21:
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from the corpse's neck and placed it around his own as a trophy. The Romans were initially daunted by the fearsome appearance of the Gauls, whose elite warriors were "richly adorned with gold necklaces and armbands". The torc was the Celtic symbol of authority and prestige. By his action, Torquatus
524:
for conspicuous gallantry. Legionary (citizen) soldiers and non-commissioned officers below the rank of centurion were eligible for this award, but non-citizen soldiers were not. Unlike legionaries, auxiliary common soldiers did not receive individual decorations, though auxiliary officers did.
555:
were usually awarded in pairs and a soldier could win more than one pair. They were not for everyday wear, but generally only worn at military parades or on dress uniform occasions like a general's
Triumph, though they could also be worn at certain civic events like religious ceremonies and the
605:
were made in a substantial masculine style and produced in a variety of designs: a solid, hinged cuff, sometimes inscribed with legionary emblems or decorated with incised patterns; an open-ended spiral; a chunky, rounded bracelet with open or overlapping ends; or a torc in miniature.
641:, is a series of six stories for older children, following several generations of Roman soldiers serving at Hadrian's Wall from the 1st to the 4th centuries. The stories are linked by a family heirloom, an
617:
continued as a type of royal regalia, probably in both the
Western and Byzantine worlds, and taking variable forms. A pair were made to be worn by the monarch at the
832:
489:
595:
in effect took the vanquished chieftain's power for his own, and created a potent, visible token of Roman domination. As such, over time the torc and also the
575:
can be seen on the memorial panel at Villa
Vallelunga in Italy which depicts the awards granted to veteran C. Vibius Macer during his years of active service.
559:
Roman military honours were not awarded posthumously, but those won during a soldier's lifetime were often proudly shown on his sarcophagus or cenotaph. The
551:
were given as awards for distinguished conduct to soldiers of lesser rank, but were valued no less highly for the prestige they conferred upon their owners.
768:
717:
482:
267:
163:
79:
55:
587:
221:
475:
141:
543:
were either gold, silver or bronze. The status of the recipient appears to have determined whether he would be granted a gold
796:
660:
for his part in repelling a
British attack on the Roman fort of Isca Dumnoniorum, during which he is seriously wounded.
525:
However, a whole auxiliary regiment could be honoured by a title as an equivalent award, which in this case would be
29:
618:
367:
45:
123:
237:
198:
149:
353:
286:
74:
817:
The gold armills presented to
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the occasion of her coronation in 1953
810:
172:
382:
37:
610:
which were open-ended or had overlapping ends often featured knobs or snake-heads as terminals.
755:
710:
590:
slew a Gallic chieftain of impressive size in single combat. He then stripped the bloodstained
249:
98:
348:
84:
816:
338:
280:
8:
599:
were adopted as official awards for valour, taking on the role of symbolic war trophies.
465:
189:
582:
were modelled on those worn by the Celts. The tradition of using Celtic-style torcs and
653:
434:
837:
638:
441:
307:
296:
693:
677:
646:
418:
407:
322:
41:
780:
742:
721:
697:
681:
412:
390:
333:
564:
427:
397:
358:
118:
826:
402:
374:
302:
521:
568:
312:
203:
625:; earlier examples seem to have been worn on the shoulder or upper arm.
571:, for example, are evident on his funerary monument, and three pairs of
533:
as a reward. This entitled an auxiliary regiment to add the appellation
343:
108:
64:
684:, pp. 89-91. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles.
328:
622:
728:. Essays in honour of Donald Bailey and Catherine Johns (Monogr.
513:
93:
586:
as Roman military decorations had its beginnings in 361 BC when
614:
183:
591:
813:
Some representative images (Saarland
University website).
529:("awarded bracelets"), or be granted Roman citizenship
743:Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000
824:
833:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome
799:by Scott McCulloch. Posted March 30, 2012, in
483:
711:From bracelets to battle-honours: military
797:Awards and Commendations in the Roman Army
781:The Military Decorations of the Roman Army
698:The Military Decorations of the Roman Army
682:The Military Decorations of the Roman Army
652:Marcus Flavius Aquila, hero of Sutcliff's
490:
476:
537:(Roman citizens) to its list of honours.
745:, fig 4, p.14. Franz Steiner: Stuttgart.
645:inscribed with the Capricorn emblem of
588:Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 347 BC)
825:
726:Image, Craft and the Classical World
724:, p.100. In : N. Crummy (ed.),
13:
715:from the Roman conquest of Britain
516:awarded as a military decoration (
14:
849:
790:
732:29), Montagnac 2005, pp. 93-105.
621:in 1953. These were thick gold
619:coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
459:
19:
547:or the lesser silver. Bronze
773:
761:
756:The History of Rome, Bk VII:10
748:
735:
703:
687:
671:
1:
779:Maxfield, Valerie A. (1981).
664:
628:
354:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
819:. Royal Exhibitions website.
563:awarded to senior centurion
268:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
80:Decorations and punishments
10:
854:
741:Keppie, Lawrence (2000).
383:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
368:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
38:Military of ancient Rome
466:Ancient Rome portal
635:The Capricorn Bracelet
709:Crummy, Nina (2005).
349:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
164:Technological history
694:Maxfield, Valerie A.
678:Maxfield, Valerie A.
339:Lower Germanic Limes
238:Strategy and tactics
173:Military engineering
75:Unit types and ranks
334:Lauter Valley Limes
720:2013-10-04 at the
654:Eagle of the Ninth
435:Limes Tripolitanus
56:Structural history
639:Rosemary Sutcliff
520:) to soldiers of
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499:
451:
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442:Limes Mauretaniae
297:Limes Britannicus
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222:Political history
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771:
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691:
685:
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656:, is awarded an
647:Legio II Augusta
535:civium Romanorum
518:donum militarium
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485:
478:
464:
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323:Limes Germanicus
273:
272:
250:Infantry tactics
243:
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199:Triumphal arches
169:
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150:Wars and battles
142:Campaign history
61:
60:
23:
22:
16:
15:
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722:Wayback Machine
708:
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692:
688:
676:
672:
667:
631:
613:The armilla or
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460:
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453:
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419:Limes Sarmatiae
413:Anastasian Wall
391:Pannonian Limes
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821:
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791:External links
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785:
783:, fig 9, p.89.
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769:Histories 2.29
760:
747:
734:
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686:
669:
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565:Marcus Caelius
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495:
494:
487:
480:
472:
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455:
454:
449:
448:
446:
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438:
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428:Limes Arabicus
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398:Limes Alutanus
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359:Wetterau Limes
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308:Hadrian's Wall
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801:Roman History
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408:Trajan's Wall
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403:Limes Moesiae
401:
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375:Norican Limes
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303:Antonine Wall
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190:Siege engines
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27:
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805:Ancient Life
804:
800:
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763:
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730:Instrumentum
729:
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705:
689:
673:
657:
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583:
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522:ancient Rome
517:
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440:
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417:
381:
321:
295:
279:
182:
569:Legio XVIII
313:Saxon Shore
827:Categories
767:Polybius.
665:References
629:In fiction
344:Main Limes
680:(1981).
623:bracelets
578:Military
527:armillata
512:) was an
329:Alb Limes
838:Armbands
811:Armillae
807:website.
718:Archived
713:armillae
700:, p.128.
696:(1981).
608:Armillae
603:Armillae
584:armillae
580:armillae
573:armillae
561:armillae
553:Armillae
549:armillae
541:Armillae
531:en masse
510:armillae
508:(plural
124:Admirals
99:Generals
30:a series
28:Part of
803:at the
658:armilla
643:armilla
597:armilla
556:games.
545:armilla
514:armband
505:armilla
94:Auxilia
85:Legions
754:Livy.
615:armill
227:
184:Castra
119:Fleets
46:AD 476
42:753 BC
32:on the
637:, by
287:Walls
281:Limes
204:Roads
592:torc
109:Navy
65:Army
567:of
502:An
829::
44:–
758:.
649:.
491:e
484:t
477:v
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