864:
example would be parking garages. Some parking garages are constructed using structural steel columns and reinforced concrete slabs. The concrete will be poured for the foundational footings, giving the parking garage a surface to be built on. The steel columns will be connected to the slab by bolting and/or welding them to steel studs extruding from the surface of the poured concrete slab. Pre-cast concrete beams may be delivered on site to be installed for the second floor, after which a concrete slab may be poured for the pavement area. This can be done for multiple stories. A parking garage of this type is just one possible example of many structures that may use both reinforced concrete and structural steel.
782:
however, construction may continue after 1–2 weeks, depending on the nature of the structure. Concrete can be constructed into nearly any shape and size. Approximately half of the cost of using reinforced concrete in a structural project is attributed to the construction of the form-work. In order to save time, and therefore costs, structural concrete members may be pre-cast. This refers to a reinforced concrete beam, girder, or column being poured off site and left to cure. After the curing process, the concrete member may be delivered to the construction site and installed as soon as it is needed. Since the concrete member was cured off location beforehand, construction may continue immediately after erection.
557:
549:
728:
structural steel members are fabricated from recycled metals, called A992 steel. This member material is cheaper and has a higher strength to weight ratio than previously used steel members (A36 grade). Concrete's material components are naturally occurring materials that are not harmful to the environment, and concrete can now be poured to be permeable, letting water flow through a paved surface to reduce the need for drainage or runoff infrastructure. Concrete can also be crushed and used as aggregate in future concrete applications, avoiding the use of land fill.
855:
aggregate, lumber for form-work, etc.) is constantly changing. If a structure could be constructed using either material, the cheapest of the two will likely control. Another significant variable is the location of the project. The closest steel fabrication facility may be much further from the construction site than the nearest concrete supplier. The high cost of energy and transportation will control the selection of the material as well. All of these costs will be taken into consideration before the conceptual design of a construction project is begun.
803:
reinforcing bars in order to carry said tension. Cracks in concrete provide a direct path for water to travel to the reinforcing bars. Some reinforcing bars are coated in epoxy to prevent corrosion due to water contact. Epoxy coated bars are more expensive and offer less friction. Reinforced concrete members using epoxy coated bars must therefore be designed larger and stronger, due to the lower friction, or bond strength, between coated reinforcing bars and concrete. Bond strength is important to the structural integrity of a reinforced concrete member.
92:
703:. When designing a structure, an engineer must decide which, if not both, material is most suitable for the design. There are many factors considered when choosing a construction material. Cost is commonly the primary controlling element; however, other considerations such as weight, strength, constructability, availability (with regards to geographic location as well as market availability), sustainability, and fire resistance will be taken into account before a final decision is made.
911:
898:, is 1,130 °C (2,070 °F). Steel never turns into a liquid below this temperature. Pure Iron ('Steel' with 0% Carbon) starts to melt at 1,492 °C (2,718 °F), and is completely liquid upon reaching 1,539 °C (2,802 °F). Steel with 2.1% Carbon by weight begins melting at 1,130 °C (2,070 °F), and is completely molten upon reaching 1,315 °C (2,399 °F). 'Steel' with more than 2.1% Carbon is no longer Steel, but is known as
31:
843:) are constructed using structural steel due to its constructability, as well as its high strength-to-weight ratio. In comparison, concrete, while being less dense than steel, has a much lower strength-to-weight ratio. This is due to the much larger volume required for a structural concrete member to support the same load; steel, though denser, does not require as much material to carry a load. However, this advantage becomes insignificant for
111:
645:
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condition. Reinforced concrete characteristically does not pose a threat in the event of a fire and even resists the spreading of fire, as well as temperature changes. This makes concrete excellent insulation, improving the sustainability of the building it surrounds by reducing the required energy to maintain climate.
720:, which is the strength of a material divided by its density. These ratios indicate how useful the material is for its weight, which in turn indicates its cost and ease of construction. Concrete is typically ten times stronger in compression than in tension, giving it a higher strength to weight ratio in compression.
938:
can be performed, the critical temperature of which is set by the standard accepted to the
Authority Having Jurisdiction, such as a building code. In Japan, this is below 400 °C. In China, Europe and North America (e.g., ASTM E-119), this is approximately 1000–1300 °F (530–810 °C). The
735:
Corrosion – Some structural materials are susceptible to corrosion from such surrounding elements such as water, heat, humidity, or salt. Special precautions must be taken when installing a structural material to prevent it, and the occupants of the building must know of any accompanying maintenance
827:
Corrosion – Steel, when in contact with water, can corrode, creating a potentially dangerous structure. Measures must be taken in structural steel construction to prevent any lifetime corrosion. The steel can be painted, providing water resistance. Also, the fire resistance material used to envelope
342:
The normal yield strength grades available are 195, 235, 275, 355, 420, and 460, although some grades are more commonly used than others e.g. in the UK, almost all structural steel is grades S275 and S355. Higher grades are available in quenched and tempered material (500, 550, 620, 690, 890 and 960
819:
Constructability - Structural steel can be developed into nearly any shape, which are either bolted or welded together in construction. Structural steel can be erected as soon as the materials are delivered on site, whereas concrete must be cured at least 1–2 weeks after pouring before construction
727:
has become an entirely new consideration for materials that will be in the environment for generations. A sustainable material minimally affects the environment upon installation and throughout its life cycle. Reinforced concrete and structural steel can be sustainable if used properly. Over 80% of
867:
A structural engineer understands that there are an infinite number of designs that will produce an efficient, safe, and affordable building. It is the engineer's job to work alongside the owners, contractors, and all other parties involved to produce an ideal product that suits everyone's needs.
797:
Corrosion – Reinforced concrete, when constructed properly, has excellent corrosion resistance properties. Concrete is not only resistant to water, but needs it to cure and develop its strength over time. However, the steel reinforcement in the concrete must not be exposed in order to prevent its
781:
Constructability – Reinforced concrete must be poured and left to set, or harden. After setting (typically 1–2 days), a concrete must cure, the process in which concrete experiences a chemical reaction between the cementitious particles and the water. The curing process is complete after 28 days;
712:
a popular option for designers due to the reduced costs and time required. With steel being sold by weight, the structural designer must specify the lightest members possible while maintaining a safe structural design. Utilizing a large number of identical steel members rather that unique size or
823:
Fire resistance – Steel is inherently a noncombustible material. However, when heated to temperatures seen in a fire scenario, the strength and stiffness of the material is significantly reduced. The
International Building Code requires steel be enveloped in sufficient fire-resistant materials,
731:
Fire resistance - One of the most dangerous hazards to a building is a fire hazard. This is especially true in dry, windy climates and for structures constructed using wood. Special considerations must be taken into account with structural steel to ensure it is not under a dangerous fire hazard
690:
Most construction projects require the use of hundreds of different materials. These range from concrete of all different specifications, structural steel, clay, mortar, ceramics, wood, and so on. In terms of a load bearing structural frame, materials will generally consist of structural steel,
863:
Structures consisting of both materials utilize the benefits of structural steel and reinforced concrete. This is already common practice in reinforced concrete in that the steel reinforcement is used to provide steel's tensile strength capacity to a structural concrete member. A commonly seen
929:
of a steel member is the temperature at which it cannot safely support its load . Building codes and structural engineering standard practice defines different critical temperatures depending on the structural element type, configuration, orientation, and loading characteristics. The critical
854:
Structural steel and reinforced concrete are not always chosen solely because they are the most ideal material for the structure. Companies rely on the ability to turn a profit for any construction project, as do the designers. The price of raw materials (steel, cement, coarse aggregate, fine
802:
provides the necessary design specifications for an engineer to ensure there is enough concrete covering any steel reinforcement to prevent exposure to water. This cover distance must be specified because concrete will inevitably crack at locations carrying tension, or at locations containing
994:
A beam drill line (drill line) has long been considered an indispensable way to drill holes and mill slots into beams, channels and HSS elements. CNC beam drill lines are typically equipped with feed conveyors and position sensors to move the element into position for drilling, plus probing
707:
Cost – The cost of these construction materials will depend entirely on the geographical location of the project and the availability of the materials. Just as the price of gasoline fluctuates, so do the prices of cement, aggregate, steel, etc. Reinforced concrete derives about half of its
793:
standards. However, concrete buildings will still likely use other materials that are not fire resistant. Therefore, a designer must still take into account the use of the concrete and where it will require fire hazardous materials in order to prevent future complications in the overall
1006:
Fabricating flat plate is performed on a plate processing center where the plate is laid flat on a stationary 'table' and different cutting heads traverse the plate from a gantry-style arm or "bridge". The cutting heads can include a punch, drill or torch.
327:
1. S275JOH Specification S275JOH is steel grade in EN 10219 specification, EN 10210 standard. And the most widely used specification is EN10219 standard, which is Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels.
962:
fuel fire is more likely, as flammable liquid fires provides more heat to the structural element as compared to a fire involving ordinary combustibles during the same fire period. Structural steel fireproofing materials include intumescent,
626:-1. The standard has come into force in late 2010. After a transition period of two years, CE Marking will become mandatory in most European Countries sometime early in 2012. The official end date of the transition period is July 1, 2014.
259:
was replaced by steel for commercial purposes. They have lived on after the era of commercial wrought iron and are still sometimes heard today, informally, in reference to steel angle stock, channel stock, and sheet, despite that they are
1002:
torches are the most common technology and range from simple hand-held torches to automated CNC coping machines that move the torch head around the structural element in accordance with cutting instructions programmed into the machine.
337:
The steel manufacturing process shall be at the discretion of the steel producer. S275JOH carbon steel pipes can be made in ERW, SAW or seamless process. All S275JOH steel material and S275JOH pipes should conform to EN10219 standards.
330:
EN10219-1 specifies the technical delivery conditions for cold formed welded structural hollow sections of circular, square or rectangular forms and applies to structural hollow sections formed cold without subsequent heat treatment.
769:
strength/ductility. This inherently makes concrete a useful material for carrying the weight of a structure. Concrete reinforced with steel rebar give the structure a stronger tensile capacity, as well as an increase in
708:
construction costs from the required form-work. This refers to the lumber or framework necessary to build the "box" or container in which the concrete is poured and held until it cures. The expense of the forms makes
1244:
126:(serif capital 'Ɪ'-shaped cross-section – in Britain these include Universal Beams (UB) and Universal Columns (UC); in Europe it includes the IPE, HE, HL, HD and other sections; in the US it includes Wide
958:, particularly if it has an elevated moisture content. Although additional fireproofing is not often applied to concrete building structures, it is sometimes used in traffic tunnels and locations where a
868:
When choosing the structural materials for their structure, the engineer has many variables to consider, such as the cost, strength/weight ratio, sustainability of the material, constructability, etc.
954:
Concrete building structures often meet code required fire-resistance ratings, as the concrete thickness over the steel rebar provides sufficient fire resistance. However, concrete can be subject to
816:
Strength – Having high strength, stiffness, toughness, and ductile properties, structural steel is one of the most commonly used materials in commercial and industrial building construction.
699:, and/or wood, using a suitable combination of each to produce an efficient structure. Most commercial and industrial structures are primarily constructed using either structural steel or
723:
Sustainability - Primarily due to public image and government incentives, many construction companies and material vendors are having to focus efforts more on environmental friendliness.
1436:
883:
crystal structure, for steel starts at 900 °C (1,650 °F) for pure iron, then, as more carbon is added, the temperature falls to a minimum 724 °C (1,335 °F) for
934:
has been reduced to 60% of the room temperature yield stress. In order to determine the fire resistance rating of a steel member, accepted calculations practice can be used, or a
851:
structures, making concrete the economical choice. This is especially true for simple structures, such as parking garages, or any building that is a simple, rectilinear shape.
1549:
Best
Practice Guidelines for Structural Fire Resistance Design of Concrete and Steel Buildings, NIST Technical Note 1681, L. T. Phan, J. L. Gross, and T. P. McAllister, 2010.
736:
requirements. For example, structural steel cannot be exposed to the environment without suitable protection, because any moisture, or contact with water, will cause
1114:
1575:
1565:
891:) is approached, the austenizing temperature climbs back up, to 1,130 °C (2,070 °F). Similarly, the melting point of steel changes based on the alloy.
1185:
299:
Typical grades are described as the 'S275J2' or 'S355K2W'. In these examples, 'S' denotes structural rather than engineering steel; 275 or 355 denotes the
2655:
107:
The shapes available are described in many published standards worldwide, and a number of specialist and proprietary cross sections are also available.
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2860:
2132:
1867:
1645:
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products such as sections, bolts and fabricated steelwork the CE Marking demonstrates that the product complies with the relevant harmonized standard.
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355:
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together flat or bent plates (for example, the largest circular hollow sections are made from flat plate bent into a circle and seam-welded).
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system under which they are produced has been assessed by a suitable certification body that has been approved to the
European Commission.
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478:
466:
454:
435:
361:
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time it takes for the steel element that is being tested to reach the temperature set by the test standard determines the duration of the
264:(compare "tin foil", still sometimes used informally for aluminum foil). In formal writing for metalworking contexts, accurate terms like
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3253:
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Fire resistance – Concrete has excellent fire resistance properties, requiring no additional construction costs to adhere to the
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2853:
2125:
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Manual of Steel
Construction, 8th Edition, 2nd revised printing, American Institute of Steel Construction, 1987, ch 1 page 1-5
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Characteristics – Structural steel differs from concrete in its attributed compressive strength as well as tensile strength.
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For cutting irregular openings or non-uniform ends on dimensional (non-plate) elements, a cutting torch is typically used.
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2150:
951:, endothermic, and plaster coatings as well as drywall, calcium silicate cladding, and mineral wool insulating blankets.
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Requirements for S275JOH pipe tolerances, dimensions and sectional s275 pipe properties are contained in EN 10219-2.
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commonly used for mechanical engineering, machines, and vehicles are a completely different specification series.
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Strength – Concrete is a composite material with relatively high compressive strength properties, but lacking in
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cladding, and mineral or high temperature insulation wool blankets. Attention is given to connections, as the
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1520:
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Strength/weight ratio – Construction materials are commonly categorized by their strength to weight ratio—or
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2978:
2170:
1881:
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2313:
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buildings, or those with several stories or less. Low-rise buildings distribute much smaller loads than
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to occur, compromising the structural integrity of the building and endangering occupants and neighbors.
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80:, which means they are very stiff in respect to their cross-sectional area and thus can support a high
17:
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58:
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Steels used for building construction in the US use standard alloys identified and specified by
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1993:
1988:
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947:, thus limiting steel temperature. Common fireproofing methods for structural steel include
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1978:
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also known as SHS (structural hollow section) and including square, rectangular, circular (
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corrosion as this could significantly reduce the ultimate strength of the structure. The
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Bar, a long piece with a rectangular cross section, but not so wide so as to be called a
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that ensures the free movement of all construction products within the
European Union.
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Mold – Steel provides a less suitable surface environment for mold to grow than wood.
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Because steel components are "safety critical", CE Marking is not allowed unless the
396:
65:, mechanical properties such as strengths, storage practices, etc., are regulated by
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343:– although grades above 690 receive little if any use in construction at present).
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capability to determine the precise location where the hole or slot is to be cut.
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Metal deck and open web steel joist receiving spray fireproofing plaster, made of
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1973:
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Guide to the CE Marking of
Structural Steelwork, BCSA Publication No. 46/08. p.1.
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Industrial fire protection engineering, Robert G. Zalosh, copyright 2003 pg.58
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Guide to the CE Marking of
Structural Steelwork, BCSA Publication No. 46/08.
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The lowest temperature at which a plain carbon steel can begin to melt, its
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The austenizing temperature, the temperature where a steel transforms to an
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steel (steel with only .83% by weight of carbon in it). As 2.1% carbon (by
578:
319:. Further letters can be used to designate fine grain steel ('N' or 'NL');
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The properties of steel vary widely, depending on its alloying elements.
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of structural elements can compromise fire-resistance rated assemblies.
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steel ('Q' or 'QL'); and thermomechanically rolled steel ('M' or 'ML').
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for all construction products and steel products is introduced by the
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can continue, making steel a schedule-friendly construction material.
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Most steels used throughout Europe are specified to comply with the
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Rod, a round or square section long compared to its width; see also
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Alread, Jason; Leslie, Thomas; Whitehead, Rob (21 March 2014).
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The standard that covers CE Marking of structural steelwork is
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temperature is often considered the temperature at which its
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391:. These steels have an alloy identification beginning with
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Steel detailing for structural engineering and construction
888:
350:
define the shape of a set of standard structural profiles:
1150:
858:
943:. Heat transfer to the steel can be slowed by the use of
762:), concrete is cheaper in comparison to structural steel.
634:
296:. However, many national standards also remain in force.
598:
For steel structures the main harmonized standards are:
1875:
395:
and then two, three, or four numbers. The four-number
284:
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increasing overall cost of steel structure buildings.
510:
987:
Cutting workpieces to length is usually done with a
114:
A steel Ɪ-beam, in this case used to support timber
1490:
http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/images/FeC.gif
925:Steel loses strength when heated sufficiently. The
457:– structural shapes and plates (Superseded by A572)
303:in newtons per square millimetre or the equivalent
492:Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels
402:The standard commonly used structural steels are:
382:
1528:International Association for Fire Safety Science
1434:
448:
3741:
1226:. – SteelConstruction.org:CE-Marking.08/02/2011.
1571:Encyclopedia for steel construction information
835:The tallest structures today (commonly called "
758:(coarse and fine), and steel reinforcing bars (
205:Plate, metal sheets thicker than 6 mm or
133:Z-Shape (half a flange in opposite directions)
49:in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel
3440:
2854:
2649:
2126:
1861:
1639:
1601:
1437:"Properties and Prevention of Household Mold"
1467:Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings
1405:
1403:
1224:British Constructional Steelwork Association
481:– Quenched and Self Tempered (QST) W shapes.
53:take the form of an elongated beam having a
2140:
1543:
1460:
1458:
605:Hollow sections – EN 10219-1 and EN 10210-1
531:– Inexpensive aerospace and weaponry items.
475:– Possible applications are W or S I-Beams.
335:2. S275JOH Steel Pipes manufacture Process
102:
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2119:
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1359:Designing Steel Structures for Fire Safety
750:Characteristics – Generally consisting of
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1346:. voelstapine Metsec. 15 December 2020.
859:Combining steel and reinforced concrete
14:
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635:Choosing the ideal structural material
72:Most structural steel shapes, such as
3428:
2842:
2637:
2114:
1849:
1627:
1589:
1518:
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871:
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602:Steel sections and plate – EN 10025-1
575:Construction Products Directive (CPD)
255:have been in common use since before
1409:
1381:
638:
552:Non-preload bolt assembly (EN 15048)
1344:"The Environmental Impact of Steel"
1284:
1186:"EN10219 S275JOH Carbon Steel Pipe"
807:
372:European channels: UPN – DIN 1026-1
285:Standard structural steels (Europe)
24:
1435:Armstrong, Robert (7 March 2014).
1320:Handbook of Structural Engineering
905:
828:steel is commonly water resistant.
611:Non-preloadable bolts – EN 15048-1
511:Quenched and tempered alloy steels
153:, or {C-beam, or 'C' cross-section
69:in most industrialized countries.
61:. Structural steel shapes, sizes,
27:Type of steel used in construction
25:
3771:
1559:
560:Pre-load bolt assembly (EN 14399)
307:; J2 or K2 denotes the materials
1615:
1521:"FIRE RATING PROCEDURE IN JAPAN"
1465:Taranath, Bungale (2009-12-14).
1439:. Absolute Steel. Archived from
1384:Sustainability and Design Ethics
982:
967:and plaster coatings as well as
713:shape members also reduces cost.
643:
586:Factory Production Control (FPC)
405:
225:While many sections are made by
144:) and elliptical cross sections)
3507:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)
3497:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)
1534:
1512:
1503:
1483:
1428:
1412:Principles of Structural Design
1375:
1350:
1336:
1278:
608:Pre-loadable bolts – EN 14399-1
535:
525:– boilers and pressure vessels.
519:– structural shapes and plates.
506:– structural shapes and plates.
500:– structural shapes and plates.
487:– structural shapes and plates.
463:– structural shapes and plates.
383:Standard structural steels (US)
130:(WF or W-Shape) and H sections)
34:Various structural steel shapes
3492:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)
2392:Electrical discharge machining
2181:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
1828:Semi-finished casting products
1238:
1229:
1216:
1207:
1178:
1164:
1143:
1106:
449:High strength low alloy steels
438:– structural shapes and plate.
414:– structural shapes and plate.
147:Angle (L-shaped cross-section)
13:
1:
1099:
669:in tone and meet Knowledge's
564:
469:– structural pipe and tubing.
444:– structural pipe and tubing.
432:– structural pipe and tubing.
426:– structural pipe and tubing.
420:– structural pipe and tubing.
3472:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW)
2663:
1357:Zaharia, Raul (2009-05-06).
366:European flange beams: HE –
315:values; and the 'W' denotes
279:
156:Tee (T-shaped cross-section)
7:
3454:
2239:List of drill and tap sizes
1653:
1115:"Beams: Shape and Strength"
1010:
800:American Concrete Institute
787:International Building Code
97:Manchester Victoria Station
10:
3776:
3206:Magnetic switchable device
2555:Magnetic switchable device
1151:"Steel structure workshop"
3684:
3649:
3608:
3530:Electric resistance (ERW)
3520:
3462:
3424:
3367:
3229:
3156:
3058:
3007:
2919:
2876:
2838:
2778:
2737:
2671:
2633:
2578:
2505:
2397:Electrochemical machining
2372:
2262:
2194:
2149:
2110:
2053:
2017:
1916:
1890:
1845:
1795:
1744:
1661:
1623:
1576:Structural Steel Handbook
1287:Estimating Building Costs
1260:Levitt, M. (1982-03-01).
1043:Hollow structural section
138:Hollow structural section
95:Structural steel roof at
1939:Electrohydraulic forming
1469:. Taylor & Francis.
1414:. Taylor & Francis.
1386:. Taylor & Francis.
1382:Russ, Tom (2010-03-25).
1361:. Taylor & Francis.
1264:. Taylor & Francis.
1088:Structural shape rolling
375:European cold formed IS
103:Common structural shapes
3264:Engineer's spirit level
2477:Rotary transfer machine
2462:Photochemical machining
2402:Electron-beam machining
2364:Tool and cutter grinder
1944:Electromagnetic forming
360:European I-beam: IPN –
354:European I-beam: IPE –
3755:Structural engineering
2979:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1929:Casting (metalworking)
1410:Chen, Wai-Fah (2005).
1083:Structural engineering
945:fireproofing materials
941:fire-resistance rating
922:
756:construction aggregate
561:
553:
162:(asymmetrical Ɪ-beam)
119:
99:
78:second moments of area
47:construction materials
35:
3724:Tools and terminology
3231:Measuring instruments
1701:Investment (Lost wax)
1127:10.4324/9781315817057
1058:Light steel structure
913:
559:
551:
321:quenched and tempered
236:, others are made by
113:
94:
33:
2591:Machining vibrations
2497:Ultrasonic machining
1979:Progressive stamping
1121:. pp. 282–300.
1063:Open web steel joist
927:critical temperature
663:improve this article
63:chemical composition
3560:Friction stir (FSW)
3535:Electron-beam (EBW)
2611:Tool and die making
2299:Cylindrical grinder
2055:Finishing processes
1684:Evaporative-pattern
1322:. CRC Press. 1997.
1222:The website of the
745:Reinforced concrete
701:reinforced concrete
614:Fabricated steel –
3657:Heat-affected zone
3585:Oxyacetylene (OAW)
3354:Thread pitch gauge
3319:Optical comparator
3073:Combination square
2870:Metalworking tools
2279:Abrasive machining
1172:"Structural Steel"
1078:Structural channel
923:
872:Thermal properties
630:Steel vs. concrete
579:European Directive
562:
554:
389:ASTM International
313:Charpy impact test
151:Structural channel
120:
100:
84:without excessive
36:
3737:
3736:
3680:
3679:
3540:Electroslag (ESW)
3487:Flux-cored (FCAW)
3420:
3419:
2834:
2833:
2629:
2628:
2106:
2105:
2018:Joining processes
1949:Explosive forming
1917:Forming processes
1841:
1840:
1540:Zalosh, Table 3.3
1519:Shigekura, Yuko.
1476:978-1-4398-0480-3
1443:on 6 October 2014
1421:978-0-8493-7235-3
1393:978-1-4398-0854-2
1368:978-0-415-54828-1
1329:978-0-8493-2674-5
1271:978-0-85334-994-5
977:thermal expansion
718:specific strength
688:
687:
671:quality standards
397:AISI steel grades
291:European standard
41:is a category of
16:(Redirected from
3767:
3750:Structural steel
3570:Laser beam (LBW)
3477:Electrogas (EGW)
3449:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3294:Machinist square
3103:Needlegun scaler
3098:Machinist square
2911:Water jet cutter
2878:Cutting machines
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2596:Speeds and feeds
2349:Sharpening stone
2324:Grinding machine
2319:Grinding dresser
2186:Stewart platform
2135:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2111:
1885:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1721:Semi-solid metal
1648:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1316:
1291:
1290:
1285:Popescu, Calin.
1282:
1276:
1275:
1262:Precast Concrete
1257:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1192:. Archived from
1182:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1110:
973:calcium silicate
808:Structural steel
710:precast concrete
683:
680:
674:
647:
646:
639:
544:– Steel Forgings
317:weathering steel
311:by reference to
214:
213:
209:
45:used for making
39:Structural steel
21:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3676:
3667:Residual stress
3645:
3604:
3522:Other processes
3516:
3512:Submerged (SAW)
3458:
3453:
3416:
3363:
3259:Engineer's blue
3225:
3158:Machine tooling
3152:
3054:
3030:Hydraulic press
3003:
2915:
2872:
2867:
2830:
2774:
2750:Pattern welding
2733:
2667:
2662:
2625:
2574:
2501:
2368:
2359:Surface grinder
2294:Coated abrasive
2265:
2258:
2229:Drill bit sizes
2224:Drill bit shank
2199:
2190:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2102:
2049:
2013:
1974:Press hardening
1912:
1886:
1884:, and finishing
1876:
1874:
1837:
1803:Casting defects
1791:
1740:
1657:
1652:
1619:
1614:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1190:CHINA HYSP PIPE
1184:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1013:
985:
908:
906:Fire resistance
874:
861:
810:
791:fire protection
752:portland cement
747:
684:
678:
675:
660:
648:
644:
637:
632:
591:In the case of
577:. The CPD is a
569:The concept of
567:
538:
513:
494:
451:
408:
385:
341:
336:
334:
332:
329:
326:
287:
282:
218:Open web steel
211:
207:
206:
105:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Photokeratitis
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Magnetic pulse
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3369:Smithing tools
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Go/no go gauge
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Dial indicator
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3050:Stamping press
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Milling cutter
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Milling cutter
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:Grinding wheel
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:Computer-aided
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Mass finishing
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1842:
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1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Permanent mold
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1651:
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1628:
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1620:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1560:External links
1558:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1533:
1511:
1509:Zalosh, Pg. 70
1502:
1493:
1482:
1475:
1454:
1427:
1420:
1399:
1392:
1374:
1367:
1349:
1335:
1328:
1292:
1277:
1270:
1249:
1237:
1228:
1215:
1206:
1177:
1163:
1142:
1135:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:Flame cleaning
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1009:
984:
981:
907:
904:
873:
870:
860:
857:
833:
832:
829:
825:
821:
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814:
809:
806:
805:
804:
795:
783:
779:
763:
746:
743:
742:
741:
733:
729:
725:Sustainability
721:
714:
686:
685:
651:
649:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
620:
619:
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439:
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427:
421:
415:
407:
404:
384:
381:
380:
379:
373:
370:
368:Euronorm 53-62
364:
358:
356:Euronorm 19-57
301:yield strength
286:
283:
281:
278:
223:
222:
216:
203:
192:
185:
184:
183:
178:
176:Flanged R rail
173:
168:
157:
154:
148:
145:
134:
131:
104:
101:
57:of a specific
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3772:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
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3727:
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3722:
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3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:Related terms
3648:
3642:
3641:Shielding gas
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Friction stud
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
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3541:
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3536:
3533:
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3528:
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3413:
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3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3359:Vernier scale
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Surface plate
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Marking gauge
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Machine taper
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Indexing head
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Machine press
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:English wheel
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:Forming tools
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
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2962:
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2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2921:Cutting tools
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:
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2845:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
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2753:
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2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Cutting fluid
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Machine taper
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Indexing head
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2507:Machine tools
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
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2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Spark testing
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Flick grinder
2307:
2305:
2304:Diamond plate
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Bench grinder
2287:
2285:
2284:Angle grinder
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2144:and computing
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Heat treating
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
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1962:
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1901:
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1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Cope and drag
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Shell molding
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
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1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1551:(View report)
1546:
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1529:
1522:
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1506:
1497:
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1423:
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1301:
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1281:
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1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1196:on 2019-09-22
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1136:9781315817057
1132:
1128:
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1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Diamond plate
1016:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
990:
983:Manufacturing
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
921:
917:
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903:
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877:
869:
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846:
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830:
826:
822:
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815:
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796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
768:
764:
761:
757:
753:
749:
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739:
734:
730:
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722:
719:
715:
711:
706:
705:
704:
702:
698:
694:
682:
672:
668:
664:
658:
657:
654:reads like a
652:This article
650:
641:
640:
627:
625:
617:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
594:
589:
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582:
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540:
539:
530:
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524:
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502:
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495:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
406:Carbon steels
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
378:
374:
371:
369:
365:
363:
359:
357:
353:
352:
351:
349:
344:
339:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
292:
277:
275:
271:
270:channel stock
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
232:
228:
221:
217:
204:
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:Vignoles rail
169:
167:
164:
163:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:
117:
112:
108:
98:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
59:cross section
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
3631:Power supply
3621:Filler metal
3575:Laser-hybrid
3502:Plasma (PAW)
3402:Steam hammer
3349:Tape measure
3339:Straightedge
3324:Radius gauge
3299:Marking blue
3289:Height gauge
3269:Feeler gauge
3249:Center gauge
3216:Rotary table
3196:Lathe center
3108:Piercing saw
3093:Hand scraper
2964:Hand scraper
2816:Steam hammer
2565:Rotary table
2545:Lathe center
2432:Machine tool
2264:Grinding and
2009:Tube bending
1964:Hydroforming
1772:Molding sand
1726:Shaw process
1711:Plaster mold
1617:Metalworking
1545:
1536:
1527:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1485:
1466:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1430:
1411:
1383:
1377:
1358:
1352:
1338:
1319:
1286:
1280:
1261:
1247:, 09.08.2011
1240:
1231:
1218:
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1189:
1180:
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1145:
1118:
1108:
1073:Steel design
1068:Railway rail
1038:Gusset plate
1005:
997:
993:
986:
953:
932:yield stress
926:
924:
893:
878:
875:
866:
862:
853:
834:
689:
676:
653:
621:
597:
590:
583:
568:
536:Forged steel
401:
392:
386:
345:
340:
325:
298:
288:
273:
269:
265:
257:wrought iron
252:
249:channel iron
248:
244:
242:
224:
181:Grooved rail
166:Railway rail
160:Rail profile
106:
76:, have high
71:
38:
37:
3694:Fabrication
3672:Weldability
3464:Arc welding
3412:Trip hammer
3407:Swage block
3392:Hardy tools
3309:Marking out
3279:Gauge block
3166:Angle plate
3128:Tap and die
3045:Screw press
3040:Punch press
2994:Tipped tool
2949:Countersink
2944:Counterbore
2826:Trip hammer
2821:Swage block
2806:Hardy tools
2714:Silversmith
2709:Pewtersmith
2689:Coppersmith
2579:Terminology
2515:Angle plate
2442:Metal lathe
2334:Jig grinder
2244:Tap and die
2153:engineering
2068:Galvanizing
1908:Sheet metal
1898:Fabrication
1882:fabrication
1796:Terminology
1669:Centrifugal
1119:Design-Tech
965:endothermic
960:hydrocarbon
949:intumescent
916:polystyrene
837:skyscrapers
738:oxidisation
665:to make it
529:Eglin steel
305:megapascals
266:angle stock
136:HSS-Shape (
3744:Categories
3714:Metallurgy
3595:Ultrasonic
3590:Spot (RSW)
3545:Exothermic
3314:Micrometer
3239:Bore gauge
3060:Hand tools
2755:Planishing
2729:Whitesmith
2684:Bladesmith
2679:Blacksmith
2457:Pantograph
2249:Tap wrench
2083:Patination
1903:Piece work
1745:Components
1674:Continuous
1447:2 November
1200:2014-10-25
1100:References
918:-leavened
776:elasticity
571:CE marking
565:CE marking
362:DIN 1025-1
276:are used.
253:sheet iron
245:angle iron
243:The terms
118:in a house
18:Angle iron
3709:Machining
3704:Jewellery
3616:Electrode
3609:Equipment
3143:Workbench
3078:Drift pin
2901:Miter saw
2738:Processes
2704:Locksmith
2694:Goldsmith
2621:Workpiece
2616:Tramp oil
2606:Tolerance
2437:Machining
2427:Jig borer
2412:Engraving
2387:Broaching
2374:Machining
2254:Threading
2219:Drill bit
2201:threading
2142:Machining
2098:Polishing
2063:Anodizing
2040:Soldering
1954:Extrusion
1694:Lost foam
1689:Full mold
1662:Processes
936:fire test
900:Cast iron
881:austenite
849:high-rise
841:high-rise
772:ductility
754:, water,
679:June 2018
348:Euronorms
346:A set of
309:toughness
280:Standards
262:misnomers
215: in.
67:standards
3719:Smithing
3555:Friction
3397:Pritchel
3334:Sine bar
2999:Tool bit
2954:End mill
2891:Cold saw
2811:Pritchel
2724:Tinsmith
2699:Gunsmith
2665:Smithing
2407:End mill
2314:Grinding
2274:Abrasive
2234:Drilling
2209:Die head
2196:Drilling
2035:Riveting
2030:Crimping
1999:Spinning
1984:Punching
1969:Stamping
1011:See also
1000:Oxy-fuel
956:spalling
885:eutectic
845:low-rise
693:concrete
656:textbook
377:IS 800-1
294:EN 10025
3729:Welding
3699:Forming
3689:Casting
3456:Welding
3244:Caliper
3221:Wiggler
3211:Mandrel
3181:Fixture
3123:Scriber
3083:Hacksaw
2974:Nibbler
2886:Bandsaw
2770:Swaging
2765:Sinking
2760:Raising
2745:Forging
2570:Wiggler
2560:Mandrel
2530:Fixture
2492:Turning
2487:Skiving
2447:Milling
2422:Hobbing
2344:Sanding
2339:Lapping
2266:lapping
2093:Plating
2088:Peening
2045:Welding
2025:Brazing
2004:Swaging
1994:Sinking
1989:Rolling
1959:Forging
1934:Drawing
1924:Coining
1891:General
1878:Forming
1818:Foundry
1777:Pattern
1655:Casting
1156:2 March
1053:I-joist
989:bandsaw
969:drywall
896:solidus
794:design.
767:tensile
697:masonry
667:neutral
661:Please
624:EN 1090
616:EN 1090
238:welding
234:rolling
210:⁄
86:sagging
74:Ɪ-beams
55:profile
3760:Steels
3626:Helmet
3387:Fuller
3176:Collet
3148:Wrench
3113:Pliers
3088:Hammer
2989:Shears
2984:Reamer
2939:Chisel
2929:Broach
2906:Plasma
2801:Hammer
2796:Fuller
2719:Tinker
2672:Smiths
2525:Collet
2482:Shaper
2472:Reamer
2467:Planer
2417:Facing
2382:Boring
2176:G-code
1473:
1418:
1390:
1365:
1326:
1268:
1133:
1093:T-beam
1048:I-beam
1033:Flange
920:gypsum
789:(IBC)
272:, and
251:, and
128:Flange
124:Ɪ-beam
116:joists
51:shapes
3636:Robot
3600:Upset
3550:Forge
3482:Flash
3382:Forge
3377:Anvil
3329:Ruler
3274:Gauge
3171:Chuck
3133:Tongs
3118:Punch
3068:Clamp
3015:Brake
2896:Laser
2791:Forge
2786:Anvil
2779:Tools
2601:Swarf
2520:Chuck
2214:Drill
1823:Ingot
1813:Dross
1808:Draft
1787:Sprue
1782:Riser
1767:Flask
1752:Chill
1524:(PDF)
1023:Dowel
839:" or
760:rebar
593:steel
442:A1085
274:sheet
220:joist
200:dowel
196:rebar
189:sheet
43:steel
3138:Vise
2959:File
2934:Burr
2161:2.5D
1833:Slag
1762:Core
1736:Spin
1716:Sand
1471:ISBN
1449:2014
1416:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1158:2017
1131:ISBN
889:mass
774:and
542:A668
523:A517
517:A514
504:A588
498:A243
485:A270
479:A913
473:A992
467:A618
461:A572
455:A441
436:A529
430:A501
424:A500
231:cold
198:and
142:pipe
82:load
3191:Jig
3020:Die
2540:Jig
2198:and
2171:CAM
2166:CAD
1679:Die
1123:doi
418:A53
412:A36
229:or
227:hot
3746::
1880:,
1526:.
1457:^
1402:^
1295:^
1252:^
1188:.
1129:.
1117:.
991:.
971:,
902:.
695:,
618:−1
268:,
247:,
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