2863:, no distinction being made among the three orders; the members of the town and country municipalités were to elect representatives for the district municipalités, which in turn would elect to the provincial municipalités, and the latter to a grande municipalité, which should have no legislative powers, but should concern itself entirely with the administration of taxation. With this was to be combined a whole system of education, relief of the poor, and other activities. Louis XVI recoiled from this as being too great a leap in the dark, and such a fundamental difference of opinion between king and minister was bound to lead to a breach sooner or later. Turgot's only choice, however, was between "tinkering" at the existing system in detail and a complete revolution, and his attack on privilege, which might have been carried through by a popular minister and a strong king, was bound to form part of any effective scheme of reform.
2879:. Turgot, however, emphasized what he believed were American inadequacies. He complained that the new American state constitutions failed to adopt the physiocratic principle of distinguishing for purposes of taxation between those who owned land and those who did not, the principle of direct taxation of property holders had not been followed, and a complicated legal and administrative structure had been created to regulate commerce. On the social level, Turgot and his progressive contemporaries suffered further disappointment: a religious oath was required of elected officials and slavery was not abolished. Turgot died in 1781 before the conclusion of the war. Although disappointed, Turgot never doubted revolutionary victory.
3027:
fingers, he would be of the number – a great thinker, writer, administrator, philanthropist, statesman, and above all, a great character and a great man. And yet, judged by ordinary standards, a failure. For he was thrown out of his culminating position, as
Comptroller-General of France, after serving but twenty months, and then lived only long enough to see every leading measure to which he had devoted his life deliberately and malignantly undone; the flagrant abuses which he had abolished restored, apparently forever; the highways to national prosperity, peace, and influence, which he had opened, destroyed; and his country put under full headway toward the greatest catastrophe the modern world has seen.
3033:
way useful not only in those times but in these. ...As regards currency inflation ... It still remains one of the best presentations of this subject ever made; and what adds to our wonder is that it was not the result of a study of authorities, but was worked out wholly from his own observation and thought. Up to this time there were no authorities and no received doctrine on the subject; there were simply records of financial practice more or less vicious; it was reserved for this young student, in a letter not intended for publication, to lay down for the first time the great law in which the modern world, after all its puzzling and costly experiences, has found safety.
3624:"Representative Government," such as was established by the English after their revolution, and was advocated in the writings of the contemporary philosophers, also began to be spoken of. With this end in view, Turgot had even prepared a scheme of provincial assemblies, to be followed later on by representative government for all France in which the propertied classes would have been called upon to constitute a parliament. Louis XVI shrank from this proposal, and dismissed Turgot; but from that moment all educated France began to talk of a Constitution and national representation.
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2728:. Turgot showed great firmness and decision in repressing the riots, but also some caution in using soldiers, as he had said that "every levy of soldiers led to a riot." In this, he even had conflict with the royalty, as Louis XVI wanted to go out onto the balcony and meet the crowds, to say that there would be a reduction in the price of bread, but Turgot admonished him against this, and the bread remained at high prices. His position was strengthened by the entry of
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king, though asked to treat it as confidential, is said to have shown to
Maurepas, whose dislike for Turgot it still further embittered. With all these enemies, Turgot's fall was certain, but he wished to stay in office long enough to finish his project for the reform of the royal household before resigning. To his dismay, he was not allowed to do that. On 12 May 1776 he was ordered to send in his resignation. He at once retired to
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2388:, which included some of the poorest and most over-taxed parts of France; here he remained for thirteen years. He was already deeply imbued with the theories of Quesnay and Gournay, and set to work to apply them as far as possible in his province. His first plan was to continue the work, already initiated by his predecessor Tourny, of making a fresh survey of the land (
306:
2840:, and looked to the king to carry through all reforms. As to the parlements, he opposed all interference on their part in legislation, considering that they had no competency outside the sphere of justice. He recognized the danger of the recap of the old parlement, but was unable effectively to oppose it since he had been associated with the dismissal of
2875:. He believed in the virtue and inevitable success of the revolution but warned that France could neither financially nor socially afford to overtly aid it. French intellectuals saw America as the hope of mankind and magnified American virtues to demonstrate the validity of their ideals along with seeing a chance to avenge their defeat in the
2989:, and certainly the terms "natural rights," "natural law," frequently occur in his writings. His friends speak of his charm and gaiety in intimate intercourse, but among strangers he was silent and awkward, and produced the impression of being reserved and disdainful. On one point both friends and enemies agree, and that is his
2617:(the name given to a class of pensions), a reform which Terray had shirked on finding how many persons in high places were interested in them, and annulling certain leases, such as those of the manufacture of gunpowder and the administration of the royal mails, the former of which was handed over to a company with the scientist
2512:, was written early in the period of his intendancy, ostensibly for the benefit of two young Chinese scholars who had studied in Paris, Louis Ko (Gao Leisi, 1732–1790) and Étienne Yang (Yang Dewang, 1733–98), on the occasion of their return to China. Written in 1766, it appeared in 1769–1770 in Dupont's journal, the
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points out with some reason the schoolmasterish tone of his letters, even to the king. As a statesman he has been very variously estimated, but it is generally agreed that a large number of the reforms and ideas of the
Revolution were due to him; the ideas did not as a rule originate with him, but it
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and the ridicule of the wits; this Turgot rewrote three times, it is said, in order to make it "so clear that any village judge could explain it to the peasants." The opposition to the edict was strong. Turgot was hated by those who had been interested in the speculations in grain under the regime of
2598:
His first act was to submit to the king a statement of his guiding principles: "No bankruptcy, no increase of taxation, no borrowing." Turgot's policy, in face of the desperate financial position, was to enforce the most rigid economy in all departments. All departmental expenses were to be submitted
3032:
He now, in 1749, at the age of twenty two, wrote... a letter which has been an object of wonder among political thinkers ever since. Its subject was paper money. Discussing the ideas of John Law, and especially the essay of
Terrasson which had supported them, he dissected them mercilessly, but in a
3026:
TURGOT...I present today one of the three greatest statesmen who fought unreason in France between the close of the Middle Ages and the outbreak of the French
Revolution – Louis XI and Richelieu being the two other. And not only this: were you to count the greatest men of the modern world upon your
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for bread, he uttered those famous words that would later be recalled during the French
Revolution: "The grass has sprouted, go to the fields and browse on it." Houses of the wealthy were seized and occupied, flour-mills were destroyed, and furniture was smashed. Those extraordinary bread-riots are
2752:
described these edicts as "very modest proposals" and summarized these as "abolition of statute labor, abolition of trade-wardens and a timid attempt to make the two privileged classes – the nobility and clergy – pay some of the taxes." Of the six edicts four were of minor importance, but the two
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Turgot was summoned to the ministry of Louis XVI two months after his accession, and was appointed a month later as
Controller-General of Finance. The king even defended the middle-class economist against the reaction of the aristocracy. Turgot owed his appointment as minister of the navy in July
2960:
Turgot, on hearing of this, wrote an indignant letter to the king, in which he reproached him for refusing to see him, pointed out in strong terms the dangers of a weak ministry and a weak king, and complained bitterly of
Maurepas's irresolution and subjection to court intrigues; this letter the
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All might yet have gone well if Turgot could have retained the confidence of the king, but the king could not fail to see that Turgot had not the support of the other ministers. Even his friend
Malesherbes thought he was too rash, and was, moreover, himself discouraged and wished to resign. The
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which Turgot had acquired over the king, or through the natural incompatibility of their characters, he was already inclined to take sides against Turgot, and the reconciliation between him and the queen, which took place about this time, meant that he was henceforth the tool of the
Polignac
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is that of Turgot, in his "A Philosophical Review of the Successive Advances of the Human Mind" (1750). For Turgot progress covers not simply the arts and sciences but, on their base, the whole of culture – manner, mores, institutions, legal codes, economy, and society.
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of a tax in money levied on the whole province, the construction of roads being handed over to contractors, by which means Turgot was able to leave his province with a good system of highways, while distributing more justly the expense of their construction.
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was for the first time treated scientifically, and not merely from the ecclesiastical point of view. Turgot's opinion was that a compromise had to be reached between both methods. Among other works written during Turgot's intendancy were the
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Turgot also prepared a regular budget. His measures succeeded in considerably reducing the deficit, and raised the national credit to such an extent that in 1776, just before his fall, he was able to negotiate a loan with some
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Louis XVI, wanted to go out on the balcony of the palace to speak to them, to tell them that he would reduce the price of bread; but Turgot, like a true economist, opposed this. The reduction in the price of bread was not
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by Turgot at a later date and never recovered, but those remaining argue that free trade in grain is in the interest of landowner, farmer and consumer alike, and in forcible terms demand the removal of all restrictions.
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The immediate cause of Turgot's fall is uncertain. Some speak of a plot, of forged letters containing attacks on the queen shown to the king as Turgot's, of a series of notes on Turgot's budget prepared, it is said, by
2457:, in which he protested against state regulation and interference and advocated free competition. At the same time he did much to encourage agriculture and local industries, among others establishing the manufacture of
2712:
Turgot's biggest challenge was the poor harvest of 1774, which led to a noticeable rise in the price of bread in the winter and early spring of 1774–1775. In April and early May, when peasants begged the governor of
2516:, and was published separately in 1776. Dupont, however, made various alterations in the text, in order to bring it more into accordance with Quesnay's doctrines, which led to a coolness between him and Turgot.
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was he who first gave them prominence. As to his position as an economist, opinion is also divided. Oncken, to take the extreme of condemnation, looks upon him as a bad physiocrat and a confused thinker, while
2523:, after tracing the origin of commerce, Turgot develops Quesnay's theory that land is the only source of wealth, and divides society into three classes, the productive or agricultural, the salaried (the
2613:, but contented himself, as a beginning, with imposing certain conditions on the leases as they were renewed – such as a more efficient personnel, and the abolition for the future of the abuse of the
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2326:, who became one of his chief friends and supporters. All this time he was studying various branches of science, and languages both ancient and modern. In 1753 he translated the
3329:
2965:, the château of the Duchesse d'Enville, returning shortly to Paris, where he spent the rest of his life in scientific and literary studies, being made vice-president of the
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The literary device adopted by Turgot allows for the presentation of the subject from the ground up, without appearing to undervalue the reader's intelligence. Compare the
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bankers at 4%; but the deficit was still so large as to prevent him from attempting at once to realize his favourite scheme of substituting for indirect taxation a
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advocated by Malesherbes (6 May 1775), possibly on the ground that the two privileged orders would have too much power in them. His own plan is to be found in his
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was attacked, while Turgot appealed personally to the king against the lavish giving of places and pensions. He also contemplated a thorough-going reform of the
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maintained their privileges. In the preamble to the former Turgot boldly announced as his object the abolition of privilege, and the subjection of all three
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Turgot at once set to work to establish free trade in grain, but his edict, which was signed on 13 September 1774, met with strong opposition even in the
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2580:, to whom he was warmly recommended by the abbé Very, a mutual friend. His appointment met with general approval, and was hailed with enthusiasm by the
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2949:, whose cause she had ardently espoused at the prompting of the Choiseul clique. Others attribute it to an intrigue of Maurepas. On the resignation of
2202:'s system. He was fond of verse-making, and tried to introduce into French verse the rules of Latin prosody, his translation of the fourth book of the
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2194:
The first sign of Turgot's interest in economics is a letter (1749) on paper money, written to his fellow-student the abbé de Cicé, refuting the abbé
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of commerce, during Gournay's tours of inspection in the provinces. (Gournay's bye-word on the government's proper involvement in the economy –
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2937:, and shown to the king to prove his incapacity. Others attribute it to the queen, and there is no doubt that she hated Turgot for supporting
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William Doyle uses physiocracy to explain the freeing of the grain trade and treats Turgot as a physiocrat. Jessica Riskin does the same
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In character Turgot was simple, honourable and upright, with a passion for justice and truth. He was an idealist, his enemies would say a
2788:
of 12 March, but by that time he had nearly everybody against him. His attacks on privilege had won him the hatred of the nobles and the
2535:. After discussing the evolution of the different systems of cultivation, the nature of exchange and barter, money, and the functions of
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considers that he was the founder of modern political economy, and that "though he failed in the 18th century he triumphed in the 19th."
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101:
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Turgot laid down as a principle the right of every man to work without restriction. He obtained the registration of the edicts by the
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4397:
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1848:
2483:. Turgot always made the curés the agents of his charities and reforms when possible. It was in 1770 that he wrote his famous
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2671:. A striking feature was the preamble, setting forth the doctrines on which the edict was based, which won the praise of the
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2322:– would pass into the vocabulary of economics.) In 1760, while travelling in the east of France and Switzerland, he visited
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Turgot was opposed to all labour associations of employers or employed, in accordance with his belief in free competition.
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2191:. In 1750 he decided not to take holy orders, giving as his reason that "he could not bear to wear a mask all his life."
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for providing work for the able-bodied and relief for the infirm, while at the same time he condemned indiscriminate
2461:. During the famine of 1770–1771 he enforced on landowners "the obligation of relieving the poor" and especially the
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2953:(April 1776), whom Turgot wished to replace by the abbé Very, Maurepas proposed to the king as his successor a
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763:
120:
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1672:
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2794:; his attempted reforms in the royal household, that of the court; his free trade legislation, that of the
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635:
17:
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3501:, with their solemn explication of European customs to an outsider, in Montesquieu a vehicle for satire.
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2547:) of the land should be taxed. In addition he demanded the complete freedom of commerce and industry.
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The Turgot Collection: Writings, Speeches, and Letters of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune
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of the merchants" of Paris, and Madeleine Francoise Martineau de Brétignolles, and came from an old
5254:
3401:"Notices sur les auteurs des 17 volumes de « discours » de l'Encyclopédie (suite et fin)"
2800:; his views on tolerance and his agitation for the suppression of the phrase that was offensive to
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1632:
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1394:
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68:
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3817:"Language as the Key to the Epistemological Labyrinth: Turgot's Changing View of Human Perception"
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1249:
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2131:. He is thought to have been the first political economist to have postulated something like the
1952:
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579:
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2342:, in support of religious tolerance. Between 1755 and 1756 he composed various articles for the
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and Terray, and seems to have underestimated its power. He was opposed to the summoning of the
2837:
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as one of its advisers, and the latter superseded by a quicker and more comfortable service of
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family. As one of four children, he had a younger sister and two older brothers, one of whom,
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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is the result of the application of a tax where the result cannot be calculated in advance.
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2398:; he also obtained a large reduction in the contribution of the province. He published his
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the abbé Terray, among whom were included some of the princes of the blood. Moreover, the
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8:
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Face aux Colbert : les Le Tellier, Vauban, Turgot ... et l'avènement du libéralisme
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2300:
2279:, he is supposed at one time to have wished to marry; they remained lifelong friends –
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and the Duchesse d'Enville. It was during this period that he met the leaders of the "
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As minister of the navy from 1774 to 1776, Turgot opposed financial support for the
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2444:, the particular interest of which is that in it the question of lending money at
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Eighteenth-Century Economics: Turgot, Beccaria and Smith and their Contemporaries
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Eighteenth-century Economics: Turgot, Beccaria and Smith and Their Contemporaries
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to taxation; the clergy were afterwards excepted, at the request of Maurepas.
1224:
1046:
6261:
6215:
6085:
6037:
5989:
5968:
5944:
5908:
5374:
5356:
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5191:
5152:
5134:
5122:
4971:
4016:
3780:
3732:
3679:
3325:
3320:
2916:
2603:
were suppressed, the holders of them being compensated, and the abuse of the
2468:
2331:
2317:
2168:
1947:
1269:
1229:
1159:
1129:
1096:
1091:
1071:
951:
876:
788:
651:
467:
5896:
5866:
4036:
3338:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 415–17.
2888:
alienation of Maurepas was also increasing. Whether through jealousy of the
6163:
6091:
6073:
5926:
5872:
5733:
5716:
5620:
5416:
5380:
5362:
5272:
5248:
5221:
5209:
5203:
5179:
4875:
4497:
3816:
3217:
2860:
2821:
2753:
which met with violent opposition were, firstly, the edict suppressing the
2062:
1981:
1314:
1289:
1219:
1066:
896:
886:
689:
5704:
3861:
Palmer, R. R. (1976), "Turgot, Paragon of the Continental Enlightenment",
3835:
2441:
6115:
5962:
5920:
5902:
5760:
5578:
5530:
5404:
4942:
4930:
4918:
4171:
2801:
2689:
2636:
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1299:
1101:
1086:
1061:
856:
841:
748:
601:
549:
361:
341:
6246:
5320:
5302:
5284:
5266:
3097:(in French). Moulins: Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais. 1920. p.
2828:
in a similar manner. The queen played a key role in his disgrace later.
2018:
3671:
2910:
2805:
2796:
2626:
2292:
2124:
1937:
1903:
1898:
1568:
1081:
871:
846:
753:
606:
586:
397:
286:
282:
6222:
3797:
3650:
3246:
2790:
2618:
2406:
offered prizes for essays on the principles of taxation. Quesnay and
2311:
2209:
2185:
On the Benefits which the Christian Religion has conferred on Mankind
2006:
1804:
1006:
526:
290:
270:
43:
4062:
3663:
3059:
For an account of Turgot's financial administration, see Ch. Gomel,
2755:
2428:
4066:
3876:
3617:
3588:
3567:
3550:
3006:
2600:
2463:
2445:
2411:
2389:
2323:
2213:
2156:
1942:
1915:
1819:
1610:
861:
704:
278:
3772:
3731:
Hart, David (2008). "Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques (1727–1781)". In
3648:
Brewer, Anthony (1987), "Turgot: Founder of Classical Economics",
3971:
Wendel, Jacques M. (1979), "Turgot and the American Revolution",
3242:
2385:
2119:; 10 May 1727 – 18 March 1781), commonly known as
1051:
657:
591:
365:
2812:, that of the rich bourgeoisie of Paris and others, such as the
2560:
2368:
6198:
4268:
4052:
Turgot & 18th and 19th century Dutch economics and politics
2946:
2894:
2645:
2491:. Three of these letters have disappeared, having been sent to
2394:
2204:
2123:, was a French economist and statesman. Sometimes considered a
721:
4140:
3996:
Seven Great Statesmen in the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason
3792:
Bread, Politics and Political Economy in the Reign of Louis XV
3622:. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.
3572:. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.
3019:
Seven Great Statesmen in the Warfare of Humanity with Unreason
2171:. Anne Robert Jacques was educated for the Church, and at the
2163:(1721–1789), was a naturalist, and served as administrator of
2085:
3945:
3593:. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.
3555:. Translated by N. F. Dryhurst. New York: Vanguard Printings.
2768:
2714:
2692:, had a large following. The opposition was now continued by
2180:
2164:
2144:
245:
2831:
2094:
6313:
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
3472:
4045:
3448:"Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth"
2091:
3170:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10.
2735:
2599:
for the approval of the controller-general, a number of
3946:
Turgot (baron de l'Aulne), Anne-Robert-Jacques (2011),
3897:"Chapter 3. A.R.J. Turgot: Brief, Lucid, and Brilliant"
3128:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.
2509:
Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth
2471:) dependent upon them, and organized in every province
2392:), in order to arrive at a more just assessment of the
2127:, he is today best remembered as an early advocate for
3939:, Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1987, 816 pages.
3110:
d'hermine, treillissé de gueules de dix pièces turgot.
2820:
disliked him for opposing the grant of favours to her
2649:
and minor duties, and opposed, on grounds of economy,
2440:, on the occasion of a scandalous financial crisis at
2175:, to which he was admitted in 1749 (being then styled
6187:
3399:
Kafker, Frank A.; Chouillet, Jacques (26 July 1990).
2275:– whose niece, Mlle de Ligniville ("Minette"), later
2103:
3510:
2941:
in demanding the recall of the comte de Guînes, the
2082:
2740:All this time Turgot had been preparing his famous
2707:
2220:translation in which he had found any enthusiasm."
2088:
1350:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
3789:
3167:The Physiocrats and the World of the Enlightenment
3125:The Physiocrats and the World of the Enlightenment
2901:party. About this time, too, appeared a pamphlet,
2702:Essai sur la législation et le commerce des grains
2400:Avis sur l'assiette et la repartition de la taille
2363:
3348:
3094:Bulletin de la Société d'émulation du Bourbonnais
6259:
2356:of the abbé Morellet. In 1759 appeared his work
4263:
3615:
3586:
3565:
3548:
3398:
2993:and his lack of tact in the management of men;
2905:, generally ascribed to the comte de Provence (
2808:oath, that of the clergy; and his edict on the
2527:) or artisan class, and the land-owning class (
2426:). Another reform was the substitution for the
2852:, which was submitted informally to the king.
2310:In 1743 and 1756, he accompanied Gournay, the
4249:
4156:
4100:20 July 1774 – 24 August 1774
2586:. A month later (24 August) he was appointed
2485:Lettres sur la liberté du commerce des grains
2043:
1375:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1345:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
6328:Secretaries of State of Ancien Régime France
6288:Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–1772)
4127:24 August 1774 – 12 May 1776
3473:Me Nguyen; Benoît Malbranque (25 May 2014).
3405:Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie
2189:On the Historical Progress of the Human Mind
2074:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de l'Aulne
2068:Ermine fretty of ten pieces gules, nailed or
3711:
2967:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
2487:, addressed to the controller-general, the
4256:
4242:
4163:
4149:
2643:. Turgot suppressed, however, a number of
2348:, and between 1757 and 1760 an article on
2050:
2036:
42:
27:French economist and statesman (1727–1781)
6333:Secretaries of State of the Navy (France)
3814:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
2832:Proposals for a representative government
2593:
2550:
1380:International Federation of Liberal Youth
4026:Turgot on progress and political economy
3891:
3846:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
3324:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3204:"Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (1727–1781)"
2979:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
2915:
2882:
2836:With the physiocrats, he believed in an
2559:
2367:
2061:
4193:Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay
3050:Also spelled "de Laune" or "de Launes".
2972:
2724:, which ominously predicted the coming
2303:, and with them Dupont de Nemours, the
1360:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
14:
6260:
3970:
3860:
3787:
3691:
3684:Turgot and the Ancien Régime in France
3647:
3619:The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793
3603:
3590:The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793
3569:The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793
3552:The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793
3415:from the original on 24 September 2015
2866:
2744:, which were finally presented to the
185:20 July 1774 – 24 August 1774
4237:
4144:
3844:Social Science and the Ignoble Savage
3678:
3616:Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 5".
3587:Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 6".
3566:Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 5".
3549:Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 5".
3276:
3209:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
3163:
3121:
2759:, and secondly, that suppressing the
2736:On feudal obligations and protections
2402:(1762–1770), and as president of the
2376:In August 1761, Turgot was appointed
2236:
2114:
133:24 August 1774 – 12 May 1776
81:24 August 1774 – 12 May 1776
4133:Jean Étienne Bernard Clugny de Nuits
3841:
3730:
3389:"Fairs and markets" and "Fondations"
3255:Norman family names of Viking origin
3224:from the original on 2 December 2019
2778:In the preamble to the edict on the
2228:The first complete statement of the
4063:Works by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
2684:for some years past, and the witty
2223:
2133:law of diminishing marginal returns
1400:Liberal South East European Network
24:
4089:Pierre Étienne Bourgeois de Boynes
3738:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
3641:
3454:from the original on 8 August 2017
2680:had been a favourite topic of the
2543:, i.e. that only the net product (
2539:, he sets forth the theory of the
2451:Mémoire sur les mines et carrières
25:
6349:
5245:(September 1870–19 February 1871)
4927:(December 29, 1818–November 1819)
4096:Secretaries of State for the Navy
3985:
3517:, Psychology Press, p. 265,
2816:, whose interests were involved.
2263:which sat during an exile of the
2259:. In 1754 he was a member of the
2147:, Turgot was the youngest son of
1390:Liberal Network for Latin America
823:(contributions to liberal theory)
173:Secretaries of State for the Navy
6283:18th-century French male writers
6245:
6233:
6221:
6209:
6197:
4213:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
4070:
3531:from the original on 2 July 2014
3359:from the original on 2 July 2014
3312:
3214:Library of Economics and Liberty
3184:from the original on 3 June 2021
3142:from the original on 3 June 2021
2838:enlightened political absolutism
2708:Suppression of Dijon bread riots
2660:
2404:Société d'agriculture de Limoges
2179:). He delivered two remarkable
2078:
2017:
2005:
404:
304:
6298:French male non-fiction writers
5881:(5 September–11 September 1948)
4170:
4123:Controllers-General of Finances
4037:12 mai 1776: "Renvoi de Turgot"
3629:
3609:
3597:
3580:
3559:
3542:
3504:
3485:
3466:
3440:
3427:
3392:
3383:
3378:History of the Idea of Progress
3066:
3053:
2732:into the ministry (July 1775).
2438:Mémoire sur les prêts à intérêt
2364:Intendant of Limoges, 1761–1774
6278:18th-century French economists
5791:(November 1943–September 1944)
5251:(19 February–25 February 1871)
5008:(10 November–18 November 1834)
4915:(September 1815–December 1818)
4286:Controller-General of Finances
3712:Groenewegen, Peter D. (2002),
3370:
3342:
3265:Surname localization in France
3235:
3196:
3157:
3115:
3085:
3044:
2588:Controller-General of Finances
2555:
2531:). He also proposes a notable
2455:Mémoire sur la marque des fers
2336:Lettre sur la tolérance civile
764:Separation of church and state
121:Controller-General of Finances
13:
1:
5941:(1 February–14 February 1956)
5935:(February 1955–February 1956)
5887:(September 1948–January 1949)
5341:(16 April 1885–December 1886)
4921:(7 December–29 December 1818)
4768:(10 August–21 September 1792)
4556:de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson
3908:The Great Austrian Economists
3694:Marie Antoinette: the journey
3511:Peter D. Groenewegen (2002),
3079:
2855:In Turgot's proposed system,
2850:Mémoire sur les municipalités
2499:
2318:laisser faire, laisser passer
2267:. In Paris he frequented the
53:
5857:(December 1946–January 1947)
5818:(November 1944–January 1946)
5665:(4 February–9 February 1934)
5647:(December 1932–January 1933)
5629:(December 1930–January 1931)
5155:(December 1851–January 1852)
5119:(December 1848–October 1849)
3864:Journal of Law and Economics
3245:surname, former first name (
2700:, who in 1775 published his
2138:
7:
6308:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
6303:Finance ministers of France
5653:(January 1933–January 1934)
5125:(October 1849–January 1851)
4069:(public domain audiobooks)
3824:Historiographia Linguistica
3330:Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques
2920:Turgot after a portrait by
2533:theory of the interest rate
2334:, and in 1754 he wrote his
10:
6354:
6338:University of Paris alumni
5719:(November 1938–March 1940)
5581:(December 1925–March 1926)
5485:(December 1913–March 1914)
5359:(December 1887–April 1888)
5329:(August 1882–6 April 1885)
4280:Superintendent of Finances
4183:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
3954:Ludwig von Mises Institute
3916:Ludwig von Mises Institute
3788:Kaplan, Steven L. (1976),
3755:10.4135/9781412965811.n315
3423:– via www.persee.fr.
3349:H. Packwood Adams (1914),
2657:, though without success.
2655:American Revolutionary War
2506:Turgot's best known work,
36:Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
5978:
5947:(February 1956–June 1957)
5911:(March 1952–January 1953)
5869:(November 1947–July 1948)
5837:
5812:(September–November 1944)
5798:
5759:
5732:
5671:(February 1934–June 1935)
5231:
5162:
5075:
5050:(March 1840–October 1840)
4970:
4895:
4874:
4853:
4832:
4775:
4380:
4295:
4275:
4178:
4129:
4120:
4112:
4102:
4093:
4085:
4080:
2651:the involvement of France
2418:), but Turgot proposed a
2328:Questions sur le commerce
1987:Sexually liberal feminism
1894:Bias in American academia
1365:European Democratic Party
821:List of liberal theorists
379:
375:
371:
357:
347:
335:
325:
320:
316:
312:
300:
266:
252:
232:
227:
223:
211:
199:
189:
178:
171:
159:
147:
137:
126:
119:
107:
95:
85:
74:
67:
63:
41:
34:
5959:(November 1957–May 1958)
5575:(November–December 1925)
5551:(June 1924–3 April 1925)
5389:(December 1893–May 1894)
5347:(December 1886–May 1887)
5299:(November–December 1877)
5293:(May 1877–November 1877)
5149:(November–December 1851)
5020:(January–September 1836)
4789:(21 September 1792–1793)
4762:(29 July–10 August 1792)
4057:The Brilliance of Turgot
3842:Meek, Ronald L. (1976),
3692:Fraser, Antonia (2006).
3260:19 February 2020 at the
3037:
2564:Statue of Turgot at the
2354:Dictionnaire du commerce
2212:verses being greeted by
646:Labor theory of property
5929:(January–February 1955)
5863:(January–November 1947)
5851:(October–December 1946)
5659:(January–February 1934)
5569:(October–November 1925)
5557:(3 April–17 April 1925)
5401:(January–November 1895)
5395:(May 1894–January 1895)
5335:(6 April–16 April 1885)
5224:(August–September 1870)
5200:(January–November 1867)
5143:(October–November 1851)
5113:(October–December 1848)
5014:(18 November 1834–1836)
5002:(1832–10 November 1834)
4009:4 February 2017 at the
3815:Lifschitz, Avi (2004),
3475:"Les Chinois de Turgot"
3355:, McClurg, p. 31,
3335:Encyclopædia Britannica
2927:
2909:), containing a bitter
2903:Le Songe de M. Maurepas
2859:alone were to form the
2380:(tax collector) of the
2161:Étienne-François Turgot
1355:Arab Liberal Federation
545:Consent of the governed
102:René Nicolas de Maupeou
69:First Minister of State
50:François-Hubert Drouais
6323:Politicians from Paris
5800:Provisional Government
5599:(19 July–23 July 1926)
5515:(March–September 1917)
5473:(June 1911–March 1913)
4984:(August–November 1830)
4756:(18 June–29 July 1792)
4750:(13 June–18 June 1792)
4059:by Murray N. Rothbard.
3992:Andrew Dickson White's
3164:Vardi, Lianne (2012).
3122:Vardi, Lianne (2012).
3035:
3029:
3011:
2924:
2922:Charles-Nicolas Cochin
2824:, and he had offended
2688:, the opponent of the
2594:On government spending
2568:
2551:As minister, 1774–1776
2514:Ephémérides du citoyen
2436:In 1769, he wrote his
2373:
2307:and other economists.
2271:, especially those of
2070:
2066:Arms of Baron Turgot:
1370:European Liberal Youth
1340:Africa Liberal Network
565:Economic globalization
6124:(March–November 2004)
6022:(July 1968–June 1969)
5875:(July–September 1948)
5713:(April–November 1938)
5623:(March–December 1930)
5617:(February–March 1930)
5497:(9 June–13 June 1914)
5479:(March–December 1913)
5383:(April–December 1893)
5323:(January–August 1882)
5263:(April–December 1872)
5089:(February–March 1848)
5044:(May 1839–March 1840)
4909:(July–September 1815)
4021:Catholic Encyclopedia
3836:10.1075/hl.31.2.07lif
3741:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
3716:, London: Routledge,
3352:The French revolution
3030:
3024:
2983:
2919:
2883:Place in the Ministry
2767:, by which the craft
2625:which were nicknamed
2566:Hôtel de Ville, Paris
2563:
2371:
2149:Michel-Étienne Turgot
2065:
2012:Liberalism portal
1884:Anti-authoritarianism
1385:Liberal International
114:The Count of Maurepas
6130:(November 2004–2005)
5953:(June–November 1957)
5905:(January–March 1952)
5785:(June–November 1943)
5701:(January–March 1938)
5677:(1 June–7 June 1935)
5641:(June–December 1932)
5611:(1928–February 1930)
5563:(April–October 1925)
5443:(March–October 1906)
5407:(November 1895–1896)
5269:(December 1872–1873)
5212:(January–April 1870)
5137:(April–October 1851)
5131:(January–April 1851)
5068:(1847–February 1848)
4819:(July–November 1799)
4744:(March–13 June 1792)
4576:(December 1720–1722)
3933:Tellier, Luc-Normand
3904:Holcombe, Randall G.
3800:: Martinus Nijhoff,
3014:Andrew Dickson White
2973:Commentary on Turgot
2773:Estates of the realm
2459:porcelain at Limoges
2424:impôt de repartition
2350:Valeurs des monnaies
2330:from the English of
816:Age of Enlightenment
769:Separation of powers
5992:(October 1958–1960)
5971:(June–October 1958)
5917:(January–June 1953)
5899:(1951–January 1952)
5830:(June–October 1946)
5824:(January–June 1946)
5695:(1937–January 1938)
5635:(January 1931–1932)
5449:(October 1906–1909)
5353:(May–December 1887)
5218:(April–August 1870)
5206:(1867–January 1870)
5176:(January 1852–1855)
5107:(June–October 1848)
5056:(October 1840–1842)
4570:(May–December 1720)
4558:(1718–January 1720)
4552:(1718–January 1720)
4116:Joseph Marie Terray
4046:The Institut Turgot
4031:Notice Biographique
3893:Rothbard, Murray N.
3749:. pp. 515–16.
3696:. : Anchor Canada.
3270:17 May 2019 at the
2873:American Revolution
2867:American Revolution
2605:acquits au comptant
2372:Turgot (by Tardieu)
2352:, probably for the
2256:maître des requêtes
2241:In 1752, he became
2129:economic liberalism
2024:Politics portal
727:Civil and political
700:Popular sovereignty
560:Economic liberalism
330:Political economics
154:Joseph Marie Terray
6094:(August 1995–1997)
5707:(March–April 1938)
5509:(August 1914–1917)
5503:(June–August 1914)
5164:House of Bonaparte
4963:(July–August 1830)
4876:House of Bonaparte
4834:House of Bonaparte
4564:(January–May 1720)
4106:Antoine de Sartine
4081:Political offices
4033:by Paulette Taïeb.
3061:Causes financiéres
2925:
2857:landed proprietors
2721:guerre des farines
2641:single tax on land
2576:, the "Mentor" of
2569:
2477:bureaux de charité
2374:
2338:, and a pamphlet,
2301:Vincent de Gournay
2289:Mlle de Lespinasse
2251:parlement of Paris
2237:Early appointments
2071:
695:Permissive society
675:Limited government
218:Antoine de Sartine
6293:French economists
6185:
6184:
6088:(May–August 1995)
6026:Giscard d'Estaing
6014:Couve de Murville
6002:Giscard d'Estaing
5783:Couve de Murville
5725:(March–June 1940)
5587:(March–June 1926)
5545:(March–June 1924)
5491:(March–June 1914)
5467:(March–June 1911)
5461:(1910–March 1911)
5437:(1905–March 1906)
5377:(1892–April 1893)
5365:(April 1888–1889)
5032:(1837–March 1839)
4888:(March–July 1815)
4760:Delaville-Leroulx
4738:(1791–March 1792)
4265:Finance ministers
4231:
4230:
4223:Victor de Riqueti
4218:Richard Cantillon
4139:
4138:
4130:Succeeded by
4103:Succeeded by
3686:, London: Methuen
2977:According to the
2748:(January 1776).
2726:French Revolution
2678:commerce des blés
2529:classe disponible
2525:classe stipendiée
2060:
2059:
1899:Bias in the media
1415:Regional variants
732:Natural and legal
383:
382:
206:Marquis de Boynes
16:(Redirected from
6345:
6250:
6249:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6226:
6225:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6201:
6193:
6148:(June 2007–2011)
5915:Bourgès-Maunoury
5779:(1942–June 1943)
5683:(June 1935–1936)
5605:(July 1926–1928)
5593:(June–July 1926)
5095:(March–May 1848)
5038:(March–May 1839)
4972:House of Orléans
4897:House of Bourbon
4855:House of Bourbon
4813:(1796–July 1799)
4382:House of Bourbon
4349:de Cossé-Brissac
4258:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4208:Pierre le Pesant
4188:François Quesnay
4165:
4158:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4113:Preceded by
4086:Preceded by
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
3980:
3966:
3929:
3901:
3887:
3856:
3838:
3821:
3810:
3795:
3784:
3726:
3707:
3687:
3674:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3508:
3502:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3479:Institute Coppet
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3444:
3438:
3435:impôt de quotité
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3274:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3216:(2nd ed.),
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3089:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3003:
2877:Seven Years' War
2826:Mme. de Polignac
2420:distributive tax
2416:impôt de quotité
2412:proportional tax
2410:had advocated a
2358:Eloge de Gournay
2273:Mme de Graffigny
2230:Idea of Progress
2224:Idea of progress
2177:abbé de Brucourt
2167:and governor of
2135:in agriculture.
2118:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2009:
1928:Economic freedom
1921:Radical centrism
759:Secular humanism
685:Natural monopoly
636:Internationalism
453:Internationalist
408:
385:
384:
308:
259:
242:
240:
228:Personal details
214:
202:
183:
162:
150:
131:
110:
98:
79:
58:
55:
46:
32:
31:
21:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6244:
6234:
6232:
6220:
6210:
6208:
6196:
6188:
6186:
6181:
6142:(May–June 2007)
6136:(2005–May 2007)
6082:(1993–May 1995)
6016:(May–July 1968)
6010:(1966–May 1968)
5982:
5974:
5965:(May–June 1958)
5841:
5839:Fourth Republic
5833:
5802:
5794:
5763:
5755:
5736:
5728:
5543:François-Marsal
5525:François-Marsal
5287:(1875–May 1877)
5255:Pouyer-Quertier
5235:
5227:
5166:
5158:
5101:(May–June 1848)
5079:
5077:Second Republic
5071:
5060:Lacave-Laplagne
5030:Lacave-Laplagne
4974:
4966:
4957:(May–July 1830)
4951:(1829–May 1830)
4899:
4891:
4878:
4870:
4857:
4849:
4836:
4828:
4779:
4771:
4492:de La Vieuville
4416:de La Vieuville
4384:
4376:
4299:
4297:House of Valois
4291:
4271:
4262:
4232:
4227:
4203:Nicolas Baudeau
4174:
4169:
4135:
4126:
4118:
4108:
4099:
4091:
4071:
4011:Wayback Machine
3988:
3964:
3956:, p. 560,
3926:
3912:Auburn, Alabama
3899:
3854:
3830:(2/3): 345–65,
3819:
3808:
3765:
3724:
3704:
3664:10.2307/2554177
3658:(216): 417–28,
3644:
3642:Further reading
3639:
3634:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3585:
3581:
3564:
3560:
3547:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3494:Persian Letters
3490:
3486:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3376:Robert Nisbet,
3375:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3347:
3343:
3328:, ed. (1911). "
3313:
3311:
3310:
3277:
3272:Wayback Machine
3262:Wayback Machine
3240:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3145:
3143:
3136:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3040:
2997:
2975:
2930:
2885:
2869:
2834:
2814:prince de Conti
2750:Peter Kropotkin
2738:
2710:
2663:
2596:
2558:
2553:
2504:
2366:
2340:Le Conciliateur
2239:
2226:
2208:into classical
2183:dissertations,
2141:
2116:[tyʁgo]
2111:
2105:
2081:
2077:
2056:
2016:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1673:North Macedonia
1417:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1395:Liberal parties
1333:
1325:
1324:
1115:
1107:
1106:
837:
827:
826:
811:
801:
800:
796:State of nature
784:Social services
774:Social contract
737:To own property
540:
532:
531:
416:
348:Alma mater
337:
321:Academic career
261:
257:
244:
238:
236:
212:
200:
184:
179:
160:
148:
132:
127:
108:
96:
80:
75:
59:
56:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6351:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6255:
6254:
6242:
6240:Libertarianism
6230:
6218:
6206:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6178:(2024–present)
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5986:
5984:
5983:(1958–present)
5980:Fifth Republic
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5882:
5876:
5870:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5845:
5843:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5806:
5804:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5767:
5765:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5747:
5740:
5738:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5669:Germain-Martin
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5639:Germain-Martin
5636:
5630:
5627:Germain-Martin
5624:
5618:
5612:
5606:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5239:
5237:
5233:Third Republic
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5170:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5111:Trouvé-Chauvel
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4903:
4901:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4880:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4859:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4840:
4838:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4777:First Republic
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4574:de La Houssaye
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4451:
4445:
4435:
4429:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4388:
4386:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4060:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4028:
4023:
4017:Jacques Turgot
4014:
4001:
3987:
3986:External links
3984:
3983:
3982:
3968:
3962:
3943:
3930:
3924:
3889:
3877:10.1086/466889
3858:
3852:
3839:
3812:
3806:
3785:
3764:978-1412965804
3763:
3747:Cato Institute
3733:Hamowy, Ronald
3728:
3722:
3709:
3702:
3689:
3680:Dakin, Douglas
3676:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3635:Wendell (1979)
3628:
3608:
3596:
3579:
3558:
3541:
3523:
3503:
3484:
3465:
3439:
3426:
3411:(1): 101–121.
3391:
3382:
3369:
3341:
3326:Chisholm, Hugh
3275:
3234:
3195:
3176:
3156:
3134:
3114:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3036:
2974:
2971:
2963:La Roche-Guyon
2957:named Amelot.
2929:
2926:
2884:
2881:
2868:
2865:
2846:states-general
2833:
2830:
2804:in the king's
2785:lit de justice
2746:conseil du roi
2737:
2734:
2709:
2706:
2668:conseil du roi
2662:
2659:
2610:Ferme Générale
2595:
2592:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2503:
2498:
2365:
2362:
2285:Mme du Deffand
2261:chambre royale
2253:, and in 1753
2238:
2235:
2225:
2222:
2198:'s defence of
2196:Jean Terrasson
2140:
2137:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:Utilitarianism
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1965:Libertarianism
1962:
1960:Land value tax
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:Egalitarianism
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Anti-communism
1886:
1880:
1878:Related topics
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1832:Arizona School
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1800:United Kingdom
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
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1620:
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1511:
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1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
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1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
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1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
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1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
927:Wollstonecraft
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
838:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
818:
812:
807:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
793:
792:
791:
786:
779:Social justice
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
719:
718:
717:
712:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Market economy
677:
672:
671:
670:
665:
655:
648:
643:
641:Invisible hand
638:
633:
631:Harm principle
628:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
610:
609:
604:
589:
584:
583:
582:
577:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
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502:
497:
496:
495:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
444:
443:
433:
428:
423:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
401:
400:
394:
393:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
359:
355:
354:
349:
345:
344:
339:
336:School or
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
302:
298:
297:
268:
264:
263:
260:(aged 53)
254:
250:
249:
234:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
203:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
176:
175:
169:
168:
166:Baron de Nuits
163:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
124:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
72:
71:
65:
64:
61:
60:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6350:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6241:
6231:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
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5937:
5934:
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5907:
5904:
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5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
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5846:
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5836:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
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5758:
5751:
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5709:
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5703:
5700:
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5673:
5670:
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5640:
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5409:
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5364:
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5340:
5337:
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5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5279:Mathieu-Bodet
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
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5230:
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5220:
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5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
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5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5147:de Casabianca
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5093:Garnier-Pagès
5091:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
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4935:
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4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4811:Ramel-Nogaret
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:Destournelles
4791:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4622:de Silhouette
4620:
4617:
4616:de Boullonges
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
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4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
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4493:
4490:
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4477:
4474:
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4465:
4462:
4459:
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4402:
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4372:
4369:
4366:
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4354:
4350:
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4320:
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4209:
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3990:
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3965:
3963:9781933550947
3959:
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3917:
3913:
3909:
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3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3871:(3): 607–19,
3870:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
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3799:
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3786:
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3725:
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3705:
3703:9780385662871
3699:
3695:
3690:
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3661:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3632:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3606:, p. 250
3605:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3530:
3526:
3524:9780203458785
3520:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3436:
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3410:
3406:
3402:
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3386:
3379:
3373:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3321:public domain
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
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3269:
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3259:
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3248:
3244:
3238:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3183:
3179:
3177:9781107021198
3173:
3169:
3168:
3160:
3153:
3141:
3137:
3135:9781107021198
3131:
3127:
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3118:
3111:
3100:
3096:
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3088:
3084:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2995:August Oncken
2992:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2956:
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2948:
2944:
2940:
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2807:
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2787:
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2781:
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2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2718:known as the
2716:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2661:On free trade
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
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2606:
2602:
2591:
2589:
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2579:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:sharecroppers
2466:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
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2397:
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2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:Josias Tucker
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2305:abbé Morellet
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:Mme Helvétius
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2216:as "the only
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:French Guiana
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:Individualism
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:United States
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
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1738:
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1699:
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1679:
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1609:
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1599:
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1579:
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1574:
1570:
1567:
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1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Latin America
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1332:Organizations
1329:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
831:
830:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
810:
805:
804:
797:
794:
790:
789:Welfare state
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
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681:
678:
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673:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
654:
653:
652:Laissez-faire
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
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262:Paris, France
256:18 March 1781
255:
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62:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
6098:Strauss-Kahn
5734:Vichy France
5537:de Lasteyrie
5315:Allain-Targé
5048:de la Lozère
4798:
4694:de Fourqueux
4651:
4604:de Séchelles
4598:d'Arnouville
4520:Le Pelletier
4422:de Champigny
4410:de Schomberg
4365:de Bellièvre
4182:
4121:
4094:
4040:
4020:
4000:at Wikiquote
3995:
3976:
3972:
3948:
3936:
3907:
3868:
3862:
3843:
3827:
3823:
3791:
3737:
3713:
3693:
3683:
3655:
3649:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3599:
3589:
3582:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3551:
3544:
3533:, retrieved
3513:
3506:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3442:
3434:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3408:
3404:
3394:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3361:, retrieved
3351:
3344:
3333:
3250:
3241:Turgot is a
3237:
3226:, retrieved
3218:Liberty Fund
3207:
3198:
3186:. Retrieved
3166:
3159:
3151:
3144:. Retrieved
3124:
3117:
3109:
3104:16 September
3102:. Retrieved
3093:
3087:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
2984:
2976:
2959:
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2745:
2741:
2739:
2719:
2711:
2701:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2644:
2633:
2628:"turgotines"
2627:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2581:
2570:
2544:
2541:impôt unique
2540:
2528:
2524:
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2505:
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2484:
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2427:
2423:
2415:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:Encyclopédie
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2315:
2309:
2293:physiocratic
2281:Mme Geoffrin
2264:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2245:, and later
2242:
2240:
2227:
2217:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2142:
2120:
2073:
2072:
2067:
1982:Pirate Party
1842:Jeffersonian
1750:South Africa
1240:Lloyd George
881:
835:Philosophers
742:To bear arms
690:Open society
650:
426:Conservative
258:(1781-03-18)
213:Succeeded by
180:
161:Succeeded by
128:
109:Succeeded by
76:
48:Portrait by
29:
6318:Physiocrats
6273:1781 deaths
6268:1727 births
6172:(2017–2024)
6166:(2014–2017)
6160:(2012–2014)
6154:(2011–2012)
6118:(2002–2004)
6112:(2000–2002)
6106:(1999–2000)
6100:(1997–1999)
6076:(1992–1993)
6070:(1988–1992)
6064:(1986–1988)
6058:(1984–1986)
6052:(1981–1984)
6046:(1978–1981)
6040:(1976–1978)
6034:(1974–1976)
6028:(1969–1974)
6004:(1962–1966)
5998:(1960–1962)
5996:Baumgartner
5923:(1953–1955)
5893:(1949–1951)
5842:(1946–1958)
5803:(1944–1946)
5773:(1941–1942)
5764:(1941–1944)
5761:Free France
5752:(1942–1944)
5746:(1940–1942)
5744:Bouthillier
5737:(1940–1944)
5711:Marchandeau
5699:Marchandeau
5689:(1936–1937)
5663:Marchandeau
5539:(1922–1924)
5533:(1921–1922)
5527:(1920–1921)
5521:(1917–1920)
5455:(1909–1910)
5431:(1902–1905)
5425:(1899–1902)
5419:(1898–1899)
5413:(1896–1898)
5371:(1889–1892)
5317:(1881–1882)
5311:(1879–1881)
5305:(1877–1879)
5281:(1874–1875)
5275:(1873–1874)
5257:(1871–1872)
5236:(1870–1940)
5194:(1861–1867)
5188:(1860–1861)
5186:La Roquette
5182:(1855–1860)
5167:(1852–1870)
5080:(1848–1852)
5062:(1842–1847)
5026:(1836–1837)
4996:(1831–1832)
4990:(1830–1831)
4975:(1830–1848)
4945:(1828–1829)
4939:(1821–1828)
4933:(1819–1821)
4900:(1815–1830)
4867:(1814–1815)
4858:(1814–1815)
4846:(1804–1814)
4837:(1804–1814)
4825:(1799–1804)
4807:(1795–1796)
4801:(1794–1795)
4795:(1793–1794)
4780:(1792–1804)
4754:de Beaulieu
4732:(1790–1791)
4720:(1789–1790)
4712:de Breteuil
4708:(1788–1789)
4702:(1787–1788)
4690:(1783–1787)
4678:(1781–1783)
4672:(1777–1781)
4666:(1776–1777)
4654:(1774–1776)
4648:(1769–1774)
4642:(1768–1769)
4636:(1763–1768)
4630:(1759–1763)
4618:(1757–1759)
4612:(1756–1757)
4606:(1754–1756)
4600:(1745–1754)
4594:(1730–1745)
4588:(1726–1730)
4582:(1722–1726)
4546:(1715–1718)
4544:de Noailles
4540:(1708–1715)
4534:(1699–1708)
4528:(1689–1699)
4522:(1683–1689)
4516:(1661–1683)
4510:(1659–1661)
4504:(1653–1659)
4494:(1651–1653)
4488:(1650–1651)
4486:de Longueil
4482:(1649–1650)
4472:(1648–1649)
4470:de La Porte
4466:(1647–1648)
4460:(1643–1647)
4454:de Bailleul
4450:(1640–1643)
4448:Bouthillier
4444:(1632–1640)
4442:Bouthillier
4434:(1626–1632)
4428:(1624–1626)
4426:de Marillac
4418:(1623–1624)
4412:(1619–1622)
4406:(1614–1619)
4400:(1598–1611)
4394:(1589–1594)
4385:(1589–1792)
4373:(1588–1589)
4367:(1574–1588)
4361:(1568–1570)
4355:(1561–1567)
4345:(1559–1560)
4343:de Lorraine
4339:(1556–1559)
4333:(1552–1556)
4327:(1546–1552)
4325:d'Annebault
4321:(1544–1546)
4315:(1524–1544)
4309:(1518–1524)
4300:(1518–1589)
4288:(1661–1791)
4282:(1561–1661)
4172:Physiocrats
4013:at McMaster
4004:Turgot Page
3979:(3): 282–89
3604:Fraser 2006
3499:Montesquieu
3380:(1980) ch 5
2998: [
2987:doctrinaire
2951:Malesherbes
2913:of Turgot.
2907:Louis XVIII
2802:Protestants
2730:Malesherbes
2690:physiocrats
2673:philosophes
2583:philosophes
2556:Appointment
2545:produit net
2489:abbé Terray
1810:Gladstonian
1770:Switzerland
1755:South Korea
1698:Philippines
1658:New Zealand
1653:Netherlands
1310:Verhofstadt
1305:Balcerowicz
1114:Politicians
1042:Collingwood
982:Tocqueville
857:Montesquieu
749:Rule of law
550:Due process
362:Montesquieu
342:Physiocrats
243:10 May 1727
201:Preceded by
149:Preceded by
97:Preceded by
57: 1775
18:Anne Turgot
6262:Categories
6228:Liberalism
6080:Alphandéry
5333:Clamageran
5261:de Goulard
5129:de Germiny
4955:de Montbel
4949:de Crouzol
4937:de Villèle
4730:de Lessart
4700:de Brienne
4688:de Calonne
4682:d'Ormesson
4634:de Laverdy
4550:de Caumont
4532:Chamillart
4526:Phélypeaux
4438:de Bullion
4398:de Béthune
4359:de Birague
3973:Modern Age
3925:0945466048
3853:0521209692
3807:9024718732
3773:2008009151
3723:0415279402
3188:15 October
3080:References
2991:brusquerie
2943:ambassador
2911:caricature
2890:ascendancy
2861:electorate
2806:coronation
2797:financiers
2791:parlements
2742:Six Edicts
2623:diligences
2521:Réflexions
2501:Réflexions
2453:, and the
2382:genéralité
2295:" school,
2247:conseiller
2125:physiocrat
1938:Empiricism
1909:Democratic
1904:Capitalism
1815:Manchester
1648:Montenegro
1633:Luxembourg
1569:Venizelism
1499:Costa Rica
754:Secularism
587:Federalism
539:Principles
398:Liberalism
358:Influences
283:Schumpeter
267:influenced
239:1727-05-10
6204:Economics
6158:Moscovici
6068:Bérégovoy
6056:Bérégovoy
5723:Lamoureux
5597:de Monzie
5555:de Monzie
5549:Clementel
5495:Clémentel
5297:Dutilleul
5105:Goudchaux
5087:Goudchaux
4994:Dominique
4982:Dominique
4961:Dominique
4925:Dominique
4907:Dominique
4865:Dominique
4748:Duranthon
4676:de Fleury
4664:des Réaux
4658:de Clugny
4640:d'Invault
4586:des Forts
4568:des Forts
4538:Desmarets
4480:de Mesmes
4458:de Mesmes
4353:d'Ongnyes
4337:d'Avançon
4319:du Thiers
4307:de Beaune
3885:154818247
3798:The Hague
3781:750831024
3651:Economica
3247:Old Norse
3063:, vol. 1.
3016:wrote in
2969:in 1777.
2955:nonentity
2939:Vergennes
2818:The queen
2765:maîtrises
2619:Lavoisier
2601:sinecures
2578:Louis XVI
2493:Louis XVI
2442:Angoulême
2378:intendant
2312:intendant
2265:parlement
2243:substitut
2210:hexameter
2139:Education
1953:Anarchist
1861:Venezuela
1837:Classical
1805:Cobdenism
1708:Cracovian
1663:Nicaragua
1628:Lithuania
1487:Hong Kong
1442:Australia
1280:Roosevelt
1250:Ståhlberg
1245:Venizelos
1200:Sarmiento
1190:Gladstone
1150:Lamartine
1120:Jefferson
972:Martineau
922:De Gouges
907:Condorcet
892:Priestley
555:Democracy
527:Third Way
488:Christian
483:Religious
421:Classical
338:tradition
301:Signature
271:Condorcet
194:Louis XVI
181:In office
142:Louis XVI
129:In office
90:Louis XVI
77:In office
6252:Politics
6170:Le Maire
6062:Balladur
6032:Fourcade
5957:Pflimlin
5951:Gaillard
5945:Ramadier
5933:Pflimlin
5885:Queuille
5777:Diethelm
5675:Caillaux
5603:Poincaré
5591:Caillaux
5573:Loucheur
5567:Painlevé
5561:Caillaux
5501:Noullens
5483:Caillaux
5465:Caillaux
5447:Caillaux
5441:Poincaré
5423:Caillaux
5393:Poincaré
5291:Caillaux
5024:Duchâtel
5018:d'Argout
4988:Laffitte
4913:Corvetto
4805:Faipoult
4787:Clavière
4766:Clavière
4742:Clavière
4610:de Moras
4331:Guillart
4198:John Law
4067:LibriVox
4048:in Paris
4041:Hérodote
4007:Archived
3895:(1999).
3682:(1939),
3535:13 March
3529:archived
3452:Archived
3413:Archived
3363:13 March
3357:archived
3268:Archived
3258:Archived
3251:Thorgaut
3222:archived
3220:, 2008,
3182:Archived
3140:Archived
3022:(1915):
3007:Leon Say
2899:Choiseul
2897:and the
2822:protégés
2810:jurandes
2780:jurandes
2761:jurandes
2574:Maurepas
2572:1774 to
2473:ateliers
2464:métayers
2446:interest
2408:Mirabeau
2390:cadastre
2324:Voltaire
2214:Voltaire
2200:John Law
2173:Sorbonne
2143:Born in
1943:Humanism
1916:Centrism
1866:Zimbabwe
1820:Whiggism
1780:Thailand
1745:Slovenia
1740:Slovakia
1715:Portugal
1688:Paraguay
1611:Liberism
1576:Honduras
1494:Colombia
1467:Bulgaria
1260:Rathenau
1235:Milyukov
1155:Macaulay
1125:Kołłątaj
1097:Kymlicka
1077:Friedman
1022:Cassirer
1012:Hobhouse
947:Constant
942:Humboldt
902:Beccaria
867:Rousseau
862:Voltaire
705:Property
668:Positive
663:Negative
619:Religion
597:Economic
570:Equality
493:Catholic
463:National
458:Muscular
436:Feminist
431:Cultural
390:a series
388:Part of
352:Sorbonne
279:Rothbard
248:, France
6190:Portals
6146:Lagarde
6128:Gaymard
6122:Sarkozy
6104:Sautter
6092:Arthuis
6086:Madelin
5939:Lacoste
5891:Petsche
5873:Reynaud
5861:Schuman
5849:Schuman
5828:Schuman
5810:Lepercq
5750:Cathala
5717:Reynaud
5681:Régnier
5633:Flandin
5621:Reynaud
5513:Thierry
5489:Renoult
5453:Cochery
5429:Rouvier
5417:Peytral
5411:Cochery
5387:Burdeau
5381:Peytral
5369:Rouvier
5363:Peytral
5351:Rouvier
5345:Dauphin
5141:Blondel
5099:Duclerc
5036:Gautier
4724:Lambert
4514:Colbert
4508:Fouquet
4502:Fouquet
4498:Servien
4476:d'Emery
4464:d'Emery
4432:de Ruzé
4404:Jeannin
3906:(ed.).
3735:(ed.).
3672:2554177
3419:26 July
3323::
3228:16 July
3146:5 March
2842:Maupeou
2756:corvées
2696:and by
2694:Linguet
2686:Galiani
2653:in the
2646:octrois
2615:croupes
2537:capital
2519:In the
2481:charity
2386:Limoges
2297:Quesnay
2249:in the
2153:provost
2112:French:
1856:Uruguay
1795:Ukraine
1785:Tunisia
1730:Senegal
1720:Romania
1668:Nigeria
1643:Moldova
1586:Iceland
1581:Hungary
1559:Germany
1554:Georgia
1544:Finland
1539:Estonia
1529:Ecuador
1524:Denmark
1519:Czechia
1504:Croatia
1457:Bolivia
1452:Belgium
1447:Austria
1437:Armenia
1432:Albania
1300:Jenkins
1295:Kennedy
1285:Pearson
1270:Einaudi
1255:Gokhale
1215:Itagaki
1210:Naoroji
1205:Mommsen
1185:Lincoln
1175:Mazzini
1160:Kossuth
1145:Broglie
1140:Bolívar
1135:Artigas
1130:Madison
992:Spencer
977:Emerson
967:Bastiat
952:Ricardo
912:Bentham
852:Spinoza
809:History
710:Private
658:Liberty
592:Freedom
512:Secular
500:Islamic
478:Radical
415:Schools
366:Quesnay
275:Maistre
190:Monarch
138:Monarch
86:Monarch
6216:France
6176:Armand
6152:Baroin
6140:Borloo
6134:Breton
6110:Fabius
6050:Delors
6044:Monory
6020:Ortoli
5879:Pineau
5855:Philip
5822:Philip
5816:Pleven
5789:France
5771:Pleven
5693:Bonnet
5687:Auriol
5657:Piétri
5651:Bonnet
5645:Chéron
5615:Dumont
5609:Chéron
5579:Doumer
5531:Doumer
5477:Dumont
5435:Merlou
5405:Doumer
5375:Tirard
5357:Tirard
5339:Carnot
5327:Tirard
5309:Magnin
5249:Buffet
5243:Picard
5216:Segris
5210:Buffet
5198:Rouher
5174:Bineau
5054:Humann
5012:Humann
5000:Humann
4886:Gaudin
4879:(1815)
4844:Gaudin
4823:Gaudin
4817:Lindet
4799:Vacant
4726:(1790)
4718:Necker
4714:(1789)
4706:Necker
4696:(1787)
4684:(1783)
4670:Necker
4660:(1776)
4652:Turgot
4646:Terray
4628:Bertin
4624:(1759)
4269:France
3998:(1915)
3960:
3922:
3883:
3850:
3804:
3779:
3771:
3761:
3720:
3700:
3670:
3521:
3458:17 May
3317:
3243:Norman
3174:
3132:
2947:London
2935:Necker
2895:clique
2769:guilds
2698:Necker
2682:salons
2429:corvée
2395:taille
2269:salons
2205:Aeneid
2187:, and
2157:Norman
2121:Turgot
1849:Modern
1790:Turkey
1775:Taiwan
1765:Sweden
1735:Serbia
1725:Russia
1703:Poland
1683:Panama
1678:Norway
1638:Mexico
1623:Latvia
1601:Israel
1564:Greece
1549:France
1514:Cyprus
1472:Canada
1462:Brazil
1422:Europe
1320:Macron
1265:Madero
1230:Deakin
1220:Levski
1195:Cavour
1180:Juárez
1170:Cobden
1102:Badawi
1092:Nozick
1072:Berlin
1062:Popper
1037:Keynes
1032:Ortega
997:Arnold
957:Guizot
917:Korais
882:Turgot
842:Milton
722:Rights
715:Public
624:Speech
602:Market
575:Gender
522:Techno
517:Social
505:Jewish
441:Equity
295:Keynes
6164:Sapin
6074:Sapin
6038:Barre
6008:Debré
5990:Pinay
5969:Pinay
5963:Faure
5927:Buron
5921:Faure
5909:Pinay
5903:Faure
5897:Mayer
5867:Mayer
5585:Péret
5519:Klotz
5507:Ribot
5471:Klotz
5459:Klotz
5399:Ribot
5273:Magne
5222:Magne
5204:Magne
5192:Fould
5180:Magne
5153:Fould
5135:Fould
5123:Fould
5117:Passy
5066:Dumon
5042:Passy
5006:Passy
4736:Tarbé
4580:Dodun
4313:Babou
3941:Etext
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1618:Japan
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1482:China
1477:Chile
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