646:(Secondary School). Kremer subsequently studied at the St. Petersburg Technological Institute and the Riga Polytechnic. In the course of his studies, Kremer became involved in radical student politics and became involved in the Polish Marxist organization 'Proletariat'. He was first arrested in 1889. After some time in prison he was condemned to administrative exile and banned from St. Petersburg. By 1889, he was engaging in revolutionary activity, which ultimately led him to be incarcerated and cut off from further studies. However, in 1890, he was released from jail and banned from Saint Petersburg. As a result, Arkady traveled back to Vilna to begin his revolutionary activity there by joining revolutionary circles of Jewish workers
674:, which is commonly referred to as “the Bund” based on Marxist philosophies. He worked closely with Shmul Gozhansky, another revolutionary leader to change the Vilna Jewish workers circles tactics from propaganda to mass agitation. Propaganda was grounded in small scale group meetings of politically conscious workers circles, and Arkady aimed to expand the Bund to get involved in mass politics. Arkady aimed to improve Jewish worker's conditions. In the course of this struggle, they would develop a class consciousness and an understanding of the contradictions of capitalism, leading eventually to their political organization and to the overthrow of the capitalist system. Kremer argued for this tactic in the influential pamphlet
750:(RSDRP). The Bund was one of the constituent organisations of the RSDRP, and in its own view, an autonomous organisation within the RSDRP. Kremer attended the RSDRP's founding congress in Minsk and was elected to its first, short-lived Central Committee (which also comprised three members). Before long, the committee, including Kremer, was arrested, leaving the young party in disarray. While in prison, Kremer put his technological and mathematical studies to use by developing a system of cryptography and a coding machine that came to be widely used in the Russian revolutionary movement.
754:
Congress in 1903. In 1903, the Bund's position, most forcefully argued by Liber, was rejected by both Lenin and Martov, shortly to emerge as the leaders of the
Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. The Bund, finding its claim to exclusive representation of Jewish workers in the Russian empire and organisational autonomy within a federally organised RSDRP rebuffed, withdrew from the Congress and from the RSDRP. This occurred before the split between Lenin and Martov over the question of party membership conditions and left Lenin with a slight majority at the Congress.
25:
109:
722:(ADAV) of the 1860s, one of the forerunner organisations of the German Social-Democratic Party. At the same time, Kremer chose the name 'Bund' because it implied a looser federation than the term 'Party'. However, Kremer also maintained close contact with the wider Russian Social-Democratic movement. He placed less emphasis on Jewish cultural nationalism and autonomy than subsequent younger Bundist leaders like
774:
broke out in Russia, Kremer returned to St. Petersburg and became involved in the St. Petersburg soviet. He was arrested again in 1907, as the
Revolution was winding down and the Tsar reasserted control. Released in 1908, Kremer withdrew from political activity, though he remained associated with the
697:
At first, Kremer seems to have been inclined to favour economic over political agitation. As Jewish workers' circles proliferated in
Russian, Lithuanian and Polish cities, some of Kremer's associates called for the creation of a unified Jewish Social-Democratic party. Kremer initially rejected this
753:
Furthermore, the conflict over the expansion of the RSDLP was one of the first major controversies among
Russian Social-Democrats. Kremer supported cultural autonomy for Jewish workers and organisational autonomy for the Bund within the RSDLP, a position the Bund also adopted at the RSDLP's Second
82:
658:, a circle of Jewish Social-Democrats from which the Bund subsequently emerged. He aimed to expand the Jewish worker's influence in mass politics to end their struggle under capitalism led by the bourgeoisie. A part of this was the shift of language in the Vilna group from
743:. Although some younger Bundists were influenced by Zionism and the Bund insisted on its organisational autonomy and on Jewish cultural independence, the Bund rejected Jewish Zionists' 'national separatism' and the idea of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine.
977:
972:
801:
remained active in the Bund. Arkadii Kremer died in 1935 and was buried with great honours by the
Bundists. Pati Kremer survived until 1943. She was murdered by the Nazis when they liquidated the Wilno ghetto.
757:
The
Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin split into two factions: those who agreed with Lenin's plans to keep the party as a small group of revolutionaries, and those who wished to expand, which were the
198:
762:. Many Bund members had aligning opinions with the Mensheviks, leading to lots of tension between the Bund and other political groups, such as the Jewish Zionists and the powerful Bolsheviks.
157:
593:; also known as Aleksandr Kremer, Solomon Kremer, and most frequently referred to as Arkady, his nickname; 1865–1935) was a Russian socialist leader known as the 'Father of the Bund' (the
152:
694:. His pamphlet harshly criticized capitalists for exploiting Jewish workers, and advocated for the destruction of capitalism. It promoted anti-capitalist and anti-zionist values.
706:, was instrumental in persuading Kremer to change his mind. The fact that Jewish workers in Russia would not be able to affiliate with international organisations such as the
147:
233:
1012:
793:. In 1921, Kremer returned to Vilna, then called Wilno in newly independent Poland. Kremer taught mathematics. During his Vilna years, Kremer met and married
714:(Bund) in Vilna. Kremer was one of three members of its first Central Committee and was widely respected as the Bund's leader. The name hearkened back to
746:
In 1898, Kremer was instrumental in bringing together various Social-Democratic groups in the
Russian empire and among Russian exiles abroad to form the
737:'s 'Workers' Party for the Political Liberation of Russia', RPPOR, in Minsk), and, on the other hand, with labour Zionist organisation like
569:
931:
Greenbaum, Alfred A. “Jewish
Historiography in Soviet Russia.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 28 (1959): 57–76.
747:
245:
1007:
142:
137:
925:
855:
987:
710:
unless they had a party seems to have weighed heavily with Kremer. Thus, in
September 1897, Kremer and his comrades founded the
992:
719:
517:
512:
870:
188:
982:
183:
666:, as 97% of Russian Jews spoke Yiddish as their first language, while only 25% were literate in Russian (according to the
690:. This was known as the 'Vilna Programme' and greatly influenced the Russian Marxist movement and young Marxists like
780:
68:
46:
938:
Shukman, H, and H. Shukman. “The
Relations between the Jewish Bund and the RSDRP, 1897-1903.” ORA, January 1, 1961.
39:
562:
162:
214:
698:
idea, believing that a political party would be the organic outcome of the workers' own economic struggle. The
228:
459:
352:
238:
939:
885:
594:
555:
498:
250:
108:
711:
671:
543:
123:
775:
Bund. In 1912 Kremer emigrated to France, where he served the Bund as a foreign representative and
398:
33:
978:
Members of the Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
973:
Members of the Central Committee of the 1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
729:
The Bund competed, on the one hand, with non-Marxist Jewish workers' groups influenced by Russian
538:
178:
926:
https://pplswar.wordpress.com/2020/12/08/on-agitation-ob-agitatsii-arkadi-kremer-julius-martov/
193:
50:
789:
967:
962:
946:
819:
707:
8:
1002:
477:
787:, Kremer played a minor role, though he seems to have sided with the supporters of the
771:
715:
997:
627:
924:
Kremer, Arkadi, and Julius Martov. “On Agitation.” People’s War, December 9, 2020.
779:
with the French Socialists. Primarily, Kremer worked as an engineer. In the bitter
703:
659:
586:
533:
472:
321:
92:
784:
623:
602:
405:
338:
691:
631:
419:
412:
345:
301:
281:
276:
872:
Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862–1917
834:
956:
919:
Arkadi: Zamlbukh tsum ondenk fun grinder fun 'Bund' Arkadi Kremer, 1865–1935.
734:
723:
687:
359:
316:
296:
271:
366:
311:
266:
798:
794:
667:
655:
606:
493:
453:
448:
373:
306:
291:
797:(1867–1943), a revolutionary activist in her own right. He and his wife
759:
739:
443:
940:
https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:90a098ef-91da-46b4-adf6-e337bed1d43c
683:
635:
426:
597:). This organisation was instrumental in the development of Russian
783:
which divided the European socialist movement with the outbreak of
730:
639:
467:
391:
932:
900:
663:
598:
100:
654:
In Vilna, Kremer quickly became the acknowledged leader of the
887:
The Relations between the Jewish Bund and the RSDRP, 1897-1903
81:
595:
General Jewish Workers' Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia
947:
https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Kremer_Arkadii
642:
family. At age 12 he moved to Vilna, where he attended
945:YIVO | Kremer, Arkadii. Accessed December 9, 2023.
954:
1013:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
682:), produced in 1893, together with the future
563:
570:
556:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
748:Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
765:
955:
902:Jewish Historiography in Soviet Russia
836:An Introduction to Bundism (1897-1903)
795:Pati Matle Srednitskaia (or Srednicki)
16:Russian Bundist politician (1865–1935)
18:
720:General German Workers' Association
649:
590:
13:
612:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1024:
1008:People of the Russian Revolution
107:
23:
933:https://doi.org/10.2307/3622447
670:). In 1897, Arkady created the
215:International Jewish Labor Bund
171:Interwar years and World War II
988:People from Sventsyansky Uyezd
893:
878:
863:
848:
827:
812:
1:
993:Jewish Lithuanian politicians
805:
712:General Jewish Workers' Union
617:
7:
499:General Jewish Labour Party
10:
1029:
912:
672:General Jewish Labour Bund
622:Arkadi Kremer was born in
124:General Jewish Labour Bund
436:Associated organisations
53:more precise citations.
983:People from Švenčionys
85:
460:Sotsyalistishe Kinder
353:Der yidisher arbeyter
84:
766:Later life and death
708:Second International
702:of Russian Marxism,
638:), into a religious
116:1890s to World War I
772:Revolution of 1905
716:Ferdinand Lassalle
199:Argentina (Second)
86:
628:Vilna Governorate
580:
579:
544:Socialist parties
153:Argentina (First)
79:
78:
71:
1020:
906:
905:
897:
891:
890:
882:
876:
875:
867:
861:
860:
852:
846:
845:
844:
843:
831:
825:
824:
816:
704:George Plekhanov
650:Political career
634:(in present-day
592:
572:
565:
558:
478:Jutrzenka Kraków
473:Tsukunft shturem
322:Szmul Zygielbojm
242:
111:
88:
87:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1017:
953:
952:
921:New York, 1942.
915:
910:
909:
899:
898:
894:
884:
883:
879:
869:
868:
864:
854:
853:
849:
841:
839:
833:
832:
828:
821:Kremer, Arkadii
818:
817:
813:
808:
768:
652:
620:
615:
613:Life and career
603:labour movement
591:אַרקאַדי קרעמער
576:
486:Splinter groups
464:
461:
406:In Zaltsikn Yam
339:Arbeiter Fragen
236:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1026:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
951:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
914:
911:
908:
907:
892:
877:
862:
847:
826:
810:
809:
807:
804:
767:
764:
692:Vladimir Lenin
651:
648:
632:Russian Empire
619:
616:
614:
611:
578:
577:
575:
574:
567:
560:
552:
549:
548:
547:
546:
541:
539:Jewish history
536:
528:
527:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
509:
508:
506:Communist Bund
502:
501:
496:
488:
487:
483:
482:
481:
480:
475:
470:
462:Farband (SKIF)
458:
457:
456:
451:
446:
438:
437:
433:
432:
431:
430:
423:
420:Arbeter Froyen
416:
413:Daloy Politsey
409:
402:
395:
385:
384:
380:
379:
378:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
346:Arbeiterstimme
342:
332:
331:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
302:Vladimir Medem
299:
294:
289:
284:
282:Esther Frumkin
279:
277:Henryk Ehrlich
274:
269:
261:
260:
256:
255:
254:
253:
251:United Kingdom
248:
243:
231:
225:
224:
218:
217:
209:
208:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
172:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
134:
133:
127:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
104:
103:
97:
96:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1025:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
917:
916:
904:
903:
896:
889:
888:
881:
874:
873:
866:
859:
858:
851:
838:
837:
830:
823:
822:
815:
811:
803:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
781:controversies
778:
773:
763:
761:
755:
751:
749:
744:
742:
741:
736:
735:Mark Natanson
732:
727:
725:
724:Mikhail Liber
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
695:
693:
689:
688:Julius Martov
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
610:
608:
604:
601:, the Jewish
600:
596:
588:
584:
583:Arkadi Kremer
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
553:
551:
550:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
529:
525:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
490:
489:
485:
484:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
463:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
439:
435:
434:
429:
428:
424:
422:
421:
417:
415:
414:
410:
408:
407:
403:
401:
400:
396:
394:
393:
389:
388:
387:
386:
382:
381:
376:
375:
371:
369:
368:
364:
362:
361:
360:Folkstsaytung
357:
355:
354:
350:
348:
347:
343:
341:
340:
336:
335:
334:
333:
329:
328:
323:
320:
318:
317:Anna Rozental
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
297:Mikhail Liber
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Arkadi Kremer
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
272:Marek Edelman
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:
258:
257:
252:
249:
247:
244:
240:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:
206:
205:
200:
197:
195:
194:Soviet Russia
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
170:
169:
164:
161:
159:
158:United States
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
115:
114:
110:
106:
105:
102:
99:
98:
94:
90:
89:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2023
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
918:
901:
895:
886:
880:
871:
865:
857:On Agitation
856:
850:
840:, retrieved
835:
829:
820:
814:
788:
776:
769:
756:
752:
745:
738:
728:
699:
696:
680:Ob Agitatsii
679:
676:On Agitation
675:
653:
643:
621:
582:
581:
505:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
372:
367:Lodzer veker
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
312:Moisei Rafes
286:
267:Victor Alter
221:
163:Thessaloniki
130:
65:
56:
37:
968:1935 deaths
963:1865 births
785:World War I
668:1897 census
656:Vilna Group
607:nationalism
605:and Jewish
494:Komtsukunft
454:Morgnshtern
449:Kultur Lige
374:Lebns Fragn
307:Noah Meisel
292:Pati Kremer
237: [
51:introducing
1003:Mensheviks
957:Categories
842:2023-07-19
806:References
760:Mensheviks
740:Poale Zion
644:Realschule
624:Švenčionys
618:Early life
526:Categories
444:Klain Bund
207:After 1945
34:references
770:When the
733:(such as
684:Menshevik
636:Lithuania
427:Vakht Oyf
229:Australia
131:Offshoots
998:Bundists
731:populism
640:maskilic
468:Tsukunft
399:Barikadn
392:Di Shvue
222:Branches
138:Bukovina
93:a series
91:Part of
913:Sources
790:Entente
777:liaison
686:leader
664:Yiddish
660:Russian
599:Marxism
587:Yiddish
534:Bundism
518:Ukraine
189:Romania
143:Galicia
101:Bundism
47:improve
513:Poland
259:People
246:Israel
234:France
184:Poland
179:Latvia
148:Sweden
36:, but
700:doyen
383:Songs
330:Press
241:]
799:Pati
718:'s
662:to
626:in
959::
726:.
630:,
609:.
589::
239:fr
95:on
949:.
942:.
935:.
928:.
678:(
585:(
571:e
564:t
557:v
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.