris
245:, is a genus of
225:
170:
155:Lentibulariaceae
74:
73:
46:
32:
31:
21:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3924:Lamiales genera
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3491:
3481:
3476:
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3333:
3135:
3129:
3120:
3087:Wayback Machine
3076:Inner World of
3066:Wayback Machine
3009:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2943:(6473): 91–96.
2929:
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1975:
1942:
1933:
1881:
1854:
1753:
1744:
1692:
1683:
1631:
1604:
1595:
1537:
1314:
1294:B. brasiliensis
1292:(also known as
1246:, published by
1210:
1204:
1106:
1049:
1025:
922:
872:
775:
710:
679:
639:
504:
498:
483:U. dimorphantha
423:
393:
372:
370:Plant structure
351:
196:
190:
169:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3921:
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3903:
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3900:
3887:
3883:wfo-4000039907
3874:
3861:
3851:
3838:
3825:
3812:
3799:
3786:
3776:
3763:
3750:
3737:
3724:
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3685:
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3607:
3594:
3581:
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3363:
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3321:Triphyophyllum
3317:
3310:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
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3258:
3251:
3244:
3241:Fischeripollis
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3089:
3073:
3068:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:at Wikispecies
3026:
3008:
3007:External links
3005:
3002:
3001:
2988:
2923:
2886:(5): 826–828.
2861:
2799:
2778:
2766:
2753:
2741:
2721:
2706:
2693:
2666:
2645:
2631:
2629:, pp. 303-304.
2614:
2553:
2511:(1): 127–140.
2505:Plant and Soil
2491:
2454:(1): 133–153.
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1351:Choristothecae
1316:The following
1313:
1310:
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
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1045:
1037:Venus Flytraps
1027:In the 1940s,
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871:
868:
774:
771:
758:U. sandersonii
709:
706:
678:
675:
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494:
489:U. geminiscapa
440:inflorescences
422:
419:
409:leather bottle
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3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3473:
3472:Pitcher plant
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3218:Droserapollis
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:Archaeamphora
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:Bladderwort (
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:Bladderwort (
3015:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2797:(6), 758–764.
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2732:. Melbourne.
2731:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2418:: 1173–1202.
2417:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:Polypompholyx
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2169:Polypompholyx
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2133:Section
2132:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1960:Section
1959:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1580:Section
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1522:Section
1521:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:Polypompholyx
1427:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:Phylogenetics
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1256:Polypompholyx
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:U. gibba
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:morphogenesis
1119:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:COX subunit I
938:
934:
930:
926:
917:
915:
911:
906:
901:
899:
894:
890:
886:
881:
877:
867:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:trigger hairs
840:
838:
832:
830:
826:
825:
820:
819:
814:
813:
808:
800:
799:
793:
786:
785:
779:
770:
767:
766:
760:
759:
753:
751:
746:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
726:plant kingdom
723:
719:
715:
703:
702:
696:
690:
689:
683:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:sect. Nelipus
660:
656:
652:
646:
644:
634:
632:
627:
622:
619:
614:
611:
610:to colonise.
609:
605:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
565:
560:
554:
552:
546:
544:
540:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
521:
514:
513:
508:
503:
493:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
478:cleistogamous
474:
472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
449:
447:
446:
441:
433:
432:
427:
418:
416:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
388:
385:
380:
377:
367:
360:
355:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:
290:
289:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
239:
228:
224:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
195:
194:
193:Polypompholyx
189:
188:
182:
177:
173:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Tracheophytes
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3496:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3402:Paepalanthus
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3307:Saxonipollis
3305:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3233:Drosophyllum
3231:
3226:Droseridites
3224:
3216:
3210:Droserapites
3208:
3200:
3193:
3188:Darlingtonia
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3077:
3056:
3036:
3020:
2996:
2991:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2883:
2879:
2819:
2815:
2794:
2790:
2744:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2681:
2634:
2626:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2576:(12): 2656.
2573:
2569:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2508:
2504:
2494:
2451:
2447:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2397:
2380:
2321:
2294:
2253:
2202:
2200:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2092:
2090:
2076:Nigrescentes
2074:
2072:
2031:
2029:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1993:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1919:
1917:
1901:
1899:
1867:
1865:
1840:
1838:
1822:
1820:
1763:
1730:
1728:
1714:Orchidioides
1712:
1710:
1669:
1667:
1651:
1649:
1617:
1615:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1557:
1555:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1499:
1497:
1454:
1429:
1428:in subgenus
1423:
1419:
1418:in subgenus
1413:
1409:
1408:in subgenus
1403:
1399:Steyermarkia
1397:
1391:
1387:Setiscapella
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1330:polyphyletic
1325:
1321:
1315:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1228:(Pinguicula)
1227:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1151:
1150:, including
1139:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1075:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
969:cytochrome c
956:
952:
924:
923:
913:
909:
904:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
875:
873:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
841:
833:
822:
816:
810:
806:
804:
796:
782:
763:
756:
754:
747:
741:
738:
721:
714:Peter Taylor
711:
699:
686:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
642:
640:
615:
612:
601:
593:
583:
577:
568:
563:
555:
547:
542:
541:
534:
528:
524:
519:
518:
510:
488:
481:
477:
475:
462:U. dichotoma
460:
452:
450:
443:
437:
429:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
394:
383:
381:
375:
373:
364:
358:
338:
320:
292:
286:
274:
272:
255:
243:bladderworts
242:
237:
236:
235:
197:
191:
185:
184:
165:
164:
128:
115:
102:
89:
57:
51:
35:
29:
18:Bladderworts
3919:Utricularia
3689:iNaturalist
3642:Utricularia
3577:Utricularia
3527:Utricularia
3521:Wikispecies
3497:Utricularia
3423:Proboscidea
3374:Drymocallis
3328:Utricularia
3255:Heliamphora
3136:(†extinct)
3123:Carnivorous
3078:Utricularia
3057:Utricularia
3050:Utricularia
3037:Utricularia
3021:Utricularia
2719:. New York.
2406:Utricularia
2186:Pleiochasia
1671:Utricularia
1456:Utricularia
1425:Tridentaria
1410:Utricularia
1306:Utricularia
1277:Utricularia
1273:Utricularia
1225:butterworts
1213:Utricularia
1196:Utricularia
1192:Utricularia
1185:mutagenesis
1176:Utricularia
1152:Utricularia
1148:genome size
1114:Utricularia
1053:Utricularia
1033:Utricularia
1016:Utricularia
1009:Utricularia
1005:Utricularia
993:Utricularia
953:Utricularia
937:ion-pumping
929:respiration
925:Utricularia
914:Utricularia
910:Utricularia
905:Utricularia
898:Utricularia
893:Utricularia
889:Utricularia
885:Utricularia
880:mutualistic
876:Utricularia
807:Utricularia
730:broad beans
722:Utricularia
671:Utricularia
667:Utricularia
655:Utricularia
643:Utricularia
594:Utricularia
588:(a type of
564:Utricularia
559:lithophytic
551:water table
543:Utricularia
525:Utricularia
520:Utricularia
457:snapdragons
453:U. vulgaris
397:Utricularia
384:bladderwort
359:U. vulgaris
349:Description
339:Utricularia
335:angiosperms
275:Utricularia
264:snapdragons
256:Utricularia
238:Utricularia
215:233 species
199:Utricularia
166:Utricularia
109:Angiosperms
36:Utricularia
3913:Categories
3409:Passiflora
3346:Aracamunia
3299:Sarracenia
3285:Pinguicula
3181:Cephalotus
3160:Brocchinia
3144:Aldrovanda
2822:: 825289.
2764:0304-3770.
2664:1055-7903.
2237:References
1997:Calpidisca
1869:Benjaminia
1824:Oligocista
1765:Bivalvaria
1583:Vesiculina
1525:Vesiculina
1501:Avesicaria
1420:Bivalvaria
1405:Stylotheca
1357:Kamienskia
1326:Vesiculina
1285:Biovularia
1282:The genus
1253:The genus
1235:(Genlisea)
1159:angiosperm
1128:Sarracenia
856:Aldrovanda
818:Aldrovanda
765:U. inflata
621:perennials
608:bromeliads
585:Tillandsia
530:Sarracenia
500:See also:
445:Pinguicula
405:wine flask
314:and young
252:Antarctica
187:Bivalvaria
179:Subgenera
3611:FloraBase
3430:Stylidium
3278:Philcoxia
3262:Nepenthes
2983:208229594
2967:1095-9203
2918:212408711
2902:0092-8674
2838:1664-462X
2533:1573-5036
2486:231595236
2470:1543-5008
2094:Phyllaria
2033:Australes
1903:Stomoisia
1653:Lecticula
1375:Mirabiles
1339:Candollea
1318:cladogram
1298:B. minima
1198:species.
1166:libraries
973:Eukaryota
965:C-C motif
961:cysteines
685:Traps of
677:Carnivory
618:Temperate
590:bromeliad
580:epiphytes
401:utriculus
391:Etymology
382:The name
345:kingdom.
303:and even
301:nematodes
208:Diversity
79:Kingdom:
3865:VicFlora
3854:VASCAN:
3847:40022335
3842:Tropicos
3572:eFloraSA
3506:Wikidata
3440:See also
3416:Plumbago
3395:Lathraea
3388:Ibicella
3381:Geranium
3367:Dipsacus
3353:Capsella
3314:Triantha
3292:Roridula
3248:Genlisea
3174:Catopsis
3083:Archived
3062:Archived
2975:31753850
2910:32142675
2856:35095989
2704:157–171.
2607:17 March
2602:34961127
2546:17 March
2478:33434053
2136:Aranella
1963:Aranella
1381:Oliveria
1369:Meionula
1363:Martinia
1345:Chelidon
1322:Aranella
1118:U. gibba
1104:Genetics
981:Bacteria
957:Genlisea
935:-driven
848:antennae
750:mucilage
698:Trap of
316:tadpoles
309:mosquito
305:fish fry
283:rotifers
279:protozoa
151:Family:
145:Lamiales
135:Asterids
122:Eudicots
3896:1415756
3720:1097705
3707:23929-1
3668:3172398
3512:Q161195
3202:Drosera
3195:Dionaea
2945:Bibcode
2937:Science
2847:8792892
2593:8707321
2541:5038696
2513:Bibcode
2172:
2015:Lloydia
1921:Enskide
1768:
1732:Foliosa
1619:Nelipus
1459:
1415:Minutae
1393:Sprucea
1202:Species
1156:haploid
1082:albumen
1078:albumen
977:Archaea
951:in the
852:Dionaea
824:Drosera
812:Dionaea
798:Daphnia
784:Daphnia
734:stolons
626:turions
624:called
573:Eurasia
536:Drosera
471:orchids
467:violets
421:Flowers
414:bagpipe
376:stolons
295:Daphnia
268:orchids
260:flowers
161:Genus:
141:Order:
83:Plantae
3816:PLANTS
3808:319864
3795:512422
3779:NZOR:
3655:134270
3629:134270
3551:110132
3538:195756
3535:APDB:
3360:Colura
3167:Byblis
2981:
2973:
2965:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2854:
2844:
2836:
2736:
2688:
2600:
2590:
2570:Plants
2539:
2531:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2389:
2330:
2303:
2260:
2127:
1954:
1574:
1556:
1516:
1422:; and
1402:, and
1300:) and
979:, and
631:annual
598:orchid
434:flower
329:, and
327:leaves
312:larvae
3891:WoRMS
3821:UTRIC
3772:13747
3746:34443
3733:55962
3715:IRMNG
3694:57861
3681:12602
3637:FoAO2
3616:22078
3603:1UTRG
3590:59012
2979:S2CID
2914:S2CID
2566:(PDF)
2537:S2CID
2482:S2CID
742:velum
343:plant
331:stems
323:roots
129:Clade
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
3857:1803
3829:POWO
3767:NCBI
3741:ITIS
3702:IPNI
3676:GRIN
3663:GBIF
3598:EPPO
3564:85JD
3546:APNI
3125:and
2971:PMID
2963:ISSN
2906:PMID
2898:ISSN
2880:Cell
2852:PMID
2834:ISSN
2734:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2609:2022
2598:PMID
2548:2022
2529:ISSN
2474:PMID
2466:ISSN
2387:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2258:ISBN
1328:are
1324:and
1267:and
1230:and
1163:cDNA
1136:COXI
854:and
716:and
486:and
281:and
273:All
266:and
3878:WFO
3754:NBN
3728:ISC
3650:FoC
3624:FNA
3585:EoL
3559:CoL
2953:doi
2941:367
2888:doi
2884:180
2842:PMC
2824:doi
2588:PMC
2578:doi
2521:doi
2509:274
2456:doi
2420:doi
1334:(*)
1296:or
933:ATP
846:or
411:or
337:.
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