1612:
the solid surface, rendering the
Langmuir adsorption isotherm ineffective for the purposes of modelling. This effect was studied in a system where nitrogen was the adsorbate and tungsten was the adsorbent by Paul Kisliuk (1922–2008) in 1957. To compensate for the increased probability of adsorption occurring around molecules present on the substrate surface, Kisliuk developed the precursor state theory, whereby molecules would enter a precursor state at the interface between the solid adsorbent and adsorbate in the gaseous phase. From here, adsorbate molecules would either adsorb to the adsorbent or desorb into the gaseous phase. The probability of adsorption occurring from the precursor state is dependent on the adsorbate's proximity to other adsorbate molecules that have already been adsorbed. If the adsorbate molecule in the precursor state is in close proximity to an adsorbate molecule that has already formed on the surface, it has a sticking probability reflected by the size of the S
3049:
oxygen-free atmosphere that cannot support combustion. The carbonized particles are then "activated" by exposing them to an oxidizing agent, usually steam or carbon dioxide at high temperature. This agent burns off the pore blocking structures created during the carbonization phase and so, they develop a porous, three-dimensional graphite lattice structure. The size of the pores developed during activation is a function of the time that they spend in this stage. Longer exposure times result in larger pore sizes. The most popular aqueous phase carbons are bituminous based because of their hardness, abrasion resistance, pore size distribution, and low cost, but their effectiveness needs to be tested in each application to determine the optimal product.
3090:
funded in the EU from 2000 to the present (2020). The basic concept is to store solar thermal energy as chemical latent energy in the zeolite. Typically, hot dry air from flat plate solar collectors is made to flow through a bed of zeolite such that any water adsorbate present is driven off. Storage can be diurnal, weekly, monthly, or even seasonal depending on the volume of the zeolite and the area of the solar thermal panels. When heat is called for during the night, or sunless hours, or winter, humidified air flows through the zeolite. As the humidity is adsorbed by the zeolite, heat is released to the air and subsequently to the building space. This form of TES, with specific use of zeolites, was first taught by John Guerra in 1978.
2412:
well-behaved concentration gradient forms near the surface. Correction on the reduction of the adsorption area and slowing down of the concentration gradient evolution have to be considered over a longer time. Under real experimental conditions, the flow and the small adsorption area always make the adsorption rate faster than what this equation predicted, and the energy barrier will either accelerate this rate by surface attraction or slow it down by surface repulsion. Thus, the prediction from this equation is often a few to several orders of magnitude away from the experimental results. Under special cases, such as a very small adsorption area on a large surface, and under
2943:
3211:) sites. As a result, these sites can serve as "portals" for very rapid adsorption to the rest of the surface. The phenomenon relies on the common "spillover" effect (described below), where certain adsorbed species exhibit high mobility on some surfaces. The model explains seemingly inconsistent observations of gas adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics in catalytic systems where surfaces can exist in a range of coordination structures, and it has been successfully applied to bimetallic catalytic systems where synergistic activity is observed.
3174:
3073:. Also termed surface hydration, the presence of physically or chemically adsorbed water at the surfaces of solids plays an important role in governing interface properties, chemical reaction pathways and catalytic performance in a wide range of systems. In the case of physically adsorbed water, surface hydration can be eliminated simply through drying at conditions of temperature and pressure allowing full vaporization of water. For chemically adsorbed water, hydration may be in the form of either
52:
3194:, the former is based on the interaction between gases and solids. The adsorption chamber of the chiller is filled with a solid material (for example zeolite, silica gel, alumina, active carbon or certain types of metal salts), which in its neutral state has adsorbed the refrigerant. When heated, the solid desorbs (releases) refrigerant vapour, which subsequently is cooled and liquefied. This liquid refrigerant then provides a cooling effect at the evaporator from its
2883:
1402:
3293:. The next steps are penetration, uncoating, synthesis (transcription if needed, and translation), and release. The virus replication cycle, in this respect, is similar for all types of viruses. Factors such as transcription may or may not be needed if the virus is able to integrate its genomic information in the cell's nucleus, or if the virus can replicate itself directly within the cell's cytoplasm.
3036:
3053:
surface area) can be tuned according to what is needed. Its usefulness also derives from its large micropore (and sometimes mesopore) volume and the resulting high surface area. Recent research works reported activated carbon as an effective agent to adsorb cationic species of toxic metals from multi-pollutant systems and also proposed possible adsorption mechanisms with supporting evidences.
3242:
thermodynamically unfavorable. The presence of the metal serves as a lower-energy pathway for gaseous species to first adsorb to the metal and then diffuse on the support surface. This is possible because the adsorbed species attains a lower energy state once it has adsorbed to the metal, thus lowering the activation barrier between the gas phase species and the support-adsorbed species.
4647:(Eric) van Dijk, H. A. J.; Cobden, Paul D.; Lukashuk, Liliana; de Water, Leon van; Lundqvist, Magnus; Manzolini, Giampaolo; Cormos, Calin-Cristian; van Dijk, Camiel; Mancuso, Luca; Johns, Jeremy; Bellqvist, David (1 October 2018). "STEPWISE Project: Sorption-Enhanced Water-Gas Shift Technology to Reduce Carbon Footprint in the Iron and Steel Industry".
1034:. If we assume that the number of sites is just the whole area of the solid divided into the cross section of the adsorbate molecules, we can easily calculate the surface area of the adsorbent. The surface area of an adsorbent depends on its structure: the more pores it has, the greater the area, which has a big influence on
1604:
118:). While adsorption does often precede absorption, which involves the transfer of the absorbate into the volume of the absorbent material, alternatively, adsorption is distinctly a surface phenomenon, wherein the adsorbate does not penetrate through the material surface and into the bulk of the adsorbent. The term
3052:
Activated carbon is used for adsorption of organic substances and non-polar adsorbates and it is also usually used for waste gas (and waste water) treatment. It is the most widely used adsorbent since most of its chemical (e.g. surface groups) and physical properties (e.g. pore size distribution and
3012:
Non-polar (siliceous) zeolites are synthesized from aluminum-free silica sources or by dealumination of aluminum-containing zeolites. The dealumination process is done by treating the zeolite with steam at elevated temperatures, typically greater than 500 °C (930 °F). This high temperature
2219:
The adsorption of ensemble molecules on a surface or interface can be divided into two processes: adsorption and desorption. If the adsorption rate wins the desorption rate, the molecules will accumulate over time giving the adsorption curve over time. If the desorption rate is larger, the number of
3206:
Portal site mediated adsorption is a model for site-selective activated gas adsorption in metallic catalytic systems that contain a variety of different adsorption sites. In such systems, low-coordination "edge and corner" defect-like sites can exhibit significantly lower adsorption enthalpies than
2657:
where "ads" stands for "adsorbed", "m" stands for "monolayer equivalence" and "vap" is reference to the vapor pressure of the liquid adsorptive at the same temperature as the solid sample. The unit function creates the definition of the molar energy of adsorption for the first adsorbed molecule by:
3089:
The low cost ($ 200/ton) and high cycle rate (2,000 ×) of synthetic zeolites such as Linde 13X with water adsorbate has garnered much academic and commercial interest recently for use for thermal energy storage (TES), specifically of low-grade solar and waste heat. Several pilot projects have been
1611:
In other instances, molecular interactions between gas molecules previously adsorbed on a solid surface form significant interactions with gas molecules in the gaseous phases. Hence, adsorption of gas molecules to the surface is more likely to occur around gas molecules that are already present on
245:
The adsorption of gases and solutes is usually described through isotherms, that is, the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function of its pressure (if gas) or concentration (for liquid phase solutes) at constant temperature. The quantity adsorbed is nearly always normalized by the mass of
1324:
1) To choose between the
Langmuir and Freundlich equations, the enthalpies of adsorption must be investigated. While the Langmuir model assumes that the energy of adsorption remains constant with surface occupancy, the Freundlich equation is derived with the assumption that the heat of adsorption
3241:
In the case catalytic or adsorbent systems where a metal species is dispersed upon a support (or carrier) material (often quasi-inert oxides, such as alumina or silica), it is possible for an adsorptive species to indirectly adsorb to the support surface under conditions where such adsorption is
3177:
A schematic diagram of an adsorption chiller: (1) heat is lost through evaporation of refrigerant, (2) refrigerant vapour is adsorbed onto the solid medium, (3) refrigerant is desorbed from the solid medium section not in use, (4) refrigerant is condensed and returned to the start, (5) & (6)
2411:
is time (unit s). Further simulations and analysis of this equation show that the square root dependence on the time is originated from the decrease of the concentrations near the surface under ideal adsorption conditions. Also, this equation only works for the beginning of the adsorption when a
177:
of the material are fulfilled by other atoms in the material. However, atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbates. The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species involved, but the adsorption
229:
are sorption processes in which certain adsorbates are selectively transferred from the fluid phase to the surface of insoluble, rigid particles suspended in a vessel or packed in a column. Pharmaceutical industry applications, which use adsorption as a means to prolong neurological exposure to
3160:
bind to protein layer bioactive sites and these receptor-protein binding events are transduced, through the cell membrane, in a manner that stimulates specific intracellular processes that then determine cell adhesion, shape, growth and differentiation. Protein adsorption is influenced by many
505:
was the first to derive a scientifically based adsorption isotherm in 1918. The model applies to gases adsorbed on solid surfaces. It is a semi-empirical isotherm with a kinetic basis and was derived based on statistical thermodynamics. It is the most common isotherm equation to use due to its
3048:
and activation. The carbonization process includes drying and then heating to separate by-products, including tars and other hydrocarbons from the raw material, as well as to drive off any gases generated. The process is completed by heating the material over 400 °C (750 °F) in an
527:
These four assumptions are seldom all true: there are always imperfections on the surface, adsorbed molecules are not necessarily inert, and the mechanism is clearly not the same for the first molecules to adsorb to a surface as for the last. The fourth condition is the most troublesome, as
3186:
use heat to provide a cooling effect. This heat, in the form of hot water, may come from any number of industrial sources including waste heat from industrial processes, prime heat from solar thermal installations or from the exhaust or water jacket heat of a piston engine or turbine.
2902:
and small pore diameters, which results in higher exposed surface area and hence high capacity for adsorption. The adsorbents must also have a distinct pore structure that enables fast transport of the gaseous vapors. Most industrial adsorbents fall into one of three classes:
3221:(1993). A similar, but independent model was developed by King and co-workers to describe hydrogen adsorption on silica-supported alkali promoted ruthenium, silver-ruthenium and copper-ruthenium bimetallic catalysts. The same group applied the model to CO hydrogenation (
2448:
Since 1980 two theories were worked on to explain adsorption and obtain equations that work. These two are referred to as the chi hypothesis, the quantum mechanical derivation, and excess surface work (ESW). Both these theories yield the same equation for flat surfaces:
3152:
do not interact directly with the biomaterial surface, but with the adsorbed proteins layer. This protein layer mediates the interaction between biomaterials and cells, translating biomaterial physical and chemical properties into a "biological language". In fact,
190:(characteristic of covalent bonding). It may also occur due to electrostatic attraction. The nature of the adsorption can affect the structure of the adsorbed species. For example, polymer physisorption from solution can result in squashed structures on a surface.
2652:
1591:
we used in
Langmuir isotherm multiplied by the vapor pressure of the adsorbate. The key assumption used in deriving the BET equation that the successive heats of adsorption for all layers except the first are equal to the heat of condensation of the adsorbate.
2021:
2129:
3031:
is a highly porous, amorphous solid consisting of microcrystallites with a graphite lattice, usually prepared in small pellets or a powder. It is non-polar and cheap. One of its main drawbacks is that it reacts with oxygen at moderate temperatures (over
1003:
1328:
2) The use of the linearized form of the
Langmuir model is no longer common practice. Advances in computational power allowed for nonlinear regression to be performed quickly and with higher confidence since no data transformation is required.
1524:
2868:
Notice that in this description of physical adsorption, the entropy of adsorption is consistent with the
Dubinin thermodynamic criterion, that is the entropy of adsorption from the liquid state to the adsorbed state is approximately zero.
2961:. It is prepared by the reaction between sodium silicate and acetic acid, which is followed by a series of after-treatment processes such as aging, pickling, etc. These after-treatment methods results in various pore size distributions.
3819:("Saussaure already knew the two factors that determine the quantity of adsorption – the pressure and temperature – since he used the lowering of the pressure or the raising of the temperature to free the porous substances of gases.")
3816:"Schon Saussure kannte die beiden für die Grösse der Adsorption massgebenden Factoren, den Druck und die Temperatur, da er Erniedrigung des Druckes oder Erhöhung der Temperatur zur Befreiung der porösen Körper von Gasen benutzte."
2439:
The desorption of a molecule from the surface depends on the binding energy of the molecule to the surface and the temperature. The typical overall adsorption rate is thus often a combined result of the adsorption and desorption.
1852:
4293:
Malhotra, Milan; Suresh, Sumathi; Garg, Anurag (2018). "Tea waste derived activated carbon for the adsorption of sodium diclofenac from wastewater: adsorbent characteristics, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics".
4282:
Spessato, L. et al. Optimization of
Sibipiruna activated carbon preparation by simplex-centroid mixture design for simultaneous adsorption of rhodamine B and metformin. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 411, Page 125166,
3747:
Czelej, K.; Cwieka, K.; Colmenares, J.C.; Kurzydlowski, K.J. (2016). "Insight on the
Interaction of Methanol-Selective Oxidation Intermediates with Au- or/and Pd-Containing Monometallic and Bimetallic Core@Shell Catalysts".
5099:
Trens, Philippe; Durand, Robert; Coq, Bernard; Coutanceau, Christophe; Rousseau, Séverine; Lamy, Claude (November 2009). "Poisoning of Pt/C catalysts by CO and its consequences over the kinetics of hydrogen chemisorption".
3114:
regeneration methods. Major problems that are present with adsorption cost in carbon capture are: regenerating the adsorbent, mass ratio, solvent/MOF, cost of adsorbent, production of the adsorbent, lifetime of adsorbent.
1714:
1307:
2810:
and in the latter case by
Brunauer. This flat surface equation may be used as a "standard curve" in the normal tradition of comparison curves, with the exception that the porous sample's early portion of the plot of
3273:
Adsorption of molecules onto polymer surfaces is central to a number of applications, including development of non-stick coatings and in various biomedical devices. Polymers may also be adsorbed to surfaces through
3043:
Activated carbon can be manufactured from carbonaceous material, including coal (bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite), peat, wood, or nutshells (e.g., coconut). The manufacturing process consists of two phases,
3110:. The customization of adsorbents makes them a potentially attractive alternative to absorption. Because adsorbents can be regenerated by temperature or pressure swing, this step can be less energy intensive than
2864:
acts as a self-standard. Ultramicroporous, microporous and mesoporous conditions may be analyzed using this technique. Typical standard deviations for full isotherm fits including porous samples are less than 2%.
1160:
705:
3916:
Burke GM, Wurster DE, Buraphacheep V, Berg MJ, Veng-Pedersen P, Schottelius DD. Model selection for the adsorption of phenobarbital by activated charcoal. Pharm Res. 1991;8(2):228-231. doi:10.1023/a:1015800322286
2206:
1735:’ is used to represent the impact of diffusion on monolayer formation and is proportional to the square root of the system's diffusion coefficient. The Kisliuk adsorption isotherm is written as follows, where θ
4272:
Spessato, L. et al. KOH-super activated carbon from biomass waste: Insights into the paracetamol adsorption mechanism and thermal regeneration cycles. Journal of
Hazardous Materials, Vol. 371, Pages 499-505,
3559:
Ferrari, L.; Kaufmann, J.; Winnefeld, F.; Plank, J. (2010). "Interaction of cement model systems with superplasticizers investigated by atomic force microscopy, zeta potential, and adsorption measurements".
2736:
2520:
1630:. If an adsorbate molecule enters the precursor state at a location that is remote from any other previously adsorbed adsorbate molecules, the sticking probability is reflected by the size of the S
2326:
915:
587:
4911:
Brandt, Robert K.; Hughes, M.R.; Bourget, L.P.; Truszkowska, K.; Greenler, Robert G. (April 1993). "The interpretation of CO adsorbed on Pt/SiO2 of two different particle-size distributions".
2535:
3873:
4946:
Uner, D.O.; Savargoankar, N.; Pruski, M.; King, T.S. (1997). "The effects of alkali promoters on the dynamics of hydrogen chemisorption and syngas reaction kinetics on Ru/SiO2 surfaces".
4784:
Scopelliti, Pasquale
Emanuele; Borgonovo, Antonio; Indrieri, Marco; Giorgetti, Luca; Bongiorno, Gero; Carbone, Roberta; Podestà, Alessandro; Milani, Paolo (2010). Zhang, Shuguang (ed.).
2220:
molecules on the surface will decrease over time. The adsorption rate is dependent on the temperature, the diffusion rate of the solute (related to mean free path for pure gas), and the
763:
1607:
Two adsorbate nitrogen molecules adsorbing onto a tungsten adsorbent from the precursor state around an island of previously adsorbed adsorbate (left) and via random adsorption (right)
315:
2045:
4606:
Jansen, Daniel; van Selow, Edward; Cobden, Paul; Manzolini, Giampaolo; Macchi, Ennio; Gazzani, Matteo; Blom, Richard; Henriksen, Partow Pakdel; Beavis, Rich; Wright, Andrew (2013).
2794:
is referred to as the chi plot. For flat surfaces, the slope of the chi plot yields the surface area. Empirically, this plot was noticed as being a very good fit to the isotherm by
3165:, surface chemical composition and surface nanometre-scale morphology. Surfactant adsorption is a similar phenomenon, but utilising surfactant molecules in the place of proteins.
2416:
when there is no concentration gradience near the surface, this equation becomes useful to predict the adsorption rate with debatable special care to determine a specific value of
3604:
Khosrowshahi, Mobin Safarzadeh; Abdol, Mohammad Ali; Mashhadimoslem, Hossein; Khakpour, Elnaz; Emrooz, Hosein Banna Motejadded; Sadeghzadeh, Sadegh; Ghaemi, Ahad (26 May 2022).
1871:
815:
841:
2138:
must be isosteric, that is, at constant coverage. If we start from the BET isotherm and assume that the entropy change is the same for liquefaction and adsorption, we obtain
923:
1190:
1066:
1415:
5016:"A Kinetic Study on the Adsorption and Reaction of Hydrogen over Silica-Supported Ruthenium and Silver–Ruthenium Catalysts during the Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide"
4437:
Assadi, M. Hussein N.; Hanaor, Dorian A H (June 2016). "The effects of copper doping on photocatalytic activity at (101) planes of anatase TiO2: A theoretical study".
2842:
2772:
2250:
1570:
864:
626:
2232:. Under ideal conditions, when there is no energy barrier and all molecules that diffuse and collide with the surface get adsorbed, the number of molecules adsorbed
4563:
Sathre, Roger; Masanet, Eric (2013-03-18). "Prospective life-cycle modeling of a carbon capture and storage system using metal–organic frameworks for CO2 capture".
2862:
2792:
4737:"Investigation of the effects of surface chemistry and solution concentration on the conformation of adsorbed proteins using an improved circular dichroism method"
446:
2434:
2409:
2389:
2369:
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2270:
786:
486:
466:
418:
398:
378:
358:
338:
4979:
Narayan, R.L; King, T.S (March 1998). "Hydrogen adsorption states on silica-supported Ru–Ag and Ru–Cu bimetallic catalysts investigated via microcalorimetry".
3248:
is the most common example of an adsorptive spillover. In the case of hydrogen, adsorption is most often accompanied with dissociation of molecular hydrogen (H
3081:
O molecules are dissociated into surface adsorbed -H and -OH, or molecular adsorption (associative adsorption) where individual water molecules remain intact
536:) surfaces. The Langmuir isotherm is nonetheless the first choice for most models of adsorption and has many applications in surface kinetics (usually called
148:
of a condensed and a liquid phase due to the operation of surface forces. Adsorption can also occur at the interface of a condensed and a gaseous phase.
3214:
In contrast to pure spillover, portal site adsorption refers to surface diffusion to adjacent adsorption sites, not to non-adsorptive support surfaces.
1753:
420:
are empirical constants for each adsorbent–adsorbate pair at a given temperature. The function is not adequate at very high pressure because in reality
5276:
3198:. In the final stage the refrigerant vapour is (re)adsorbed into the solid. As an adsorption chiller requires no compressor, it is relatively quiet.
1650:
1202:
134:
488:
change to reflect the empirical observation that the quantity adsorbed rises more slowly and higher pressures are required to saturate the surface.
3893:
260:
The first mathematical fit to an isotherm was published by Freundlich and Kuster (1906) and is a purely empirical formula for gaseous adsorbates:
3510:
3148:. Indeed, biomaterial surfaces in contact with biological media, such as blood or serum, are immediately coated by proteins. Therefore, living
1343:
Often molecules do form multilayers, that is, some are adsorbed on already adsorbed molecules, and the Langmuir isotherm is not valid. In 1938
3606:"The role of surface chemistry on CO2 adsorption in biomass-derived porous carbons by experimental results and molecular dynamics simulations"
866:
is difficult to measure experimentally; usually, the adsorbate is a gas and the quantity adsorbed is given in moles, grams, or gas volumes at
1595:
The Langmuir isotherm is usually better for chemisorption, and the BET isotherm works better for physisorption for non-microporous surfaces.
1325:
continually decrease as the binding sites are occupied. The choice of the model based on best fitting of the data is a common misconception.
1074:
634:
523:
At the maximum adsorption, only a monolayer is formed. Adsorption only occurs on localized sites on the surface, not with other adsorbates.
2144:
3229:(2002) subsequently confirmed the same model for hydrogen adsorption on magnesia-supported caesium-ruthenium bimetallic catalysts. Trens
193:
Adsorption is present in many natural, physical, biological and chemical systems and is widely used in industrial applications such as
4692:
Wilson, CJ; Clegg, RE; Leavesley, DI; Pearcy, MJ (2005). "Mediation of Biomaterial-Cell Interactions by Adsorbed Proteins: A Review".
4394:
Mohan, S; Nair, Vijay V (2020). "Comparative study of separation of heavy metals from leachate using activated carbon and fuel ash".
4246:"Water and Wastewater Treatment: Historical Perspective of Activated Carbon Adsorption and its Integration with Biological Processes"
2998:. The ion exchange process is followed by drying of the crystals, which can be pelletized with a binder to form macroporous pellets.
3562:
2964:
Silica is used for drying of process air (e.g. oxygen, natural gas) and adsorption of heavy (polar) hydrocarbons from natural gas.
2664:
2455:
4878:
Pilatowsky, I.; Romero, R.J.; Isaza, C.A.; Gamboa, S.A.; Sebastian, P.J.; Rivera, W. (2011). "Sorption Refrigeration Systems".
4031:
Ward, A.F.H.; Tordai, L. (1946). "Time-dependence of Boundary Tensions of Solutions I. The Role of Diffusion in Time-effects".
5252:
4895:
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3486:
3423:
2282:
5045:
Uner, D. O. (1 June 1998). "A Sensible Mechanism of Alkali Promotion in Fischer−Tropsch Synthesis: Adsorbate Mobilities".
3448:
2647:{\displaystyle \theta :=n_{\text{ads}}/n_{m},\quad \chi :=-\ln {\bigl (}-\ln {\bigl (}P/P_{\text{vap}}{\bigr )}{\bigr )}}
880:
550:
4068:
Surface Area and Porosity Determinations by Physisorption, Measurement, Classical Theory and Quantum Theory, 2nd edition
2957:
is a chemically inert, non-toxic, polar and dimensionally stable (< 400 °C or 750 °F) amorphous form of SiO
2229:
5072:
Zupanc, C.; Hornung, A.; Hinrichsen, O.; Muhler, M. (July 2002). "The Interaction of Hydrogen with Ru/MgO Catalysts".
4963:
4508:
3813:. In this study of the adsorption of gases by charcoal, the first use of the word "adsorption" appears on page 527:
3378:
3119:
867:
537:
246:
the adsorbent to allow comparison of different materials. To date, 15 different isotherm models have been developed.
4847:"Evaluation of Clay and Fumed Silica Nanoparticles on Adsorption of Surfactant Polymer during Enhanced Oil Recovery"
2224:
between the molecule and the surface. The diffusion and key elements of the adsorption rate can be calculated using
3338:
380:
is the pressure of adsorbate (this can be changed to concentration if investigating solution rather than gas), and
1409:
The derivation of the formula is more complicated than Langmuir's (see links for complete derivation). We obtain:
4948:
Dynamics of Surfaces and Reaction Kinetics in Heterogeneous Catalysis, Proceedings of the International Symposium
3311:
blocks "as a proxy for molecules with a complex shape" and their "adsorption on a flat surface" for studying the
716:
46:
2124:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial \ln K}{\partial {\frac {1}{T}}}}\right)_{\theta }=-{\frac {\Delta H}{R}}.}
4489:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,170, "Adsorption solar heating and storage"; Inventor: John M. Guerra; Granted May 26, 1981
4347:"Modulating the porosity of carbons for improved adsorption of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane: a review"
3013:
heat treatment breaks the aluminum-oxygen bonds and the aluminum atom is expelled from the zeolite framework.
266:
3348:
3233:(2009) have similarly described CO surface diffusion on carbon-supported Pt particles of varying morphology.
3122:(SEWGS) technology a pre-combustion carbon capture process, based on solid adsorption, is combined with the
5308:
3373:
2979:, which have a repeating pore network and release water at high temperature. Zeolites are polar in nature.
2933:
Polymer-based compounds – Are polar or non-polar, depending on the functional groups in the polymer matrix.
2016:{\displaystyle \theta _{(t)}={\frac {1-e^{-R'(1+k_{\text{E}})t}}{1+k_{\text{E}}e^{-R'(1+k_{\text{E}})t}}}.}
448:
has an asymptotic maximum as pressure increases without bound. As the temperature increases, the constants
5303:
3935:
Kisliuk, P. (January 1957). "The sticking probabilities of gases chemisorbed on the surfaces of solids".
3363:
3307:
is a puzzle game in which blocks of 4 are adsorbed onto a surface during game play. Scientists have used
3222:
3217:
The model appears to have been first proposed for carbon monoxide on silica-supported platinum by Brandt
2225:
5179:
5135:
Rozanov, Valerii V; Krylov, Oleg V (28 February 1997). "Hydrogen spillover in heterogeneous catalysis".
877:
the STP volume of adsorbate required to form a monolayer on the adsorbent (per gram of adsorbent), then
5298:
3343:
3275:
3099:
791:
998:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{v}}={\frac {1}{Kv_{\text{mon}}}}{\frac {1}{P}}+{\frac {1}{v_{\text{mon}}}}.}
820:
788:
is the partial pressure of the gas or the molar concentration of the solution. For very low pressures
5323:
4169:"Effect of the Adsorbent Pore Structure on the Separation of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Gas Mixtures"
3368:
1727:
can be assumed to be the adsorption rate constant. However, the rate constant for the Kisliuk model (
214:
17:
5293:
4245:
3195:
3183:
3123:
1519:{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{v(1-x)}}={\frac {1}{v_{\text{mon}}c}}+{\frac {x(c-1)}{v_{\text{mon}}c}},}
2890:
Adsorbents are used usually in the form of spherical pellets, rods, moldings, or monoliths with a
3256:
3191:
3157:
3107:
3074:
2036:
1168:
1044:
506:
simplicity and its ability to fit a variety of adsorption data. It is based on four assumptions:
194:
107:
3829:
Foo, K. Y.; Hameed, B. H. (2010). "Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems".
3111:
2983:
2942:
2907:
Oxygen-containing compounds – Are typically hydrophilic and polar, including materials such as
95:
31:
3970:
Langmuir, I.; Schaefer, V.J. (1937). "The Effect of Dissolved Salts on Insoluble Monolayers".
3785:"Über die Verdichtung von Gasen an Oberflächen in ihrer Abhängigkeit von Druck und Temperatur"
3784:
2922:
Carbon-based compounds – Are typically hydrophobic and non-polar, including materials such as
2895:
2814:
2744:
2443:
2235:
1540:
1035:
849:
611:
1355:
developed a model isotherm that takes that possibility into account. Their theory is called
510:
All of the adsorption sites are equivalent, and each site can only accommodate one molecule.
5144:
5109:
4988:
4920:
4799:
4619:
4572:
4456:
4407:
4303:
4222:
4205:
Viswambari Devi, R; Nair, Vijay V; Sathyamoorthy, P; Doble, Mukesh (2022). "Mixture of CaCO
4040:
3944:
3796:
3617:
3570:
3062:
2847:
2777:
2413:
2273:
2032:
533:
1637:
These factors were included as part of a single constant termed a "sticking coefficient",
8:
2891:
2799:
1359:, after the initials in their last names. They modified Langmuir's mechanism as follows:
528:
frequently more molecules will adsorb to the monolayer; this problem is addressed by the
423:
255:
183:
5148:
5113:
4992:
4924:
4803:
4623:
4576:
4460:
4307:
4044:
3948:
3925:
Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. Arthur W. Adamson. Interscience (Wiley), New York 6th ed
3800:
3621:
3574:
5313:
5160:
4822:
4785:
4761:
4736:
4717:
4674:
4472:
4446:
4419:
4376:
4327:
4226:
4013:
4000:
Chen, Jixin (2020). "Stochastic Adsorption of Diluted Solute Molecules at Interfaces".
3854:
3698:
3651:
3638:
3605:
3504:
3268:
3245:
3139:
3006:
2419:
2394:
2374:
2354:
2334:
2255:
771:
471:
451:
403:
383:
363:
343:
323:
218:
198:
59:
of multilayer adsorption is a random distribution of molecules on the material surface.
5000:
4955:
5270:
5248:
5220:
5164:
4959:
4932:
4891:
4827:
4766:
4709:
4678:
4660:
4588:
4545:
4504:
4423:
4411:
4380:
4368:
4319:
4230:
4071:
4017:
3956:
3885:
3846:
3765:
3690:
3669:
Carroll, Gregory T.; Jongejan, Mahthild G. M.; Pijper, Dirk; Feringa, Ben L. (2010).
3655:
3643:
3586:
3492:
3482:
3066:
2899:
2221:
497:
5156:
4721:
4476:
4331:
3858:
3702:
5210:
5152:
5117:
5081:
5054:
5027:
4996:
4951:
4928:
4883:
4858:
4817:
4807:
4756:
4748:
4701:
4664:
4656:
4627:
4580:
4537:
4464:
4403:
4358:
4311:
4218:
4180:
4048:
4005:
3979:
3952:
3838:
3804:
3757:
3729:
3682:
3633:
3625:
3578:
3532:
3426:. The Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center. Archived from
3290:
3028:
2923:
2803:
1344:
517:
210:
4091:
Polanyi, M. (1914). "Über die Adsorption vom Standpunkt des dritten Wärmesatzes".
3427:
3399:
1847:{\displaystyle {\frac {d\theta _{(t)}}{dt}}=R'(1-\theta )(1+k_{\text{E}}\theta ).}
5121:
4812:
4632:
4607:
4468:
4110:
Polanyi, M. (1920). "Neueres über Adsorption und Ursache der Adsorptionskräfte".
3761:
3733:
3358:
3333:
3022:
2976:
2807:
2795:
513:
The surface is energetically homogeneous, and adsorbed molecules do not interact.
502:
234:
154:
83:
4887:
1023:, which are constants for each adsorbent–adsorbate pair at a given temperature.
628:, as the fraction of the adsorption sites occupied, in the equilibrium we have:
5318:
4009:
3720:
stability on the Ni low-index surfaces: Van der Waals corrected DFT analysis".
3629:
3582:
3524:
3312:
3252:) to atomic hydrogen (H), followed by spillover of the hydrogen atoms present.
3173:
3149:
3039:
Activated carbon nitrogen isotherm showing a marked microporous type I behavior
2529:
is the unit step function. The definitions of the other symbols is as follows:
1709:{\displaystyle k_{\text{E}}={\frac {S_{\text{E}}}{k_{\text{ES}}S_{\text{D}}}}.}
1583:
is the STP volume of the amount of adsorbate required to form a monolayer, and
1534:
1348:
1302:{\displaystyle \theta _{j}={\dfrac {K_{j}P_{j}}{1+\sum _{i=1}^{n}K_{i}P_{i}}},}
541:
226:
158:
4315:
3842:
3496:
3456:
5287:
4950:. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. Vol. 109. pp. 315–324.
4877:
4592:
4372:
4168:
3889:
3850:
3808:
3694:
3353:
3316:
3154:
3045:
2371:
is the number concentration of the molecule in the bulk solution (unit #/m),
1352:
1031:
187:
179:
170:
166:
42:
38:
3537:
3144:
Protein adsorption is a process that has a fundamental role in the field of
51:
5224:
5085:
5031:
4831:
4770:
4713:
4549:
4541:
4525:
4499:
Berend, Smit; Reimer, Jeffery A; Oldenburg, Curtis M; Bourg, Ian C (2014).
4415:
4323:
4148:
deBoer, J.H.; Zwikker, C. (1929). "Adsorption als Folge von Polarisation".
3769:
3671:"Spontaneous generation and patterning of chiral polymeric surface toroids"
3647:
3590:
3145:
1723:
is dictated by factors that are taken into account by the Langmuir model, S
1616:
constant and will either be adsorbed from the precursor state at a rate of
1603:
222:
205:
to provide cold water for air conditioning and other process requirements (
4705:
4524:
D'Alessandro, Deanna M.; Smit, Berend; Long, Jeffrey R. (16 August 2010).
4209:
Polymorphs Serves as Best Adsorbent of Heavy Metals in Quadruple System".
3178:
solid medium is cycled between adsorption and desorption to regenerate it.
2444:
Quantum mechanical – thermodynamic modelling for surface area and porosity
145:
4669:
3286:
3208:
3005:
removal from natural gas, CO removal from reforming gas, air separation,
5247:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 308–330.
4786:"The effect of surface nanometre-scale morphology on protein adsorption"
3983:
5015:
4584:
4363:
4346:
3686:
3670:
3603:
2954:
2908:
1356:
1338:
547:
Langmuir suggested that adsorption takes place through this mechanism:
202:
162:
126:
111:
5215:
5198:
5058:
4863:
4846:
4752:
4184:
4129:
Polanyi, M. (1929). "Grundlagen der Potentialtheorie der Adsorption".
4052:
3130:
stream produced can be stored or used for other industrial processes.
1155:{\displaystyle \theta _{E}={\dfrac {1}{1+\sum _{i=1}^{n}K_{i}P_{i}}}.}
700:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k}{k_{-1}}}={\frac {\theta }{(1-\theta )P}},}
5014:
VanderWiel, David P.; Pruski, Marek; King, Terry S. (November 1999).
4646:
4204:
3070:
2987:
2912:
4783:
2994:). The channel diameter of zeolite cages usually ranges from 2 to 9
2201:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{ads}}=\Delta H_{\text{liq}}-RT\ln c,}
4790:
4451:
3255:
The spillover effect has been used to explain many observations in
2995:
2927:
2882:
144:: An increase in the concentration of a dissolved substance at the
120:
79:
67:
3871:
3746:
4734:
3162:
3126:(WGS) in order to produce a high pressure hydrogen stream. The CO
3103:
2972:
2916:
2806:
but not pursued. This was due to criticism in the former case by
2211:
that is to say, adsorption is more exothermic than liquefaction.
597:
is an adsorption site. The direct and inverse rate constants are
3190:
Although there are similarities between adsorption chillers and
2990:
followed by ion exchange with certain cations (Na, Li, Ca, K, NH
5199:"Structure, Thermodynamics, and Solubility in Tetromino Fluids"
3517:
3328:
3303:
4910:
4605:
3872:
Czepirski, L.; Balys, M. R.; Komorowska-Czepirska, E. (2000).
3061:
The adsorption of water at surfaces is of broad importance in
3035:
5071:
3558:
1401:
233:
The word "adsorption" was coined in 1881 by German physicist
174:
99:
71:
5197:
Barnes, Brian C.; Siderius, Daniel W.; Gelb, Lev D. (2009).
3668:
2272:
on an infinite area surface can be directly integrated from
1743:
is fractional coverage of the adsorbent with adsorbate, and
161:. In a bulk material, all the bonding requirements (be they
4882:. Green Energy and Technology. Springer. pp. 99, 100.
2877:
2731:{\displaystyle \chi _{c}=:-\ln {\bigl (}-E_{a}/RT{\bigr )}}
2515:{\displaystyle \theta =(\chi -\chi _{c})U(\chi -\chi _{c})}
4945:
4691:
4498:
3969:
3716:
Czelej, K.; Cwieka, K.; Kurzydlowski, K.J. (May 2016). "CO
2986:
of sodium aluminosilicate or another silica source in an
1030:
is related to the number of adsorption sites through the
75:
5098:
4880:
Cogeneration Fuel Cell-Sorption Air Conditioning Systems
4523:
4070:. Amsterdam.NL: Elsevier. pp. Chapters 3, 4 and 5.
3715:
4093:
Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft
3084:
1537:
for the adsorbate at that temperature (usually denoted
1041:
If more than one gas adsorbs on the surface, we define
4030:
3477:
Atkins, P. W.; De Paula, Julio; Keeler, James (2018).
3025:
in 1881 in the context of uptake of gases by carbons.
4526:"Carbon Dioxide Capture: Prospects for New Materials"
3874:"Some generalization of Langmuir adsorption isotherm"
2850:
2817:
2780:
2747:
2667:
2538:
2458:
2422:
2397:
2377:
2357:
2337:
2321:{\displaystyle \Gamma =2AC{\sqrt {\frac {Dt}{\pi }}}}
2285:
2258:
2238:
2147:
2048:
1874:
1756:
1653:
1543:
1418:
1220:
1205:
1171:
1092:
1077:
1047:
926:
883:
852:
823:
794:
774:
719:
637:
614:
553:
474:
454:
426:
406:
386:
366:
346:
326:
269:
5013:
4345:
Blankenship, L. Scott; Mokaya, Robert (2022-02-21).
3476:
3133:
1731:’) is different from that of the Langmuir model, as
4396:
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive Waste
4211:
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive Waste
1623:or will desorb into the gaseous phase at a rate of
917:, and we obtain an expression for a straight line:
910:{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {v}{v_{\text{mon}}}}}
582:{\displaystyle A_{\text{g}}+S\rightleftharpoons AS}
230:specific drugs or parts thereof, are lesser known.
5196:
4292:
3201:
2856:
2836:
2786:
2766:
2730:
2646:
2514:
2428:
2403:
2383:
2363:
2343:
2320:
2264:
2244:
2200:
2123:
2015:
1846:
1708:
1564:
1518:
1301:
1184:
1154:
1060:
997:
909:
858:
835:
809:
780:
757:
699:
620:
581:
570:
480:
460:
440:
412:
392:
372:
352:
332:
309:
4344:
3001:Zeolites are applied in drying of process air, CO
5285:
4501:Introduction to carbon capture and sequestration
2894:between 0.25 and 5 mm. They must have high
2134:As can be seen in the formula, the variation of
124:encompasses both adsorption and absorption, and
5047:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
3912:
3910:
4735:Sivaraman B.; Fears K.P.; Latour R.A. (2009).
2950:, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca.1930s
2214:
5134:
4608:"SEWGS Technology is Now Ready for Scale-up!"
4562:
4147:
3995:
3993:
3822:
3481:(Eleventh ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom.
3093:
2723:
2692:
2639:
2632:
2607:
2591:
1192:as the fraction of the sites occupied by the
1068:as the fraction of empty sites, and we have:
4436:
4296:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
3907:
3814:
4978:
3999:
3182:Combining an adsorbent with a refrigerant,
3021:The term "adsorption" itself was coined by
758:{\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {KP}{1+KP}},}
82:from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a
4844:
4173:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
3990:
3937:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
3509:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2391:is the diffusion constant (unit m/s), and
5245:Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems
5214:
4862:
4821:
4811:
4760:
4668:
4631:
4450:
4393:
4362:
3828:
3637:
3536:
3009:, and catalytic synthesis and reforming.
1576:is the STP volume of adsorbed adsorbate,
5271:Derivation of Langmuir and BET isotherms
4851:Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute
3972:Journal of the American Chemical Society
3865:
3172:
3034:
2941:
2886:Activated carbon is used as an adsorbent
2881:
2878:Characteristics and general requirements
1602:
1400:
870:(STP) per gram of adsorbent. If we call
310:{\displaystyle {\frac {x}{m}}=kP^{1/n},}
206:
50:
5242:
4530:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
4244:Çeçen, Ferhan (7 July 2011).
4128:
4109:
4090:
3934:
3236:
1405:Langmuir (blue) and BET (red) isotherms
14:
5286:
4065:
3782:
3453:Memidex (WordNet) Dictionary/Thesaurus
3397:
3168:
2026:
1316:is each one of the gases that adsorb.
4243:
3523:
3296:
3262:
2975:are natural or synthetic crystalline
86:. This process creates a film of the
5177:
5044:
4150:Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
3085:Adsorption solar heating and storage
3161:surface properties such as surface
3056:
3016:
340:is the mass of adsorbate adsorbed,
178:process is generally classified as
24:
5235:
5102:Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
4408:10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000520
4223:10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000651
4166:
3398:Guruge, Amila Ruwan (2021-02-17).
2286:
2239:
2230:Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
2164:
2148:
2106:
2071:
2057:
25:
5335:
5263:
4649:Johnson Matthey Technology Review
3379:Hydrogen-bonded organic framework
3134:Protein and surfactant adsorption
3120:sorption enhanced water gas shift
868:standard temperature and pressure
810:{\displaystyle \theta \approx KP}
608:. If we define surface coverage,
213:, increasing storage capacity of
157:, adsorption is a consequence of
4661:10.1595/205651318X15268923666410
3404:Chemical and Process Engineering
3339:Dual-polarization interferometry
3098:Typical adsorbents proposed for
836:{\displaystyle \theta \approx 1}
5190:
5171:
5157:10.1070/rc1997v066n02abeh000308
5128:
5092:
5065:
5038:
5007:
4972:
4939:
4904:
4871:
4838:
4777:
4728:
4685:
4640:
4599:
4556:
4517:
4492:
4483:
4430:
4387:
4338:
4286:
4276:
4266:
4237:
4198:
4160:
4141:
4122:
4103:
4084:
4059:
4024:
3963:
3928:
3919:
3776:
3740:
3202:Portal site mediated adsorption
2573:
1533:is the pressure divided by the
47:Segregation (materials science)
5180:"The thermodynamics of Tetris"
3709:
3662:
3597:
3552:
3470:
3441:
3416:
3391:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2465:
2351:is the surface area (unit m),
1999:
1980:
1938:
1919:
1886:
1880:
1838:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1774:
1768:
1492:
1480:
1440:
1428:
685:
673:
360:is the mass of the adsorbent,
55:Brunauer, Emmett and Teller's
27:Phenomenon of surface adhesion
13:
1:
5001:10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00444-9
4956:10.1016/s0167-2991(97)80418-1
4845:Cheraghian, Goshtasp (2017).
4131:Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie
4112:Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie
3878:Internet Journal of Chemistry
3789:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
3384:
3349:Kelvin probe force microscope
3281:
2937:
2872:
2436:in a particular measurement.
2276:differential equation to be:
538:Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics
249:
5122:10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.08.004
4933:10.1016/0039-6028(93)90552-U
4813:10.1371/journal.pone.0011862
4633:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.107
4469:10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.178
3957:10.1016/0022-3697(57)90054-9
3831:Chemical Engineering Journal
3762:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01906
3734:10.1016/j.catcom.2016.03.017
3374:Random sequential adsorption
1587:is the equilibrium constant
240:
130:is the reverse of sorption.
94:. This process differs from
7:
4888:10.1007/978-1-84996-028-1_5
4167:Yi, Honghong (April 2015).
4033:Journal of Chemical Physics
3322:
2967:
2215:Single-molecule explanation
1185:{\displaystyle \theta _{j}}
1061:{\displaystyle \theta _{E}}
491:
10:
5340:
4503:. Imperial College Press.
4010:10.26434/chemrxiv.12402404
3630:10.1038/s41598-022-12596-5
3583:10.1016/j.jcis.2010.03.005
3479:Atkins' Physical chemistry
3400:"Absorption Vs Adsorption"
3344:Fluidized bed concentrator
3276:polyelectrolyte adsorption
3266:
3137:
3100:carbon capture and storage
3094:Carbon capture and storage
2946:Silica gel adsorber for NO
2035:, therefore they obey the
1598:
1336:
495:
253:
36:
29:
5178:Ford, Matt (6 May 2009).
4316:10.1007/s11356-018-3148-y
3843:10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.013
3783:Kayser, Heinrich (1881).
3563:J. Colloid Interface Sci.
3369:Pressure swing adsorption
3289:is the first step in the
3223:Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
2982:They are manufactured by
2031:Adsorption constants are
817:, and for high pressures
532:for relatively flat (non-
5137:Russian Chemical Reviews
4253:application.wiley-vch.de
3809:10.1002/andp.18812480404
3722:Catalysis Communications
3449:"absorption (chemistry)"
3196:enthalpy of vaporization
3192:absorption refrigeration
3124:water gas shift reaction
2915:(calcium carbonate) and
2226:Fick's laws of diffusion
1012:intercept we can obtain
529:
182:(characteristic of weak
56:
30:Not to be confused with
5243:Cussler, E. L. (1997).
4439:Applied Surface Science
3538:10.1351/goldbook.A00155
3257:heterogeneous catalysis
3075:dissociative adsorption
2837:{\displaystyle n_{ads}}
2767:{\displaystyle n_{ads}}
2245:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
1565:{\displaystyle P/P_{0}}
859:{\displaystyle \theta }
621:{\displaystyle \theta }
593:is a gas molecule, and
215:carbide-derived carbons
195:heterogeneous catalysts
114:a liquid or solid (the
5086:10.1006/jcat.2002.3647
5032:10.1006/jcat.1999.2646
4542:10.1002/anie.201000431
4066:Condon, James (2020).
3815:
3179:
3040:
2984:hydrothermal synthesis
2951:
2887:
2858:
2838:
2788:
2768:
2732:
2648:
2516:
2430:
2405:
2385:
2365:
2345:
2322:
2266:
2246:
2202:
2125:
2017:
1848:
1710:
1608:
1566:
1520:
1406:
1332:
1303:
1271:
1186:
1156:
1124:
1062:
1008:Through its slope and
999:
911:
860:
837:
811:
782:
759:
701:
622:
583:
482:
462:
442:
414:
394:
374:
354:
334:
311:
201:, capturing and using
150:
90:on the surface of the
60:
4706:10.1089/ten.2005.11.1
3176:
3038:
2945:
2885:
2859:
2857:{\displaystyle \chi }
2839:
2789:
2787:{\displaystyle \chi }
2769:
2733:
2649:
2517:
2431:
2406:
2386:
2366:
2346:
2323:
2267:
2252:at a surface of area
2247:
2203:
2126:
2033:equilibrium constants
2018:
1849:
1711:
1606:
1567:
1521:
1404:
1304:
1251:
1187:
1157:
1104:
1063:
1036:reactions on surfaces
1000:
912:
861:
838:
812:
783:
760:
702:
623:
584:
483:
463:
443:
415:
395:
375:
355:
335:
312:
173:) of the constituent
139:
54:
5074:Journal of Catalysis
5020:Journal of Catalysis
3237:Adsorption spillover
3063:chemical engineering
2848:
2815:
2778:
2745:
2665:
2536:
2456:
2420:
2414:chemical equilibrium
2395:
2375:
2355:
2335:
2283:
2256:
2236:
2145:
2046:
2037:Van 't Hoff equation
1872:
1754:
1651:
1541:
1416:
1203:
1169:
1165:Also, we can define
1075:
1045:
924:
881:
850:
821:
792:
772:
717:
635:
612:
551:
472:
452:
424:
404:
384:
364:
344:
324:
267:
184:van der Waals forces
5309:Colloidal chemistry
5149:1997RuCRv..66..107R
5114:2009AppCB..92..280T
4993:1998TcAc..312..105N
4925:1993SurSc.286...15B
4804:2010PLoSO...511862S
4624:2013EnPro..37.2265J
4577:2013RSCAd...3.4964S
4461:2016ApSS..387..682A
4308:2018ESPR...2532210M
4302:(32): 32210–32220.
4045:1946JChPh..14..453W
3984:10.1021/ja01290a091
3949:1957JPCS....3...95K
3801:1881AnP...248..526K
3622:2022NatSR..12.8917K
3575:2010JCIS..347...15F
3207:high-coordination (
3184:adsorption chillers
3169:Adsorption chillers
2892:hydrodynamic radius
2800:Jan Hendrik de Boer
2027:Adsorption enthalpy
1747:is immersion time:
1644:, described below:
441:{\displaystyle x/m}
256:Freundlich equation
207:adsorption chillers
5304:Chemical processes
4981:Thermochimica Acta
4694:Tissue Engineering
4585:10.1039/C3RA40265G
4364:10.1039/D1MA00911G
4351:Materials Advances
3687:10.1039/c0sc00159g
3610:Scientific Reports
3364:Polanyi adsorption
3297:In popular culture
3269:polymer adsorption
3263:Polymer adsorption
3246:Hydrogen spillover
3180:
3140:Protein adsorption
3041:
3007:catalytic cracking
2952:
2888:
2854:
2834:
2784:
2764:
2728:
2644:
2512:
2426:
2401:
2381:
2361:
2341:
2318:
2262:
2242:
2198:
2121:
2013:
1844:
1706:
1609:
1562:
1516:
1407:
1299:
1294:
1182:
1152:
1147:
1058:
995:
907:
856:
833:
807:
778:
755:
697:
618:
579:
478:
458:
438:
410:
390:
370:
350:
330:
307:
219:water purification
199:activated charcoal
61:
5299:Materials science
5277:Carbon Adsorption
5254:978-0-521-45078-2
5216:10.1021/la900196b
5059:10.1021/ie970696d
4897:978-1-84996-027-4
4864:10.1627/jpi.60.85
4753:10.1021/la8036814
4536:(35): 6058–6082.
4185:10.1021/je501109q
4077:978-0-12-818785-2
4053:10.1063/1.1724167
3978:(11): 2400–2414.
3756:(30): 7493–7502.
3488:978-0-19-876986-6
3067:materials science
2900:thermal stability
2898:resistance, high
2627:
2552:
2429:{\displaystyle t}
2404:{\displaystyle t}
2384:{\displaystyle D}
2364:{\displaystyle C}
2344:{\displaystyle A}
2316:
2315:
2274:Fick's second law
2265:{\displaystyle A}
2174:
2158:
2116:
2085:
2082:
2008:
1996:
1961:
1935:
1832:
1788:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1676:
1661:
1511:
1504:
1469:
1462:
1444:
1293:
1146:
990:
987:
970:
960:
956:
935:
905:
902:
781:{\displaystyle P}
750:
692:
662:
561:
518:phase transitions
498:Langmuir equation
481:{\displaystyle n}
461:{\displaystyle k}
413:{\displaystyle n}
393:{\displaystyle k}
373:{\displaystyle P}
353:{\displaystyle m}
333:{\displaystyle x}
278:
16:(Redirected from
5331:
5324:Gas technologies
5258:
5229:
5228:
5218:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5108:(3–4): 280–284.
5096:
5090:
5089:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5053:(6): 2239–2245.
5042:
5036:
5035:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4987:(1–2): 105–114.
4976:
4970:
4969:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4815:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4454:
4445:(387): 682–689.
4434:
4428:
4427:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4366:
4357:(4): 1905–1930.
4342:
4336:
4335:
4290:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4179:(5): 1388–1395.
4164:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4028:
4022:
4021:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3892:. Archived from
3869:
3863:
3862:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3675:Chemical Science
3666:
3660:
3659:
3641:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3500:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3455:. Archived from
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3395:
3291:viral life cycle
3259:and adsorption.
3057:Water adsorption
3029:Activated carbon
3017:Activated carbon
2977:aluminosilicates
2924:activated carbon
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2804:Cornelis Zwikker
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2774:adsorbed versus
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2677:
2676:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2595:
2594:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2483:
2482:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2055:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1979:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1918:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1800:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1758:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1420:
1345:Stephen Brunauer
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1265:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
989:
988:
985:
976:
971:
963:
961:
959:
958:
957:
954:
941:
936:
928:
916:
914:
913:
908:
906:
904:
903:
900:
891:
865:
863:
862:
857:
842:
840:
839:
834:
816:
814:
813:
808:
787:
785:
784:
779:
764:
762:
761:
756:
751:
749:
735:
727:
706:
704:
703:
698:
693:
691:
668:
663:
661:
660:
645:
627:
625:
624:
619:
588:
586:
585:
580:
563:
562:
559:
487:
485:
484:
479:
467:
465:
464:
459:
447:
445:
444:
439:
434:
419:
417:
416:
411:
399:
397:
396:
391:
379:
377:
376:
371:
359:
357:
356:
351:
339:
337:
336:
331:
316:
314:
313:
308:
303:
302:
298:
279:
271:
211:synthetic resins
21:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5294:Surface science
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:, at MEGTEC.com
5266:
5261:
5255:
5238:
5236:Further reading
5233:
5232:
5209:(12): 6702–16.
5195:
5191:
5176:
5172:
5133:
5129:
5097:
5093:
5070:
5066:
5043:
5039:
5012:
5008:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4944:
4940:
4913:Surface Science
4909:
4905:
4898:
4876:
4872:
4843:
4839:
4782:
4778:
4733:
4729:
4690:
4686:
4645:
4641:
4612:Energy Procedia
4604:
4600:
4561:
4557:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4435:
4431:
4392:
4388:
4343:
4339:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4165:
4161:
4146:
4142:
4127:
4123:
4108:
4104:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4064:
4060:
4029:
4025:
3998:
3991:
3968:
3964:
3943:(1–2): 95–101.
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3870:
3866:
3827:
3823:
3781:
3777:
3745:
3741:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3667:
3663:
3602:
3598:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3531:. IUPAC. 2014.
3522:
3518:
3502:
3501:
3489:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3408:
3406:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3359:Molecular sieve
3334:Cryo-adsorption
3325:
3299:
3284:
3271:
3265:
3251:
3239:
3204:
3171:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3096:
3087:
3080:
3059:
3023:Heinrich Kayser
3019:
3004:
2993:
2970:
2960:
2949:
2940:
2880:
2875:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:Albert Einstein
2796:Michael Polanyi
2779:
2776:
2775:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2590:
2589:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2503:
2499:
2478:
2474:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2304:
2301:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2217:
2171:
2167:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2105:
2103:
2091:
2074:
2070:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2029:
1993:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1829:
1825:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1581:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1341:
1335:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1255:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1029:
1018:
984:
980:
975:
962:
953:
949:
945:
940:
927:
925:
922:
921:
899:
895:
890:
882:
879:
878:
876:
851:
848:
847:
822:
819:
818:
793:
790:
789:
773:
770:
769:
736:
728:
726:
718:
715:
714:
672:
667:
653:
649:
644:
636:
633:
632:
613:
610:
609:
607:
558:
554:
552:
549:
548:
503:Irving Langmuir
500:
494:
473:
470:
469:
453:
450:
449:
430:
425:
422:
421:
405:
402:
401:
385:
382:
381:
365:
362:
361:
345:
342:
341:
325:
322:
321:
294:
290:
286:
270:
268:
265:
264:
258:
252:
243:
235:Heinrich Kayser
155:surface tension
151:
138:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5337:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5264:External links
5262:
5260:
5259:
5253:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5189:
5170:
5143:(2): 107–119.
5127:
5091:
5080:(2): 501–514.
5064:
5037:
5026:(1): 186–202.
5006:
4971:
4964:
4938:
4919:(1–2): 15–25.
4903:
4896:
4870:
4837:
4776:
4727:
4684:
4655:(4): 395–402.
4639:
4598:
4555:
4516:
4509:
4491:
4482:
4429:
4402:(4): 473–491.
4386:
4337:
4285:
4275:
4265:
4236:
4206:
4197:
4159:
4140:
4121:
4102:
4083:
4076:
4058:
4039:(7): 453–461.
4023:
3989:
3962:
3927:
3918:
3906:
3864:
3821:
3795:(4): 526–537.
3775:
3739:
3717:
3708:
3661:
3596:
3551:
3516:
3487:
3469:
3440:
3415:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3321:
3313:thermodynamics
3298:
3295:
3283:
3280:
3267:Main article:
3264:
3261:
3249:
3238:
3235:
3203:
3200:
3170:
3167:
3138:Main article:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3058:
3055:
3018:
3015:
3002:
2991:
2969:
2966:
2958:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2920:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2853:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2783:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2655:
2654:
2641:
2634:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2445:
2442:
2425:
2400:
2380:
2360:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2261:
2241:
2222:energy barrier
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2154:
2150:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1736:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1705:
1693:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1641:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1600:
1597:
1579:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1535:vapor pressure
1527:
1526:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1179:
1175:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1055:
1051:
1027:
1016:
1006:
1005:
994:
983:
979:
974:
969:
966:
952:
948:
944:
939:
934:
931:
898:
894:
889:
886:
874:
855:
832:
829:
826:
806:
803:
800:
797:
777:
766:
765:
754:
748:
745:
742:
739:
734:
731:
725:
722:
708:
707:
696:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
671:
666:
659:
656:
652:
648:
643:
640:
617:
605:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
557:
542:thermodynamics
525:
524:
521:
514:
511:
493:
490:
477:
457:
437:
433:
429:
409:
389:
369:
349:
329:
318:
317:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
277:
274:
254:Main article:
251:
248:
242:
239:
227:chromatography
221:. Adsorption,
159:surface energy
133:
132:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5336:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5226:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4967:
4965:9780444826091
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4798:(7): e11862.
4797:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4747:(5): 3050–6.
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4670:11311/1079169
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:: 2265–2273.
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4510:9781306496834
4506:
4502:
4495:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4279:
4269:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4201:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4152:(in German).
4151:
4144:
4136:
4133:(in German).
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4095:(in German).
4094:
4087:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3911:
3896:on 2017-01-13
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3555:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3459:on 2018-10-05
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3430:on 2008-02-18
3429:
3425:
3419:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Micromeritics
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3317:nanoparticles
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3277:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3155:cell membrane
3151:
3147:
3141:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:carbonization
3037:
3033:
3032:300 °C).
3030:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2870:
2866:
2851:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2781:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2423:
2415:
2398:
2378:
2358:
2338:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2259:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2212:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2010:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1857:Solving for θ
1841:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1703:
1691:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1605:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1384:
1383:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:Edward Teller
1350:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1177:
1173:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:ideal gas law
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
992:
981:
977:
972:
967:
964:
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
929:
920:
919:
918:
896:
892:
887:
884:
873:
869:
853:
846:The value of
844:
830:
827:
824:
804:
801:
798:
795:
775:
752:
746:
743:
740:
737:
732:
729:
723:
720:
713:
712:
711:
694:
688:
682:
679:
676:
669:
664:
657:
654:
650:
646:
641:
638:
631:
630:
629:
615:
604:
600:
596:
592:
576:
573:
567:
564:
555:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
522:
519:
516:There are no
515:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
499:
489:
475:
455:
435:
431:
427:
407:
387:
367:
347:
327:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
275:
272:
263:
262:
261:
257:
247:
238:
237:(1853–1940).
236:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
188:chemisorption
185:
181:
180:physisorption
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
149:
147:
143:
136:
131:
129:
128:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:, in which a
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
53:
48:
44:
43:Chemisorption
40:
39:Physisorption
33:
19:
5273:, at JHU.edu
5244:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5184:Ars Technica
5183:
5173:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5023:
5019:
5009:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4947:
4941:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4879:
4873:
4857:(2): 85–94.
4854:
4850:
4840:
4795:
4789:
4779:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4571:(15): 4964.
4568:
4565:RSC Advances
4564:
4558:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4500:
4494:
4485:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4252:
4239:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4176:
4172:
4162:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4067:
4061:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4001:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3921:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:the original
3881:
3877:
3867:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3728:(5): 33–38.
3725:
3721:
3711:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3569:(1): 15–24.
3566:
3561:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3528:
3525:"adsorption"
3519:
3478:
3472:
3461:. Retrieved
3457:the original
3452:
3443:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:the original
3418:
3407:. Retrieved
3403:
3393:
3308:
3302:
3301:The game of
3300:
3285:
3272:
3254:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3205:
3189:
3181:
3146:biomaterials
3143:
3117:
3097:
3088:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3027:
3020:
3011:
3000:
2981:
2971:
2963:
2953:
2889:
2867:
2798:and also by
2741:The plot of
2740:
2656:
2526:
2524:
2447:
2438:
2330:
2218:
2210:
2135:
2133:
2030:
1860:
1856:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1638:
1636:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1530:
1528:
1408:
1397:S and so on.
1342:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1193:
1164:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1007:
871:
845:
767:
709:
602:
598:
594:
590:
546:
530:BET isotherm
526:
501:
319:
259:
244:
232:
223:ion exchange
192:
152:
141:
140:
125:
119:
115:
103:
91:
87:
63:
62:
4700:(1): 1–18.
3837:(1): 2–10.
3616:(1): 8917.
3209:basal plane
3163:wettability
1349:Paul Emmett
534:microporous
5288:Categories
4452:1811.09157
4156:: 407–420.
4137:: 431–432.
4118:: 370–374.
3900:2013-11-19
3681:(4): 469.
3497:1020028162
3463:2010-11-02
3434:2009-12-21
3424:"Glossary"
3409:2023-11-26
3385:References
3287:Adsorption
3282:In viruses
3225:). Zupanc
3112:absorption
2955:Silica gel
2938:Silica gel
2909:silica gel
2873:Adsorbents
1634:constant.
1357:BET theory
1339:BET theory
496:See also:
250:Freundlich
203:waste heat
142:adsorption
137:definition
127:desorption
96:absorption
64:Adsorption
37:See also:
32:Absorption
5314:Catalysis
5165:250890123
4679:139928989
4593:2046-2069
4424:219747988
4381:245927099
4373:2633-5409
4231:240454883
4018:242860958
3890:1099-8292
3851:1385-8947
3695:2041-6520
3656:249096513
3529:Gold Book
3505:cite book
3158:receptors
3077:, where H
3071:catalysis
2988:autoclave
2913:limestone
2852:χ
2782:χ
2698:−
2688:
2682:−
2670:χ
2603:
2597:−
2587:
2581:−
2575:χ
2540:θ
2501:χ
2497:−
2494:χ
2476:χ
2472:−
2469:χ
2460:θ
2313:π
2287:Γ
2240:Γ
2190:
2178:−
2165:Δ
2149:Δ
2107:Δ
2101:−
2093:θ
2072:∂
2064:
2058:∂
1970:−
1909:−
1901:−
1877:θ
1836:θ
1811:θ
1808:−
1765:θ
1487:−
1435:−
1367:+ S ⇌ AS,
1253:∑
1208:θ
1196:-th gas:
1174:θ
1106:∑
1080:θ
1050:θ
885:θ
854:θ
828:≈
825:θ
799:≈
796:θ
721:θ
683:θ
680:−
670:θ
655:−
616:θ
571:⇌
241:Isotherms
146:interface
116:absorbent
112:permeates
108:dissolved
104:absorbate
92:adsorbent
88:adsorbate
80:molecules
18:Adsorbate
5225:19397254
5203:Langmuir
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