63:
49:
1297:
2376:
258:
177:
329:, who published a paper on the form in 1896 that explained that countershading paints out shadows to make solid objects appear flat, reversing the way that artists use paint to make flat paintings contain solid objects. Where the background is brighter than is possible even with white pigment,
408:
bats, both by passively absorbing sound with soft, fur-like body coverings and by actively creating sounds to mimic echoes from other locations or objects. The active strategy was described as a "phantom echo" that might therefore represent "auditory crypsis" with alternative theories about
409:
interfering with the bats' echolocation ("jamming"). Subsequent research has provided evidence for only two functions of moth sounds, neither of which involve "auditory crypsis". Tiger moth species appear to cluster into two distinct groups. One type produces sounds as acoustic
417:
of unpalatable moths. The other type uses sonar jamming. In the latter type of moth, detailed analyses failed to support a "phantom echo" mechanism underlying sonar jamming, but instead pointed towards echo interference.
325:, the use of different colors on upper and lower surfaces in graduating tones from a light belly to a darker back, is common in the sea and on land. It is sometimes called Thayer's law, after the American artist
372:) may exhibit chemical crypsis, making them undetectable to frogs and insects colonizing ponds. Trained dogs and meerkats, both scent-oriented predators, have been shown to have difficulty detecting
340:
attach plants, animals, small stones, or shell fragments to their carapaces to provide camouflage that matches the local environment. Some species preferentially select stinging animals such as
356:
Some animals, in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, appear to camouflage their odor, which might otherwise attract predators. Numerous arthropods, both insects and spiders,
1571:
816:
730:
154:
pressure for prey animals to avoid predators through camouflage, and for predators to be able to detect camouflaged prey. There can be a self-perpetuating
1556:
626:
Raffa, K. R.; et al. (2007). "Can chemical communication be cryptic? Adaptations by herbivores to natural enemies exploiting prey semiochemistry".
1722:
537:"The almost invisible league: crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators"
1581:
162:, between the perceptive abilities of animals attempting to detect the cryptic animal and the cryptic characteristics of the hiding species.
2300:
1396:
1561:
1546:
276:
that may match the color and texture of the surroundings (cryptic coloration) and/or break up the visual outline of the animal itself (
699:
2165:
1311:
2175:
1597:
1166:
1980:
2484:
1789:
772:
859:
1194:
998:
1920:
62:
48:
2375:
1422:
743:
2603:
2142:
1986:
2664:
17:
583:
Nguyen, L. P.; et al. (2007). "Using digital photographs to evaluate the effectiveness of plover egg crypsis".
2669:
2550:
1244:
2293:
1471:
817:"Is the pirate really a ghost? Evidence for generalized chemical camouflage in an aquatic predator, pirate perch
989:
972:
956:
1992:
1458:
876:
Miller, Ashadee Kay; Maritz, Bryan; McKay, Shannon; Glaudas, Xavier; Alexander, Graham J. (December 22, 2015).
1012:
Hristov, N. I.; Conner, W.E. (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race".
214:
2053:
1938:
2412:
1998:
1932:
1777:
1765:
937:"How Some Insects Detect and Avoid Being Eaten by Bats: Tactics and Countertactics of Prey and Predator"
2608:
2286:
1507:
1276:
1211:
739:
726:
273:
206:
187:
171:
139:
936:
2479:
1861:
1855:
1432:
1271:
1296:
2218:
1447:
1187:
973:"Full Access Return to the Magic Well: Echolocation Behavior of Bats and Responses of Insect Prey"
2192:
1837:
1747:
1390:
326:
229:
111:
272:
Many animals have evolved so that they visually resemble their surroundings by using any of the
2135:
1891:
1807:
1382:
1376:
1266:
393:
195:
159:
2613:
2572:
2567:
2545:
2004:
1974:
1956:
1753:
1353:
1239:
289:
277:
265:
210:
191:
724:
2593:
2525:
2474:
2170:
2151:
2091:
1813:
1256:
1234:
1078:
1023:
703:
635:
592:
447:
361:
330:
281:
103:
1341:
123:
30:
This article is about animals that are difficult to detect. For the genus of grasses, see
8:
2674:
2243:
2187:
1710:
1541:
1536:
1521:
1249:
1180:
1014:
677:
405:
1082:
1027:
729:; Merilaita, S. (2011). "Camouflage in decorator crabs: Camouflage in decorator crabs".
639:
596:
451:
243:
production. Crypsis can in principle involve visual, olfactory, or auditory camouflage.
2689:
2540:
2238:
2197:
2182:
2097:
1801:
1666:
1607:
1502:
1346:
1101:
1066:
1047:
994:
912:
877:
851:
801:
659:
608:
509:
484:
225:
107:
413:, warning the bats that the moths are unpalatable, or at least performing as acoustic
2679:
2643:
2638:
2598:
2557:
2505:
2213:
2128:
1825:
1741:
1551:
1417:
1261:
1229:
1106:
1039:
917:
899:
843:
768:
651:
514:
465:
138:, effectively a synonym for animal camouflage, is sometimes used, but many different
76:
1051:
855:
767:
Michael R. Conover. Predator-Prey
Dynamics: the role of olfaction. CRC Press. 2007.
663:
612:
553:
536:
2684:
2623:
2456:
2348:
2328:
1897:
1831:
1427:
1336:
1286:
1137:
1096:
1086:
1031:
984:
951:
907:
889:
835:
797:
643:
600:
548:
504:
496:
455:
2407:
2343:
2333:
2102:
1660:
1619:
1566:
1466:
1281:
785:
377:
31:
2358:
2530:
2446:
2434:
2338:
2233:
1968:
1879:
1613:
1442:
1437:
1321:
1224:
337:
322:
1142:
1125:
1035:
647:
460:
435:
2658:
2520:
2439:
2417:
2392:
2363:
2353:
2315:
2059:
1783:
1678:
1672:
1497:
1326:
903:
304:
300:
236:
182:
1091:
878:"An ambusher's arsenal: chemical crypsis in the puff adder (Bitis arietans)"
2451:
2397:
2223:
2107:
1867:
1759:
1690:
1643:
1637:
1625:
1452:
1160:
1110:
1043:
921:
894:
847:
655:
518:
500:
469:
401:
365:
341:
257:
202:
119:
2628:
2510:
2429:
2323:
2267:
2228:
1819:
1771:
1631:
1487:
1409:
410:
357:
345:
333:
in marine animals, such as squid, can use light to match the background.
155:
176:
2618:
2515:
2257:
2120:
2032:
1849:
1716:
1219:
1203:
373:
312:
261:
252:
115:
85:
81:
336:
Some animals actively camouflage themselves with local materials. The
288:). Other methods including transparency and silvering are widely used
2633:
2466:
2422:
2402:
1843:
1684:
604:
397:
389:
308:
295:
Some animals change color in changing environments seasonally, as in
240:
151:
131:
2278:
284:, may resemble rocks, sand, twigs, leaves, and even bird droppings (
34:. For animals whose existence is not scientifically recognized, see
2500:
1926:
1492:
839:
221:, even in habitats like the open sea where there is no background.
2562:
2262:
2065:
2037:
1962:
1331:
414:
285:
218:
127:
95:
35:
404:), have been supposed to defend themselves against predation by
106:
to avoid observation or detection by other animals. It may be a
1944:
1916:
1885:
1873:
1795:
205:, and subterranean lifestyle. Camouflage can be achieved by a
2588:
1172:
815:
Resetarits, William J. Jr.; Binckley, Christopher A. (2013).
436:"Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory"
316:
296:
999:
10.1641/0006-3568%282001%29051%5B0555%3ARTTMWE%5D2.0.CO%3B2
990:
10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0555:RTTMWE]2.0.CO;2
957:
10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0570:HSIDAA]2.0.CO;2
360:, whether to avoid predation, to hunt ants, or (as in the
2384:
1950:
790:
875:
882:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
489:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
380:
necessitates concealment from both predators and prey.
134:) or auditory concealment. When it is visual, the term
702:. Morning-earth.org. February 14, 2007. Archived from
1123:
433:
1557:
List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing
1167:
Caterpillar that resembles bird droppings on leaves
1124:Corcoran, A.J.; Conner, W.E.; Barber, J.R. (2010).
814:
434:Gianoli, Ernesto; Carrasco-Urra, Fernando (2014).
364:caterpillar) to trick the ants into feeding them.
1067:"Acoustic mimicry in a predator–prey interaction"
935:Miller, Lee A.; Surlykke, Annemarie (July 2001).
2656:
201:Methods of crypsis include (visual) camouflage,
1126:"Anti-bat tiger moth sounds: Form and function"
1071:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
534:
485:"Warning signals and predator-prey coevolution"
194:, reduction of shadow, and cryptic behavior in
934:
476:
130:. Crypsis can involve visual, olfactory (with
2294:
2136:
1188:
1011:
1064:
1397:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
783:
482:
74:Cryptic behavior. Mossy leaf-tailed gecko (
2301:
2287:
2143:
2129:
1562:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate
1547:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago
1195:
1181:
88:using a flange of skin to eliminate shadow
2166:Coloration evidence for natural selection
1778:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)
1141:
1100:
1090:
988:
955:
911:
893:
700:"All Lives Transform:Adaptation- Mimicry"
552:
508:
459:
27:Aspect of animal behaviour and morphology
2150:
572:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
530:
528:
256:
175:
970:
718:
14:
2657:
582:
567:
427:
2485:Evolution of color vision in primates
2308:
2282:
2124:
1176:
1065:Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2007).
888:(1821). The Royal Society: 20152182.
786:"Mimicry of Ants by Other Arthropods"
625:
576:
525:
784:Donisthorpe, Horace (January 1922).
725:Hultgren, Kristin; Stachowicz, Jay;
619:
1921:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform
568:Allaby, Michael (2014). "Crypsis".
344:or noxious plants, benefiting from
268:spider to capture prey more easily.
24:
802:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1922.tb02812.x
348:as well as or instead of crypsis.
274:many methods of natural camouflage
224:As a strategy, crypsis is used by
25:
2701:
1312:As evidence for natural selection
1153:
483:Franks, D. W.; Noble, J. (2004).
2374:
1423:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola
1295:
1245:Coincident disruptive coloration
971:Griffin, Donald R. (July 2001).
680:. Amateur Entomologists' Society
61:
47:
1117:
1058:
1005:
964:
928:
869:
808:
777:
761:
554:10.1590/s1679-62252006000200008
190:including background matching,
1993:Operational Camouflage Pattern
1459:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
1202:
692:
670:
585:Journal of Wildlife Management
561:
535:Zuanon, J.; I. Sazima (2006).
13:
1:
1790:Australian Disruptive Pattern
421:
2054:Diffused lighting camouflage
1939:Universal Camouflage Pattern
1572:USN WWII camouflage measures
351:
307:in their integuments, as in
102:is the ability of an animal
7:
2413:Simple eye in invertebrates
1999:Netherlands Fractal Pattern
1933:Tactical Assault Camouflage
1766:Disruptive Pattern Material
388:Some insects, notably some
383:
303:, or far more rapidly with
145:
10:
2706:
2609:Infrared sensing in snakes
740:Cambridge University Press
250:
172:List of camouflage methods
169:
165:
29:
2581:
2493:
2480:Evolution of color vision
2465:
2383:
2372:
2314:
2206:
2158:
2083:
2046:
2025:
2018:
1907:
1862:Camouflage Central-Europe
1856:Desert Camouflage Pattern
1732:
1703:
1653:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1529:
1520:
1480:
1408:
1369:
1362:
1304:
1293:
1272:Multi-spectral camouflage
1210:
1036:10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7
648:10.1007/s00442-007-0786-z
461:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010
264:allows animals like this
246:
2665:Antipredator adaptations
2219:Anti-predator adaptation
1448:Johann Georg Otto Schick
235:Crypsis also applies to
142:are employed in nature.
2670:Biological interactions
2193:Paradox of the plankton
1838:Desert Night Camouflage
1391:Abbott Handerson Thayer
1143:10.1093/czoolo/56.3.358
1092:10.1073/pnas.0703627104
828:The American Naturalist
678:"Definition of Crypsis"
570:A Dictionary of Zoology
541:Neotropical Ichthyology
327:Abbott Handerson Thayer
282:the tawny dragon lizard
207:wide variety of methods
112:antipredator adaptation
1383:The Colours of Animals
1377:Edward Bagnall Poulton
1267:Multi-scale camouflage
895:10.1098/rspb.2015.2182
501:10.1098/rspb.2004.2795
394:large yellow underwing
280:). Such animals, like
269:
266:disruptively-patterned
230:prey against predators
226:predators against prey
198:
196:Bandipur National Park
160:evolutionary arms race
2614:Monocular deprivation
2573:Underwater camouflage
2568:Structural coloration
2546:Disruptive coloration
2159:Patterns of evolution
1975:Multi-Terrain Pattern
1957:Airman Battle Uniform
1754:Rhodesian Brushstroke
1354:Underwater camouflage
1240:Disruptive coloration
278:disruptive coloration
260:
211:disruptive coloration
192:disruptive coloration
179:
170:Further information:
158:, in the shape of an
140:methods of camouflage
2594:Blindness in animals
2526:Counter-illumination
2475:Evolution of the eye
2171:Convergent evolution
2152:Evolutionary ecology
2092:Dazzled and Deceived
1257:Distractive markings
1235:Counter-illumination
865:on November 4, 2013.
819:Aphredoderus sayanus
706:on February 18, 2012
376:, whose strategy of
370:Aphredoderus sayanus
362:large blue butterfly
331:counter-illumination
80:) Montagne d’Ambre,
2244:Distraction display
2188:Divergent evolution
1981:Australian Multicam
1784:U.S. "M81" Woodland
1542:Aircraft camouflage
1537:Military camouflage
1250:Disruptive eye mask
1083:2007PNAS..104.9331B
1028:2005NW.....92..164H
1015:Naturwissenschaften
640:2007Oecol.153.1009R
597:2007JWMan..71.2084N
495:(1550): 1859–1865.
452:2014CBio...24..984G
2541:Deimatic behaviour
2239:Deimatic behaviour
2198:Predator satiation
2183:Parallel evolution
2098:Stealth technology
1608:Splittertarnmuster
1503:Thomas N. Sherratt
749:on August 15, 2017
270:
217:and some forms of
199:
188:camouflage methods
150:There is a strong
136:cryptic coloration
114:. Methods include
108:predation strategy
2652:
2651:
2644:Visual perception
2639:Underwater vision
2604:Feature detection
2599:Eyespot apparatus
2558:Eyespot (mimicry)
2506:Animal coloration
2309:Vision in animals
2276:
2275:
2214:Signalling theory
2118:
2117:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2014:
2013:
1826:Camouflage Daguet
1699:
1698:
1552:Dazzle camouflage
1516:
1515:
1418:Mary Taylor Brush
1262:Motion camouflage
1230:Active camouflage
1077:(22): 9331–9334.
773:978-0-8493-9270-2
732:Animal Camouflage
290:by marine animals
77:Uroplatus sikorae
18:Animal camouflage
16:(Redirected from
2697:
2624:Palpebral (bone)
2457:Schizochroal eye
2378:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2023:
2022:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1527:
1526:
1433:Norman Wilkinson
1428:John Graham Kerr
1367:
1366:
1299:
1287:Urban camouflage
1197:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1009:
1003:
1002:
992:
968:
962:
961:
959:
941:
932:
926:
925:
915:
897:
873:
867:
866:
864:
858:. Archived from
825:
812:
806:
805:
796:(3–4): 307–311.
781:
775:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
748:
742:. Archived from
737:
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
674:
668:
667:
634:(4): 1009–1019.
623:
617:
616:
605:10.2193/2006-471
591:(6): 2084–2089.
580:
574:
573:
565:
559:
558:
556:
532:
523:
522:
512:
480:
474:
473:
463:
431:
68:Revealing itself
65:
51:
21:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2577:
2489:
2461:
2379:
2370:
2310:
2307:
2277:
2272:
2202:
2154:
2149:
2119:
2114:
2103:Cloaking device
2071:
2042:
2010:
1909:
1903:
1814:Type 87 (China)
1734:
1728:
1695:
1669:(1917 aircraft)
1661:Camouflage tree
1649:
1620:Rauchtarnmuster
1599:
1576:
1567:Ship camouflage
1512:
1476:
1472:Timothy O'Neill
1467:Geoffrey Barkas
1404:
1358:
1300:
1291:
1282:Snow camouflage
1277:Self-decoration
1206:
1201:
1161:decorator crabs
1156:
1151:
1130:Current Zoology
1122:
1118:
1063:
1059:
1010:
1006:
969:
965:
939:
933:
929:
874:
870:
862:
823:
813:
809:
782:
778:
766:
762:
752:
750:
746:
735:
727:Stevens, Martin
723:
719:
709:
707:
698:
697:
693:
683:
681:
676:
675:
671:
624:
620:
581:
577:
566:
562:
533:
526:
481:
477:
440:Current Biology
432:
428:
424:
400:, (such as the
392:, (such as the
386:
354:
338:decorator crabs
255:
249:
186:lizard showing
174:
168:
148:
92:
91:
90:
89:
71:
70:
69:
66:
57:
56:
55:
52:
39:
32:Crypsis (genus)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2582:Related topics
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Countershading
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Holochroal eye
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Apparent death
2231:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1880:wz. 93 Pantera
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1614:Platanenmuster
1611:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1508:Martin Stevens
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1445:
1443:Leon Underwood
1440:
1438:Everett Warner
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1322:Decorator crab
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Countershading
1222:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1159:Dive Gallery:
1155:
1154:External links
1152:
1150:
1149:
1136:(3): 358–369.
1116:
1057:
1022:(4): 164–169.
1004:
983:(7): 555–556.
963:
950:(7): 570–581.
927:
868:
840:10.1086/670016
834:(5): 690–699.
807:
776:
760:
717:
691:
669:
618:
575:
560:
547:(2): 219–224.
524:
475:
446:(9): 984–987.
425:
423:
420:
385:
382:
378:ambushing prey
353:
350:
323:Countershading
305:chromatophores
251:Main article:
248:
245:
167:
164:
147:
144:
126:lifestyle and
73:
72:
67:
60:
59:
58:
53:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2702:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Animal senses
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Chromatophore
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:Mammalian eye
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:Arthropod eye
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:Yehudi lights
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:Denison smock
1677:
1674:
1673:Telo mimetico
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Innes Cuthill
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Flower mantis
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
958:
953:
949:
945:
938:
931:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
820:
811:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
774:
770:
764:
745:
741:
734:
733:
728:
721:
705:
701:
695:
679:
673:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
571:
564:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
531:
529:
520:
516:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
471:
467:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
430:
426:
419:
416:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Noctuid moths
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:snowshoe hare
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
263:
259:
254:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
178:
173:
163:
161:
157:
153:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
87:
83:
79:
78:
64:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2535:
2452:Parietal eye
2398:Compound eye
2252:
2224:Alarm signal
2108:Invisibility
2090:
1868:Soldier 2000
1748:Tiger stripe
1691:Ghillie suit
1644:Leibermuster
1638:Erbsenmuster
1626:Palmenmuster
1457:
1395:
1381:
1316:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1019:
1013:
1007:
980:
976:
966:
947:
943:
930:
885:
881:
871:
860:the original
831:
827:
818:
810:
793:
789:
779:
763:
753:December 13,
751:. Retrieved
744:the original
731:
720:
708:. Retrieved
704:the original
694:
682:. Retrieved
672:
631:
627:
621:
588:
584:
578:
569:
563:
544:
540:
492:
488:
478:
443:
439:
429:
406:echolocating
402:garden tiger
396:), and some
387:
369:
366:Pirate perch
355:
342:sea anemones
335:
321:
294:
271:
234:
223:
215:transparency
203:nocturnality
200:
181:
152:evolutionary
149:
135:
124:subterranean
120:nocturnality
99:
93:
75:
40:
2629:Pseudopupil
2511:Aposematism
2430:Mollusc eye
2268:Unkenreflex
2229:Aposematism
1820:wz. 89 Puma
1772:wz. 68 Moro
1675:(1929 tent)
1632:Sumpfmuster
1488:Roy Behrens
1481:Researchers
1410:Camoufleurs
411:aposematism
398:tiger moths
374:puff adders
346:aposematism
313:cephalopods
156:coevolution
2675:Camouflage
2659:Categories
2619:Ommatidium
2551:coincident
2516:Camouflage
2494:Coloration
2435:cephalopod
2329:Chameleons
2258:Camouflage
2047:Prototypes
2033:Berberys-R
2019:Technology
1850:Tropentarn
1717:Strichtarn
1590:Up to WWII
1347:Aggressive
1220:Camouflage
1204:Camouflage
977:BioScience
944:BioScience
710:January 5,
684:August 19,
422:References
358:mimic ants
262:Camouflage
253:Camouflage
132:pheromones
116:camouflage
104:or a plant
86:camouflage
84:, showing
82:Madagascar
2690:Predation
2634:Rhopalium
2467:Evolution
2440:gastropod
2408:Eye shine
2403:Eagle eye
2334:Dinosaurs
1844:Flecktarn
1733:Late 20th
1685:Frog Skin
1453:Hugh Cott
1342:MĂĽllerian
1305:In nature
904:0962-8452
628:Oecologia
352:Olfactory
309:chameleon
241:pheromone
2680:Ethology
2501:Albinism
2176:examples
2026:Deployed
2005:Xingkong
1927:MultiCam
1919:(2001) (
1704:Post-war
1628:(c 1941)
1582:Patterns
1522:Military
1493:Tim Caro
1337:Batesian
1111:17517637
1052:18306198
1044:15772807
922:26674950
856:26747440
848:23594551
664:16437625
656:17618465
613:83705425
519:15315903
470:24768053
384:Auditory
315:such as
146:Overview
2685:Mimicry
2563:Mimicry
2536:Crypsis
2349:Mammals
2263:Mimicry
2253:Crypsis
2207:Signals
2084:Related
2066:Adaptiv
2038:Nakidka
1963:Type 07
1923:(2002))
1910:century
1735:century
1667:Lozenge
1332:Mimicry
1317:Crypsis
1212:Methods
1102:1890494
1079:Bibcode
1024:Bibcode
913:4707760
636:Bibcode
593:Bibcode
510:1691800
448:Bibcode
286:mimesis
228:and by
219:mimicry
209:, from
166:Methods
128:mimicry
100:crypsis
96:ecology
36:Cryptid
2354:horses
2316:Vision
2068:(2011)
2062:(1943)
2056:(1941)
2007:(2019)
2001:(2019)
1995:(2015)
1989:(2015)
1987:HunCam
1983:(2014)
1977:(2010)
1971:(2008)
1965:(2007)
1959:(2007)
1953:(2007)
1947:(2006)
1945:ESTDCU
1941:(2004)
1935:(2004)
1929:(2002)
1917:MARPAT
1900:(1998)
1894:(1998)
1888:(1997)
1886:CADPAT
1882:(1993)
1876:(1993)
1874:TAZ 90
1870:(1993)
1864:(1991)
1858:(1990)
1852:(1990)
1846:(1990)
1840:(1990)
1834:(1990)
1828:(1989)
1822:(1989)
1816:(1987)
1810:(1984)
1804:(1984)
1798:(1983)
1796:TAZ 83
1792:(1982)
1786:(1981)
1780:(1981)
1774:(1969)
1768:(1969)
1762:(1967)
1756:(1965)
1750:(1962)
1744:(1958)
1742:Jigsaw
1725:(1968)
1719:(1960)
1713:(1947)
1711:Lizard
1687:(1942)
1681:(1941)
1663:(1915)
1646:(1945)
1640:(1944)
1634:(1943)
1622:(1939)
1616:(1937)
1610:(1931)
1598:German
1530:Topics
1363:People
1109:
1099:
1050:
1042:
997:
920:
910:
902:
854:
846:
771:
662:
654:
611:
517:
507:
468:
415:mimics
297:ermine
247:Visual
110:or an
54:Hiding
2423:human
2344:Toads
2324:Birds
1898:Flora
1802:Dubok
1654:Other
1370:Early
1048:S2CID
995:JSTOR
940:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
852:S2CID
824:(PDF)
747:(PDF)
736:(PDF)
660:S2CID
609:S2CID
317:squid
183:Draco
2385:Eyes
2364:cats
2359:dogs
2339:Fish
1908:21st
1760:ERDL
1723:KLMK
1600:WWII
1107:PMID
1040:PMID
918:PMID
900:ISSN
844:PMID
769:ISBN
755:2012
712:2012
686:2012
652:PMID
515:PMID
466:PMID
311:and
299:and
239:and
237:eggs
1969:EMR
1951:M05
1892:M98
1832:M90
1808:M84
1138:doi
1097:PMC
1087:doi
1075:104
1032:doi
985:doi
952:doi
908:PMC
890:doi
886:282
836:doi
832:181
798:doi
644:doi
632:153
601:doi
549:doi
505:PMC
497:doi
493:271
456:doi
213:to
94:In
2661::
1134:56
1132:.
1128:.
1105:.
1095:.
1085:.
1073:.
1069:.
1046:.
1038:.
1030:.
1020:92
1018:.
993:.
981:51
979:.
975:.
948:51
946:.
942:.
916:.
906:.
898:.
884:.
880:.
850:.
842:.
830:.
826:.
794:69
792:.
788:.
738:.
658:.
650:.
642:.
630:.
607:.
599:.
589:71
587:.
543:.
539:.
527:^
513:.
503:.
491:.
487:.
464:.
454:.
444:24
442:.
438:.
319:.
292:.
232:.
180:A
122:,
118:,
98:,
2302:e
2295:t
2288:v
2144:e
2137:t
2130:v
1196:e
1189:t
1182:v
1169:.
1163:.
1146:.
1140::
1113:.
1089::
1081::
1054:.
1034::
1026::
1001:.
987::
960:.
954::
924:.
892::
838::
821:"
804:.
800::
757:.
714:.
688:.
666:.
646::
638::
615:.
603::
595::
557:.
551::
545:4
521:.
499::
472:.
458::
450::
368:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_Montagne_d%E2%80%99Ambre_2.jpg)
_Montagne_d%E2%80%99Ambre_3.jpg)
