Manila Bay - Knowledge

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to the complex nature of existent ecosystems; investment to coastal protection means such as the implementation of concrete walls; laws and policies dedicated to the protection of habitats and restriction or zoning of developments; as well as public educational programs to increase the intensity of conservation support. Long-term goals for Manila Bay would ideally include the decrease or termination of nearby highly polluting enterprises, implementation effective standards for waste-water discharge and an overall improved

1266: 1591: 718: 1023: 646:, an island fortress constructed by the United States Army to defend the southern entrance of the bay. To the immediate north and south are additional harbors, upon which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay. Being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels. 3451: 2503: 1012: 126: 90: 1315:

ships arrive and depart annually to transport passengers, manufactured goods and raw materials. Industrial waste discharges and discharges of untreated domestic wastes from drainage and sewer outlets have contributed to the severe decline in the quality of water and sediments in the bay as well as impacted on the existing marine habitats.

1099:(Revitalize Manila) in 2002, the local government made the initiative of enhancing the seaside promenade of Manila through urban renewal, upkeep and improvements. What later became known as Baywalk, the facelift of the 2 km strip of central public space aimed at creating a venue for social interaction and recreation. 1102:

With reference to its colonial history, Manila's waterfront expresses power through the dominant classes which uses the Baywalk for exercise, fishing or socialization. The mix of land utilization and social activity provides public access to the edge of the sea, and counters vagrancy and mendicancy.

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Successive changes in and around Manila Bay are largely due to the intertwining impacts of continued industrialization, unrelenting increase in population, and incessant human activities catering to livelihood and habitation. These factors are directly degrading the overall environment of Manila Bay

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contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx. With an average depth of 17 m (55.8 ft), it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic meters (28.9 cubic km). Entrance to the bay is 19 km (11.8 mi) wide and expands to a width of 48 km (29.8 mi). However,

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Oposa, A. (1996). Legal Marketing of Environmental Law: The Philippine Experience. Proceedings Fourth International Conference on Environmental Compliance and Enforcement. United States Environmental Protection Agency National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP).USA:Cincinnati. pp

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and its objectives within the nation of the Philippines, official awareness of global warming and the investment to applicable research is in itself triumphant. Further steps to meet the challenge of rehabilitation and sea-level rise within Manila Bay may include additional research to gain insight

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Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia-PEMSEA. (2001). Manila Bay: Initial risk assessment. PEMSEA Technical Information Report No. 2001/01, 112 p. Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Maritime Organization

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PEMSEA. (2004) Manila Bay: Refined Risk Assessment. PEMSEA Technical Information Report No. 2004/01. Global Environment Facility / United Nations Development Programme / International Maritime Organization Regional Programme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East

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With the presence of ports, sea-based sources of pollution around the bay are from ships and motorized boats. Twelve oil spills were recorded in 1995, but it was in 1999 where the highest total volume of oil spill occurred in the Manila South Harbor and Limay, Bataan. Increased presence of oil and

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for example had issued the Metro Manila Development Authority an order to "demolish illegal structures and dwellings along riverbanks and waterways connected to Manila Bay by 2015" in March 2011 as an attempt to decrease mass occurrences of water pollution. Projects involving the wider communities

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Largely intended for use in human settlement and industrial development, land reclamation projects contributed to the reduction of mangroves around the area, as well as significant reduction in Metro Manila's shoreline. From 1944 to 1991, approximately 600 m of shoreline have been reclaimed in the

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within the bay. Several industries operate along the bay in the highly urbanized Metro Manila area, while there are shipyard facilities in Cavite and in Bataan, several more heavy industries, refineries and a power plant are present. At the shipping ports and ferry terminals, an average of 30,000

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of Manila Bay and its bordering cities. With recent studies predicting that the sea level could rise between .75 and 1.9 metres by 2100 and considering the vast landscape of development, growing industries and overly dense population, the exponential assets exposed to flood-prone zones is a dire

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Despite the issues generally associated with developing countries, such as poverty, over-population and food security, there is surprisingly a growing concern for the environmental vitality of Manila Bay. Rehabilitation, which in this case refers to an attempt to improve an aquatic system and

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in 1898, in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey seized the area. This battle showcased the United States' naval strength. All major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and abundant marine life, Manila Bay became the ocean portal and Filipino

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The mangrove ecosystem around Manila Bay has both ecological and socioeconomic uses with its association of unique plant and animal species. Of the original 54,000 hectares of mangroves existing at the turn of the 20th century, only 794 hectares are remaining as recorded in 1995. A few of the

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Pesticide residues from rice paddy water draining into irrigation canals, which later on empty into river systems and eventually flowing into the surrounding lakes reaches the waters of Manila Bay. Compounds from these pesticide residues find themselves in food items with metamidophos,

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Bajet, C.M. (2003). Ecotoxicology of pesticides in Philippine aquatic ecosystems. In: Taylor MD, Klaine SJ, Carvalho FP, Barcelo´ D, Everaarts J, editors. Pesticide residues in coastal tropical ecosystems. Distribution, fate and effects. London: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press. pp

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of the Manila Bay rehabilitation. When the Manila Bay Beach project came to wider public attention, the project has received criticism from environment and heritage conservationist groups. Among these include the timing of the project which was implemented amidst the

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in order to protect Manila and the surrounding provinces from the sea level rise that is expected as a result of climate change. However, he also noted that closing Manila Bay by means of a dyke would also require a new harbor location to replace the Port of Manila.

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of 32.6 psu (practical salinity unit). Due to the river influx, the areas near the coasts have low salinity especially in the vicinity of the mouth of the Pasig River in the eastern part of the bay. The bay's salinity is also affected by strong seasonal variations.

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De Barros, J., Myers, G.A., Harris, R. (Reviewer): Order and place: in a Colonial city. Patterns of struggle and resistance in Georgetown, British Guiana, 1889–1924. Verandahs of power: colonialism and space in urban Africa Urban History Review, 32(1). Fall,

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and Sofitel Philippine Plaza were submerged by the flooding. It was estimated that the damage would cost P30 million to repair. In April 2012, the sea walls were once again opened to the public, having been redesigned to withstand a strong storm surge.

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Across the entrance to Manila Bay are several islands, the largest of which is Corregidor, located 3 kilometers from Bataan and, along with the island of Caballo, separates the mouth of the bay into the North and South Channels. In the south channel is

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Jacinto, G.S., Velasquez, I.B., San Diego-McGlone, M.L., Villanoy, C.L. and Siringan, F.B.(2006)."Biophysical Environment of Manila Bay - Then and Now", in Wolanski, E.(ed.)The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands. p.

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Manila Bay and its corresponding resources are considered critical recipients of environmental protection. As indicated in the 1987 Constitution (Article II, Section 16) there exists legal basis for environmental protection with the provision that:

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The bay remains important for commerce and industry, including fishing, although rapid urban growth and industrialization are contributing to a decline in water quality and deteriorating marine habitats. It also serves a focus for recreation for

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include organization of the "Manila Bay Clean Up Run," which essentially supports the Philippine Environment Agencies with their objectives to raise funding and awareness towards the rehabilitation of Manila Bay's natural environments.

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were sighted in the area. A large number of migratory birds, catfish and mackerels were once abundant in these waters. Their decline ushered in the appearance of squid, shrimp, and small pelagic species such as herrings and anchovies.

1383:(PAH) found in Manila Bay sediments have been influenced by human activities. PAH come principally from petrogenic sources (e.g., oil discharges from ships, refineries and industries) and pyrolytic sources (from combustion sources). 1078:

dominant from 1977 to 1991. Most area of the bay, except those near the ports, are largely used as a major fishing ground, with fisheries and aquaculture as the dominant source of livelihood for the inhabitants in the coastal areas.

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have impacted the physical features of the bay whereby what used to be irregular shoreline in 1944 has become more linear by 1977. Shoreline retreat continued as man-made structures such as fish pens occupied the coastal areas, with

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abound which are sources of food, timber, fuel wood and other products, as well as habitats for wildlife. These forests provide protection from soil erosion and help maintain the water levels and water quality in rivers and streams.

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From 1990, approximately 1,200 hectares of mangroves were cleared, with the land converted for aquaculture or used as salt beds. In 1993 much of the fisheries resources steadily declined due to overfishing and overharvesting.

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MMDA-Metro Manila Development Authority versus Concerned Residents of Manila Bay. (2008) in de Castro, J.A.I. "Cleaning Up Manila Bay: Mandamus as a Tool for Environmental Protection." G.R. Nos. 171947-48, 574 SCRA 661, 665

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Villeneuve, J.P., Cattini, C., Bajet, C.M., Navarro-Calingacion, M. and Carvalho, F.P. (2010). PCBs in sediments and oysters of Manila Bay, the Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 20(4): pp

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Jacinto, G.S., Azanza, R.V., Velasquez, I.B. and Siringan, F.P.(2006)."Manila Bay:Environmental Challenges and Opportunities" in Wolanski, E.(ed.) The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands.

702:-controlled Manila for repairs. However, because the US was neutral in this conflict, the trio of warships and their crews remained interned by the U.S. until the war officially came to an end in September 1905. During the 1353:

grease in the waters are attributed to maritime activities at the harbors, together with the presence of oil terminals and the discharges from industries. These factors directly impacted the health of Manila Bay's waters.

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mangrove swamps remaining in Pampanga Bay are of considerable value for research and conservation education. As natural habitats, mangroves considerably help in acting as a protective buffer against cyclones and storms.

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Perez, R.T., Feir, R.B., Carandang, E. and Gonzalez, E.B. (1996). Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Coastal Resrouces of Manila Bay: A Preliminary Vulnerability Assessment. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 92,

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northern part. In 2009, the Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya) said that there are 7,000 hectares of foreshore areas in Cavite and 5,000 hectares of shallow coastal waters to expand

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Vulnerability maps were drawn to outline townscape in accelerated sea level timelines. Using such resources pinpoints the populated areas and natural habitats most likely to be inundated as a result of global

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Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources – BFAR. (1995). Fisheries Sector Program – Resources and Ecological Assessment of Manila Bay. Final Report. BFAR- Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.

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issue. The Philippine Country Study to Address Climate Change has depicted a proactive approach to this environmental issue through governance of a detailed impact assessment covering the following elements:

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Carvalho, F.P., Villeneuve, J.P., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I., Bajet, C.M. and Calingacion, M.N. (2009). Organic Contaminants in the Marine Environment of Manila Bay, Philippines. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol.

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Jacinto, G., Sotto, L., Senal, M., San Diego-McGlone, M., Escobar. M., Amano. A. and Miller, T. (2011) Hypoxia in Manila Bay, Philippines during the northeast monsoon. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 63: pp

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Alonzo-Pasicolan, S. (1987). Status of Wetlands in Luzon. Paper presented at the Conference on Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation in Asia, Malacca, Malaysia, February 23–28, 1987. IWRB & Interwater.

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at the surface of the water were found at the bay coming from sea-based and land-based (e.g., domestic sewage, industrial effluents, runoff, combustion emissions, and mining operations) sources.

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projects, the area can serve as additional habitat for a number of species such as sea turtles, as well as sea birds and beach flora. When the beach was first opened to the public, a flock of

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Jaraula, C.B., Siringan, F.P. (2004). Multi-proxy reconstruction of Late Quaternary evolution of Laguna de Bai, Philippines. (Submitted to Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology).

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have also contributed to changing the bay's coastline. In some parts of the bay, however, erosion are prevented by seawalls and breakers particularly in areas where land has been reclaimed.

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International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management - ICLARM (1996). Resource and Ecological Assessment of Manila Bay Philippines: Results of Monitoring Activities (1995-1996).

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level in the waters around the beach, from 2.2 million mpn/100ml last January 4, 2021 to 523,000 mpn/100 ml in February 2021, based on the average count from three monitoring stations.

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At the onset, lack of funds hampered the revival of the Baywalk. Eventually, planning for the Baywalk means understanding and regulating diversity of functions with appropriate policy.

811:(gray or white mangrove) together with 15 species of mangroves belonging to 9 families that grow there. In the Bataan area, species of mangrove swamps that are found thriving include: 554:

of the Philippines, Manila Bay facilitated commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighboring countries, becoming the gateway for socio-economic development even prior to

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Velasquez I., Jacinto, G.S., and Valera, F.S., (2002). The speciation of dissolved copper, cadmium and zinc in Manila Bay, Philippines. Marine Pollution Bulletin 45, pp 210-217

2972: 558:. With an area of 1,994 km (769.9 sq mi), and a coastline of 190 km (118.1 mi), Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by 228: 2977: 962:

provide shelter for fishes and other marine life forms. Like the coral reefs, most of the seagrass beds in Manila Bay are found near its mouth, most notably in the areas of

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Santiago, E.C., (1997). The levels and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contamination in bottom sediment in Manila Bay. Science Diliman 9, pp 16-28

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in the bay, from the 1980s, through to the 1990s and beyond are not only attributed to agricultural runoff and river discharges but also on fertilizers from fishponds.

938:, beaches and rocky shores form part of the wetlands in Manila Bay. Found mostly along the coast of Bataan and Pampanga, mudflats are suitable habitats for shellfish. 1775:

Martinez-Goss, M.L. (1999). Estimation of fish biomas in Laguna de Bay based on primary productivity- A special study of the National Statistical Coordination Board.

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Manila Bay Declaration 2001 recognized Manila Bay as a source of food, employment and income for the people as well as the gateway for tourism and recreation.

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A total of 19,139 birds belonging to 330 families and 99 species were observed at various monitoring sites along the bay area. The endangered Chinese Egret (

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will provide a permanent road link between the provinces of Bataan and Cavite. It will have a U-turn near Corregidor Island for future connection.

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Manila Bay Environmental Project (MBEMP).(2001). Manila Bay Coastal Strategy. Manila Bay Environmental Project (MBEMP). Quezon City, Philippines.

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divides the entrance into two channels, about 2 mi (3.2 km) towards the North and 6.5 mi (10.5 km) wide on the South side.

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has been a major factor in the changing shoreline of Manila Bay. Apart from soil erosion, other environmental processes such as siltation and

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was captured by the Japanese forces based in Manila Bay. Much earlier, various other battles were fought from this naval base, including the

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de Castro, J.A.I. (2010). "Cleaning Up Manila Bay: Mandamus as a Tool for Environmental Protection". Ecology Law Quarterly. (37) pp 797-804

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prevent further damage to the natural ecosystems, is a responsibility assumed both by government and non-government organizations. The

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Reviving Manila's waterfront through the Baywalk injected vibrance and historic appreciation into the public space with the statues of

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on 14 March 2007 while making a family visit. Barrameda-Jimenez body was found on 10 June 2009 over two years after she disappeared.

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width of the bay varies from 22 km (13.7 mi) at its mouth and expanding to 60 km (37.3 mi) at its widest point.

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started a rehabilitation program that is being administered by different government agencies. Because of the rehabilitation, the

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and other portions of national parks located in Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal and Tarlac form part of these upland forest ecosystem.

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Coastal and marine habitats in the area include upland forests, mangrove, mudflats, sandy beaches, sea grass and coral reefs.

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in history and marked the end of the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history, it took place on 1 May 1898, during the

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in the area provide sanctuary for fishes. Consequently, its decline through the years has directly affected the fish yield.

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Fuchs, R., Conran, M. and Louis, E. (2011). Climate Change and Asia's Coastal Urban Cities: Can They Meet the Challenge?

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among the common contaminants. While chronic toxic effects on inhabitants of the bay are not found, impairment of marine

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Identification of coral species, mangrove forests, ecosystems within the coastlines, as well as nearby agricultural land

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Island. El Fraile, a rocky island some 4 acres (1.6 ha) in area, supports the massive concrete and steel ruins of

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Gomez, J.E. (2008). "Waterfront design without policy? The actual uses of Manila's Baywalk." Cities. (25) pp 86-106

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World Justice Project. (2009). "Eco-lawyer Presses Manila Bay Clean Up". Inquirer Company, Philippines accessed at

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Water quality significantly improved, especially around the beach area. The DENR reported significant drop of

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and is a popular destination for walks and for viewing the sunset. Much of the land fronting the bay along

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caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay today occurs only through the

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In the early September 2020, work began on Manila Bay Beach, which was constructed through the process of

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National Water Resources Council - NWRC. (1983). Framework Plan: Pampanga River Basins. Report No. 24-3A.

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on the west and northwest. Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km (6,563.7 sq mi) of

213: 1293:, also known as Manila Bay Bridge, which is expected to cross Manila Bay and connect the provinces of 3368: 3036: 3031: 2842: 2071:"Manila Bay sands project violates National Cultural Heritage Act, other laws - environmental groups" 996: 3268: 3066: 2809: 2668: 1560: 1407: 687: 3439: 3416: 3380: 3127: 3051: 2924: 2907: 2892: 635: 328: 1199:, which a common practice in the creation of beaches around the world. It is part of an overall 3421: 2902: 2877: 2761: 2658: 2166:"Development and Evaluation of a Sea Turtle-Deflecting Hopper Dredge Draghead - Storming Media" 1614: 745:

On September 27, 2011, the sea walls of Manila Bay were destroyed by the storm surge caused by

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G. Dennis Cooke (2005): Ecosystem Rehabilitation, Lake and Reservoir Management, 21:2, 218-221

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naval base as part of reclamation projects, which are mostly funded by foreign investors.

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In 2010, at the occasion of the first Inter-LGU Forum on Tidal Flooding in Manila, the

1433:, carrying around 1.5 million liters of industrial fuel, capsized in Manila Bay during 1204: 779: 676: 672: 658:(pronounced "bai") approximately 3,000 years ago. Recurring episodic uplifts along the 424: 2395:"Race to contain oil spill after ships capsize as typhoon hits Taiwan and Philippines" 2857: 2820: 2138: 1604: 1282: 1243: 1224: 1209: 1196: 927:

protecting adjacent and downstream properties of the area from potential flood damage

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According to a 2011 study by Jacinto et al., Manila Bay has an average surface

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Contributing to the balanced functioning of the ecosystem around Manila Bay,

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released a statement that the use of dolomite is not a known health hazard.

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in surface sediment was found including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (

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Acorda, L. (1985). "Manila Bay Study". EMB-DENR. Quezon City, Philippines.

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that crosses Manila Bay have been around since 1987. In January 2020, the

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Covering about 4,600 hectares, wetlands around Manila Bay are useful in:

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and these impacts are manifested in the continued deterioration of the

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maintaining and improving water quality of rivers, lakes and estuaries,

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in 1646, which finally ended Dutch attempts to seize the Philippines.

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ambassador Robert Brinks recommended to close Manila Bay and build

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As indicated by the exposed roots of the coconut trees, continuing

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is reclaimed land which now includes important sites such as the

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Tidal regimes including low and high levels of water circulation

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and concerns of adverse environmental effects caused by dumping

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Outlining of seasons to depict periods of high and low rainfall

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is preferred over hard beach stabilizing structures (such as

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providing food and habitat for fish, shorebirds and wildlife;

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epicenter for government, economy and industry. During the

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Satellite image of Manila Bay (upper half of photo) in 2016

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The beach during its temporary opening in September 2020.

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in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers (the

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10th Philippine International Pyromusical Competition

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Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

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Biophysical environment of Manila Bay – Then and now

1689: 1687: 1586: 2473:"Fishing magnate faces raps for body-in-box murder" 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 2011: 1953:"DENR, 12 agencies to craft Manila Bay rehab plan" 27:Natural harbor on the island of Luzon, Philippines 1169:bayside area was postponed before being moved to 999:watershed, Mounts Palay-Palay / Mataas na Gulod, 3467: 2514:Fort Drum:Concrete Battleship of the Philippines 1664: 1641: 1165:that was scheduled on February 16, 2019, at the 165: 1976: 1926:"SC wants concrete plan for Manila Bay cleanup" 1159:Department of Environment and Natural Resources 638:and outside the entrance, and to the south, is 2470: 2316: 2314: 47: 2539: 2447:"Dutch advice: Close Manila Bay, build dikes" 1889: 1887: 1410:congeners, compounds common in transformers, 774:An egret in a mangrove area along Manila Bay. 2444: 2343: 2266:Depasupil, William B. (September 25, 2022). 2088: 1371:In 1996, concentrations of 16 commonly used 1356:Aside from oil spills, trace metals such as 3113:Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System 2378: 2376: 2374: 2311: 2127:Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection 2042: 1801: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1769: 1711: 1709: 1541:repelled various attempts by forces of the 1287:National Economic and Development Authority 2564:National Capital Region of the Philippines 2546: 2532: 2321:Regional PEMSEA, Quezon City, Philippines. 2213:Yumol, David Tristan (February 18, 2021). 1884: 1736:"Manila cleans up after typhoon 'Pedring'" 1331: 1140:was adopted in 2001 and enforced in 2004. 2793:Metropolitan Manila Development Authority 2265: 1792: 1086: 2430: 2428: 2371: 2043:Perez-Rubio, Bella (September 7, 2020). 2036: 1901: 1899: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1778: 1766:Asia (PEMSEA). Quezon City, Philippines. 1761: 1759: 1757: 1706: 1264: 1186: 1029: 1021: 1010: 794: 769: 716: 622:foliage: 40 km to the north is the 2094: 2069:Sabillo, Kristine (September 8, 2020). 2068: 1918: 924:acting as reservoir for watersheds, and 14: 3468: 2392: 2334: 2095:Hallare, Katrina (September 9, 2020). 1950: 1810: 1697: 1566:Ruby Rose Barrameda-Jimenez who was a 3133:Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission 2527: 2425: 2412: 2362: 2353: 2324: 2212: 1979:"Manila Bay Still Unsafe For Bathers" 1951:Mayuga, Jonathan (January 14, 2019). 1909: 1896: 1874: 1846: 1754: 2120: 1977:Santos, Tina G. (February 1, 2019). 1537:in 1646, in which the forces of the 1176: 626:and to the south is the province of 3295:Department of Transportation (DOTr) 1819: 1718: 1429:On 25 July 2024, the oil tanker MT 1289:approved the plan to construct the 1038: 1006: 982:Within the watershed of Manila Bay 550:. Strategically located around the 296:2,000 km (770 sq mi) 24: 2024:. BusinessMirror. November 2, 2020 1728: 1201:integrated coastal zone management 1057: 749:. Even the United States Embassy, 666:. The bay was the setting for the 125: 89: 25: 3522: 3138:Laguna Lake Development Authority 3108:Manila Electric Company (Meralco) 2935:Rehabilitation of the Pasig River 2495: 2445:Balabo, Dino (October 11, 2010). 2420:Environment and Urbanization ASIA 2217:. CNN Philippines. Archived from 1570:actress's sister went missing in 1524: 1445: 1143: 977: 3450: 3449: 2553: 2501: 2471:Alquitran, Non (June 12, 2009). 1589: 1381:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 1304: 1151:Supreme Court of the Philippines 1045:Land reclamation in Metro Manila 953: 807:Predominant in the bay area are 799:Mangrove trees along Manila Bay. 614:. On either side of the bay are 124: 117: 88: 81: 64: 2968:Oldest buildings and structures 2464: 2438: 2386: 2285: 2268:"Bataan-Cavite bridge underway" 2259: 2233: 2206: 2184: 2158: 2062: 1993: 1970: 1944: 765: 2393:Guinto, Joel (July 25, 2024). 2194:. GMA News. September 20, 2020 1291:Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge 1271:Bataan-Cavite Interlink Bridge 1121: 1034:Manila skyline from Manila Bay 941: 13: 1: 3164:Primary and secondary schools 3091:Public services and utilities 2868:Battles of La Naval de Manila 2722:La Mesa Watershed Reservation 1635: 1545:to invade Manila, during the 1531:Battles of La Naval de Manila 1507: 1250:were seen at the beach area. 712:Battles of La Naval de Manila 698:managed to make port in then- 2873:British occupation of Manila 2727:Marikina Valley Fault System 1620:Geography of the Philippines 1453:poses a great threat in the 1347: 1221:Mines and Geosciences Bureau 1216:on the polluted Manila Bay. 790: 757: 654:Manila Bay was connected to 30:For the man-made beach, see 7: 3042:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 1582: 1555:– one of the most decisive 1318: 909: 138:Location in the Philippines 10: 3527: 3252:Theaters and concert halls 1630:Pasig river rehabilitation 1512:Due to the low profile of 1260: 1180: 1042: 861:Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 660:West Marikina Valley Fault 649: 610:is the former location of 29: 3486:Landforms of Metro Manila 3435: 3427:Frost Plan of Quezon City 3389: 3369:Pasig River Ferry Service 3282: 3182: 3154:Colleges and universities 3146: 3090: 3037:Manila Commodity Exchange 3032:Philippine Stock Exchange 2990: 2958: 2828: 2819: 2785: 2687: 2579: 2561: 2101:Philippine Daily Inquirer 1440: 974:, and Corregidor Island. 347: 304: 300: 292: 284: 276: 272: 203: 164: 150: 75: 63: 46: 41: 2581:Administrative divisions 2121:Dean, Robert G. (2005). 1408:polychlorinated biphenyl 1277:Plans of constructing a 958:As a diverse ecosystem, 840:(gray or white mangrove) 3481:Bays of the Philippines 3417:Metro Manila Dream Plan 3220:Roman Catholic churches 3128:Maynilad Water Services 2925:People Power Revolution 2908:Battle of Manila (1945) 2893:Battle of Manila (1899) 2863:Manila–Acapulco Galleon 2135:10.1007/1-4020-3301-X_2 1332:Effects of soil erosion 1069:and mudflat areas into 888:(holly-leaved acanthus) 523: 288:48 km (30 mi) 280:19 km (12 mi) 141:Show map of Philippines 48: 3422:Burnham Plan of Manila 3077:Mixed-use developments 2903:City of Greater Manila 2878:1880 Luzon earthquakes 2297:Asian Development Bank 2245:Philippine News Agency 1485:Vulnerability Analysis 1274: 1192: 1173:on February 23, 2019. 1087:Waterfront development 1035: 1027: 1019: 800: 775: 722: 531: 188:14.51667°N 120.76667°E 3506:Landforms of Pampanga 3169:International schools 3015:Bonifacio Global City 2679:Legislative districts 1268: 1190: 1183:Manila Dolomite Beach 1115:placed in key areas. 1033: 1025: 1014: 798: 773: 720: 602:, in the province of 3496:Landforms of Bulacan 3337:Intermodal terminals 3123:Manila Water Company 2930:World Youth Day 1995 2888:Battle of Manila Bay 2510:at Wikimedia Commons 2221:on February 19, 2021 1834:on November 13, 2011 1742:. September 28, 2011 1610:Battle of Manila Bay 1561:Spanish–American War 1553:Battle of Manila Bay 1462:Physical Environment 1237:Department of Health 893:Excoecaria agallocha 885:Acanthus ilicifolius 829:Rhizophora mucronata 817:Rhizophora apiculata 721:Sunset at Manila Bay 675:at the close of the 668:Battle of Manila Bay 3511:Geography of Manila 3501:Landforms of Cavite 3491:Landforms of Bataan 3402:Nicknames of Manila 3269:Television stations 3215:Religious buildings 3118:Water privatization 2973:Cultural properties 2772:Greater Manila Area 2478:The Philippine Star 2247:. February 18, 2021 2049:The Philippine Star 1535:Spanish East Indies 1475:Habitat and Species 1403:were more evident. 1097:Buhayin ang Maynila 782:) and Black-winged 193:14.51667; 120.76667 184: / 3230:Songs about Manila 3072:Entertainment City 2978:Historical markers 2940:Rizal Day bombings 2883:Cry of Pugad Lawin 2858:Province of Manila 2767:Manggahan Floodway 2732:Rivers and esteros 2299:. October 22, 2020 1597:Philippines portal 1275: 1193: 1036: 1028: 1020: 832:(Asiatic mangrove) 801: 780:Egretta eulophotes 776: 723: 677:Battle of Tsushima 673:Russo-Japanese War 618:peaks topped with 574:on the north, and 556:Spanish occupation 3463: 3462: 3407:Notable Manileños 3257:Art Deco theaters 2986: 2985: 2950:COVID-19 pandemic 2898:Province of Rizal 2506:Media related to 2007:. March 19, 2019. 1605:Naval Base Manila 1547:Eighty Years' War 1244:beach nourishment 1225:beach nourishment 1219:According to the 1210:COVID-19 pandemic 1197:beach nourishment 1177:Beach nourishment 1018:facing Manila Bay 736:Philippine Senate 708:Corregidor Island 612:Cavite Naval Base 513: 512: 108:Show map of Luzon 16:(Redirected from 3518: 3453: 3452: 2826: 2825: 2757:Land reclamation 2548: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2505: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2442: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2272:The Manila Times 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2172:on June 29, 2011 2168:. 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March 4, 2011 1924: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1740:GMA News Online 1734: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1665: 1659: 1642: 1638: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1527: 1510: 1448: 1443: 1350: 1334: 1321: 1307: 1263: 1205:coastal defense 1185: 1179: 1167:SM Mall of Asia 1146: 1124: 1089: 1060: 1058:Land conversion 1047: 1041: 1016:Roxas Boulevard 1009: 980: 956: 944: 912: 900:Plantations of 853:Sonneratia alba 793: 768: 760: 747:Typhoon Pedring 652: 590:The islands of 582:area, with the 532:Bahía de Manila 524:Look ng Maynila 509: 343: 268: 224:Malimango River 192: 190: 186: 183: 178: 175: 173: 171: 170: 146: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 134: 133: 129: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 100: 99: 98: 97: 93: 71: 53: 49:Look ng Maynila 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3524: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3364:Port of Manila 3358: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3284:Transportation 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3274:Radio stations 3271: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3225:Shopping malls 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3025:Escolta Street 3017: 3012: 3010:Ortigas Center 3007: 3006: 3005: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2707:Marikina River 2704: 2699: 2693: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2497: 2496:External links 2494: 2492: 2491: 2463: 2437: 2424: 2411: 2385: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2342: 2333: 2323: 2310: 2284: 2258: 2232: 2205: 2183: 2157: 2143: 2113: 2087: 2061: 2035: 2010: 1992: 1981:. 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648: 584:Pampanga River 540:Port of Manila 536:natural harbor 511: 510: 508: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 351: 349: 345: 344: 342: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 310: 308: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 270: 269: 267: 266: 264:Pampanga River 261: 256: 254:Tullahan River 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 219:San Juan River 216: 211: 207: 205: 201: 200: 168: 162: 161: 152: 148: 147: 137: 131: 130: 123: 122: 116: 115: 114: 113: 101: 95: 94: 87: 86: 80: 79: 78: 77: 76: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3523: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412:Sister cities 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247:Sports venues 3245: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3190:Annual events 3188: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 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2500: 2499: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2456:September 25, 2452: 2448: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2365: 2356: 2346: 2337: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2193: 2187: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2146: 2144:1-4020-3299-4 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2106:September 19, 2102: 2098: 2091: 2080:September 19, 2076: 2072: 2065: 2054:September 19, 2050: 2046: 2039: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2006: 2005:SM Supermalls 2002: 1996: 1980: 1973: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1936:September 23, 1931: 1927: 1921: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1877: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1838:September 22, 1833: 1829: 1822: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1746:September 28, 1741: 1737: 1731: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1587: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557:naval battles 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1519:water quality 1515: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1438: 1436: 1435:Typhoon Gaemi 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1326: 1316: 1313: 1312:water quality 1305:Water quality 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:bridge-tunnel 1280: 1272: 1269:The proposed 1267: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1189: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1171:SM City Clark 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157:In 2019, the 1155: 1152: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113:Evelio Javier 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1055: 1053: 1052:Sangley Point 1046: 1032: 1024: 1017: 1013: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960:seagrass beds 954:Seagrass beds 951: 949: 939: 937: 933: 926: 923: 920: 917: 916: 915: 907: 905: 904: 895: 894: 890: 887: 886: 882: 879: 875: 874: 870: 867: 863: 862: 858: 855: 854: 850: 847: 846: 842: 839: 838: 834: 831: 830: 826: 823: 822:bakhaw lalaki 819: 818: 814: 813: 812: 810: 805: 797: 788: 785: 784:cuckoo-shrike 781: 772: 763: 755: 752: 751:Museo Pambata 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:United States 697: 695: 690: 689: 684: 683: 678: 674: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656:Laguna de Bay 647: 645: 641: 637: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 608:Sangley Point 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 566:on the east, 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 350: 346: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 234:Timalan River 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 209: 208: 206: 204:River sources 202: 197: 169: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 120: 105: 84: 74: 67: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Bay of Manila 3390:Other topics 3235:Manila sound 3003:Ayala Avenue 2717:Sierra Madre 2696: 2572:capital city 2555:Metro Manila 2482:. Retrieved 2476: 2466: 2454:. Retrieved 2450: 2440: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2398: 2388: 2364: 2355: 2345: 2336: 2326: 2301:. Retrieved 2296: 2287: 2275:. Retrieved 2271: 2261: 2249:. Retrieved 2244: 2235: 2223:. Retrieved 2219:the original 2208: 2198:December 22, 2196:. Retrieved 2186: 2176:December 21, 2174:. Retrieved 2170:the original 2160: 2150:November 20, 2148:. Retrieved 2126: 2116: 2104:. Retrieved 2100: 2090: 2078:. Retrieved 2075:ABS-CBN News 2074: 2064: 2052:. Retrieved 2048: 2038: 2028:December 11, 2026:. Retrieved 1995: 1983:. Retrieved 1972: 1960:. Retrieved 1956: 1946: 1934:. Retrieved 1930:ABS-CBN News 1929: 1920: 1911: 1876: 1866: 1836:. Retrieved 1832:the original 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1771: 1744:. Retrieved 1739: 1730: 1725:Philippines. 1720: 1699: 1576:Metro Manila 1511: 1494: 1484: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1461: 1460: 1455:conservation 1449: 1430: 1428: 1405: 1393:chlorpyrifos 1385: 1370: 1355: 1351: 1338:soil erosion 1335: 1322: 1308: 1276: 1252: 1241: 1218: 1194: 1156: 1147: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1117: 1109:Ninoy Aquino 1101: 1096: 1093:Lito Atienza 1090: 1081: 1076:progradation 1061: 1048: 1026:The Baywalk. 1001:Mount Arayat 981: 957: 945: 930: 913: 901: 899: 891: 883: 880:in Filipino) 877: 871: 868:in Filipino) 865: 859: 851: 843: 835: 827: 824:in Filipino) 821: 815: 806: 802: 777: 766:Biodiversity 761: 744: 740:Mall of Asia 732:Metro Manila 728:Metro Manila 724: 704:World War II 692: 686: 680: 653: 632: 589: 564:Metro Manila 552:capital city 515: 514: 293:Surface area 214:Zapote River 102:Location in 36: 3291:Government 3082:Skyscrapers 3057:Attractions 3047:Manila Mint 2920:City of Man 2798:Chairperson 2777:Mega Manila 2702:Pasig River 2654:Quezon City 2609:Mandaluyong 2303:October 30, 2277:October 30, 1985:February 1, 1962:January 15, 1122:Legislation 1095:'s program 997:La Mesa Dam 995:watershed, 948:coral reefs 942:Coral reefs 848:(nipa palm) 664:Pasig River 548:Philippines 375:Cavite City 348:Settlements 277:Max. length 259:Angat River 249:Pasig River 239:Labac River 229:Cañas River 191: / 179:120°46′00″E 166:Coordinates 159:Philippines 3476:Manila Bay 3470:Categories 3332:P2P routes 3327:Bus routes 3264:Newspapers 3210:Public art 3195:Cemeteries 2998:Makati CBD 2853:Intramuros 2833:Prehistory 2786:Government 2697:Manila Bay 2669:Valenzuela 2624:Muntinlupa 2508:Manila Bay 2383:57:348-358 1636:References 1508:Challenges 1431:Terra Nova 1389:endosulfan 1373:pesticides 1063:Conversion 592:Corregidor 546:), in the 516:Manila Bay 425:Maragondon 324:Corregidor 285:Max. width 210:Imus River 176:14°31′00″N 132:Manila Bay 96:Manila Bay 42:Manila Bay 3174:Libraries 3147:Education 3098:Hospitals 2812:(defunct) 2689:Geography 2674:Barangays 2634:Parañaque 2594:Las Piñas 2484:March 12, 2435:pp137-147 1661:p309-328. 1424:phosphate 1406:In 1997, 1348:Pollution 1203:aimed at 1071:fishponds 993:Angat Dam 972:Mariveles 791:Mangroves 758:Ecosystem 644:Fort Drum 600:Mariveles 580:watershed 470:Parañaque 430:Mariveles 395:Las Piñas 329:El Fraile 3455:Category 3376:Aviation 3067:Gambling 2963:Timeline 2810:Governor 2762:Bay City 2659:San Juan 2619:Marikina 2589:Caloocan 2451:Philstar 2404:July 25, 2399:BBC News 2350:243–248. 2251:April 8, 2225:April 8, 1871:Toronto. 1694:293-307. 1615:Bay City 1583:See also 1568:Filipino 1397:diazinon 1325:salinity 1319:Salinity 1229:seawalls 1214:dolomite 1067:mangrove 932:Mudflats 910:Wetlands 878:pagatpat 738:and the 688:Zhemchug 620:tropical 616:volcanic 572:Pampanga 520:Filipino 465:Paombong 445:Noveleta 410:Macabebe 339:Limbones 334:La Monja 151:Location 56:Filipino 3440:Outline 3381:Traffic 3205:Museums 3200:Cinemas 3183:Culture 3052:Tourism 3020:Binondo 2991:Economy 2848:Namayan 2838:Maynila 2821:History 2747:Beaches 2737:Islands 2649:Pateros 2629:Navotas 2604:Malabon 2331:271–310 1906:259-269 1881:405-418 1572:Navotas 1491:warming 1420:ammonia 1416:nitrate 1362:cadmium 1261:Bridges 1235:). The 1233:groynes 964:Malolos 650:History 640:Carabao 596:Caballo 568:Bulacan 534:) is a 528:Spanish 505:Ternate 495:Sasmuan 485:Rosario 440:Navotas 415:Malolos 385:Hermosa 380:Hagonoy 370:Bulakan 365:Balanga 319:Carabao 314:Caballo 306:Islands 3360:Water 3103:Police 3062:Hotels 2803:Mayors 2664:Taguig 2614:Manila 2599:Makati 2568:Manila 2141: 1441:Future 1358:copper 1299:Cavite 1295:Bataan 1279:bridge 1248:egrets 936:swamps 691:, and 682:Aurora 628:Cavite 604:Bataan 576:Bataan 560:Cavite 450:Obando 420:Manila 360:Bacoor 355:Abucay 52: 3445:Index 2843:Tondo 2752:Slums 2742:Parks 2644:Pasig 2639:Pasay 1501:dykes 1497:Dutch 1401:biota 968:Orion 866:nilad 544:Luzon 500:Tanza 490:Samal 480:Pilar 475:Pasay 460:Orion 455:Orani 405:Lubao 400:Limay 390:Kawit 155:Luzon 104:Luzon 3344:Rail 3322:Road 3315:MIAA 3305:LRTA 3300:MMDA 2486:2021 2458:2019 2406:2024 2305:2022 2279:2022 2253:2021 2227:2021 2200:2020 2178:2010 2152:2020 2139:ISBN 2108:2020 2082:2020 2056:2020 2030:2020 1987:2019 1964:2019 1938:2011 1840:2011 1748:2011 1422:and 1395:and 1366:zinc 1364:and 1297:and 1231:and 1136:The 1111:and 694:Oleg 594:and 570:and 562:and 542:(on 435:Naic 3354:MRT 3349:LRT 3310:PNR 2131:doi 1379:). 1377:DDT 1281:or 1065:of 3472:: 2475:. 2449:. 2427:^ 2397:. 2373:^ 2313:^ 2295:. 2270:. 2243:. 2137:. 2125:. 2099:. 2073:. 2047:. 2013:^ 2003:. 1955:. 1928:. 1898:^ 1886:^ 1848:^ 1780:^ 1756:^ 1738:. 1708:^ 1666:^ 1643:^ 1574:, 1521:. 1418:, 1391:, 1360:, 1107:, 991:, 970:, 966:, 742:. 706:, 685:, 630:. 530:: 526:; 522:: 157:, 2574:) 2570:( 2547:e 2540:t 2533:v 2488:. 2460:. 2408:. 2307:. 2281:. 2255:. 2229:. 2202:. 2180:. 2154:. 2133:: 2110:. 2084:. 2058:. 2032:. 1989:. 1966:. 1940:. 1842:. 1750:. 1563:. 1549:. 876:( 864:( 820:( 696:) 518:( 58:) 54:( 34:. 20:)

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