37:
295:. The struggle culminated in 1908, when the Russian Exarch of Georgia, Archbishop Nikon, was murdered on 28 May at his residence in Tbilisi by unidentified assassins, allegedly by a Georgian nationalist. No one was ever tried or convicted for the murder, and although the links of the Georgian autocephalists to the crime remained unclear, the initial police investigation concluded they had been behind the murder of Nikon, and the Russian authorities used the situation as a pretext for removing Georgian bishops from their posts. Ambrosius was also suspended from serving and deported to Russia. He was acquitted in 1910, but it was not until the 1917 events when he was allowed to return to Georgia. Although the Georgian autocephalist movement earned worldwide sympathies, the dispute dragged on indecisively for years, until the outbreak of
369:. Besides sending an appeal to the Genoa Conference, Ambrosi was also accused of concealing of the historic treasures of the Church in order to preserve them from passing into the hands of the Soviet state. All the clerics arrested along with the Patriarch, showed their solidarity with Ambrosius, who assumed the entire responsibility for his acts, which he declared to have been in conformity with his obligations and with the tradition of the Church of Georgia. His concluding words were: "My soul belongs to God, my heart to my country; you, my executioners, do what you will with my body." Ambrosi was expected to be sentenced to death, but the Communists did not dare to execute him and condemned him to eight years imprisonment while his property was confiscated.
365:, in which he described the conditions under which Georgia was living since the Red Army invasion, protested in the name of the people of Georgia, deprived of their rights, against the Soviet occupation and demanded the intervention of civilized humanity to oppose the atrocities of the Bolshevik regime. In February 1923, Ambrosius and all members of the Patriarchal Council were arrested and put into prison by the Bolsheviks. In March 1924, the Soviet authorities staged a humiliating
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to run
Georgia's ecclesiastic affairs, the Georgian church lost some 140 million rublesโ worth of property and estates; church schools had been closed down, and the use of Georgian in the liturgy discouraged; twenty episcopal sees lay vacant and seven hundred and forty parishes were without pastors.
407:, visited Georgia and called for the amnesty of the participants of the August 1924 insurrection, and for the suspension of religious persecutions. In 1926, Ambrosi and several other clerics were released from prisons. He did not live much longer, however, and died on March 29, 1927, in Tbilisi.
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in the
Russian Empire and the ensuing turmoil in both church and state gave an opportunity to the Georgian Church to reassert its autocephalous status. On March 12, 1917, a group of Georgian clergymen proclaimed the autocephaly of their Church and elected Bishop
410:
Ambrosius is also a known as a prolific historian of church and researcher of primary
Georgian sources. He authored a number of articles published in Russian and Georgian press, and discovered a hitherto unknown version of the medieval Georgian chronicle,
269:
movement, calling for the restoration of the autocephalous (independent) Orthodox Church of
Georgia abolished by Imperial Russia in 1811. Waged for the most part in the press and church committees, the struggle peaked during the
287:, but nothing came of this. Autocephaly was denied. The conference of Georgian clergy which met at Tbilisi in 1905 was dispersed by police and several "autocephalists" were arrested. Ambrosius was banned from celebrating the
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regime, the Church was deprived of juridical status, and churches and monasteries began to be closed. The clergy was persecuted and the property of the churches and monasteries confiscated.
574:
It was not until 1943 that the
Russian Orthodox Church recognized the autocephaly of the Georgian Patriarchate and the relations between the two co-religionist churches were restored.
399:
in
Georgia and a public outcry caused by it forced the Soviets to relatively moderate their pressure on Georgia's society in the following years. In early March 1925 the
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213:, and also delivered courses in the Georgian language. Under the pseudonym of Amber, he published a series of articles denouncing the policy of
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In the 1900s, during the heated debates concerning the status of the
Georgian church, he emerged as one of the leaders of the Georgian
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36:
225:, from which he graduated in 1900, having authored a thesis, โthe Struggle of Christianity against Islam in Georgia.โ Tonsured a
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refused to recognize the move, and the result was a break in communion between the two
Churches. Ambrosius was soon consecrated
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of the
Georgian Orthodox Church canonized Ambrosius as the Holy Archpriest Ambrosius the Confessor and set March 16 (29,
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and lasted for three weeks. Approximately 3,000 died in fighting, more than 12,000 were executed and 20,000 deported to
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and occasionally evolved into violent clashes. The
Georgian bishops pointed out that under the Russian
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in Abkhazia and accusing local Russian officials of fomenting anti-Georgian sentiments among the
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Paul Werth, Georgian Autocephaly and the Ethnic Fragmentation of Orthodoxy, p. 74;
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Paul Werth, Georgian Autocephaly and the Ethnic Fragmentation of Orthodoxy, p. 96
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Russia Annexes Georgia. Georgian Patriarchโs Letter to the 1922 Genoa Conference
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667:"Mikheil Saakashvili โ Georgia will not kneel, or lick the conqueror's boots"
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Theological Seminary in 1885 and was ordained to the priesthood in
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His Holiness and Beatitude the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia
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from February to March 1921 brought a short-lived independent
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On February 7, 1922, Ambrosius addressed a memorandum to the
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Ambrosius was born as Besarion Khelaia (แแแกแแ แแแ แฎแแแแแ) in
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from 1921 to 1927. Best known for his opposition to the
299:relegated it temporarily to the background.
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as Saint Ambrosius the Confessor (แแแแ แแกแ แแฆแแกแแ แแแแแ,
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The Holy Archpriest Ambrosius the Confessor (Khelaia))
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327:, western Georgia, and then transferred to Abkhazia.
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in 1901, he returned in Georgia where he was made an
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broke out in several regions of Georgia against the
463:แฌแแแแ แแฆแแแแแแแแแแ แ แแแแ แแกแ แแฆแแกแแ แแแแแ (แฎแแแแแ) (
669:. InterPressNews. 26 October 2013. Archived from
594:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 241; Janin, p. 164.
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392:being among those who were shot without a trial.
780:Catholicoses and Patriarchs of Georgia (country)
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515:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 177, Werth, p. 86
161:religious figure and scholar who served as the
16:Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia (1921-1927)
810:19th-century historians from Georgia (country)
790:20th-century historians from Georgia (country)
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609:The Canadian Journal of Orthodox Christianity
401:Chairman of the All-Union Executive Committee
157:) (September 7, 1861 โ March 29, 1927) was a
136:Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ambrosi
291:and confined in the Troitsky Monastery at
343:to an end. Soon the Catholicos Patriarch
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180:
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713:, Athens: Zoe, 1964, pp. 112โ113
241:. In 1904, he was transferred to the
709:, "The Orthodox Church in Georgia",
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283:The Georgians sent an appeal to the
737:Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia
419:โ) (the so-called Chelishi codex).
331:Catholicos Patriarch of All Georgia
163:Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia
13:
694:, p. 164, Gorgias Press LLC,
565:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 178.
495:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 177.
169:, he was canonized in 1995 by the
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785:Dissidents from Georgia (country)
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545:: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 178
221:. In 1896, he enrolled into the
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201:where he served as a priest in
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711:A Sign of God: Orthodoxy 1964
692:The Separated Eastern Churches
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341:Democratic Republic of Georgia
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775:20th-century Christian saints
611:. Volume III, No 3, Fall 2008
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372:Shortly afterwards, the 1924
311:as Catholicos Patriarch. The
354:Under the newly established
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800:Saints of Georgia (country)
650:A Modern History of Georgia
588:A Modern History of Georgia
559:A Modern History of Georgia
539:A Modern History of Georgia
509:A Modern History of Georgia
489:A Modern History of Georgia
10:
826:
795:National Heroes of Georgia
337:Soviet invasion of Georgia
272:Russian Revolution of 1905
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417:The Conversion of Georgia
223:Kazan Theological Academy
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437:National Hero of Georgia
253:of the Monastery of the
193:. He graduated from the
189:, Georgia, then part of
171:Georgian Orthodox Church
112:Georgian Orthodox Church
99:Georgian Orthodox Church
317:Russian Orthodox Church
52:Besarion Zosime Khelaia
603:Tchantouridze, Lasha.
461:Marine Khositashvili,
261:Autocephalist movement
137:
626:History of the Church
181:Early life and career
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29:Ambrose the Confessor
175:Ambrosi Aghmsarebeli
690:Pere Janin (2004),
673:on 20 November 2015
646:David Marshall Lang
584:David Marshall Lang
555:David Marshall Lang
535:David Marshall Lang
505:David Marshall Lang
485:David Marshall Lang
413:Moktsevay Kartlisay
304:February Revolution
237:in the province of
471:2007-02-08 at the
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235:Chelishi Monastery
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805:Soviet dissidents
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297:World War I
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677:14 January
443:References
429:Holy Synod
397:Red Terror
356:Bolshevik
325:Chkondidi
302:The 1917
227:Hieromonk
207:New Athos
106:Canonized
648:(1962).
624:(1980),
586:(1962).
557:(1962).
537:(1962).
507:(1962).
487:(1962).
469:Archived
386:Kutatisi
347:died of
276:exarches
199:Abkhazia
187:Martvili
159:Georgian
145:Georgian
124:March 16
110:1995 by
77:March 29
63:Martvili
390:Gaenati
382:Siberia
349:cholera
315:of the
289:liturgy
247:Tbilisi
233:at the
203:Sukhumi
155:Ambrosi
150:แแแแ แแกแ
89:Georgia
85:Tbilisi
67:Georgia
730:Leonid
698:
654:London
632:
592:London
563:London
543:London
513:London
493:London
345:Leonid
309:Kyrion
293:Ryazan
211:Lykhny
209:, and
195:Tiflis
147::
239:Racha
119:Feast
24:Saint
705:Fr.
696:ISBN
679:2015
630:ISBN
433:N.S.
388:and
335:The
285:tsar
126:(29)
81:1927
73:Died
59:1861
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323:of
245:in
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761::
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