647:), unarmed, on a nearby mountain ridge. The meeting was initially tense - the fathers of both Sarhili and Stockenström had been killed whilst unarmed. Both men were also veterans of several frontier wars against each other and, while they treated each other with extreme respect, Stockenström nonetheless made the extreme demand that Sarhili assume responsibility for any future Ngqika attacks. After protracted negotiations, Sarhili agreed to return any raided cattle & other property and to relinquish claims to the Ngqika land west of the Kei. He also promised to use his limited authority over the frontier Ngqika to restrain cross-border attacks. A treaty was signed and the commandos departed on good terms.
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554:, abolished Stockenström's treaty system altogether, imposing instead a unilateral system of more severe treaties. Certain provisions of the new treaty system, such as those allowing frontier settlers to counter-raid their Xhosa neighbours if they believed that cattle had been stolen, led to a sharp increase in violence. Maitland's system also involved building a system of military fortifications on Xhosa lands so as to secure the frontier militarily.
659:, ostentatiously blamed the Stockenström treaty system for being the cause of the war. In a meeting with the Xhosa chiefs, the Governor famously tore up a piece of paper in front of the chiefs and announced: "No more treaties". Historian Piers Brendon described "Smith, placing his foot on the neck of the Xhosan ruler and proclaiming, 'I am your Paramount Chief, and the Kaffirs are my dogs!'"
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624:, and then advanced to Fort Beaufort, where it was initially ordered that he would invade the Xhosa country. Instead of launching a military invasion to destroy the Xhosa armies, Stockenström selected a small group of his mounted commandos, crossed the Colony's border and rapidly rode deep into the Transkei Xhosa heartland, directly towards the kraal of
580:(the "Amatola War") erupted, the conventional imperial troops soon suffered setbacks in the rough frontier terrain. Their long troop columns were slow and easily ambushed by the elusive Xhosa gunmen. Faced with increasing losses and a full-scale invasion of the Xhosa armies across the frontier, the British Governor Sir
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Relying on his popularity as the friend and benefactor of both colonists and indigenous peoples, Anders dismounted and went to meet the war party unarmed. He spent at least half an hour endeavouring to persuade Kasa to return to their country without bloodshed but when he returned to mount his horse,
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On 27 December Col John Graham of Fintry sent orders to
Stockenström to join the rest of the force at Coerney, where Col J G Cuyler (landdrost of Uitenhage) was in charge. Realising that this would leave the area north of the Zuurberg vulnerable to Xhosa attack, Anders went to discuss the matter with
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Stockenström's response to what he perceived as the incompetence of direct imperial control was to back calls for the Cape Colony to get greater local control over its affairs, through the institution of elected representative government. Stockenström, who had been created a baronet in 1840, used his
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against Tyali, having been shown evidence that this Xhosa chief was led raids across the border. However, the expedition resulted in the shooting of another chief, Zeko, which caused considerable controversy. Based on false information, Stockenström had at first commended Field
Commandant Erasmus for
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Cattle raiding across the frontier, by both sides, was a persistent cause for frontier violence. For this reason, Stockenström promulgated new regulations dealing with the recovery of stolen stock. The previous "Reprisals System" of the frontier meant that the reaction to a cattle raid was simply to
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declined, in part because of his "outspoken criticism of
Somerset’s frontier policy or his refusal to allow the settlement of the 1820 Settlers in his district and his opposition to their location on the frontier", Duminy suggests, and in part because of a quarrel with the Governor's son, Col. Henry
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to introduce representative government in the Cape. But as a result of his call for an inquiry into
Governor Harry Smith's policies, Sir Andries was in turn made the scapegoat for their failure, and was additionally blamed for the Kat River rebellion during the Eighth Frontier War of 1850. Instead
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In August 1835 he travelled to London to give evidence to the House of
Commons on relations with the Xhosa in Southern Africa. In a hugely influential testimony, he blamed imperial policies and the frontier settlers' behaviour for causing repeated outbreaks of war with the Xhosa. In particular, the
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Faced with growing demands for punitive expeditions, Stockenström became increasingly suspicious of the motives of Col
Somerset and the frontier settler group. The issue became critical in June 1831, when the colonial government directly authorised Somerset to launch an attack on the Xhosa, without
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During his eight years as landdrost – under
Batavian rule until 1806, and then under British rule – the district experienced Bushman raids in the north and north-west, and an unsettled frontier with the amaXhosa. Public buildings were in need of restoration following the Khoikhoi/Xhosa invasion of
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at the time was the so-called "Reprisals System", whereby frontier settlers were permitted to cross the border to reclaim stolen cattle from any Xhosa settlement to which the cattle-tracks led – even if the stolen cattle were not in fact there. Stockenström was fiercely opposed to this system. His
910:, after four weeks, to assist in defence of the city against an expected British attack. It is not known whether Anders sailed with the fleet, but two years later he was working as an assistant in the goods office in Cape Town, where he remained for some years. He also served on a vessel carrying
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This system involved the exchange of diplomatic agents as reliable "ambassadors" between the Cape Colony and the Xhosa chiefs. The diplomatic agent system was underlain by formal treaties to guard the border and return any stolen cattle from either side. Importantly, Stockenström forbade colonial
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population. Some of
Stockenström's top commanders were Khoi; he had long fought alongside Khoi soldiers in the frontier wars, and claimed to hold their bravery and loyalty in high esteem. He granted this displaced and marginalised people full and equal rights of land ownership and facilitated the
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Due in part to overcrowding, a civil war broke out between the amaNgqika (Ngqika Xhosa) and the amaGcaleka (Gcaleka Xhosa). As the Cape had signed a defence treaty with Ngqika, it was legally required to respond to Ngqika's request for military assistance in 1818. Stockenström was thus ordered to
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His efforts in restraining colonists from moving into Xhosa lands served to make him immensely unpopular among the settlers of the Cape Colony frontier. As a historical figure, he long remained controversial in South Africa for supposedly hindering colonisation, and pro-imperialist histories have
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However, Governor
Maitland rejected the treaty and sent an insulting letter back to the Xhosa paramount-chief, demanding greater acts of submission and servility. Furious, Stockenstrom and his local commandos resigned and departed from the war, leaving the imperial troops and the Xhosa - both
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After swiftly intercepting and defeating the
Gcaleka army, he withdrew his commando and stationed his Graaff-Reinet burghers to defend the left flank at the Kat River. However, after the Cape withdrawal, the amaGcaleka regrouped in 1819 and this time invaded the Cape Colony itself, attacking
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The dense settlements thrived and expanded, and the Kat River Settlement quickly became a large, peaceful and successful region of the Cape that subsisted more or less autonomously from the rest of the country. Stockenström was later to regard the creation of this settlement as his proudest
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In his final year as landdrost, he played a significant role in the Cape by lobbying for Ordinance 50 (1828) to grant the right to own land to the Khoikhoi and all other free black inhabitants of the Cape. A project that led to his later establishing of the Kat River Khoi Settlement.
1215:
The Life and Times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K.C.M.G., First Premier of Cape Colony: Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape and of Lord Carnarvon's Confederation Policy & of Sir Bartle Frere's High Commissionership of South
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In his frontier policy, Stockenström was also in disagreement with the liberals and philanthropists of the Cape, in that he believed that the authority of the chiefs must be preserved, and that the relations of the borderlands needed to be strictly regulated and policed.
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on the one side, and the Xhosa chiefs on the other. Stockenström's military career additionally saw growing disagreement between the leadership of the local Cape forces (the Burgher commandos) and the settlers on the frontier who supported greater imperial control.
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When Governor Smith called an election in 1850 (the only one of its kind) to get around the difficulty of finding suitable people to serve on the legislative council, Sir Andries received the most votes cast for any candidate from the Eastern Province. However,
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Under immense pressure from the frontier settlers' press campaign, Stockenström became increasingly drawn into a series of bitter legal battles. In February 1838 he started a libel action, after being publicly accused of murder, and requested the new governor,
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Sir Andries's eldest surviving son (*1841 †1912) succeeded him as baronet and was a member of the Cape Legislative Council from 1891 to 1910. Sir Gijsbert died without issue, and the title passed to the offspring of his younger brother, also named Andries.
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opinion that the Cape Colony colonists of the frontier were unfairly treating of their Xhosa neighbours led to his later conclusion that a strictly-enforced system of treaties must be enforced on both sides in order for peace and mutual respect to develop.
524:, to launch a full inquiry. Stockenström was exonerated by the court of inquiry in June 1838, but nonetheless felt his position hopeless, and travelled to Britain to consult Glenelg. Glenelg refused to accept Stockenström's resignation, but his successor,
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commando was ordered to clear insurgents from the dense bush in the Fish River area – previously regarded as impenetrable. After successfully implementing this supposedly impossible campaign, Stockenström was promoted to captain in the Cape Regiment.
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This policy nonetheless proved to be very problematic because, when deciding whether to authorise punitive action, Stockenström depended on information from sources which were often unreliable. In 1830 Stockenström permitted settlers to launch a
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The war ended in October 1819, when Gcaleka agreed to recognise Ngqika's independent leadership of the Western Xhosa, and the area between the Keiskamma and Fish rivers was declared a neutral zone, closed off from both black and white settlement.
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Andries, his health ruined by this expedition (he remained in poor health the rest of his life), called on the British government to institute an inquiry into the war, maintaining that it had been prolonged needlessly but the new governor,
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However many frontier colonists resented Stockenström's restrictions on their expansion into Xhosa land. The Eastern Cape settler movement, which advocated dismantling Stockenström's treaty system and annexing the Xhosa land, was led by
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to represent the Eastern Divisions. To meet the expenses of the campaign and of the destruction of his property, he arranged for the subdivision of a part of Maasström (one-third of the 4 985 morgen) as a township, which was named
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In 1842, a severe drought effected the region, causing an increasing in cross-border cattle raiding. This, together with the growing neglect of Stockenström's treaty system, began to lead to growing violence along the frontier.
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He set out at sunset on 29 December 1811 with 24 men. About five hours later he encountered a number of Xhosa of the Imidange clan under Kasa on Doringnek, the watershed between the White and Coerney rivers, on the Zuurberg.
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He began by returning the recently annexed "Province of Queen Adelaide" to the Xhosa. He then instituted his own unique treaty system, recognising the Xhosa chiefs as independent and equal authorities in his diplomacy.
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In spite of the many political hindrances to his actions, Stockenström nonetheless set to work to reach an agreement for peace on the frontier and to stabilise the Ceded Territory between the Fish and Keiskamma rivers.
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populations, and fiercely loyal to Stockenström. They objected to serving under an imperial commander, so Governor Maitland promoted Stockenström to colonel, so as to place him in command of the local mixed commandos.
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His military career ended in July 1820 when he was transferred to the Corsican Rangers. The Graaff-Reinet district's involvement with the frontier was also reduced by the creation in 1821 of the separate district of
421:, Secretary for the Colonies, requested his resignation from the council, Stockenström left the Cape in 1833 and traveled to London where he resigned as Commissioner-General, after having failed to persuade the
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Godlonton had control of the most influential newspapers of the frontier region, and used them to advocate for his campaign. Godlonton also used his considerable influence in the religious institutions of the
54:
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When steps were eventually taken against the Xhosa in December 1811, Anders, in command of the burghers of Graaff-Reinet, occupied Bruintjieshoogte to protect the area north of the Zuurberg. The commandos of
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to the Cape, and was afterwards, until 1795 with the British occupation of the Cape, bookkeeper to the fleet. In March 1796 General J H Craig appointed Anders secretary to Landdrost A A Faure, of Swellendam.
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Following a heated electoral campaign, Sir Andries defeated his old enemy, Godlonton – despite renewed publication of all the old accusations against him in Godlonton's newspaper, the Graham's Town Journal.
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While the young Stockenström was a great and sometimes ruthless soldier in the frontier wars, in the coming years he came to develop a growing sympathy with his Xhosa opponents. The frontier policy of the
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When his father was ambushed and killed, the young Andries rode from Bruintjieshoogte with 18 mounted burghers. He hunted down and overtook a number of the killers near Doringnek, slaying 13 of them.
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Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st baronet x 8 December 1828 Elsabe Helena Maasdorp (1808-1889), daughter of Gijsbert Henry Maasdorp. The couple had six children, of whom the firstborn died as a baby.
743:, Sir Andries piloted the passage of the Divisional Councils Act, which in his view restored a link between the government and the governed, which had been broken in 1828 (with the abolition of
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Upon returning from Doringnek, Andries was appointed to his father's position in command of the burgher forces. Following Ndlambe's expulsion, he assisted Colonel John Graham in fortifying the
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1802-03 (the Third Frontier War). While commandos were sent against the Bushmen, Anders also tried to reconcile the Bushmen by having game shot for them, and periodically giving them cattle.
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In 1827 the Council of Advice was enlarged to include two unofficial members, and in June that year Stockenström was appointed to fill one of these positions. Early in 1829 Major-General
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Sir Andries publicly condemned Governor Smith's policies, and warned that they would precipitate a further crisis, but Earl Grey, the Secretary for the Colonies, declined to take action.
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and Commissioner-General Jacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist. The latter swore him in on 14 February 1804, at which time Graaff-Reinet had been without a permanent landdrost since 1801.
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Stockenström thus took to the field again. He was first ordered to position his Graaff-Reinet commando to meet any attack across the northern section of the frontier. Then while the
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launch a counter-raid. Stockenström ruled that armed parties were only permitted to cross the frontier and recover stolen stock by force if the civil authorities gave permission.
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led several Legislative Council members in denying that the elections represented popular opinion, and Sir Andries and the other popularly elected members resigned in September.
628:("Kreli"), the paramount chief of all the Xhosa. Due in part to the speed of their approach, they were barely engaged by Xhosa forces and rode directly into Sarhili's capital.
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Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 Graaff-Reinet - 22 March 1880 Swellendam), second son of Sir Andries Stockenström (1st Baronet), was an influential judge and the
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Stockenström became increasingly critical of the frontier policy implemented, both in his reports from Graaff-Reinet and in the proceedings of the Council of Advice. After
988:
761:
In other respects, he was frustrated. The Khoikhoi settlement on the Kat River was broken up, and little was done to rein in frontier warmongers and land speculators.
747:). He also supported the passing of the Burgher Force Bill, which placed the local Cape commandos on an equal footing with the already-established military garrison.
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traditionally vilified him. However his relatively far-sighted and respectful policies towards the Xhosa have increasingly gained recognition in modern South Africa.
1345:
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Sir Andries Stockenström, 3rd baronet (1868-1922)(only son), advocate of the Transvaal Supreme Court and a member of the Transvaal and Union parliaments.
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The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope
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Aware of impending war, in 1845 Stockenström moved to his farm Maasström, at the foot of the Kaga Mountains, where he remained until April 1846 when the
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Stockenström's burgher force first cleared the south-western part of the Eastern Province up to the Fish River, inflicting a string of defeats on the
375:
He decided to set aside this extensive and very fertile area for settlement, not by the white settlers of the frontier, but by the Cape's extensive
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830:(13 July 1826 – 1 February 1905), who in 1887 edited Sir Andries's autobiography in two volumes, and was Cape Colony treasurer from 1881 to 1884.
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was a staunch supporter of Col. Somerset, this "meant that the remainder of his public career was characterized by personal and political feuds".
809:, Sweden x 1 June 1786 Maria Geertruyda Broeders (baptised 11 March 1764), daughter of Peter Caspar Brodersen (or Broders), from Rantrum, a
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of a commission of inquiry, a select committee was appointed. Duminy writes that it "neither recommended an inquiry nor prepared a report".
688:
131:"No man in the 19th century Cape had greater breadth of vision, none gained the respect of a wider constituency, black as well as white."
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the Imidange had surrounded his party and attacked, killing eight burghers and an interpreter. Four were wounded but managed to escape.
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in December 1782, 1,202 of the 2,753 passengers and crew had died, and 915 were ill. Four of the most heavily armed ships, including '
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and Col Somerset. This movement increasingly conducted a virulent and libellous campaign against Stockenström and his treaty system.
210:(1811–12), and in the campaign against Ndlambe. During this time, Andries served as aide-de-camp to his father, Anders Stockenström.
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authorised Stockenström to take over the frontier. An additional problem was that he also still lacked authority over the military.
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Justice Andries Stockenström (22 April 1844 – 22 March 1880) x 24 December 1867 Maria Henrietta Hartzenberg, of Graaff-Reinet
258:("Moral Bob") led a legal and press campaign against Stockenström that would continue for much of the remainder of his career.
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Representative government was nonetheless instituted in 1853, and Sir Andries was approached to run for election to the new
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Dispirited, Stockenström returned to the Cape in May 1840 and retired to his farm Klipkraal (in the Swaershoek Valley near
508:
Officially, Stockenström was also beset by the problem that, as lieutenant-governor, he was still legally dependent on Sir
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Anders Andersen Stockenström (*1707 †1764), inspector of mines and mayor of Filipstad x Caterina Margarita Ekman (*1723).
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Failing health saw him resign his seat in March 1856, and he left the colony the following month. He lived for a while in
616:
Stockenström's use of mobile mounted local commandos was shown to be highly effective in the mountainous frontier terrain.
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156:. En route he met up with Lt-Col R Collins and accompanied him as a Dutch interpreter on a journey that took them to the
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As lieutenant-governor, Stockenström now had the ability to construct a completely new policy for Cape-Xhosa relations.
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expansion into Xhosa land. With this key provision, the treaty system soon brought a degree of peace to the frontier.
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country. Inclined to pursue a military career, Andries accompanied the expedition sent in 1810 to inform Ndlambe, the
323:(out of Graaff-Reinet). However Stockenström remained landdrost until the reform of 1828 which abolished his office.
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his conduct, but later investigations showed that reports of Zeko being armed and removing livestock were false.
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228:, stationed initially at Van Stadensdam on the (upper) Fish River, and afterwards at the newly founded town of
221:
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954:, gathered at the Sundays River mouth and after Christmas, crossed the river to drive the Xhosa from the
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to drive his opinions, declaring that the settlers were "selected by God himself to colonize Kaffraria".
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1165:"South Africa Holiday: Xhosa frontier wars 1840-78 (information for British Tourists in South Africa)"
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758:, as a way to curtail what he saw as the ineptitude of direct imperial control in Southern Africa.
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in the Cape Regiment. He rose through the ranks rapidly after fighting in the fourth frontier war.
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His child, Andries (1868-1922), became the third and penultimate Stockenström baronet in 1912.
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His opinions – though hugely controversial – impressed the new Secretary for the Colonies,
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Andrée Mabel Stockenström (only child, owner of Maasström) x James Norman Pringle Gardiner
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in frontier Xhosa territory, and opened parts of it up for permanent white settlement.
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232:. Andries retained his commission as his duties remained mostly of a military nature.
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Men of Good Hope: The Romantic Story of the Cape Town Chamber of Commerce, 1804-1954
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In one of his final political acts, he gave his support to the infant movement for "
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In a rapid and successful campaign in 1813, he struck across the Fish River against
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settlers' use of raids into Xhosa territory, to attack suspected cattle thieves.
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In 1811 he was commissioned as an ensign in the Cape Regiment, took part in the
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1077:"General South African History Timeline: 1800s - South African History Online"
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tribes that had violated the new frontier, and in May 1814 he was appointed a
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In the 19th century, the Cape frontier was afflicted by a recurring series of
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Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners
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During his absence, his opponents destroyed his farm, Maasström, in 1851.
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Somerset. In addition, Stockenström was friendly with Acting Governor Sir
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starving and afflicted by fever - to a long, drawn-out war of attrition.
588:. The Cape burghers were mounted frontier gunmen, recruited locally from
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119:
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broke out in the fleet when it reached the Equator, and when it reached
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Ella Elizabeth Hutton *1 February 1853 x Christian Maasdorp - 6 children
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lead his commando, as an ally of Ngqika, against Ndlambe's amaGcaleka.
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and in 1808 took up an appointment as clerk in his father's office at
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Elizabeth Maria Henrietta Stockenström x 1852 farmer and politician
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commandos advanced against the main amaGcaleka army, Stockenström's
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On Stockenström's legacy, historian Christopher Saunders concluded:
926:, Anders was appointed landdrost of Graaff-Reinet by both Governor
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Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström (1841-1912), 2nd baronet - no issue
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and his generals agreed to meet Stockenström (with his commandants
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From about this period, Stockenström's relationship with Governor
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military pension to support his drive for an elected parliament.
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114:, (6 July 1792 in Cape Town – 16 March 1864 in London) was
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establishment of their settlement, in what became known as the "
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Sir Anders Johan Booysen Stockenström, 4th baronet (1908-1957)
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paramount chief, of the government's aim to expel him from the
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1024:
South Africa: Ministry of Education - HSRC Press, 2004. p.104.
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Every Step of the Way: The Journey To Freedom in South Africa
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and England, returned to the Cape in 1860, and again went to
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Charles Henry Hutton d.1897 x Elizabeth Leonard - 3 children
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Edward Drummond Hutton d.1941 x Sara Maria Nel - 2 children
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Stockenström's permission and in spite of his objections.
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The eldest son of Anders Stockenström (1757-1811), a Cape
1108:"A Quest for a Treaty Stockenstrom, Godlonton And Bowker"
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Andries Stockenström, Attorney General of the Cape Colony
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Commissioner-General for the Eastern Province (1829-1833)
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Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province (1836-1838)
1040:. Records of the Cape Colony, vol. 7, 8 & 10. C.T.
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Members of the Legislative Council of the Cape Colony
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to give him more independence in his frontier work.
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departed, appointed Stockenström to the new post of
785:that had plagued him for years. He was interred in
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1038:Belangrijke historische dokumenten van Zuid-Afrika
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882:In September 1781 Anders Stockenström sailed from
1346:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
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781:in 1862, where he would die in 1864 aged 71 of
488:Legal pressure and decline of the treaty system
1236:. Cape Town Chamber of Commerce. p. 154.
847:Maria Susanna Stockenström d.1870 x 1864 Sir
224:then appointed him as assistant landdrost of
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836:Andries Stockenström Hutton x Blanche Giddy
687:In 1851 he and John Fairbairn travelled to
550:In 1844, the new governor of the Cape, Sir
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1185:The Decline And Fall of the British Empire
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1143:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
922:Following the takeover of the Cape by the
343:, but instead became acting governor when
79:13 September 1836 – 9 August 1838
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528:, dismissed Stockenström in August 1839.
367:A Khoikhoi gunman from the frontier wars.
148:, he received an elementary education in
122:from 13 September 1836 to 9 August 1838.
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851:(1838/40-1902), lawyer and administrator
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1376:South African people of Swedish descent
1230:Immelman, René Ferdinand Malan (1955).
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1052:"Right to Organise Timeline 1500-1994"
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728:, after Sir Andries's friend, the 8th
711:Stockenström was elected to the first
671:Campaign for Representative Government
557:The new governor also began to settle
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112:Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet
58:Sir Andries Stockenström, 1st Baronet
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801:Anders Stockenström *6 January 1757
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849:Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard
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535:), making only occasional trips to
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319:) and in 1826 of the district of
1366:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
1288:Baronetage of the United Kingdom
572:The 7th Frontier War (1846-1847)
247:The 5th Frontier War (1818-1819)
202:The 4th Frontier War (1811-1812)
974:Sir Gijsbert Henry Stockenström
303:, and since Grahamstown editor
118:of the Eastern Province of the
97:Eastern Province of Cape Colony
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691:in the hope of persuading the
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1219:. Smith, Elder & Company.
886:as a quarter-gunner aboard a
443:The Eastern Frontier, ca 1835
359:The Kat River Khoi Settlement
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1056:South African History Online
983:Justice Andries Stockenström
29:Andries Stockenström (judge)
27:For his son, the judge, see
7:
1050:tinashe (17 October 2011).
10:
1407:
1341:Politicians from Cape Town
986:
26:
1351:Cape Colony army officers
1311:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1169:southafricaholiday.org.uk
792:
765:Retirement and later life
464:of the Eastern Province.
105:
101:
93:
83:
72:
67:
63:
51:
38:
741:Cape legislative council
428:He moved from London to
1356:Cape Colony politicians
1182:Brendon, Piers (2010).
436:broke out in the Cape.
1361:Deaths from bronchitis
1251:Hutton, C. W. (1964).
828:Charles William Hutton
752:Responsible Government
716:
617:
586:Cape Burgher Commandos
584:called upon the local
444:
368:
259:
1210:Molteno, Percy Alport
1137:Ross, Robert (1999).
787:Kensal Green Cemetery
710:
615:
442:
366:
345:Lord Charles Somerset
296:Lord Charles Somerset
254:
208:4th Cape Frontier War
18:Andries Stockenstroom
1314:Gysbert Stockenström
1008:Notes and references
950:, together with the
703:Member of Parliament
578:Seventh Frontier War
566:Seventh Frontier War
460:, who appointed him
349:commissioner-general
43:Andries Stockenström
928:Jan Willem Janssens
878:Anders Stockenström
739:As a member of the
468:New frontier policy
462:Lieutenant-Governor
407:punitive expedition
220:frontier. Governor
195:colonial government
116:lieutenant governor
68:Lieutenant governor
1386:Cape Colony people
717:
693:British government
618:
582:Peregrine Maitland
552:Peregrine Maitland
514:British parliament
445:
434:Sixth Frontier War
388:Khoi Settlement".
369:
260:
1319:
1318:
1312:Succeeded by
1195:978-1-4090-7796-1
1150:978-1-139-42561-2
924:Batavian Republic
914:for the VOC from
522:Sir George Napier
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
1398:
1391:Afrikaner people
1284:
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1188:. Random House.
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1118:on 16 March 2014
1114:. Archived from
1103:
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1087:on 21 April 2019
1083:. Archived from
1081:sahistory.org.za
1073:
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1034:
1025:
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995:Attorney-General
682:Robert Godlonton
666:Political career
631:Paramount Chief
510:Benjamin d’Urban
353:Eastern Province
341:Eastern Province
305:Robert Godlonton
256:Robert Godlonton
222:Sir John Cradock
146:Swedish ancestry
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503:1820 settlers
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301:Rufane Donkin
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284:Graaff-Reinet
281:
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267:Grahamstown.
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226:Graaff-Reinet
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182:Frontier Wars
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160:and into the
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1295:New creation
1294:
1257:. C. Struik.
1253:
1232:
1225:
1214:
1204:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1139:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1111:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1080:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
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1016:
1003:
992:
977:
968:
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458:Lord Glenelg
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419:Lord Stanley
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293:
289:
276:Stellenbosch
269:
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179:
158:Orange River
139:
130:
128:
124:
111:
110:
94:Constituency
85:Succeeded by
74:
33:
1336:1864 deaths
1331:1792 births
1280:2009-10-25)
1112:New History
1020:M. Morris:
999:Cape Colony
568:broke out.
186:Cape Colony
120:Cape Colony
46:1st Baronet
1325:Categories
1309:1840–1864
1091:10 October
1061:23 October
948:Swellendam
916:Madagascar
904:t Zeepaard
892:t Zeepaard
789:, London.
783:bronchitis
745:landdrosts
280:Swellendam
241:lieutenant
218:Fish River
136:Early life
1269:eggsa.org
1122:4 October
944:Uitenhage
900:Table Bay
815:Schleswig
803:Filipstad
754:" in the
622:amaNgqika
576:When the
541:Cape Town
537:Uitenhage
495:Godlonton
386:Kat River
317:Uitenhage
150:Cape Town
142:landdrost
75:In office
1278:Archived
1212:(1900).
962:Graham.
813:town in
807:Värmland
715:in 1854.
645:Brownlee
602:Khoikhoi
351:for the
315:(out of
170:Zuurveld
166:Rharhabe
1381:Knights
1301:Baronet
997:of the
908:Batavia
890:ship, '
726:Bedford
689:Britain
641:Molteno
633:Sarhili
626:Sarhili
598:settler
230:Cradock
1216:Africa
1192:
1147:
958:bush.
940:George
912:slaves
896:Scurvy
793:Family
779:London
775:Naples
637:Groepe
606:Griqua
594:Mfengu
559:Mfengu
430:Sweden
381:Griqua
313:Albany
884:Texel
237:Xhosa
162:Xhosa
1190:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1124:2014
1093:2012
1063:2018
956:Addo
946:and
771:Nice
756:Cape
643:and
604:and
590:Boer
539:and
379:and
377:Khoi
278:and
272:Cape
888:VOC
805:in
144:of
40:Sir
1327::
1167:.
1110:.
1079:.
1054:.
1029:^
1001:.
942:,
894:.
773:,
732:.
639:,
600:,
596:,
592:,
543:.
355:.
274:,
172:.
1276:(
1198:.
1171:.
1153:.
1126:.
1095:.
1065:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.