2492:
3406:
3394:
2164:
3524:
1058:
4143:
425:
733:
2127:
2782:
2763:
11834:
commands. Other scholars have pointed out additional temple demolitions not counted by Eaton, such as two orders to destroy the
Somanatha Temple in 1659 and 1706 (the existence of a second order suggests that the first was never carried out). Aurangzeb also oversaw temple desecrations. For example, in 1645 he ordered mihrabs (prayer niches, typically located in mosques) erected in Ahmedabad's Chintamani Parshvanath Temple, built by the Jain merchant Shantidas. Even adding in such events, however, to quote Eaton, "the evidence is almost always fragmentary, incomplete, or even contradictory". Given this, there were probably more temples destroyed under Aurangzeb than we can confirm (perhaps a few dozen in total?), but here we run into a dark curtain drawn across an unknown past.
1834:, a military tax on non-Muslim subjects in lieu of military service, after an abatement for a span of hundred years, in what was critiqued by many Hindu rulers, family-members of Aurangzeb, and Mughal court-officials. The specific amount varied with the socioeconomic status of a subject and tax-collection were often waived for regions hit by calamities; also, Brahmins, women, children, elders, the handicapped, the unemployed, the ill, and the insane were all perpetually exempted. The collectors were mandated to be Muslims. A majority of modern scholars reject that religious bigotry influenced the imposition; rather, realpolitik – economic constraints as a result of multiple ongoing battles and establishment of credence with the orthodox Ulemas – are held to be primary agents.
2548:
851:. This event precipitated a family crisis with political consequences. Aurangzeb suffered his father's displeasure by not returning to Agra immediately but rather three weeks later. Shah Jahan had been nursing Jahanara back to health in that time and thousands of vassals had arrived in Agra to pay their respects. Shah Jahan was outraged to see Aurangzeb enter the interior palace compound in military attire and immediately dismissed him from his position of viceroy of the Deccan; Aurangzeb was also no longer allowed to use red tents or to associate himself with the official military standard of the Mughal emperor. Other sources state that Aurangzeb was dismissed from his position because Aurangzeb left the life of luxury and became a
3635:
2476:
2794:
3176:
2210:
1821:
698:
3430:
2748:
2594:
3780:
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accurately estimated. Alamgir's moving capital alone-a city of tents thirty miles in circumference, two hundred and fifty bazaars, with half a million camp followers, fifty thousand camels, and thirty thousand elephants, all of whom had to be fed, stripped peninsular India of any and all of its surplus grain and wealth ... Not only famine, but bubonic plague arose ... Even
Alamgir had ceased to understand the purpose for it all by ... 1705. The emperor was nearing ninety by then ... "I came alone and I go as a stranger. I do not know who I am, nor what I have been doing," the dying old man confessed to his son in February 1707.
2023:
1015:, explains that "The loyalties of seem to have been motivated more by their own interests, the closeness of the family relation and above all the charisma of the pretenders than by ideological divides." Muslims and Hindus did not divide along religious lines in their support for one pretender or the other nor, according to Chandra, is there much evidence to support the belief that Jahanara and other members of the royal family were split in their support. Jahanara, certainly, interceded at various times on behalf of all of the princes and was well-regarded by Aurangzeb even though she shared the religious outlook of Dara.
2112:
3280:, used guerrilla tactics to take control of three Adil Shahi forts formerly under his father's command. With these victories, Shivaji assumed de facto leadership of many independent Maratha clans. The Marathas harried the flanks of the warring Adil Shahis, gaining weapons, forts, and territory. Shivaji's small and ill-equipped army survived an all out Adil Shahi attack, and Shivaji personally killed the Adil Shahi general, Afzal Khan. With this event, the Marathas transformed into a powerful military force, capturing more and more Adil Shahi territories. Shivaji went on to neutralise Mughal power in the region.
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1838:
be paid in person, in front of a tax collector, where the non
Muslims were to recite a verse in the Quran which referred to their inferior status as non Muslims. This decision led to protests and lamentations among the masses as well as Hindu court officials. In order to meet state expenditures, Aurangzeb had ordered increases in land taxes; the burden of which fell heavily upon the Hindu Jats. The reimposition of the jizya encouraged Hindus to flee to areas under East India Company jurisdiction, under which policies of religious sufferance and pretermissions of religious taxes prevailed.
3949:, author Haroon Khalid writes that, "Aurangzeb is presented as a hero who fought and expanded the frontiers of the Islamic empire" and "is imagined to be a true believer who removed corrupt practices from religion and the court, and once again purified the empire." The academic Munis Faruqui also opines that the "Pakistani state and its allies in the religious and political establishments include him in the pantheon of premodern Muslim heroes, especially lauding him for his militarism, personal piety, and seeming willingness to accommodate Islamic morality within state goals."
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day."/26/ This order, though not mentioned in the formal histories, is recorded in the official guidebooks of the reign./27/ Although the possibility of an evasion of government orders through payment of bribes existed, later
European travelers record that sati was not much practiced by the end of Aurangzeb's reign. As Ovington says in his Voyage to Surat: "Since the Mahometans became Masters of the Indies, this execrable custom is much abated, and almost laid aside, by the orders which nabobs receive for suppressing and extinguishing it in all their provinces. And now it is
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1079:. The victory of Aurangzeb proved this to be a poor decision by Dara Shikoh, who now had a defeated force on one front and a successful force unnecessarily pre-occupied on another. Realising that his recalled Bihar forces would not arrive at Agra in time to resist the emboldened Aurangzeb's advance, Dara scrambled to form alliances in order but found that Aurangzeb had already courted key potential candidates. When Dara's disparate, hastily concocted army clashed with Aurangzeb's well-disciplined, battle-hardened force at the
2096:
9175:, pp. 124, 126: "In November 1659, shortly after his formal coronation, Aurangzeb sent ... a diplomatic mission to Mecca ... entrusted with 630.000 rupees for the Sharif families of Mecca and Medina ... Aurangzeb sent another mission to Mecca in 1662 ... with presents worth 660,000 rupees ... Aurangzeb also sent considerable amount of money, through his own agents, to Mecca. In 1666 ... alms and offerings; ... six years later ... several lakhs of rupees; the money was to be spent in charity in Mecca and Medina."
1987:
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9498:, pp. 332–333: "Aurangzeb, who seized the Peacock throne from Shahjahan, was equally unwilling to acknowledge the Ottoman claim to the Khilafat. Hostile towards the Ottomans, the Emperor took every opportunity to support the opponents of the Ottoman regime. He cordially welcomed two rebel Governors of Basra and gave them and their dependents high mansabs in the imperial service. Aurangzeb also did not respond to Sultan Suleiman II's friendly overtures."
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2936:, reportedly the largest ship in the Muslim fleet, and its escorts in the process. When news of the capture reached the mainland, a livid Aurangzeb nearly ordered an armed attack against the English-governed city of Bombay, though he finally agreed to compromise after the Company promised to pay financial reparations, estimated at £600,000 by the Mughal authorities. Meanwhile, Aurangzeb shut down four of the English East India Company's
1626:
982:
2514:, or workshops for the artisans, particularly in textiles flourished by "employing hundreds of embroiderers, who were superintended by a master". He further writes how "Artisans manufacture of silk, fine brocade, and other fine muslins, of which are made turbans, robes of gold flowers, and tunics worn by females, so delicately fine as to wear out in one night, and cost even more if they were well embroidered with fine needlework".
4016:, also looking at the textbooks, and while noting that Akbar "is conveniently ignored and not mentioned in any school textbook from class one to matriculation", contrasts him with Aurangzeb, who "appears in different textbooks of Social Studies and Urdu language as an orthodox and pious Muslim copying the Holy Quran and sewing caps for his livelihood." This image of Aurangzeb is not limited to Pakistan's official historiography.
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1041:(Old Delhi). Rumours spread that Shah Jahan had died, which led to concerns among his younger sons. Subsequently, these younger sons took military actions seemingly in response but it is not known whether these preparations were made in the mistaken belief that the rumours of death of Shah Jahan were true and that Dara might be hiding it for political gain, or whether the challengers were taking advantage of the situation.
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also successfully used bribery to set the tribal chiefs against each other, thus fomenting so much mutual suspicion that they were too busy fighting each other to fight the Mughal Empire. This worked up to a point. But the resulting legacy of mistrust between the tribes destroyed any prospect that unified political institutions might slowly emerge or that the laws and government of the settled regions might be adopted.
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Aurangzeb dismounted from his elephant ride to recite prayer to the surprise of the opposing force commander. With the onset of winter, he and his father had to make an unsatisfactory deal with the Uzbeks. They had to give away territory in exchange for nominal recognition of Mughal sovereignty. The Mughal force suffered still further with attacks by Uzbeks and other tribesmen as it retreated through the snow to
2011:
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11805:, p. 115: citing a 2000 study, writes "Aurangzeb was perhaps no more culpable than most of the sultans before him; they desecrated the temples associated with Hindu power, not all temples. It is worth noting that, in contrast to the traditional claim of hundreds of Hindu temples having been destroyed by Aurangzeb, a recent study suggests a modest figure of eighty destructions."
3291:. But in a daring raid on the governor's palace in Pune during a midnight wedding celebration, led by Shivaji himself, the Marathas killed Shaista Khan's son and Shivaji maimed Shaista Khan by cutting off three fingers of his hand. Shaista Khan, however, survived and was re-appointed the administrator of Bengal going on to become a key commander in the war against the Ahoms.
2825:. The Sultan wished to gain his support in possible future expulsions of Dutch and English trading ships, as he was concerned with how they might impact the economy of the Maldives. However, as Aurangzeb did not possess a powerful navy and had no interest in providing support to Ibrahim in a possible future war with the Dutch or English, the request came to nothing.
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win over the theologians. A principal factor was the popular revulsion against his treatment of his brothers, Murad and Dara, both of whom had the reputation of being liberal patrons of the poor and needy. Aurangzeb was shocked when as the time of his second coronation in 1659, the chief qazi refused to crown him since his father was still alive.
3507:) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati. Although much weaker, the Ahom Army defeated the Mughal Army by brilliant uses of the terrain, clever diplomatic negotiations to buy time, guerrilla tactics, psychological warfare, military intelligence and by exploiting the sole weakness of the Mughal forces – its navy.
10841:, Gobind Singh opposes the emperor not because he is a Muslim, but condemns him because he had betrayed Islam by his deceit, unscrupulousness and intolerance. 'You, who profess belief in the one God and the Koran do not have at heart an atom of faith in them... You neither recognise any God, nor do you have any respect for Prophet Mohammed.'
1732:. As a political and religious conservative, Aurangzeb chose not to follow the secular-religious viewpoints of his predecessors after his ascension. He made no mention of the Persian concept of kinship, the Farr-i-Aizadi, and based his rule on the Quranic concept of kingship. Shah Jahan had already moved away from the liberalism of
7984:) used to be stamped on gold and silver coins, and such coins were constantly touched with the hands and feet of men; Aurangzib said that it would be better to stamp some other words ... The Emperor liked it and ordered that one face ... should be stamped with this verse and the other with the name of the mint-city and the year.
9260:... Aurangzeb and Dara Shukoh participated in Aceh's trade, and Aurangzeb even exchanged presents with Aceh's sultan in 1641. For two decades after the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Melaka in 1641, the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by restricting Muslim trade to Aceh. Angered by
2382:
3492:, who refused to pay further indemnity to the Mughals and during the wars that continued the Mughals suffered great hardships. Munnawar Khan emerged as a leading figure and is known to have supplied food to vulnerable Mughal forces in the region near Mathurapur. Although the Mughals under the command of Syed Firoz Khan the
8655:, (New York: George Braziller, 1978), pp. 112–113. "In spite of his later austerity, which turned him against music, dance, and painting, a few of the best Mughal paintings were made for 'Alamgir. Perhaps the painters realized that he might close the workshops and therefore exceeded themselves in his behalf".
3837: – which Aurangzeb had held at bay, inflicting high human and monetary costs even on his own empire – consolidated and launched effective invasions of Mughal territory, seizing power from the weak emperor. Within decades of Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Emperor had little power beyond the walls of Delhi.
2620:. Historian Naimur Rahman Farooqi writes that, "By 1694, Aurangzeb's ardour for the Sharifs of Mecca had begun to wane; their greed and rapacity had thoroughly disillusioned the Emperor ... Aurangzeb expressed his disgust at the unethical behavior of the Sharif who appropriated all the money sent to the
1051:, where he had been governor since 1637 crowned himself King at RajMahal. He brought his cavalry, artillery and river flotilla upriver towards Agra. Near Varanasi his forces confronted a defending army sent from Delhi under the command of Prince Sulaiman Shukoh, son of Dara Shukoh, and Raja Jai Singh.
8333:
Shayista Khan ... was appointed governor in 1664 and swept the region clean of
Portuguese and Arakanese pirates ... in 1666, he recaptured the port of Chittagong ... from the king of Arakan. A strategic outpost, Chittagong would remain the principal commercial port of call before entering the waters
7696:
In early 1670, soon after the ring-leader of these rebellions had been captured near
Mathura, Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of the city's Keshava Deva temple and built an Islamic structure ('īd-gāh) on its site ... Nine years later, the emperor ordered the destruction of several prominent temples
5755:
marched in the direction of
Bijapur and on reaching Bidar laid siege to it ... The Qiladar of the fort was Sidi Marjan ... were helped by an explosion of powder magazine in the fortress ... Sidi Marjan and two of his sons were badly burnt ... Thus was the fort of Bidar taken after a siege of 27 days
3919:
such as gambling, fornication, and consumption of alcohol and narcotics. At the same time, some historians question the historical authenticity of the claims of his critics, arguing that his destruction of temples has been exaggerated, and noting that he built more temples than he destroyed, paid for
3326:
left the Mughal court along with a few Muslim
Mansabdar supporters and joined Muslim rebels in the Deccan. Aurangzeb in response moved his court to Aurangabad and took over command of the Deccan campaign. The rebels were defeated and Akbar fled south to seek refuge with Sambhaji, Shivaji's successor.
1087:
Aurangzeb then broke his arrangement with Murad Baksh, which probably had been his intention all along. Instead of looking to partition the empire between himself and Murad, he had his brother arrested and imprisoned at
Gwalior Fort. Murad was executed on 4 December 1661, ostensibly for the murder of
1001:
says that "In the ultimate resort, connections among the powerful military leaders, and military strength and capacity the real arbiters". The contest for power was primarily between Dara Shikoh and
Aurangzeb because, although all four sons had demonstrated competence in their official roles, it was
521:
Under Aurangzeb's emperorship, the Mughals reached its greatest extent with their territory spanning nearly the entire Indian subcontinent. His reign is characterized by a period of rapid military expansion, with several dynasties and states being overthrown by the Mughals. The Mughals also surpassed
97:
3845:
Aurangzeb's rule has been the subject of both praise and controversy. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres, and he ruled over a population estimated to be over 158 million subjects. His critics argue that his ruthlessness and religious
3342:
and their Maratha forces fought individual battles against the forces of the Mughal Empire. Territory changed hands repeatedly during the years (1689–1707) of interminable warfare. As there was no central authority among the Marathas, Aurangzeb was forced to contest every inch of territory, at great
3210:, in order to avenge his father Gokula's death, plundered Akbar's tomb of its gold, silver and fine carpets, opened Akbar's grave and dragged his bones and burned them in retaliation. Jats also shot off the tops of the minarets on the gateway to Akbar's Tomb and melted down two silver doors from the
1841:
Aurangzeb issued land grants and provided funds for the maintenance of shrines of worship but also (often) ordered their destruction. Modern historians reject the thought-school of colonial and nationalist historians about these destruction being guided by religious zealotry; rather, the association
1837:
Aurangzeb also enforced a higher tax burden on Hindu merchants at the rate of 5% (as against 2.5% on Muslim merchants), which led to considerable dislike of Aurangzeb's economic policies; a sharp turn from Akbar's uniform tax code. According to Marc Jason Gilbert, Aurangzeb ordered the jizya fees to
1727:
Historian Katherine Brown has noted that "The very name of Aurangzeb seems to act in the popular imagination as a signifier of politico-religious bigotry and repression, regardless of historical accuracy." The subject has also resonated in modern times with popularly accepted claims that he intended
3310:
and fought off all attempts to relieve it. Foreseeing defeat, Shivaji agreed to terms. Jai Singh persuaded Shivaji to visit Aurangzeb at Agra, giving him a personal guarantee of safety. Their meeting at the Mughal court did not go well, however. Shivaji felt slighted at the way he was received, and
2624:
for his own use, thus depriving the needy and the poor." According to English traveller named John Fryar, Aurangzeb also consider that despite his enormous power on land, it is cheaper to establish reciprocal relation with the naval forces of Portuguese empire to secure the sea interest of ships in
1110:
and Dilir Khan submitted to Aurangzeb, but Dara's son, Suleiman Shikoh, escaped. Aurangzeb offered Shah Shuja the governorship of Bengal. This move had the effect of isolating Dara Shikoh and causing more troops to defect to Aurangzeb. Shah Shuja, who had declared himself emperor in Bengal began to
542:
Aurangzeb was the longest reigning Mughal Emperor. His empire was also one of the largest in Indian history. However, his emperorship has a complicated legacy. His critics, citing his actions against the non-Muslims and his conservative view of Islam, argue that he abandoned the legacy of pluralism
11016:
The situation deteriorated and matters came to a head in 1675, at the time of the last great Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb. He launched a terrible scorched earth policy, sending thousands of soldiers into the valleys, burning, despoiling, smashing villages and killing as many tribesmen as possible. He
6699:
Although Aurangzeb had not raised the slogan of defending Islam before the battle of Samugarh with Dara, and had tried to befriend the Rajput rajas as we have seen, there were a number of factors which make it necessary for Aurangzeb to present himself as the defender of the sharia, and to try and
3860:
religious tax on non-Muslims, doubling of custom duties on Hindus while abolishing it for Muslims, executions of Muslims and non-Muslims alike, and destruction of temples eventually led to numerous rebellions. G. N. Moin Shakir and Sarma Festschrift argue that he often used political opposition as
3800:
near Ahmednagar on 3 March 1707 at the age of 88, having outlived many of his children. He had only 300 rupees with him which were later given to charity as per his instructions and he prior to his death requested not to spend extravagantly on his funeral but to keep it simple. His modest open-air
972:
was captured by the Mughals and Aurangzeb continued his advance. Aurangzeb suspected Dara had exerted influence on his father. He believed that he was on the verge of victory in both instances, and was frustrated that Shah Jahan chose then to settle for negotiations with the opposing forces rather
11739:
Avari writes, "Aurangzeb's religious policy caused friction between him and the ninth Sikh guru, Tegh Bahadur. In both Punjab and Kashmir the Sikh leader was roused to action by Aurangzeb's excessively zealous Islamic policies. Seized and taken to Delhi, he was called upon by Aurangzeb to embrace
10581:
left Dacca on 1st November 1661 ... the Mughal army entered the capital of Kuch Bihar on 19th December ... The kingdom was annexed to the Mughal empire ... Mir Jumla set out for the conquest of Assam on 4th January, 1662 ... triumphantly marched into Garh-gaon the Ahom capital on 17th March. Raja
3774:
The conquest of the Deccan, to which Aurangzeb devoted the last twenty-six years of his life, was in many ways a Pyrrhic victory, costing an estimated hundred thousand lives a year during its last decade of fruitless, chess-game warfare ... The expense in gold and rupees can hardly be imagined or
3685:
was particularly disastrous. By 1674, the situation had deteriorated to a point where Aurangzeb camped at Attock to personally take charge. Switching to diplomacy and bribery along with force of arms, the Mughals eventually split the rebels and partially suppressed the revolt, although they never
3669:
Aurangzeb's incursions into the Pashtun areas were described by Khushal Khan Khattak as "Black is the Mughal's heart towards all of us Pathans". Aurangzeb employed the scorched earth policy, sending soldiers who massacred, looted and burnt many villages. Aurangzeb also proceeded to use bribery to
3586:, Guru Tegh Bahadur sent a message to the emperor that if he could convert Teg Bagadur to Islam, every Hindu will become a Muslim. In response, Aurangzeb ordered arrest of the Guru. He was then brought to Delhi and tortured so as to convert him. On his refusal to convert, he was beheaded in 1675.
3378:
was sacked twice by the Marathas during the reign of Aurangzeb and the valuable port was in ruins. Matthew White estimates that about 2.5 million of Aurangzeb's army were killed during the Mughal–Maratha Wars (100,000 annually during a quarter-century), while 2 million civilians in war-torn lands
2421:
Aurangzeb was not as involved in architecture as his father. Under Aurangzeb's rule, the position of the Mughal Emperor as chief architectural patron began to diminish. However, Aurangzeb did endow some significant structures. Catherine Asher terms his architectural period as an "Islamization" of
1926:
In an order specific to Benaras, Aurangzeb invokes Sharia to declare that Hindus will be granted state-protection and temples won't be razed (but prohibits construction of any new temple); other orders to similar effect can be located. Richard Eaton, upon a critical evaluation of primary sources,
1137:
On 10 August 1659, Dara was executed on grounds of apostasy and his head was sent to Shah Jahan. This was the first prominent execution of Aurangzeb based on accusations of being influenced by Hinduism, however some sources argue it was done for political reasons. Aurangzeb had his allied brother
1083:
in late May, neither Dara's men nor his generalship were any match for Aurangzeb. Dara had also become over-confident in his own abilities and, by ignoring advice not to lead in battle while his father was alive, he cemented the idea that he had usurped the throne. "After the defeat of Dara, Shah
6741:
More importantly, though, the fact that Aurangzeb did not order a universal ban on music lends support to the idea that his regime was less intolerant and repressive than has been widely believed in the past...Thus, the overwhelming evidence against a ban on musical practice in Aurangzeb's reign
3816:
Brown writes that after his death, "a string of weak emperors, wars of succession, and coups by noblemen heralded the irrevocable weakening of Mughal power". She notes that the populist but "fairly old-fashioned" explanation for the decline is that there was a reaction to Aurangzeb's oppression.
890:
tribes. The Mughal artillery and muskets were matched by the skirmishing skills of their opponents which led to a stalemate. Aurangzeb discovered that his army could not live off the land, which was devastated by war. It is recorded that during the battle against the Uzbeks during this campaign,
938:
revenue system used in northern India. Murshid Quli Khan organised a survey of agricultural land and a tax assessment on what it produced. To increase revenue, Murshid Quli Khan granted loans for seed, livestock, and irrigation infrastructure. This led the Deccan region to return to prosperity.
865:
In 1645, he was barred from the court for seven months. It is reported that he mentioned his grief about this to fellow Mughal commanders. Thereafter, Shah Jahan appointed him governor of Gujarat. His rule in Gujarat was marked with religious disputes but he was rewarded for bringing stability.
914:
which they had recently retaken after a decade of Mughal control, both ended in failure as winter approached. The logistical problems of supplying an army at the extremity of the empire, combined with the poor quality of armaments and the intransigence of the opposition have been cited by John
11833:
Nobody knows the exact number of temples demolished or pillaged on Aurangzeb's orders, and we never will. Richard Eaton, the leading authority on the subject, puts the number of confirmed temple destructions during Aurangzeb's rule at just over a dozen, with fewer tied to the emperor's direct
6526:
Aurangzeb was most forthright in his efforts to stop sati. According to Manucci, on his return from Kashmir in December, 1663, he "issued an order that in all lands under Mughal control, never again should the officials allow a woman to be burnt." Manucci adds that "This order endures to this
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8266:
Bernier reported that the emperor Aurangzeb inspected his contingents of cavalry every day. During these inspections, "the King takes pleasure also in having the blades of cutlasses tried on dead sheep, brought before him without the entrails and neatly bound up. Young Omrahs, Mansebdars and
1751:
or secular decrees could supersede sharia. The chief qazi refusing to crown him in 1659, Aurangzeb had a political need to present himself as a "defender of the sharia" due to popular opposition to his actions against his father and brothers. Despite claims of sweeping edicts and policies,
1002:
around these two that the supporting cast of officials and other influential people mostly circulated. There were ideological differences – Dara was an intellectual and a religious liberal in the mould of Akbar, while Aurangzeb was much more conservative – but, as historians
2691:
and the Mughal Empire had long clashed over Kandahar, an outpost on the distant frontier of their two empires. Control of the city swung back and forth. Aurangzeb led two unsuccessful campaigns to recapture it 1649 and 1652. Mughal attempts died down after 1653 amidst internal rivalries.
2699:
sent an embassy in 1661. Aurangzeb received the ambassador warmly and they exchanged gifts. A return embassy sent by Aurangzeb to Persia in 1664 was poorly treated. Tensions over Kandahar rose again. There were cross border raids, but hostilities subsided after Abbas II's death in 1666.
2289:
hill over 400 ft high with an enormous eight-mile long wall enclosing the city. The main gates of Golconda had the ability to repulse any war elephant attack. Although the Qutbshahis maintained the impregnability of their walls, at night Aurangzeb and his infantry erected complex
1675:
2944:
by a rioting mob), and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India until Every was captured. The Lords Justices of England offered a bounty for Every's apprehension, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. However, Every successfully eluded capture.
933:
and Gujarat in order to maintain the administration. The situation caused ill-feeling between him and his father Shah Jahan who insisted that things could be improved if Aurangzeb made efforts to develop cultivation. Aurangzeb appointed Murshid Quli Khan to extend to the Deccan the
1895:
at Varanasi, which was established by Raja Man Singh, whose grandson Jai Singh was believed to have facilitated Shivaji's escape. After the Jat rebellion in Mathura (early 1670), which killed the patron of the town-mosque, Aurangzeb suppressed the rebels and ordered for the city's
2652:
trying to disrupt the trade in Aceh to make their own Malaka trade lucrative, Aurangzeb threatened the Dutch with retaliation against any losses in Gujarat due to Dutch intervention. This effort were caused due to VOC realization that Muslim tradings were damaging to the VOC. The
2907:. In 1690, realising the war was not going favourably for them, the Company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's camp to plead for a pardon. The company's envoys prostrated themselves before the emperor, agreed pay a large indemnity, and promise to refrain from such actions in the future.
2762:
7509:
he kept changing his policies depending on the needs of the situation ... he had put a brake on the construction of new temples but the repair and maintenance of old temples was permitted. He also generously donated jagirs to many temples to win the sympathies of the people ...
2258:(the ruler of Bijapur) who refused to be a vassal. The Mughals could not make any advancements upon Bijapur Fort, mainly because of the superior usage of cannon batteries on both sides. Outraged by the stalemate Aurangzeb himself arrived on 4 September 1686 and commanded the
3535:
sect, obeying the commands of an old toothless woman (according to Mughal accounts), organised a revolt in the agricultural heartlands of the Mughal Empire. The Satnamis were known to have shaved off their heads and even eyebrows and had temples in many regions of
1010:
say, "To focus on divergent philosophies neglects the fact that Dara was a poor general and leader. It also ignores the fact that factional lines in the succession dispute were not, by and large, shaped by ideology." Marc Gaborieau, professor of Indian studies at
3472:
The Mughals set out in November 1661. Within weeks they occupied the capital of Kuch Behar, which they annexed. Leaving a detachment to garrison it, the Mughal army began to retake their territories in Assam. Mir Jumla II advanced on Garhgaon, the capital of the
526:
as the world's largest economy and biggest manufacturing power. The Mughal military gradually improved and became one of the strongest armies in the world. A staunch Muslim, Aurangzeb is credited with the construction of numerous mosques and patronizing works of
543:
and tolerance of the earlier Mughal emperors. Others, however, reject these assertions, arguing that he opposed bigotry against Hindus, Sikhs and Shia Muslims and that he employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors.
4482:
Regarding the tokenistic aspect of Shah Jahan's actions to strengthen Islam in his empire, Satish Chandra says, "We may conclude that Shah Jahan tried to effect a compromise. While formally declaring the state to be an Islamic one, showing respect to the
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Multiple interpretations of Aurangzeb's life and reign over the years by critics have led to a very complicated legacy. Some argue that his policies abandoned his predecessors' legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance, citing his introduction of the
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or the ruler of the Maratha Kingdom in 1674. Shivaji expanded Maratha control throughout the Deccan until his death in 1680. Shivaji was succeeded by his son, Sambhaji. Militarily and politically, Mughal efforts to control the Deccan continued to fail.
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With Shuja and Murad disposed of, and with his father immured in Agra, Aurangzeb pursued Dara Shikoh, chasing him across the north-western bounds of the empire. Aurangzeb claimed that Dara was no longer a Muslim and accused him of poisoning the Mughal
11736:, pp. 398–399. According to Abraham Eraly, "in 1670, all temples around Ujjain were destroyed" and later "300 temples were destroyed in and around Chitor, Udaipur and Jaipur" among other Hindu temples destroyed elsewhere in campaigns through 1705.
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in February 1658, the army sent to deal with Murad discovered to their surprise that he and Aurangzeb had combined their forces, the two brothers having agreed to partition the empire once they had gained control of it. The two armies clashed at
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Aurangzeb was more heavily involved in the repair and maintenance of previously existing structures. The most important of these were mosques, both Mughal and pre-Mughal, which he repaired more of than any of his predecessors. He patronised the
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The battle of Saraighat was the last battle in the last major attempt by the Mughals to extend their empire into Assam. Though the Mughals managed to regain Guwahati briefly after a later Borphukan deserted it, the Ahoms wrested control in the
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learnt that in Multan and Thatta in Sind, and especially at Varanasi, Brahmins attracted a large number of Muslims to their discourses. Aurangzeb ... ordered the governors of all these provinces 'to demolish the schools and temples of the
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should not be stamped on coins, as done in former times, because they were constantly touched by the hands and feet of people. His coins had the name of the mint city and the year of issue on one face, and, the following couplet on other:
1799:. Aurangzeb had also banned the celebration of the Zoroastrian festival of Nauroz along with other un-Islamic ceremonies, and encouraged conversions to Islam; instances of persecution against particular Muslim factions were also reported.
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3833:, the second son of Aurangzeb. Both because of Aurangzeb's over-extension and because of Bahadur Shah's weak military and leadership qualities, entered a period of terminal decline. Immediately after Bahadur Shah occupied the throne, the
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The textile industry in the Mughal Empire emerged very firmly during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and was particularly well noted by Francois Bernier, a French physician of the Mughal Emperor. Francois Bernier writes how
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After regaining some of his health, Shah Jahan moved to Agra and Dara urged him to send forces to challenge Shah Shuja and Murad, who had declared themselves rulers in their respective territories. While Shah Shuja was defeated at
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requested Aurangzeb to open Russo-Mughal trade relations in the late 17th century. In 1696 Aurangzeb received his envoy, Semyon Malenkiy, and allowed him to conduct free trade. After staying for six years in India, and visiting
725:, who had attacked another territory in defiance of Shah Jahan's policy and was refusing to atone for his actions. By arrangement, Aurangzeb stayed in the rear, away from the fighting, and took the advice of his generals as the
634:, as part of their father's pardon deal. After Jahangir died in 1627, Shah Jahan emerged victorious in the ensuing war of succession to the Mughal throne. Aurangzeb and his brother were consequently reunited with Shah Jahan in
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a dominant force in his reign. However these efforts brought him into conflict with the forces that were opposed to this revival. Aurangzeb was a follower of the Mujaddidi Order and a disciple of the son of the Punjabi saint,
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in May 1658 cemented his sovereignty and his suzerainty was acknowledged throughout the Empire. After Shah Jahan recovered from illness in July 1658, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and imprisoned his father in the
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was of the view that there was greater degree of freedom under Mughal rule than the British rule and asks that "in Aurangzeb's time a Shivaji could flourish. Has one hundred and fifty years of the British rule produced any
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By 1689, the conquest of Golconda, Mughal victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres, with a population estimated to be over 158 million. But this supremacy was short-lived.
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stampeded through the Mughal imperial encampment. Aurangzeb rode against the elephant and threw his spear at its head. He was unhorsed but escaped death. For his courage, Aurangzeb's father conferred on him the title of
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The Satnamis believed they were invulnerable to Mughal bullets and believed they could multiply in any region they entered. The Satnamis initiated their march upon Delhi and overran small-scale Mughal infantry units.
2533:, in which fabrics are painted or block-printed, was a technique that originally came from Persia. Francois Bernier provided some of the first, impressive descriptions of the designs and the soft, delicate texture of
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Three days later Aurangzeb turned fifteen. Shah Jahan weighed him and presented him with his weight in gold along with other presents worth Rs. 200,000. His bravery against the elephant was documented in Persian and
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upon Aurangzeb's decree. Its architecture displays clear inspiration from the Taj Mahal. Aurangzeb also provided and repaired urban structures like fortifications (for example a wall around Aurangabad, many of whose
3662:. The Safi tribes retaliated against the soldiers. This attack provoked a reprisal, which triggered a general revolt of most of tribes. Attempting to reassert his authority, Amir Khan led a large Mughal Army to the
2202:, Aurangzeb established direct control over that part of the empire and loyal subjects such as Deldan Namgyal agreed to pledge tribute and loyalty. Deldan Namgyal is also known to have constructed a Grand Mosque in
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turn the Pashtun tribes against each other, with the aim that they would distract a unified Pashtun challenge to Mughal authority, and the impact of this was to leave a lasting legacy of mistrust among the tribes.
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Even when ill and dying, Aurangzeb made sure that the populace knew he was still alive, for if they had thought otherwise then the turmoil of another war of succession was likely. He died at his military camp in
2298:. Eventually, Aurangzeb and his forces managed to penetrate the walls by capturing a gate, and their entry into the fort led Abul Hasan Qutb Shah to surrender; he died after twelve years of Mughal imprisonment.
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Most of Aurangzeb's building activity revolved around mosques, but secular structures were not neglected. The Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad, the mausoleum of Rabia-ud-Daurani, was constructed by his eldest son
4513:; more links at the bottom of that page. For Muslim historian's record on major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 AD, see Richard Eaton (2000), "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States",
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Although Aurangzeb died without appointing a successor, he instructed his three sons to divide the empire among themselves. His sons failed to reach a satisfactory agreement and fought against each other in a
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very rare, except it be some Rajah's wives, that the Indian women burn at all; /27/ Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib (Calcutta, 1916), III, 92. /28/ John Ovington, A Voyage to Surat (London, 1929), p.
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was similarly treated, after it was found that its ruler had built it to hide revenues from the state; however desecration of mosques are rare due to their complete lack of political capital contra temples.
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complex in Delhi. However, his constant warfare, especially with the Marathas, drove his empire to the brink of bankruptcy just as much as the wasteful personal spending and opulence of his predecessors.
997:, the systematic passing of rule, upon an emperor's death, to his eldest son. Instead it was customary for sons to overthrow their father and for brothers to war to the death among themselves. Historian
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It is reported that Aurangzeb always inspected his cavalry contingents every day, while testing his cutlasses sheep carcass, brought before him without the entrails and neatly bound up, in one strike.
3214:. Aurangzeb appointed Mohammad Bidar Bakht as commander to crush the Jat rebellion. On 4 July 1688, Raja Ram Jat was captured and beheaded. His head was sent to Aurangzeb as proof of his beheading.
2641:. Aurangzeb, and his brother, Dara Shikoh, participated with Aceh trade and Aurangzeb himself also exchanging presents with the Sultan of Aceh in 1641. In that year, it is recorded the daughter of
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of 10,000 troops, artillery, and a detachment of his imperial guards. Aurangzeb wrote Islamic prayers and drew designs that were sewn into the army's flags. His army crushed the Satnami rebellion.
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2281:, which was then probably the world's most productive diamond mine, and an important economic asset. In 1687, Aurangzeb led his grand Mughal army against the Deccan Qutbshahi fortress during the
929:(land grants) were moved there as a consequence of his return. The Deccan was a relatively impoverished area, this caused him to lose out financially. The area required grants were required from
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Historians have interpreted this as an unjust slur against his brothers. Shuja had also faced the elephant and wounded it with his spear. Dara had been too far away to come to their assistance.
3203:. By the year 1670 20,000 Jat rebels were quelled and the Mughal Army took control of Tilpat, Gokula's personal fortune amounted to 93,000 gold coins and hundreds of thousands of silver coins.
2837:. He often supported the Ottoman Empire's enemies, extending cordial welcome to two rebel Governors of Basra, and granting them and their families a high status in the imperial service. Sultan
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The whole country was soon occupied by the imperialists, anarchy and slaughter were let loose upon the doomed state; all great towns in the village were pillaged; the temples were thrown down
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counts 15 temples to have been destroyed during Aurangzeb's reign. Ian Copland and others reiterate Iqtidar Alam Khan who notes that, overall, Aurangzeb built more temples than he destroyed.
4487:, and observing its injunctions in his personal life, he did not reject any of the liberal measures of Akbar. ... Shah Jahan's compromise was based not on principle but on expediency."
10994:'Black is the Mughal's heart towards all us Pathans', complained the Pushto poet Khushal Khan Khattak about Aurangzeb's incursions in the tribal regions of the northwest frontier of India.
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Kulkarni, G. T. "Some Observations on the Medieval History of the Deccan." Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, vol. 34, no. 1/4, 1974, pp. 101–102. JSTOR,
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in Tamil Nadu. Aurangzeb waged continuous war in the Deccan for more than two decades with no resolution. He thus lost about a fifth of his army fighting rebellions led by the Marathas in
2680:'s Uzbek ruler was the first to recognise him in 1658 and requested for a general alliance, he worked alongside the new Mughal Emperor since 1647, when Aurangzeb was the Subedar of Balkh.
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Gourze-berdars or mace bearers, exercise their skill and put forth all their strength to cut through the four feet, which are fastened together, and the body of the sheep at one blow."...
3618:, which accused Aurangzeb of cruelty and betraying Islam. The letter caused him much distress and remorse. Guru Gobind Singh's formation of Khalsa in 1699 led to the establishment of the
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Aurangzeb's shift from conventional warfare to anti-insurgency in the Deccan region shifted the paradigm of Mughal military thought. There were conflicts between Marathas and Mughals in
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Islam and, on refusal, was tortured for five days and then beheaded in November 1675. Two of the ten Sikh gurus thus died as martyrs at the hands of the Mughals. (Avari (2013), p. 115)
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were not affected. In around 1679, he ordered destruction of several prominent temples, including those of Khandela, Udaipur, Chittor and Jodhpur, which were patronaged by rebels. The
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Between 1679 and 1707, the number of Hindu officials in the Mughal administration rose by half, to represent 31.6% of Mughal nobility, the highest in the Mughal era. Many of them were
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1134:. After a series of battles, defeats and retreats, Dara was betrayed by one of his generals, who arrested and bound him. In 1658, Aurangzeb arranged his formal coronation in Delhi.
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As a Mughal prince, Aurangzeb received an education covering subjects like combat, military strategy, and administration. His curriculum also included areas like Islamic studies,
3809:, Maharashtra expresses his deep devotion to his Islamic beliefs. It is sited in the courtyard of the shrine of the Sufi saint Shaikh Burhan-u'd-din Gharib, who was a disciple of
671:
If the fight had ended fatally for me it would not have been a matter of shame. Death drops the curtain even on emperors; it is no dishonor. The shame lay in what my brothers did!
9948:, p. 131: Crisis arose in the north among the Jat agriculturists dissatisfied with punitive imperial taxation ... The first to rebel against the Mughals were the Hindu Jats.
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of these provinces to demolish the schools and the temples of non-Muslims. Aurangzeb also ordered subahdars to punish Muslims who dressed like non-Muslims. The executions of the
2359:. This had the effect of dispersing the court atelier to other regional courts. Being religious he encouraged Islamic calligraphy. His reign also saw the building of the Lahore
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Contemporary court-chronicles mention hundreds of temple which were demolished by Aurangzab or his chieftains, upon his order. In September 1669, he ordered the destruction of
993:. This had caused resentment among the younger three, who sought at various times to strengthen alliances between themselves and against Dara. There was no Mughal tradition of
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sect of Musta'lī Islam Syedna Qutubkhan Qutubuddin was executed by Aurangzeb, then governor of Gujarat, for heresy; on 27 Jumadil Akhir 1056 AH (1648 AD), Ahmedabad, India.
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To start with, Aurangzeb gradually transformed the system of governance as per the dictates of Shariah ... He curbed practices of gambling, drinking, music and prostitution
2321:, the personal physician to Aurangzeb, observed Mughal gun-carriages each drawn by two horses, an improvement over the bullock-drawn gun-carriages used elsewhere in India.
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was not much practised in Mughal empire, and that Sati was "very rare, except it be some Rajah's wives, that the Indian women burn at all" by the end of Aurangzeb's reign.
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bear testimony to Aurangzeb's religious policy; the former was beheaded on multiple accounts of heresy, the latter, according to Sikhs, because he objected to Aurangzeb's
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wrote that, due to his reversal of the cultural and religious syncretism of the previous Mughal emperors, Aurangzeb acted "more as a Moslem than an Indian ruler", while
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reinforcements arrived to bolster the Tibetan position. At the same time, however, a letter was sent from the governor of Kashmir claiming the Mughals had defeated the
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as his successor, a move repudiated by Aurangzeb, who proclaimed himself emperor in February 1658. In April 1658, Aurangzeb defeated the allied army of Shikoh and the
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Sarkar, J. N. (1992), "Chapter VIII Assam-Mughal Relations", in Barpujari, H. K., The Comprehensive History of Assam 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 148–256
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2541:, which were very valued for their warmth and comfort among the Mughals, and how these textiles and shawls eventually began to find their way to France and England.
1146:. Having secured his position, Aurangzeb confined his frail father at the Agra Fort but did not mistreat him. Shah Jahan was cared for by Jahanara and died in 1666.
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include the ones from the temples of Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain), Balaji temple (Chitrakut), Umanand temples (Guwahati) and Jain temples of Shatrunjaya. Also there are
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where we can read that, under Aurangzeb, "Pakistan spirit gathered in strength", while his death "weakened the Pakistan spirit." Another historian from Pakistan,
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In gold there is no more type. In silver some other types like Abu al Muzaffar Muhiuddin/ Muhammad (and date) / Bahadur Alamgir/ Aurangzeb/ Badshah Ghazi or ...
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3060:, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or opposition, gave them both recognition and military experience.
1906:. In 1672–73, Aurangzeb ordered the resumption of all grants held by Hindus throughout the empire, though this was not followed absolutely in regions such as
2841:'s friendly postures were ignored by Aurangzeb. The Sultan urged Aurangzeb to wage holy war against Christians. However, Aurangzeb were granted as patron of
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celebrations, musics, and also abolished the customs of bowing and kissing the ground which were done by his predecessors, practically adhering practice of
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that allowed them to scale the high walls. During the eight-month siege the Mughals faced many hardships including the death of their experienced commander
778:, posthumously known as Rabia-ud-Daurani. She was his first wife and chief consort as well as his favourite. He also had an infatuation with a slave girl,
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968:(governor or captain) of the fortified city, Sidi Marjan, was mortally wounded when a gunpowder magazine exploded. After twenty-seven days of fighting,
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895:. By the end of this two-year campaign, into which Aurangzeb had been plunged at a late stage, a vast sum of money had been expended for little gain.
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took advantage of the disturbed conditions in the Mughal Empire, had invaded imperial dominions. For three years they were not attacked, but in 1660
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has compilled that the opinions from Islamic scholarly community towards Aurangzeb were positive for the emperor general attitude such as abolished
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After that the revolt spread, with the Mughals suffering a near total collapse of their authority in the Pashtun belt. The closure of the important
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Some follow the Indian line that Aurangzeb was a straight-up bigot, whereas others view him as one of the few truly righteous Muslim rulers of old.
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9558:"Asia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia | Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World"
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at Guwahati were overrun by two Ahom armies in 1667, but they continued to hold and maintain presence in their eastern territories even after the
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and Shivaji?" Other historians also noting that there are Hindu temples built during Aurangzeb reign, while he also employed significantly more
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their maintenance, employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors, and opposed bigotry against Hindus and
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12360:. Cambridge Library Collection – Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. 2013. pp. 174–180.
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Modern Asian Studies 1988, p. 308; Cambridge University Press Online Journals. Asia Shah Jahan, 1975, p. 131, Henry Miers Elliot – Mogul Empire
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The battle of Saraighat was fought in 1671 between the Mughal empire (led by the Kachwaha king, Raja Ramsingh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by
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in Lahore, which is today one of the largest mosques in the Indian subcontinent. The mosque he constructed in Srinagar is still the largest in
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in 1690, seeking assistance in driving out "Qirkhiz infidels" (meaning the Buddhist Dzungars), who "had acquired dominance over the country".
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contradictory accounts exist. Historian Katherine Brown has argued that Aurangzeb never imposed a complete ban on music. He sought to codify
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4651:... Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I ( Conqueror of the Universe ) , more commonly known as Aurangzeb , the 6th Mughal Emperor ruled from 1658 to
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Sohoni, P., 2016. A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb's Architectural Patronage. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 4(2), pp. 63–69.
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owing to his illness, which daily increased. At Baritalā he embarked in a boat and glided down the river toward Dacca, dying on 31st March.
3736:, says that "... the highpoint of imperial centralisation under emperor Aurangzeb coincided with the start of the imperial downfall."
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making skills advanced during the 17th century. One of the most impressive Mughal cannons is known as the Zafarbaksh, which is a very rare
2731:'s letter which urged the protection of French merchants from various rebels in the Deccan. In response to the letter, Aurangzeb issued a
1760:. It is possible the War of Succession and continued incursions combined with Shah Jahan's spending made cultural expenditure impossible.
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Upon ascending the throne, Aurangzeb was eager to obtain diplomatic recognition from the Safavids to bolster the legitimacy of his rule.
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3363:. He travelled a long distance to the Deccan to conquer the Marathas and eventually died at the age of 88, still fighting the Marathas.
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Aurangzeb's exchequer raised a record £100 million in annual revenue through various sources like taxes, customs and land revenue,
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Aurangzeb became viceroy of the Deccan again after he was replaced by Dara Shukoh in the attempt to recapture Kandahar. Aurangbad's two
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in Rajasthan that had become associated with imperial enemies. These included temples in Khandela ... Jodhpur ... Udaipur and Chitor.
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Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth: the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals
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Jayadhwaj ... had fled .. The spoils ... 82 elephants, 3 lakhs of rupees in cash, ... over a thousand bots, and 173 stores of paddy.
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activities in Islam. Although Aurangzeb suppressed several local revolts, he maintained cordial relations with foreign governments.
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9510:, p. 151: "Suleiman II even solicited Aurangzeb's support against the Christians and urged him to wage holy war against them."
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Although Aurangzeb's orders could be evaded with payment of bribes to officials, adds Ikram, later European travellers record that
2771:, was a French physician and traveller, who for 12 years was the personal physician of Aurangzeb. He described his experiences in
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958:). This proposal would also extend Mughal influence by accruing more lands. Aurangzeb advanced against the Sultan of Bijapur and
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The Different aspects of Islamic culture: Islam in the World today; Retrospective of the evolution of Islam and the Muslim world
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9610:(2009). "Piracy in the Public Sphere: The Henry Every Trials and the Battle for Meaning in Seventeenth-Century Print Culture".
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was the warrior from Bundela Rajput clan, who fought against the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, and established his own kingdom in
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Jahan was imprisoned in the fort of Agra where he spent eight long years under the care of his favourite daughter Jahanara."
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Sir Charles Fawcett: The Travels of the Abbarrn India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674 Hakluyt Society, London, 1947, p. 167.
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in Golconda to recover forts lost to the Maratha rebels. Shaista Khan drove into Maratha territory and took up residence in
2845:, and sending the Sherif at that time with richly laden mission, which at that time were under the jurisdiction of Ottoman.
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Map of the Mughal Empire by Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) of Venice, who served as Royal Geographer to Louis XIV of France.
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It has however been argued that the Mughal emperor had political motives for this particular execution. See the article on
3488:, in March 1663, Mir Jumla II died of natural causes. Skirmishes continued between the Mughals and Ahoms after the rise of
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dispatched an embassy to India in 1664–65 to congratulate Aurangzeb upon his accession to the throne of the Mughal Empire.
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insulted Aurangzeb by refusing imperial service. For this affront he was detained, but managed to effect a daring escape.
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was executed by Aurangzeb. In a sham trial, he was found guilty of murder and violence, atrocities against the Muslims of
770:, the emperor dispatched Aurangzeb, who in 1636 brought the Nizam Shahi dynasty to an end. In 1637, Aurangzeb married the
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12142:... الطنطاوي بأنه "بقية الخلفاء الراشدين"، وقد كان على دراية كاملة بمخططات الهندوس والشيعة، خصوصا الأفغان منهم، فحارب ...
10005:"The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India, Volume 2"
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1998:
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drive, as "conceptually ... a spiritual descendent of Aurangzeb" because Zia had an orthodox, legalistic view of Islam.
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of the thinker, says that "Iqbal considered that the life and activities of Aurangzeb constituted the starting point of
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1111:
annex more territory and this prompted Aurangzeb to march from Punjab with a new and large army that fought during the
12812:
3355:. The Marathas also expanded further South into Southern India defeating the independent local rulers there capturing
2430:(Pearl Mosque), built for his personal use in the Red Fort complex of Delhi. He later ordered the construction of the
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12910:
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Quote: "In 1669 the demolition of Hindu temples and building of mosques in Mathura led to a Jat uprising under Gokla"
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Khan, Iqtidar Alam (January–February 2001). "State in the Mughal India: Re-Examining the Myths of a Counter-Vision".
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4637:
4302:(15 February 1638 – 26 May 1702). She poet and was imprisoned by her father. She never married or had children; With
4160:
The epithet Aurangzeb means 'Ornament of the Throne'. His chosen title Alamgir translates to Conqueror of the World.
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bigotry made him unsuitable to rule the mixed population of his empire. Some critics assert that the persecution of
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rebelled when Aurangzeb did not give permission to make the young Rathore prince the king and took direct command of
2927:
2838:
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9117:
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Aurangzeb had a more austere nature than his predecessors, and greatly reduced imperial patronage of the figurative
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Aurangzeb was an orthodox Muslim ruler. Subsequent to the policies of his three predecessors, he endeavored to make
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11304:
Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign".
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Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign".
6544:
Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign".
5439:
Brown, Katherine Butler (January 2007). "Did Aurangzeb Ban Music? Questions for the Historiography of his Reign".
4000:
Beyond the individual appreciations, Aurangzeb is seminal to Pakistan's national self-consciousness, as historian
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1971:
from 24 provinces. He had an annual yearly revenue of $ 450 million, more than ten times that of his contemporary
1709:, a Hindu practice to burn a widow whenever her husband passed away. Ikram recorded that Aurangzeb issued decree:
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gathered and commenced the siege of Orchha in 1635. The campaign was successful and Singh was removed from power.
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Which is derived from his title, Abu al-Muzaffar Muhi-ad-Din Muhammad Bahadur Alamgir Aurangzeb Badshah al-Ghazi.
4248:
4027:(BJP), Hindutva proponents and some others outside Hindutva ideology regard Aurangzeb as Muslim zealot in India.
4005:
2983:
1817:
Shortly after coming to power, Aurangzeb remitted more than 80 long-standing taxes affecting all of his subjects.
1644:, who were his political allies. However, Aurangzeb encouraged high ranking Hindu officials to convert to Islam.
989:
The four sons of Shah Jahan all held governorships during their father's reign. The emperor favoured the eldest,
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11988:
Haroon Khalid (1 October 2018), "In India and Pakistan, religion makes one country's hero the other's villain",
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Husain, S.M. Azizuddin (1 July 2000). "Jizya – Its Reimposition During the Reign of Aurangzeb: An Examination".
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14052:
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13417:
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Hasan, Farhat (16 May 2019). "Nationalist representations of the Mughal state: The views of Tilak and Gandhi".
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Mir Jumla was appointed governor of Bengal (June 1660) and ordered to punish the kings of Kuch Bihar and Assam.
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The Emperor's name and title were proclaimed in the pulpit as Abu al-Muzaffar Bahadur ' Alamgir Badshah i Ghazi
4336:(Persian: مهرالنسا بیگم; 28 September 1661 – 2 April 1706). Married once and had 2 sons; With Aurangabadi Mahal
4272:
3133:, a sect concentrated in an area near Delhi, under the leadership of Bhirbhan, took over the administration of
3126:, resulting in the loss of Mughal power in the region and religious bitterness over the destruction of temples.
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1131:
1026:. Later in the same campaign, Aurangzeb, in turn, rode against an army consisting of 8,000 horsemen and 20,000
825:
344:
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Al-Sultan al-Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Hazrat Abul Muzaffar Muhy-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb Bahadur Alamgir I
15492:
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14953:
14502:
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12506:هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء
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of Kabul, was triggered when soldiers under the orders of the Mughal Governor Amir Khan allegedly molested a
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cost in lives and money. Even as Aurangzeb drove west, deep into Maratha territory – notably conquering
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915:
Richards as the reasons for failure. A third attempt in 1653, led by Dara Shikoh, met with the same outcome.
782:, whose death at a young age greatly affected him. In his old age, he was under the charms of his concubine,
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Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia
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Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, Rajputs,
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3955:, considered the spiritual founder of Pakistan, admired Aurangzeb. Iqbal Singh Sevea, in his book on the
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The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America
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12597:"Effects of social reforms of shaykh Ahmad sirhindi (1564–1624) on Muslim society in the sub continent"
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4260:(14 October 1643 – 27 February 1712). Mughal Emperor, conspired to overthrow his tounger brother; With
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3137:, but they were eventually crushed upon Aurangzeb's personal intervention with very few escaping alive.
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2438:. Aurangzeb had a palace constructed for himself in Aurangabad, which was extant till a few years ago.
477:) and gained recognition as an accomplished military commander. Aurangzeb served as the viceroy of the
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1820:
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In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, eight-year-old Aurangzeb and his brother
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Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent
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9859:
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5770:"Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh's fight for the throne was entwined with the rivalry of their two sisters"
4536:, Professor Muhammad al-Munajjid on his online correspondence has answered that he based his opinion
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While Aurangzeb and his brother Shah Shuja had been fighting against each other, the Hindu rulers of
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Whilst constructing mosques were considered an act of royal duty to subjects, there are also several
17:
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7259:"The Afterlives of Aurangzeb: Jizya, Social Domination and the Meaning of Constitutional Secularism"
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held for murder, judged and then executed. Aurangzeb was accused of poisoning his imprisoned nephew
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2888:. This war ended in disaster for the English after Aurangzeb in 1689 dispatched a large fleet from
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Aurangzeb's imperial bureaucracy employed significantly more Hindus than that of his predecessors.
1450:
597:
157:
12046:
Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India
11006:
Omrani, Bijan (July 2009). "The Durand Line: History and Problems of the Afghan-Pakistan Border".
7583:
Subodh, Sanjay (2001). "Temples Rulers and Historians' Dilemma: Understanding the Medieval Mind".
6859:
5559:
5514:
M. S. Commissariat: Mandelslo's Travels In Western India, Asian Educational Services, 1995, p. 57.
3971:, the founder of Pakistan, to be the greatest Muslim since Aurangzeb. Pakistani-American academic
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and tried to gain control of vast territories. In 1689, Aurangzeb's armies captured Shivaji's son
1986:
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Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450–1850
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in 1699, eight years before Aurangzeb's death. In 1705, Guru Gobind Singh sent a letter entitled
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Vaishnavs in Braj were abandoned and their icons were taken to different regions or into hiding.
3032:, Agra, Delhi and other cities, Russian merchants returned to Moscow with valuable Indian goods.
1892:
1705:
stated that after returning from Kashmir, Aurangzeb issued order in 1663, to ban the practice of
1657:
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and non-Muslims to impose practices of orthodox Islamic state, such as imposition of sharia and
3527:
Aurangzeb dispatched his personal imperial guard during the campaign against the Satnami rebels.
2914:
conducted one of the most profitable pirate raids in history with his capture of a Grand Mughal
2517:
He also explains the different techniques employed to produce such complicated textiles such as
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After making clear his desire for his son Dara to take over after him, Shah Jahan fell ill with
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Dasgupta, K. (1975). "How Learned Were the Mughals: Reflections on Muslim Libraries in India".
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2426:. One of the earliest constructions after his accession was a small marble mosque known as the
2285:. The Qutbshahis had constructed massive fortifications throughout successive generations on a
2218:
1805:
has reported that according to many modern historians and thinkers, the puritanical thought of
1714:"in all lands under Mughal control, never again should the officials allow a woman to be burnt"
847:, suffered from burns when the chemicals in her perfume were ignited by a nearby lamp while in
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Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India
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Aurangzeb had at least 4 consorts in his harem, from wich he fathered 6 sons and 6 daughters:
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issued by Aurangzeb caused the VOC to back down and allowed Indian sailors to pass into Aceh,
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11903:. Beirut : Al-Mu'ssasah al-Jam'iyah al-Dirasat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi. pp. 286–288
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As of 2015, about 177 towns and villages of India have been named after Aurangzeb. Historian
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that would grant them regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire, initiated the
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armoured war elephants were routed by the forces loyal to Aurangzeb. Shah Shuja then fled to
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10674:"PM Modi visits Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi on 400th Prakash Parab of Guru Teg Bahadur"
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Events that formed the modern world: from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror
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4269:(28 June 1653 – 20 June 1707). Overthrowen by his elder half-brother; With Dilras Banu Begum
1652:
Under his reign, the Mughal Empire contributed to the world's GDP by nearly 25%, surpassing
942:
Aurangzeb proposed to resolve financial difficulties by attacking the dynastic occupants of
898:
Further unsuccessful military involvements followed, as Aurangzeb was appointed governor of
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Chandra, Satish (September 1969). "Jizyah and the State in India during the 17th Century".
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began to organise a rebellion that is believed to have been caused by the re-imposition of
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Aurangzeb spent his reign crushing major and minor rebellions throughout the Mughal Empire.
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2266:
1305:
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667:(brave) and presented him with gifts. When chided for his recklessness, Aurangzeb replied:
319:
30:
This article is about the sixth Mughal emperor. For the Indian movie of the same name, see
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11265:. Vol. III. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 514.
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in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and
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The great Aurangzeb is everybody's least favourite Mughal – Audrey Truschke | Aeon Essays
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Creating a Community of Grace: A History of the Puṣṭi Mārga in Northern and Western India
9188:
Power Over Peoples Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the Present
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7711:"What Aurangzeb did to preserve Hindu temples (and protect non-Muslim religious leaders)"
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Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics
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4330:(2 September 1651 – 17 February 1707). Married once and had a son; With Dilras Banu Begum
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while still held to Hanafite creed. Apparently this view of Aurangzeb were influenced by
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The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India
7760:, The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 8,
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suggests that the nature of his state was less orthodox, tyrannical and centralised than
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manufactured in the Mughal Empire had highly influenced other cultures around the world.
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Maāsir-i-'Ālamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib 'Ālamgir (reign 1658–1707 A.D.)
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2313:-casting technologies and the in-depth knowledge of the qualities of both metals. The
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Murad did the same in his governorship of Gujarat and Aurangzeb did so in the Deccan.
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Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707 – 1813
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7620:"Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna images' Exodus from Braj"
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The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination
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and, while waging war against Aurangzeb. Shivaji and his forces attacked the Deccan,
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and stringently observed the rituals of Islam, and "transcribe copies of the Quran."
2282:
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in 1636. After Shah Jahan's vassals had been devastated by the alarming expansion of
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236:
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12878:
12154:
Jalal, Ayesha (February 1995). "Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining".
5756:... Sidi Marjan died of his wounds soon afterwards ... Aurangzeb arrived at Kalyani.
4324:(17 November 1647 – 9 April 1670). Never married or had any children; With Nawab Bai
4073:
1688 – Alamgirnama by Mirza Mohammed Qasim official biographer at Aurangzeb's court
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10299:. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 323–324.
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Contemporary Sources of the Mediaeval and Modern History of Bundelkhand (1531–1857)
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Like his father, Aurangzeb was not willing to acknowledge the Ottoman claim to the
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in 1657. He was kept in seclusion and cared for by Dara in the newly built city of
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territories. In September 1657, Shah Jahan nominated his eldest and liberalist son
31:
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6992:"Chapter Two : Indicism, Intoxication And Sobriety Among The 'Great Mughals'"
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13135:
13000:
12921:
12900:
12843:
12779:
12755:
12730:
12577:
12535:
12365:
12319:
12124:
11816:
11620:
11589:
11535:
11256:
11228:
10746:
10678:
10640:
10594:
10564:
10535:
10511:
10468:
10394:
10364:
10240:
10100:
10060:
10043:
10030:
10017:
10004:
9971:
9863:
9580:
9521:
9353:
9316:
9300:... 1641 , his daughter , Sultanah Safiatuddin presented Aurangzeb with eight ...
9273:
9233:
9186:
9140:
8986:
8852:
8721:
Librarianship and Library Science in India: An Outline of Historical Perspectives
8719:
8505:
8316:
8074:
7963:
7919:
7809:
7407:
6939:
6842:
6402:
6238:
5791:
5618:
5290:
4919:
4697:
4627:
4238:. Second concubine of Aurangzeb; She was a dancing girl before entering the harem
4213:
4126:
4037:
4020:
3908:
3826:
3763:
3704:
3579:
3384:
3352:
3344:
3283:
In 1659, Aurangzeb sent his trusted general and maternal uncle Shaista Khan, the
3222:
3069:
3020:
2991:
2953:
2949:
2842:
2634:
2613:
2482:
2431:
2364:
2360:
2329:
2240:
1874:
1729:
1706:
1143:
837:
824:, later known as Rahmat al-Nisa. That same year, Aurangzeb dispatched an army to
779:
574:
556:
486:
463:
448:
381:
13432:
12979:
11159:
Richards, J. F. (1981). "Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy".
10211:
The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji Maharaj, Founder of the Maratha Empire
8349:
A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century
3272:
In 1657, while Aurangzeb attacked Golconda and Bijapur in the Deccan, the Hindu
2727:
In 1667, the French East India Company ambassadors Le Gouz and Bebert presented
15353:
15007:
14864:
14650:
14579:
14538:
14307:
14138:
14128:
14103:
14072:
13985:
13739:
13661:
13636:
13495:
13452:
13237:
13197:
13177:
13041:
12685:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press.
12099:"Review Article: Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society"
11898:
11036:
11032:
10797:
When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799
9557:
8696:
8243:
6779:
6598:
6392:
6003:
5896:
5692:
4915:
4497:
4356:
4276:
4257:
4235:
4032:
3952:
3892:
3866:
3834:
3830:
3655:
3537:
3411:
Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops.
3360:
3255:
3076:
2800:
2638:
2466:
2401:
2295:
2214:
2184:
2154:
2132:
1806:
1788:
1696:
998:
959:
887:
783:
755:
589:
570:
455:
reached its greatest extent with territory spanning nearly the entirety of the
369:
324:
291:
113:
12167:
11317:
11172:
10916:
10903:
Morgenstierne, G. (1960). "Khushhal Khan – the national poet of the Afghans".
10273:. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 321.
10119:
A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood
9590:
9053:
9020:
8958:
8827:
7635:
7550:
7225:
7211:
7094:
7080:
6728:
6557:
6459:
5452:
5134:
5101:
5068:
3751:
2381:
1022:
named Musa Khan led an army of 12,000 musketeers to attack Aurangzeb, who was
15431:
15411:
15373:
15309:
15299:
15206:
15055:
14876:
14656:
14047:
13457:
13357:
13222:
13217:
13202:
13141:
12402:
12296:
12288:
8935:
8412:
8251:
7971:
7643:
7596:
7374:
7311:
7303:
7184:
7050:
6121:
5596:
5460:
5329:
5167:
4794:
4680:
4312:
3307:
3237:
3206:
Gokula was caught and executed. But the Jats once again attempted rebellion.
3088:
2948:
In 1702, Aurangzeb sent Daud Khan Panni, the Mughal Empire's Subhedar of the
2889:
2642:
2452:
2345:
2086:
1120:
1103:
1090:
1038:
994:
812:
In the same year, 1637, Aurangzeb was placed in charge of annexing the small
722:
616:
502:
452:
418:
183:
179:
12587:
12226:"A capital road gone, Mughal king Aurangzeb lives in 177 towns and villages"
11262:
Civilization and Capitalism: 15th–18th Century: The Perspective of the World
11054:
10304:
10278:
9475:
8804:
8771:
6294:
The Taj and Its Environments: With 8 Illus. from Photos., 1 Map, and 4 Plans
4663:
Gul Rahim Khan (2021). "Silver Coins Hoard of the Late Mughals from Kohat".
15284:
14556:
14443:
14325:
14067:
13886:
13843:
13729:
13722:
13707:
13372:
13347:
13242:
13207:
13099:
13087:
12633:
12617:
12531:
11595:
11591:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall
10971:
8926:
8555:
8134:
7999:
7691:
7490:
5942:
5750:
4533:
4299:
4045:
4001:
3921:
3896:
3651:
3474:
3466:
3328:
3207:
3149:
3145:
3084:
3017:
2932:
2863:
2688:
2391:, parts of which are believed to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand.
2251:
2225:
1954:
1792:
1653:
1508:
1331:
1269:
1128:
743:
718:
657:
593:
523:
494:
401:
309:
11951:
11037:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
10880:
Fighting Words: Religion, Violence, and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts
10855:
Civil Society in Malerkotla, Punjab: Fostering Resilience Through Religion
10606:
10576:
10547:
7894:(Reprinted ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 311.
4070:, written and performed on the London stage during the Emperor's lifetime.
3334:
In 1689, Aurangzeb's forces captured and executed Sambhaji. His successor
2998:
and conquered all of Tibet, a cause for celebration in Aurangzeb's court.
2719:, but refused to assist him in any military adventures against Aurangzeb.
535:
as the principal regulating body of the empire and prohibited religiously
15043:
15037:
14638:
14490:
14272:
14254:
14118:
14027:
13838:
13789:
13754:
13377:
13362:
13352:
13342:
13337:
12973:
12803:
12579:
Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations
12554:
12069:
11848:"Biography of the Moghul ruler Aurangzeb; was he Salafi in his 'aqeedah?"
11088:
10967:
8070:
7539:"For Conquest and Governance: Legitimacy, Religion and Political Culture"
6937:
6504:
5965:(illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
4067:
4062:
4013:
3972:
3968:
3915:
and the prohibition and supervision of behaviour and activities that are
3900:
3729:
3663:
3659:
3623:
3532:
3445:
3303:
3218:
3163:
3159:
3006:
2957:
2915:
2911:
2278:
2068:
1915:
1882:
1702:
1699:. He sought to establish Islamic rule as instructed and inspired by him.
1482:
1139:
1107:
1075:
in April 1658, with Aurangzeb being the victor. Shuja was chased through
990:
879:
833:
805:
775:
763:
738:
726:
714:
702:
663:
623:
498:
441:
411:
10320:
The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire
10226:
The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire
10196:
The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire
8910:"A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb's Architectural Patronage"
8635:
8605:
8436:
Modern World System and Indian Proto-industrialization: Bengal 1650–1800
8259:
8227:
7604:
7463:
Religion and Governance in England's Emerging Colonial Empire, 1601–1698
6653:(Second Reprint ed.). Har-Anand Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 350.
6650:
Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals: Mughal Empire (1526–1748)
5548:
Ahmad, Fazl. Heroes of Islam. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraff, 1993. Print.
5265:"Prince Awrangzeb (Aurangzeb) facing a maddened elephant named Sudhakar"
4756:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
4540:
and Aurangzeb biography by Professor 'Abd al-Mun'im an-Nimr in his book
3608:, further militarised his followers, starting with the establishment of
3559:
2367:
in Aurangabad for his wife Rabia-ud-Daurani. Aurangzeb was considered a
14840:
14680:
14544:
14408:
14266:
14190:
14148:
14113:
14093:
13799:
13734:
13462:
13387:
13332:
13232:
13182:
13034:
12596:
12210:
12189:
Ali, Mubarak (September–October 1992). "Akbar in Pakistani Textbooks".
11062:
10745:
Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair; Christopher Shackle; Gurharpal Singh (2013).
10439:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University. pp. 101–105.
10420:
8622:
Qadir, K.B.S.S.A. (1936). "The Cultural Influences of Islam in India".
8382:
7192:
7058:
6147:
The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911
5872:(in French). Centre d'Études de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud. 6 July 2016
4115:
3862:
3806:
3458:
3229:
3188:
3144:
was fought in the easternmost regions of the Mughal Empire against the
3049:
2995:
2986:, which was in the Mughal sphere of influence. Aurangzeb intervened on
2900:
2625:
Mughal territory, so he did not built an overtly massive naval forces.
2236:
1947:
1784:
1116:
1099:
1094:
of Gujarat. The allegation was encouraged by Aurangzeb, who caused the
1034:
955:
947:
759:
559:
467:
391:
203:
199:
131:
11752:
Muhammad Bin Qasim to General Pervez Musharraf: Triumphs, Tribulations
11180:
8473:– The Composite Mughal Cannon of Aurangzeb at Fort William in Kolkata"
6968:
4740:
Aurangzeb (1658–1707). Aurangzeb's rule, spanning a period of 49 years
4251:(30 December 1639 – 14 December 1676). Imprisoned by his father; With
3469:, the viceroy of Bengal, was ordered to recover the lost territories.
2848:
2645:, Sultanah Safiatuddin, has presented Aurangzeb with eight elephants.
789:
15289:
14585:
14550:
14532:
14355:
14108:
13949:
13833:
13794:
13051:
7931:
7804:
7333:
7129:
6995:
5869:
4830:
4261:
4252:
4223:
3931:
3822:
3802:
3784:
3720:
3211:
3123:
3029:
2977:
2971:
2834:
2443:
2188:
2064:
1858:
1842:
of temples with sovereignty, power and authority is emphasized upon.
1740:, the founder of the empire, Aurangzeb's position is not so obvious.
1027:
821:
631:
604:. Aurangzeb was born during the reign of his patrilineal grandfather
515:
451:, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707. Under his emperorship,
259:
219:
141:
96:
12202:
11649:
Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707–1813
9467:
Crafts and commerce in Orissa in the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries
9235:
Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka
8076:
Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras
7678:
Eaton, Richard (2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States".
7357:"Aurangzeb and Islam in India : 50 years of Mughal Realpolitik"
7176:
7042:
4978:
On Becoming an Indian Muslim: French Essays on Aspects of Syncretism
4777:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
3861:
pretext for religious persecution, and that, as a result, groups of
3642:
The Pashtun revolt in 1672 under the leadership of the warrior poet
2616:. He also sent alms in 1666 and 1672 to be distributed in Mecca and
2078:
was arrested on orders by Aurangzeb, found guilty of blasphemy by a
1625:
1106:. The army sent against Shuja was trapped in the east, its generals
981:
15378:
15138:
13848:
13702:
13252:
13172:
10101:
The World of To-day: The Marvels of Nature and the Creations of Man
9623:
8551:
Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500–1700
5394:. Translated by Hamid, Enjum. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
5152:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 17–18.
3994:
3946:
3935:
3904:
3878:
3744:
3686:
managed to wield effective authority outside the main trade route.
3371:
3096:
3053:
2941:
2893:
2822:
2369:
2291:
2274:
2102:
2060:
1919:
1878:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1637:
1211:
1123:(in present-day Burma), where he was executed by the local rulers.
1067:
943:
911:
882:, who had proved ineffective there. The area was under attack from
874:
In 1647, Shah Jahan moved Aurangzeb from Gujarat to be governor of
605:
11094:
Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700
8439:. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. pp. 351–352.
4180:
Aurangzeb had also been attributed various other titles including
3700:
3540:. They began a large-scale rebellion 75 miles southwest of Delhi.
3195:
and destruction of Hindu temples in Mathura. The Jats were led by
3040:
2395:
The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb is known to have patronised works of
15383:
15279:
13764:
13162:
12923:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
12321:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
12252:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
12003:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
11818:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
11384:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
11131:(8th ed.). Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, & Co. p. 198.
8668:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
8569:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
7213:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
7082:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
6756:
Inscribing Empire: Sovereignty and Subjectivity in Mughal Memoirs
6315:
Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King
5150:
Aurangzeb: the life and legacy of India's most controversial king
4286:
3874:
3797:
3715:
3493:
3478:
3347: – the Marathas expanded eastwards into Mughal lands –
3339:
3277:
3273:
3134:
3130:
3115:
3080:
2904:
2818:
2461:
2435:
2286:
2228:
2120:
was publicly executed in 1675 on the orders of Aurangzeb in Delhi
1907:
1888:
temples, among others. Numerous new temples were built, as well.
1641:
1185:
964:
817:
771:
376:
364:
8373:
5844:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2317:
was a famed cannon, which was well known for its multi-barrels.
1747:
competed, or was directly in conflict, with his insistence that
15368:
15363:
15220:
14721:
13759:
12976:'s drama, based loosely on Aurangzeb and the Mughal court, 1675
10016:
Edward James Rap;son, Sir Wolseley Haig and Sir Richard, 1937,
4399:
4226:. Secondary's wife of Aurangzeb, daughter of Raja Tajuddin Khan
4153:
4147:
4041:
3674:
3609:
3356:
3200:
3196:
3119:
2987:
2896:
2880:
2733:
2716:
2654:
2617:
2349:
2333:
2324:
During the rule of Aurangzeb, In 1703, the Mughal commander at
2310:
2302:
2199:
1911:
1902:
1866:
1847:
1768:
1764:
1753:
1744:
1679:
1674:
1048:
899:
883:
813:
706:
627:
8228:"Military Sports and the History of the Martial Body in India"
6884:
Na, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im; Naʻīm, ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad (2009).
6450:
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977).
3997:", as appreciation of Aurangzeb commitment to Islam teaching.
3600:
in 1705 to Aurangzeb. The letter is written in Persian script.
2309:, that required skills in both wrought-iron forge welding and
2175:
1098:
son to seek retribution for the death under the principles of
466:. He held administrative and military posts under his father
436:(3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known by the title
15358:
13323:
13167:
13157:
12949:
12074:
Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society
11726:
Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals
10571:. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. pp. 346–347.
9351:
7861:
The East India Company and the British Empire in the Far East
4510:
3990:
3916:
3887:
3856:
3678:
3596:
is the name given to the letter sent by the tenth Sikh Guru,
3485:
3462:
3450:
3375:
3348:
3180:
3092:
3025:
2922:. The Indian ships had been returning home from their annual
2919:
2738:
2677:
2662:
2658:
2621:
2609:
2568:
2553:
2534:
2387:
2262:; after eight days of fighting, the Mughals were victorious.
2231:(governor) of Bengal. Shaista Khan eliminated Portuguese and
1958:
1853:
1830:
1737:
1733:
1691:
1076:
969:
930:
925:
903:
892:
875:
853:
650:
578:
552:
536:
490:
175:
9166:
8527:
Gunpowder, Explosives And the State: A Technological History
8466:
8401:
International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research
7830:
7738:
Administration Of Gujarat Under The Mughals (A.D. 1572–1737)
6503:
4702:. Harvard University; Royal Irish Academy. 1893. p. 398
3589:
2637:
which representing the Mughal empire are already patronized
2235:
pirates from the region, and in 1666 recaptured the port of
786:. The latter had formerly been a companion to Dara Shukoh.
493:
in 1648–1652 and continued expeditions into the neighboring
14414:
13744:
12958:
11235:(7th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 167–168.
9489:
9397:
9385:
8397:"The Rise and fall of Persian to the Muslims of South Asia"
7831:
Copland, Ian; Mabbett, Ian; Roy, Asim; et al. (2013).
5119:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. pp. 59–62.
5086:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. pp. 52–53.
4311:( 5 October 1643 – 7 May 1721). She became Mughal Empress (
3870:
3851:
3847:
3767:
3435:
Aurangzeb, in later life, hunting with hounds and falconers
3367:
3288:
3284:
3057:
2960:
was instructed by the East India Company to sue for peace.
2923:
2808:
2712:
2332:
spent 10,500 coins to purchase 30 to 50 war elephants from
2180:
2136:
2079:
1885:
848:
680:
635:
11845:
11561:
Upshur, Jiu-Hwa L.; Terry, Janice J.; Holoka, Jim (2011).
10611:
set out on his return on 10th January 1663, travelling by
5526:
Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb
5392:
Captive princess: Zebunissa, daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb
4056:
Aurangzeb has prominently featured in the following books
2105:
was put on trial, found guilty of atrocities and executed.
985:
19th century painting of Aurangzeb's palace in Aurangabad.
12638:
Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
11871:
11478:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives
9421:
9142:
The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture
9138:
8381:. Vol. 3. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 – via
7966:. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 13.
6607:. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 255–256.
6528:
5905:. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 270–271.
5701:. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 267–269.
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4538:
Silk ad-Durar fi A'yaan al-Qarn ath-Thaani 'Ashar (4/113)
3739:
Aurangzeb constructed a small marble mosque known as the
3183:
was pillaged by Jat rebels during the reign of Aurangzeb.
3152:
and Shaista Khan attacked and were defeated by the Ahoms.
2405:
style peaked during his reign. Having been instructed by
2243:. Chittagong remained a key port throughout Mughal rule.
2203:
10976:"5. India between empires: decline or decentralization?"
10601:. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 350.
10542:. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 346.
9958:
The History of Indian people by Damodar P Singhal pg 196
9773:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
8232:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
7031:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
5652:
5650:
5030:
1102:. Meanwhile, Dara gathered his forces, and moved to the
630:
as hostages of their grandfather Jahangir and his wife,
12595:
Malik, Adnan; Zubair, Muhammad; Parveen, Uzman (2016).
11354:
Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813
10099:
Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston, Leslie Haden Guest, 1937,
9501:
9445:
9433:
7518:
supporting other temples and gurudwaras in north India.
6941:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
5420:
5186:
5174:
5020:
5018:
5016:
3099:
and executed him. But the Marathas continued the fight.
3012:
2940:, imprisoned the workers and captains (who were nearly
2044:
Stamped coins, in the world, like the bright full moon.
713:
Aurangzeb was nominally in charge of the force sent to
485:
in 1645–1647. He jointly administered the provinces of
15344:
2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
10980:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
9973:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II
9409:
9310:
9308:
8822:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 252 & 290.
8756:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 550.
8467:
Balasubramaniam, R.; Chattopadhyay, Pranab K. (2007).
7338:"Aurangzeb, Akbar, and the Communalization of History"
6938:
Gerhard Bowering; Mahan Mirza; Patricia Crone (2013).
6684:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II
5408:
5117:
The emperor who never was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India
5084:
The emperor who never was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India
4994:
4104:; translated into English in 2017 by Vikrant Pande as
3515:
in 1682 and maintained it till the end of their rule.
2963:
2817:, requested help from Aurangzeb's representative, the
1809:
inspired the religious orthodoxy policy of Aurangzeb.
462:
Aurangzeb and the Mughals belonged to a branch of the
14189:
13059:
11952:
Mohammad Nurul Alam Rafiq Ahmed; Rafiq Ahmed (2010).
11796:
11332:
10339:. Motilal Banarsidass Publication. pp. 162–163.
9939:
9904:. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 119.
8693:"Emirates owner to sell Quran inscribed by Aurangzeb"
8225:
5647:
5369:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 50.
4947:
Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E., eds. (2012).
4726:
Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance
3122:
rulers under Aurangzeb and led to many rebellions in
2956:
for more than three months. The governor of the fort
2683:
2085:
The 32nd Da'i al-Mutlaq (Absolute Missionary) of the
820:, which he did with ease. In 1638, Aurangzeb married
63:
54:
12800:
Mir'at al-'Alam: History of Emperor Awangzeb Alamgir
9318:
The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India
9275:
The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India
7891:
The Indian Empire: Its People, History, and Products
7864:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 178.
6276:
6012:. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. p. 272.
5284:
5282:
5232:
5013:
3821:. Aurangzeb's immediate successor was his third son
3783:
The unmarked grave of Aurangzeb in the mausoleum at
3604:
In response, Guru Tegh Bahadur's son and successor,
3423:
Mughal-era aristocrat armed with a matchlock musket.
3314:
Shivaji returned to the Deccan, and crowned himself
3118:. This incident caused great unrest among the Hindu
3064:
In 1669, the Hindu Jat peasants of Bharatpur around
2828:
717:
with the intent of subduing the rebellious ruler of
72:
12358:
The History of India, as Told by its Own Historians
11878:(in Arabic). Dar al Kutub al 'Alamiyya. p. 113
11128:
A handbook for travelers in India, Burma and Ceylon
10825:. Vol. 5. Abhinav Publications. pp. 3–4.
10507:
Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements
10466:
10245:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 102.
9352:Frans Huskin; Dick van der Meij (11 October 2013).
9305:
8857:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 166.
8321:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 106.
8169:"A Gateway to Sikhism | Sri Guru Tegh Bhadur Sahib"
8147:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers. p. 180.
8012:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers. p. 179.
6099:. State University of New York Press. p. 111.
5745:. Allahabad: Chugh Publications. pp. 524–525.
5480:
5478:
5367:
Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740
5295:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 103.
4980:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 103.
4891:
Framing the Apocalypse: Visions of the End-of-Times
4754:
Indian society and the making of the British Empire
4625:
3638:
Aurangzeb in a pavilion with three courtiers below.
3477:, and reached it on 17 March 1662. The ruler, Raja
3083:, launched a surprise attack on the Mughal Viceroy
2849:
Relations with the English and the Anglo-Mughal War
2409:, Aurangzeb was himself a talented calligrapher in
1756:law by the work of several hundred jurists, called
1629:
Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb in early 18th century
12877:
12594:
12426:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2013. p. 387.
11955:World Heritage & Records of Sufism Volume – II
11454:. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 183.
10634:
10632:
10389:
10359:
9828:Meta-Religion: Religion and Power in World History
9585:. Bombay: Idarah-i Adabiyāt-i Delli. p. 442.
9271:
9184:
8510:. Vol. 2. Sampson Low, Marston & Company.
8507:Bombay and western India: a series of stray papers
7923:
6974:
6593:
6591:
6369:Meta-Religion: Religion and Power in World History
6201:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5796:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 96.
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5262:
4948:
4600:
4511:"Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records"
3825:, who was defeated and killed in June 1707 at the
3732:, Professor of Colonial and Global History at the
3298:Raja Shivaji at Aurangzeb's Darbar- M V Dhurandhar
2978:Relations with the Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Dzungars
2413:, evidenced by Quran manuscripts that he created.
12483:. Kanishka Publishers Distributors. p. 158.
11560:
10183:(Thesis). University of Ottawa. pp. 89, 178.
9228:
7485:
7483:
7070:
7068:
6217:
6215:
6199:
5785:
5783:
5336:The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age
5279:
4946:
3306:to vanquish the Marathas. Jai Singh besieged the
15429:
12950:Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records
12559:The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage
10020:, Cambridge University Press, Volume 4, pp. 305.
9890:
9888:
9886:
9519:
9241:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 121–122.
9048:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–259.
9015:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 260–261.
8953:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 263–264.
7409:Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb, 1658–1707
6985:
6983:
6584:. National Archives of India. 2001. p. 141.
6449:
6277:Shujauddin, Mohammad; Shujauddin, Razia (1967).
5616:
5523:
5475:
5389:
4955:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 248.
4888:Bibb, Sheila C.; Simon-López, Alexandra (2019).
4776:
2990:behalf in 1683, but his troops retreated before
2344:Aurangzeb was noted for his religious piety; he
2101:In the year 1689, according to Mughal accounts,
12481:Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658–1707
10882:. University of California Press. p. 215.
10823:A History of Indian Painting: The Modern Period
10702:. Delhi: Utpal Publications. pp. 152–153.
10629:
9894:
9745:"Russia and India: A civilisational friendship"
9684:A Miscellany of Mutinies And Massacres in India
9224:
9222:
9220:
9218:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7617:
7578:
7576:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
6588:
6200:Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012).
6195:
6193:
6184:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
5991:
5884:
5674:
5564:. Bombay: Government Central Press. p. 280
5053:. University of California Press. p. 251.
4942:
4940:
4887:
4699:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Volume 3
4275:(11 September 1657 – 31 March 1706). Exiled to
2612:in 1659 and 1662, with money and gifts for the
2250:, with a force of nearly 50,000 men to capture
2059:In 1689, the second Maratha Chhatrapati (King)
826:subdue the Portuguese coastal fortress of Daman
12132:(in Arabic). كتوبيا للنشر والتوزيع. p. 92
11357:. Elgin Ill, US: New Dawn Press. p. 141.
11031:
10031:"The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India"
9757:
9315:Malekandathil, Pius, ed. (13 September 2016).
9006:
9004:
7914:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7618:Pauwels, Heidi; Bachrach, Emilia (July 2018).
7545:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 25–26,
7480:
7065:
6680:
6212:
5828:
5780:
4662:
4175:Shahanshah-e-Sultanat-ul-Hindiya Wal Mughaliya
2373:by contemporary Muslims considered Aurangzeb.
2179:Aurangzeb seated on a golden throne holding a
14175:
13121:
12789:Khan, Khafi (2006) . Hashim, Muhammad (ed.).
11921:
11027:
11025:
10902:
10500:
10063:, Cambridge university Press, Vol. 4, p. 108.
9883:
9804:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 54.
9314:
8617:
8615:
7994:
7992:
7808:. Chennai, India. p. 297. Archived from
6980:
6820:"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur"
6307:
6305:
6303:
5317:Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates
4860:
4819:
4779:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
3993:, once called Aurangzeb as "A remnant of the
3221:later established their independent state of
2878:, which had unsuccessfully tried to obtain a
1935:Aurangzeb received tribute from all over the
12757:The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India
12156:International Journal of Middle East Studies
11846:Muhammad Salih al-Munajjid (18 April 2015).
11779:"Mughal dynasty | History, Map, & Facts"
11672:
11420:
10642:The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India
10297:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
10271:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
10149:East to Suez Ceylon, India, China, and Japan
10122:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 75.
9215:
8523:"The Indian Response to Firearms, 1300-1750"
7953:
7951:
7819:
7573:
7523:
6997:Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context
6604:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
6422:
6190:
6009:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
5902:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
5698:Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
5496:The Calcutta Review, Volume 75, 1882, p. 87.
5208:The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India
4937:
3217:However, after Aurangeb's death, Jats under
2866:requests a pardon from Aurangzeb during the
2722:
2525:(whose pattern is identical on both sides),
1869:, a gurudwara at Dehradun, Balaji temple of
1013:École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
918:
12884:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12658:Royal Mughal ladies and their contributions
12048:. Cambridge University Press. p. 489.
12023:. Cambridge University Press. p. 168.
12007:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
11702:Studies in Islamic History and Civilisation
11540:. Ajanta Publications (India). p. 47.
11529:
11527:
11525:
11501:
10939:. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 28.
9969:
9710:Travels in the Mogul Empire: A.D. 1656–1668
9602:
9600:
9001:
8079:. University of Chicago Press. p. 44.
7797:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States"
7658:
7439:. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–86.
7366:Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions
6917:. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
6499:
6497:
6495:
6240:Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions
6232:
6230:
5626:. Cambridge University Press. p. 175.
5620:The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719
5582:
5528:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3, 41.
4826:The European Union and Global Social Change
4728:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63.
4563:
4561:
4450:
4418:
3264:Aurangzeb leads the Mughal Army during the
2668:
1779:attracted numerous Muslims. He ordered the
1670:Religious policy of the Mughals after Akbar
742:depicts Prince Aurangzeb facing a maddened
14182:
14168:
13128:
13114:
11676:Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates
11161:Comparative Studies in Society and History
11022:
10905:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
10691:
10689:
9898:; Garrett, Herbert Leonard Offley (1930).
9801:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History
9470:. Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 91.
9355:Reading Asia New Research in Asian Studies
9194:. Princeton University Press. p. 76.
8724:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 54.
8612:
8205:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
7989:
7585:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
6947:. Princeton University Press. p. 27.
6300:
6130:. Cambridge University Press. p. 416.
4861:Ali, A.; Thiam, I.D.; Talib, Y.A. (2016).
4285:(7 March 1667 – 14 January 1709). King of
3582:to help them retain their faith and avoid
2813:In the 1660s, the Sultan of the Maldives,
2399:; the demand for Quran manuscripts in the
2139:mystic was accused of heresy and executed.
705:under the command of Aurangzeb recaptures
123:31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707
95:
12875:
12810:
12784:. Atlantic Publishers & Distribution.
12616:
12601:Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
12388:
12122:
12043:
11821:. Stanford University Press. p. 85.
11679:. Sterling Publishers. pp. A80–A81.
10966:
10820:
10800:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4.
10238:
9831:. Univ of California Press. p. 153.
9680:
8925:
8850:
8717:
8571:. Stanford University Press. p. 66.
8314:
7948:
6890:. Harvard University Press. p. 145.
6840:
6687:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 280–.
6372:. Univ of California Press. p. 153.
6318:. Stanford University Press. p. 58.
6265:Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture
6236:
6159:
6157:
6120:Allan, J.; Haig, Sir T. Wolseley (1934).
6119:
5789:
5319:, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 12.
5288:
5211:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 122–124.
5036:
4815:
4813:
4811:
3840:
3322:On the other hand, Aurangzeb's third son
3228:Due to the Jat rebellion, the temples of
2737:allowing the French to open a factory in
2598:The Birthday of the Grand Mogul Aurangzeb
1930:
1851:in Aurangzeb's name, supporting temples,
596:was the daughter of the Persian nobleman
13321:
12919:
12898:
12806:. Lahore: Idārah-ʾi Taḥqīqāt-i Pākistan.
12675:
12654:
12317:
12254:. Stanford University Press. p. 7.
12249:
12076:(Rev. ed.). Routledge. p. 82.
12009:, Volume 87, Issue 1, March 2019, p. 300
11814:
11625:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 15.
11522:
11447:
11377:
11158:
11075:
10852:
10793:
10142:
9597:
9463:
8784:
8664:
8591:
8566:
8345:
8032:
7834:A History of State and Religion in India
7708:
7489:
7256:
7205:
7074:
6910:
6864:, Pearson Education India, p. 152,
6844:A Vindication of Aurangzeb: In Two Parts
6710:
6708:
6634:
6492:
6488:. K. K. Publications. 2022. p. 155.
6485:History of Indian Nation: Medieval India
6429:. Oxford University Press. p. 201.
6311:
6227:
6177:
6175:
6067:
5985:
5937:. Somaiya Publications. pp. 64–65.
5816:
5728:
5668:
5656:
5557:
5484:
5414:
5250:
5147:
5007:
4558:
4141:
3778:
3750:
3714:
3699:
3633:
3588:
3558:
3522:
3444:
3293:
3259:
3174:
3039:
2858:
2809:Relations with the Sultanate of Maldives
2592:
2380:
2208:
2174:
2162:
1951:By 1690, Aurangzeb was acknowledged as:
1946:
1819:
1673:
1624:
1056:
980:
788:
731:
696:
12814:Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India
12632:
12575:
12478:
12106:Pakistan Journal of History and Culture
11618:
11481:. Sage Publications. pp. 432–433.
11255:
11227:
11087:
10929:
10699:Converted Kashmir: Memorial of Mistakes
10686:
10332:
10317:
10291:
10265:
10223:
10208:
10193:
10061:"Architecture of Mughal India – Part 1"
9976:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 290.
9797:
9707:
9644:
9606:
9507:
9495:
9451:
9439:
9427:
9415:
9403:
9391:
9172:
8503:
7741:(PhD). Aligarh University. p. 194.
7734:
7432:
7124:
7122:
7028:
6989:
6883:
6857:
6758:. University of Michigan. p. 153.
6646:
6597:
6038:
6036:
6002:
5895:
5767:
5691:
5364:
3327:More battles ensued, and Akbar fled to
2521:(whose name is Persian for "brocade"),
2469:, and strived to maintain royal tombs.
2246:In 1685, Aurangzeb dispatched his son,
1900:to be demolished, and replaced with an
754:Aurangzeb was appointed viceroy of the
274: 1638; died 1691)
251: 1637; died 1657)
14:
15430:
15349:2020 International Maturidi Conference
12842:
12774:
12753:
12699:
12553:
12223:
12097:Irfani, Suroosh (July–December 1996).
12096:
11749:
11699:
11564:Cengage Advantage Books: World History
11533:
11474:
11338:
11124:
11005:
10877:
10695:
10638:
10593:
10563:
10534:
10432:
10112:
10059:Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, 1992,
9578:
9107:
9076:
8983:"World Heritage Sites. Bibi-Ka-Maqbar"
8907:
8376:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 3
7884:
7857:
7582:
7536:
7466:. Springer Nature. pp. 215, 216.
7405:
7289:
6778:
6163:
6154:
6127:The Cambridge Shorter History of India
6091:
5740:
5426:
5238:
5204:
5192:
5180:
5114:
5081:
5051:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765
5024:
4975:
4808:
4723:
4632:. Gyan Publishing House. p. 706.
4151:and seal of Aurangzeb, on an imperial
3899:; the executions of his elder brother
3243:
2628:
2608:Aurangzeb sent diplomatic missions to
1953:"emperor of the Mughal Sultanate from
1828:In 1679, Aurangzeb chose to re-impose
1404:
1400:
1390:
1285:
1175:
1171:
860:
509:. Aurangzeb's decisive victory at the
14163:
13109:
12966:by Audrey Truschke, published on AEON
12861:(Open Market ed.). Penguin USA.
12856:
12793:. Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications.
12760:(2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass.
12728:
12530:
12274:
12153:
12068:
12018:
11802:
11645:
11350:
11303:
9945:
9824:
9321:. Taylor & Francis. p. 154.
9043:
9010:
8948:
8817:
8751:
8621:
8432:
8407:(4). University of Sindh: 267. 2022.
8133:
8106:. Sterling Publishers. pp. 50–.
8099:
8069:
7998:
7794:
7751:
7709:Truschke, Audrey (23 February 2017).
7677:
7495:Communal politics: facts versus myths
7459:
7412:. Kanishka Publishers, Distributors.
7354:
7266:Rutgers Journal of Law & Religion
7257:Aggarwal, Dhruv Chand (Spring 2017).
6753:
6714:
6705:
6543:
6365:
6338:
6291:
6221:
6181:
6172:
6140:
6045:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
5955:
5583:Subramanian, Archana (30 July 2015).
5438:
5328:
5048:
4751:
4445:
4413:
4163:Aurangzeb's full imperial title was:
3629:
3566:in Delhi is built at the place where
3518:
2206:, which he dedicated to Mughal rule.
1568:
1565:
1555:
1542:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1496:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1448:
1438:
1422:
1412:
1408:
1384:
1374:
1361:
1351:
1347:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1303:
1293:
1289:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1209:
1199:
1183:
1179:
600:, who was the youngest son of vizier
577:. The latter was descended from Emir
14381:(d. beginning of the 6th century AH)
12797:
12788:
12716:from the original on 9 October 2022.
12709:. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons.
12224:Shaikh, Zeeshan (5 September 2015).
11896:
11587:
11537:Religion State And Politics in India
10748:Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity
10645:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 454.
10421:http://www.jstor.org/stable/42931021
10242:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
10228:. London: Collins. pp. 130–138.
10213:. London: Collins. pp. 121–125.
10178:
10072:
9858:
9361:. Taylor & Francis. p. 87.
9139:Schimmel, A.; Waghmar, B.K. (2004).
8908:Sohoni, Pushkar (20 December 2016).
8854:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
8624:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
8520:
8480:Indian Journal of History of Science
8318:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
8280:
8197:
8044:
7976:In former times the sacred Quaranic
7957:
7754:"Precedents for Mughal architecture"
7624:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
7279:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7162:
7119:
6342:Islam in South Asia: A Short History
6033:
5932:
5793:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
5292:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950
3707:, the mausoleum of Aurangzeb's wife
3547:Aurangzeb responded by organising a
3013:Relations with the Czardom of Russia
2588:
2033:Aurangzeb felt that verses from the
976:
869:
12831:
12188:
11875:سلك الدرر في أعيان القرن الثاني عشر
11754:. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel. p. 70.
11652:. Sterling Publishers. p. 47.
9110:"Pashmina: Kashmir's Best Cashmere"
6204:Events That Formed the Modern World
6042:
5315:George Michell and Mark Zebrowski,
4593:
3374:. The Mughal Empire's port city of
3001:Aurangzeb received an embassy from
2964:Relations with the Ethiopian Empire
1663:
973:than pushing for complete victory.
800:shows the brothers (left to right)
686:
555:on 3 November 1618. His father was
85:(Emperor of the Sultanate of India)
24:
12722:
11922:Deepaj Kamboj (3 September 2014).
11872:Muhammad Khalil Al-Muradi (1997).
11502:Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R. (2008).
11380:"Chapter 1: Introducing Aurangzeb"
10837:In the letter to Aurangzeb in his
10198:. London: Collins. pp. 72–78.
10044:"General Studies History for UPSC"
9656:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
9523:The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5
9077:Werner, Louis (July–August 2011).
8695:. 15 November 2018. Archived from
8529:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 59.
6507:; Ainslie T. Embree (1964). "17".
4389:English: Commander of the Faithful
4283:Shahzada Mirza Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
4106:Shahenshah – The Life of Aurangzeb
3554:
2910:In September 1695, English pirate
2684:Relations with the Safavid dynasty
2339:
2187:. Standing before him is his son,
1910:, where lands granted in in'am to
1812:
906:. His efforts in 1649 and 1652 to
649:. Aurangzeb grew up fluent in the
82:Shahenshah-e-Sultanat Al-Hindiyyah
25:
15534:
15518:18th-century Mughal Empire people
15513:17th-century Mughal Empire people
14191:Maturidi school of Sunni theology
12943:
12798:Khān, Muḥammad Bakhtāvar (1979).
12389:Lokapally, Vijay (21 June 2016).
12001:Munis D. Faruqui "Book review of
11567:. Cengage Learning. p. 527.
11097:. London: Routledge. p. 16.
10007:, Delhi: Originals , pp. 100–102.
9769:A Concise History of Modern India
9108:Hansen, Eric (July–August 2002).
8049:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 130–131.
7926:Developing cultures: case studies
7752:Asher, Catherine B., ed. (1992),
7497:. Sage Publications. p. 60.
7006:10.1163/ej.9789004177581.i-370.14
5840:A Concise History of Modern India
4914:
4867:. UNESCO Publishing. p. 51.
4783:Journal of World-Systems Research
4629:Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)
3967:, in his funeral oration, hailed
2829:Relations with the Ottoman Empire
626:were sent to the Mughal court in
481:in 1636–1637 and the governor of
15498:Indian people of Iranian descent
15219:
14752:Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi
13136:
13093:
13081:
13069:
12985:Life of Auranzeb in Urdu (ebook)
12497:
12472:
12453:. ASI Aurangabad. Archived from
12440:
12416:
12382:
12342:
12311:
12268:
12243:
12217:
12182:
12147:
12116:
12090:
12062:
12037:
12012:
11995:
11982:
11945:
11915:
11890:
11865:
11839:
11808:
11771:
11743:
11718:
11693:
11666:
11639:
11612:
11581:
11554:
11508:. Sarup & Sons. p. 77.
11495:
11468:
11441:
11414:
11371:
11344:
11297:
11286:
11249:
11221:
11195:
11152:
11118:
11081:
11069:
10999:
10960:
10923:
10896:
10871:
10846:
10814:
10787:
10765:
10738:
10720:
10666:
10620:
10587:
10557:
10528:
10494:
10460:
10426:
10413:
10383:
10353:
10326:
10311:
10285:
10259:
10239:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) .
10232:
10217:
10202:
10187:
10172:
10156:
10136:
10106:
10093:
10076:Agra: The Architectural Heritage
10066:
10053:
10036:
10023:
10018:"The Cambridge History of India"
10010:
9997:
9963:
9951:
9918:
9868:. Vol. IV. pp. 248–252
9852:
9818:
9791:
9751:
9737:
9716:
9701:
9674:
9638:
9572:
9550:
9513:
9457:
9345:
9265:
9178:
9132:
9101:
9070:
9037:
8975:
8942:
8901:
8871:
8851:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) .
8844:
8811:
8778:
8745:
8711:
8685:
8658:
8642:
8585:
8560:
8543:
8525:. In Buchanan, Brenda J. (ed.).
8514:
8497:
8460:
8426:
8389:
8366:
8339:
8315:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) .
8308:
8287:. Indus Publishing. p. 63.
8274:
8219:
8191:
8161:
8127:
8093:
8063:
8038:
8026:
7908:
7878:
7858:Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer (1951).
7851:
7788:
7745:
7728:
7702:
7611:
7453:
7426:
7406:Husain, S. M. Azizuddin (2002).
7399:
7348:
7326:
7283:
7250:
7199:
7156:
7144:from the original on 11 May 2017
7022:
6975:Malik, Zubair & Parveen 2016
6931:
6904:
6877:
6851:
6834:
6281:. Caravan Book House. p. 1.
6279:The Life and Times of Noor Jahan
5790:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) .
5524:Krieger-Krynicki, Annie (2005).
5390:Krieger-Krynicki, Annie (2005).
5289:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) .
4574:. ASI Aurangabad. Archived from
4526:
4503:
4380:English: The Honorable, Generous
4132:
3891:tax and other policies based on
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3170:
2792:
2780:
2761:
2746:
2711:. Suleiman rescued him from the
2576:
2561:
2546:
2490:
2474:
2135:, a Jewish convert to Islam and
2125:
2110:
2094:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
423:
27:Mughal emperor from 1658 to 1707
15115:Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi
13433:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
12902:Aurangzeb: The Man and The Myth
12576:Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989).
12523:
12283:(1). Sage Publications: 52–62.
11448:Pletcher, Kenneth, ed. (2010).
11042:International Studies Quarterly
10857:. Lexington Books. p. 61.
10393:; Gascoigne, Christina (1971).
10363:; Gascoigne, Christina (1971).
10322:. London: Collins. p. 283.
8914:Journal of Islamic Architecture
8787:Calligraphy and Islamic culture
7332:
7128:
6812:
6772:
6747:
6674:
6640:
6628:
6572:
6537:
6476:
6443:
6416:
6386:
6359:
6332:
6285:
6270:
6257:
6150:. Clarendon Press. p. 412.
6134:
6113:
6085:
6073:
6061:
5979:
5949:
5935:Aurangzeb in Muntakhab-al Lubab
5926:
5862:
5822:
5810:
5761:
5734:
5722:
5662:
5610:
5576:
5558:Campbell, James McNabb (1896).
5551:
5542:
5517:
5508:
5499:
5490:
5432:
5383:
5358:
5340:. Penguin Books India. p.
5322:
5309:
5256:
5244:
5198:
5141:
5108:
5075:
5042:
4969:
4908:
4881:
4854:
4770:
4745:
4717:
4690:
4517:, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pp. 283–319
4490:
4476:
4467:
4123:Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth
4010:A Text Book of Pakistan Studies
4006:Pakistani textbooks controversy
3995:Rightly-Guided Rashidun Caliphs
3399:A Mughal trooper in the Deccan.
2416:
2167:Dagger (Khanjar) of Aurangzeb (
2071:by Marathas under his command.
1543:14. Ghias ud-din 'Ali Asaf Khan
610:
583:
564:
472:
271:
248:
14302:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
13970:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
13428:Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)
13423:Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)
12838:. University of Karachi Press.
11505:Dalit Literature: Our Response
10935:Lands, Peoples, & Cultures
10467:Stein, B.; Arnold, D. (2010).
9865:The Cambridge History of India
9687:. APH Publishing. p. 11.
9681:Blackburn, Terence R. (2007).
9529:. Cambridge University Press.
9145:. Reaktion Books. p. 17.
8594:The Journal of Library History
8346:Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011).
6452:The Cambridge History of Islam
6080:The Cambridge History of India
4724:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014).
4656:
4619:
4436:
4404:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4328:Shahzadi Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum
4249:Shahzada Mirza Muhammad Sultan
4232:. First Concubine of Aurangzeb
4076:19?? – Hindi fiction novel by
4051:
2376:
1620:
531:. He successfully imposed the
13:
1:
15463:Emperors of the Mughal Empire
14954:Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui
13009:
12926:. Stanford University Press.
12582:. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli.
12503:Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003):
11897:Nimr, 'Abd al-Mun'im (1981).
10751:. Routledge. pp. 25–28.
8671:. Stanford University Press.
7766:10.1017/CHOL9780521267281.002
6047:. Primus Books. p. 183.
4671:. Department of Archaeology,
4309:Shahzadi Zinat-un-Nissa Begum
4273:Shahzade Mirza Muhammad Akbar
4216:Princess, daughter of Prince
4137:
3035:
2903:, were manned by Indians and
2485:built by Aurangzeb in Lahore.
2224:In 1664, Aurangzeb appointed
2198:In 1663, during his visit to
843:In 1644, Aurangzeb's sister,
794:
615:), the fourth emperor of the
546:
285:
102:
15488:18th-century Indian monarchs
15483:17th-century Indian monarchs
12366:10.1017/CBO9781139507202.014
11961:. World Spiritual Assembly.
11924:"Shaikh Inayat-Allah Kamboh"
11673:Bhattacherje, S. B. (2009).
11427:. I.B. Tauris. p. 129.
10144:Penfield, Frederic Courtland
9579:Faruki, Zahiruddin (1972) .
9464:Tripathy, Rasananda (1986).
9046:Architecture of Mughal India
9044:Asher, Catherine B. (1992).
9013:Architecture of Mughal India
9011:Asher, Catherine B. (1992).
8951:Architecture of Mughal India
8949:Asher, Catherine B. (1992).
8820:Architecture of Mughal India
8818:Asher, Catherine B. (1992).
8785:Schimmel, Annemarie (1990).
7758:Architecture of Mughal India
7433:Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017).
7134:"Aurangzeb's Fatwa on Jizya"
6510:Muslim Civilization in India
6454:. Vol. 2a. p. 52.
6296:. R. G. Bansal. p. 101.
5768:Mukhoty, Ira (17 May 2018).
4626:Khomdan Singh Lisam (2011).
4551:
4334:Shahzadi Mihr-un-Nissa Begum
4322:Shahzadi Badr-un-Nissa Begum
4293:
4112:1636: Mission to the Mughals
3965:Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
3942:, who acted as his teacher.
3584:forced religious conversions
3302:Aurangzeb next sent general
2855:Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)
2773:Travels in the Mughal Empire
2703:Aurangzeb's rebellious son,
2665:, without any restrictions.
2571:makers in the Mughal Empire.
2004:Rupee coin showing full name
1824:Aurangzeb holding a flywhisk
7:
15473:18th-century Indian Muslims
15468:17th-century Indian Muslims
15398:Maturidi-related templates
15315:Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad
13478:Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
12835:A Short History of Pakistan
12817:. Leiden University Press.
12703:History of Aurangzib Vol. I
12277:Studies in People's History
12019:Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012).
11421:Balabanlilar, Lisa (2015).
10982:(4th ed.). Routledge.
10853:Randhawa, Karenjot (2012).
10821:Chaitanya, Krishna (1994).
9272:Pius Malekandathil (2016).
9185:Daniel R. Headrick (2012).
8521:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2006).
8433:Singh, Abhay Kumar (2006).
8352:. Pearson Education India.
8045:Syan, Hardip Singh (2012).
7958:Khan, Sāqi Must'ad (1947).
7436:South Asia in World History
6887:Islam and the Secular State
6516:. Columbia University Press
6292:Ahmad, Moin-ud-din (1924).
6243:. Gyan Books. p. 128.
6097:India's Agony Over Religion
5263:Abdul Hamid Lahori (1636).
4340:
4200:
3961:Muslim nationality in India
3787:, Maharashtra. Painting by
2502:
2144:
1149:
1115:, where Shah Shuja and his
878:, replacing a younger son,
73:
64:
55:
10:
15539:
15478:People from Dahod district
14675:'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti
14421:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
14232:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
13877:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
12970:The Tragedy of Aureng-zebe
12832:Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussain.
12754:Hansen, Waldemar (1986) .
12123:فريق بصمة (October 2016).
12044:Dhulipala, Venkat (2015).
11992:. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
11900:Tarikh al-Islam fi al-Hind
11534:Shakir, Moin, ed. (1989).
11475:Joseph, Paul, ed. (2016).
10639:Hansen, Waldemar (1986) .
10399:. Cape. pp. 239–246.
10369:. Cape. pp. 228–229.
9896:Edwardes, Stephen Meredyth
9708:Bernier, François (1671).
9612:Journal of British Studies
8244:10.1163/156852007783245133
8226:Rosalind O'Hanlon (2007).
7886:Hunter, Sir William Wilson
7837:. Routledge. p. 119.
7795:Eaton, Richard M. (2000).
7680:Journal of Islamic Studies
7369:. Routledge. p. 194.
7000:. Brill. pp. 67–116.
6911:Richards, John F. (1993).
6754:Zaman, Taymiya R. (2007).
6581:Indian Archives: Volume 50
5933:Syed, Anees Jahan (1977).
5205:Hansen, Waldemar (1996) .
5049:Eaton, Richard M. (2019).
4542:Tareekh al-Islam fi'l-Hind
4515:Journal of Islamic Studies
4347:Flags of the Mughal Empire
4218:Mirza Badi-uz-Zaman Safavi
3693:
3650:woman affiliated with the
3253:
3247:
3199:, a rebel landholder from
3106:clan under the command of
2952:, to besiege and blockade
2899:. The ships, commanded by
2852:
2633:For decades, the Malabari
2602:Johann Melchior Dinglinger
2346:memorized the entire Quran
2265:Only one remaining ruler,
2148:
2052:
1942:
1667:
1647:
1402:
1279:
1173:
1061:Aurangzeb becomes emperor.
690:
101:Aurangzeb holding a hawk,
29:
15396:
15339:
15332:
15235:
15228:
15217:
15107:
14996:Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i
14892:
14785:
14776:Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan
14708:
14625:
14566:
14483:
14456:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
14430:
14371:
14288:
14267:Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi
14241:
14206:
14197:
14086:
14020:
13978:
13915:
13897:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
13867:
13826:
13817:
13690:
13619:
13486:
13400:
13266:
13148:
13048:
13039:
13031:
13026:
12992:
12920:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
12899:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
12876:Tillotson, Giles (2008).
12857:Singh, Khushwant (2000).
12852:. Bombay: Orient Longman.
12737:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
12700:Sarkar, Jadunath (1912).
12661:. Gyan Publishing House.
12391:"Understanding Aurangzeb"
12326:Stanford University Press
12318:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
12250:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
12168:10.1017/S0020743800061596
11815:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
11622:Studies in Mughal History
11619:Agrawal, Ashvini (1983).
11388:Stanford University Press
11378:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
11318:10.1017/S0026749X05002313
11173:10.1017/s0010417500013311
10933:Afghanistan: The Culture
10917:10.1080/03068376008731684
10773:"BBC Religions – Sikhism"
10696:Sehgal, Narender (1994).
10336:Studies in Mughal History
10333:Agrawal, Ashvini (1983).
9798:Schmidt, Karl J. (1995).
9582:Aurangzeb & His Times
9520:John F. Richards (1993).
9054:10.1017/chol9780521267281
9021:10.1017/chol9780521267281
8959:10.1017/chol9780521267281
8828:10.1017/chol9780521267281
8665:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
8567:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
8422:– via ResearchGate.
7636:10.1017/S1356186318000019
7551:10.1002/9780470758304.ch1
7226:10.1515/9781503602595-011
7218:Stanford University Press
7206:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
7095:10.1515/9781503602595-009
7087:Stanford University Press
7077:"5. Moral Man and Leader"
7075:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
6990:Pirbhai, M. Reza (2009).
6729:10.1017/S0026749X05002313
6647:Chandra, Satish (2006) .
6558:10.1017/S0026749X05002313
6460:10.1017/chol9780521219488
6312:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
5617:Munis D. Faruqui (2012).
5453:10.1017/S0026749X05002313
5365:Chandra, Satish (2002) .
5148:Truschke, Audrey (2017).
4195:
4093:
4078:Acharya Chatursen Shastri
4008:, mentions M. D. Zafar's
4004:, while referring to the
3711:, was commissioned by him
3162:, becoming a Maharaja of
2754:March of the Great Moghul
2723:Relations with the French
2451:still survive), bridges,
2239:from the Arakanese king,
2151:Army of the Mughal Empire
2028:A copper dam of Aurangzeb
1775:, the teachings of Hindu
1549:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1490:
1468:
1460:
1432:
1410:
1406:
1368:
1349:
1341:
1313:
1291:
1287:
1251:
1229:
1221:
1193:
1177:
1018:In 1656, a general under
919:Second Deccan governorate
417:
407:
397:
387:
375:
363:
300:
227:
210:
189:
167:
163:
147:
137:
127:
119:
112:
94:
46:
41:
15133:Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi
15086:Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi
14984:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
14930:Imdadullah Muhajir Makki
14912:Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi
14906:Shihab al-Din al-Marjani
14900:'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi
14883:'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani
14871:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
14764:'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
14742:(d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)
14693:Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji
14438:Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi
14379:Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi
14362:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
13468:Indian Rebellion of 1857
13413:Mughal conquest of Malwa
12811:Kruijtzer, Gijs (2009).
12561:. Simon & Schuster.
12289:10.1177/2348448919834791
10433:Gordon, Stewart (1993).
10318:Kincaid, Dennis (1937).
10224:Kincaid, Dennis (1937).
10209:Kincaid, Dennis (1937).
10194:Kincaid, Dennis (1937).
9825:Laine, James W. (2015).
9281:. Taylor & Francis.
8649:Imperial Mughal Painting
7735:Shafqat, Arshia (2008).
7537:Mukhia, Harbans (2004),
7375:10.4324/9780429054853-14
7304:10.1177/0376983620000204
7292:Indian Historical Review
6366:Laine, James W. (2015).
6237:Mukherjee, Soma (2001).
6082:(1922), vol. IV, p. 481.
5741:Prasad, Ishwari (1974).
5115:Gandhi, Supriya (2020).
5082:Gandhi, Supriya (2020).
4976:Waseem, M., ed. (2003).
4447:[ʔɑː.ˈlam.ˈɡiːɾ]
4415:[ʔaw.ɾaŋɡ.ˈzeːb]
4367:
4279:; With Dilras Banu Begum
4220:, Aurangzeb's fist wife.
3766:, emeritus professor at
3689:
3564:Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib
3338:, later Rajaram's widow
2926:when the pirate struck,
2669:Relations with the Uzbek
2650:Dutch East India Company
2074:In 1675 the Sikh leader
1978:
1791:and the ninth Sikh Guru
1615:
762:during the reign of the
15192:Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
14966:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
14847:Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi
14793:Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi
14663:'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi
14503:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
14462:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
14391:Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
14320:Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi
13443:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
12957:from MANAS group page,
12729:Eraly, Abraham (2007).
12655:Mukerjee, Soma (2001).
12509:, Kanishka Publishing.
11783:Encyclopædia Britannica
11351:Mehta, Jaswant (2005).
11055:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
10930:Banting, Erinn (2003).
10423:. Accessed 10 May 2024.
10114:Havell, Ernest Binfield
10029:Waldemar Hansen, 1986,
8504:Douglas, James (1893).
7460:Smith, Haig Z. (2022).
7355:Kulke, Tilmann (2020).
6681:Satish Chandra (2005).
6164:Sarker, Kobita (2007).
6043:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
4924:Encyclopædia Britannica
4362:List of largest empires
4242:
4190:Living Custodian of God
4100:fictional biography by
3987:Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy
3449:Aurangzeb reciting the
2984:Tibetans invaded Ladakh
2465:of Sufi saints such as
2082:'s court and executed.
2042:King Aurangzib 'Ālamgir
1857:, chishti shrines, and
1682:law by introducing the
1658:proto-industrialization
1024:besieging Golconda Fort
808:in their younger years.
569:), who hailed from the
15255:Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya
15169:Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni
15068:Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan
15062:Husayn Ahmad al-Madani
14972:Shakarim Qudayberdiuli
14770:İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi
14758:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
14645:Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari
14497:Shams al-Din al-Fanari
14468:Baha' al-Din Naqshband
14403:Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi
14296:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
14279:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
14220:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
14214:Abu Mansur al-Maturidi
12618:10.46568/jssh.v55i2.70
11724:Abraham Eraly (2000),
11704:. Brill. p. 271.
11700:Ayalon, David (1986).
11205:. UCLA. Archived from
10775:. BBC. 26 October 2009
10473:. Wiley. p. 181.
10436:The Marathas 1600–1818
10179:Saha, Shandip (2004).
8927:10.18860/jia.v4i2.3514
8752:Blair, Sheila (2006).
6345:. Brill. p. 190.
4673:University of Peshawar
4460:Conqueror of the World
4443:Persian pronunciation:
4428:Ornament of the Throne
4411:Persian pronunciation:
4182:Caliph of The Merciful
4157:
3913:Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur
3841:Assessments and legacy
3792:
3777:
3759:
3755:Aurangzeb reading the
3743:(Pearl Mosque) in the
3724:
3712:
3681:trade route along the
3639:
3601:
3571:
3528:
3454:
3299:
3269:
3184:
3045:
2871:
2605:
2583:Mughal imperial carpet
2529:(satin weave) and how
2392:
2221:
2219:Chester Beatty Library
2192:
2172:
2048:
2046:
2016:Rupee with square area
1964:
1931:Administrative reforms
1825:
1771:, and particularly at
1718:
1687:
1630:
1161:Ancestors of Aurangzeb
1062:
986:
809:
751:
710:
673:
588:), the founder of the
551:Aurangzeb was born in
220:Khuldabad, Maharashtra
15187:Muhammad Rafi' Usmani
15163:Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri
15121:Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi
15098:Abdul Majid Daryabadi
14960:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
14859:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
14699:Khayr al-Din al-Ramli
14669:Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri
14527:Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam
14226:Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi
13955:Tomb of Salim Chishti
13438:Ahom–Mughal conflicts
13188:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
12609:University of Karachi
12479:Hussein, S M (2002).
11750:Haroon, Asif (2004).
11646:Mehta, J. L. (2005).
11125:Murray, John (1911).
10878:Renard, John (2012).
10599:The History of Bengal
10569:The History of Bengal
10540:The History of Bengal
10165:Maasir – I – Alamgiri
9924:Bhagavānadāsa Gupta,
8883:heritageofkashmir.org
8284:Rediscovery of Ladakh
8238:(4). Brill: 490–523.
8100:Mehta, J. L. (2005).
7916:Harrison, Lawrence E.
6822:. BBC. 1 October 2009
6426:Negate Fighting Faith
6423:Ahmed Sayeed (2020).
6339:Malik, Jamal (2008).
6142:Smith, Vincent Arthur
4300:Shahzadi Zeb-un-Nissa
4289:; With Udaipuri Mahal
4145:
4025:Bharatiya Janta Party
3940:Muhammad Saleh Kamboh
3782:
3772:
3754:
3718:
3703:
3637:
3592:
3574:The ninth Sikh Guru,
3562:
3526:
3448:
3379:died due to drought,
3297:
3263:
3178:
3148:. The Mughals led by
3068:rebelled and created
3043:
2862:
2707:, sought refuge with
2596:
2384:
2212:
2178:
2166:
2055:Execution of Sambhaji
2040:
1950:
1823:
1711:
1703:Sheikh Muhammad Ikram
1677:
1628:
1451:Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan
1060:
984:
908:dislodge the Safavids
792:
735:
700:
669:
592:. Aurangzeb's mother
15493:Subahdars of Gujarat
15320:Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili
15197:Muhammad Taqi Usmani
15157:Muhammad Salim Qasmi
15092:Abul Wafa Al Afghani
15050:Kifayatullah Dehlawi
15032:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
15014:Muhammed Hamdi Yazır
14978:Muhammad Ali Mungeri
14942:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
14853:Mamluk Ali Nanautawi
14811:Ghabdennasir Qursawi
14728:Ismail Haqqi Bursevi
14592:Abdul Quddus Gangohi
14521:Badr al-Din al-'Ayni
14397:Mu'in al-Din Chishti
14350:Fatima al-Samarqandi
14344:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
14338:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
13917:Tombs and mausoleums
12955:Article on Aurganzeb
12849:History of Aurangzib
12460:on 23 September 2015
12354:, of Muhammad Kázim"
11451:The History of India
11306:Modern Asian Studies
11233:New History of India
11209:on 30 September 2012
11203:"Stanley A. Wolpert"
9970:Chandra, S. (2005).
9901:Mughal Rule in India
9724:"MAASIR-I-'ALAMGIRI"
8493:on 22 December 2015.
8281:Kaul, H. N. (1998).
7964:Sarkar, Sir Jadunath
7692:10.1093/jis/11.3.283
7543:The Mughals of India
6786:The Mughals of India
6717:Modern Asian Studies
6546:Modern Asian Studies
6182:Mehta, J.l. (1986).
6093:Larson, Gerald James
5731:, pp. 140, 188)
5441:Modern Asian Studies
4752:Bayly, C.A. (1990).
4581:on 23 September 2015
3975:described President
3957:political philosophy
3928:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
3895:; his demolition of
3734:University of Leiden
3719:Aurangzeb's tomb in
3644:Khushal Khan Khattak
3331:and never returned.
3007:Chagatai Moghulistan
2709:Suleiman I of Persia
2600:, made 1701–1708 by
2481:Seventeenth-century
2267:Abul Hasan Qutb Shah
1863:Mahakaleshwar temple
434:Muhi al-Din Muhammad
171:Muhi al-Din Muhammad
114:Emperor of Hindustan
15523:Subahdars of Thatta
15145:Anzar Shah Kashmiri
14990:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
14918:Giritli Sırrı Pasha
14746:Nizamuddin Sihalivi
14724:(d. around 1123 AH)
14683:(d. around 1068 AH)
14314:Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami
13882:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
13448:Mughal–Maratha wars
12448:"Tomb of Aurangzeb"
11229:Wolpert, Stanley A.
10728:"Guru Tegh Bahadur"
10073:Peck, Lucy (2008).
9759:Metcalf, Barbara D.
9747:. 9 September 2016.
9646:Burgess, Douglas R.
9608:Burgess, Douglas R.
9406:, pp. 124–125.
9394:, pp. 122–124.
9232:(22 January 2008).
9089:on 22 February 2016
8754:Islamic calligraphy
6977:, pp. 162–163.
5830:Metcalf, Barbara D.
5819:, pp. 151–152)
5671:, pp. 134–135)
5659:, pp. 132–133)
5585:"Way to the throne"
4569:"Tomb of Aurangzeb"
4398:School of Thought:
4352:Mughal architecture
3989:, a grand mufti of
3498:battle of Saraighat
3484:On his way back to
3370:, Jinji, Malwa and
3250:Mughal–Maratha Wars
3244:Mughal–Maratha Wars
3156:Maharaja Chhatrasal
3142:battle of Saraighat
2924:pilgrimage to Mecca
2729:Louis XIV of France
2629:Relations with Aceh
2424:Mughal architecture
2397:Islamic calligraphy
2296:Kilich Khan Bahadur
2213:Aurangzeb Receives
1973:Louis XIV of France
1937:Indian subcontinent
1678:Aurangzeb compiled
861:Governor of Gujarat
457:Indian subcontinent
15265:Tabsirat al-Adilla
15250:Tafsir al-Maturidi
15175:Nur Hossain Kasemi
15139:Muhammad Ayyub Ali
15080:Muhammad Abu Zahra
15074:Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen
14948:Ahmad Hasan Amrohi
14924:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
14835:Syed Ahmad Barelvi
14829:Shah Ismail Dehlvi
14817:Ghulam Ali Dehlavi
14805:Sanaullah Panipati
14740:Liu Zhi of Nanjing
14633:Khwaja Baqi Billah
14515:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
14474:Kadi Burhan al-Din
14249:Abu Zayd al-Dabusi
14134:Nizam of Hyderabad
13408:Mughal-Rajput wars
13228:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
13193:Muhammad Azam Shah
12980:Coins of Aurangzeb
12791:Muntakhab-ul Lubab
12424:Dictionary of Wars
12230:The Indian Express
11588:Chua, Amy (2009).
11089:Gommans, Jos J. L.
11035:(September 1997).
10470:A History of India
9763:Metcalf, Thomas R.
9560:. encyclopedia.com
9120:on 27 October 2004
9114:Saudi Aramco World
9083:Saudi Aramco World
8989:on 11 October 2011
8789:. London: Tauris.
8718:Taher, M. (1994).
8203:Martyrdom in Islam
8173:Gateway to Sikhism
8144:A History of India
8009:A History of India
7815:on 6 January 2014.
7089:. pp. 70–71.
6841:Sadiq Ali (1918),
5834:Metcalf, Thomas R.
5561:History of Gujarát
5275:on 6 January 2014.
4267:Muhammad Azam Shah
4158:
4118:and Griffin Barber
3917:forbidden in Islam
3881:rose against him.
3793:
3760:
3725:
3713:
3640:
3630:Pashtun opposition
3602:
3572:
3529:
3519:Satnami opposition
3513:battle of Itakhuli
3490:Chakradhwaj Singha
3455:
3300:
3270:
3185:
3072:but were defeated.
3046:
3003:Muhammad Amin Khan
2876:East India Company
2872:
2815:Ibrahim Iskandar I
2799:French map of the
2697:Abbas II of Persia
2606:
2393:
2385:Manuscript of the
2256:Sikandar Adil Shah
2248:Muhammad Azam Shah
2222:
2193:
2173:
2067:and Bahadurpur in
1965:
1826:
1797:forced conversions
1763:He learnt that at
1688:
1631:
1081:battle of Samugarh
1063:
1020:Qutb Shahi dynasty
1004:Barbara D. Metcalf
987:
810:
752:
711:
656:On 28 May 1633, a
647:Persian literature
529:Arabic calligraphy
511:Battle of Samugarh
440:, and also by his
15425:
15424:
15392:
15391:
15328:
15327:
15305:Tafsir al-Mazhari
15275:Talkhis al-Adilla
15270:'Aqa'id al-Nasafi
15260:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
15215:
15214:
15151:Wahbah al-Zuhayli
15026:Ubaidullah Sindhi
15020:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
15002:Fatma Aliye Topuz
14799:Murtada al-Zabidi
14598:Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī
14450:Nizamuddin Auliya
14423:(d. after 690 AH)
14199:Maturidi scholars
14157:
14156:
14144:Kingdom of Mysore
14078:Foreign relations
14016:
14015:
13965:Tomb of Nur Jahan
13960:Tomb of Aurangzeb
13907:Wazir Khan Mosque
13827:Forts and palaces
13813:
13812:
13785:Guru Gobind Singh
13713:Bayazid of Sylhet
13396:
13395:
13296:Foreign relations
13058:
13057:
13049:Succeeded by
12905:. Penguin India.
12891:978-0-674-06365-5
12824:978-90-8728-068-0
12781:The Later Mughals
12767:978-81-208-0225-4
12746:978-0-297-85209-4
12692:978-0-521-56603-2
12682:The Mughal Empire
12677:Richards, John F.
12668:978-81-212-0760-7
12647:978-1-84511-745-0
12568:978-1-56731-023-8
12547:978-0-41558-061-8
12515:978-81-7391-537-6
12490:978-81-7391-489-8
12433:978-1-135-95494-9
12375:978-1-139-50720-2
12335:978-1-5036-0259-5
12261:978-1-5036-0259-5
12083:978-0-415-28525-4
12055:978-1-107-05212-3
12030:978-1-107-00886-1
11968:978-0-615-37164-1
11928:KambojSociety.com
11828:978-1-5036-0259-5
11761:978-969-35-1624-1
11734:978-0-14-100143-2
11728:, Penguin Books,
11711:978-965-264-014-7
11686:978-81-207-4074-7
11659:978-1-932705-54-6
11632:978-81-208-2326-6
11605:978-0-307-47245-8
11574:978-1-111-34514-3
11547:978-81-202-0213-9
11515:978-81-7625-841-8
11488:978-1-4833-5988-5
11461:978-1-61530-201-7
11434:978-0-85773-246-0
11397:978-1-5036-0259-5
11364:978-1-932705-54-6
11272:978-0-520-08116-1
11242:978-0-19-516677-4
11138:978-1-175-48641-7
11104:978-0-415-23989-9
10989:978-1-315-10607-6
10946:978-0-7787-9337-3
10889:978-0-520-27419-8
10864:978-0-7391-6737-3
10832:978-81-7017-310-6
10807:978-0-19-975655-1
10794:P Dhavan (2011).
10758:978-1-136-84627-4
10716:on 18 April 2014.
10709:978-81-85217-06-2
10652:978-81-208-0225-4
10521:978-0-85786-125-2
10480:978-1-4443-2351-1
10446:978-0-521-26883-7
10406:978-0-224-00580-7
10396:The Great Moghuls
10391:Gascoigne, Bamber
10376:978-0-224-00580-7
10366:The Great Moghuls
10361:Gascoigne, Bamber
10346:978-81-208-2326-6
10252:978-1-84331-004-4
10129:978-1-4219-8341-7
10086:978-81-7436-942-0
10003:Vīrasiṃha, 2006,
9983:978-81-241-1066-9
9928:, vol. 1 (1999).
9911:978-81-7156-551-1
9838:978-0-520-95999-6
9811:978-1-56324-334-9
9784:978-0-521-86362-9
9731:dspace.gipe.ac.in
9694:978-81-313-0169-2
9667:978-0-07-147476-4
9536:978-0-521-56603-2
9430:, pp. 58–59.
9368:978-1-136-84377-8
9328:978-1-351-99746-1
9288:978-1-351-99745-4
9248:978-0-8248-3189-9
9230:Leonard Y. Andaya
9201:978-1-4008-3359-7
9152:978-1-86189-185-3
9063:978-0-521-26728-1
9030:978-0-521-26728-1
8968:978-0-521-26728-1
8864:978-1-84331-004-4
8837:978-0-521-26728-1
8763:978-0-7486-1212-3
8731:978-81-7022-524-9
8678:978-1-5036-0259-5
8653:Stuart Cary Welch
8630:(4338): 228–241.
8578:978-1-5036-0257-1
8536:978-0-7546-5259-5
8446:978-81-7211-201-1
8359:978-81-317-3202-1
8328:978-1-84331-004-4
8294:978-81-7387-086-6
8212:978-0-521-85040-7
8154:978-1-4051-9509-6
8113:978-1-932705-54-6
8086:978-0-226-05676-0
8056:978-1-78076-250-0
8019:978-1-4051-9509-6
7941:978-0-415-95279-8
7901:978-81-206-1581-6
7871:978-0-8047-2864-5
7844:978-1-136-45950-4
7775:978-0-521-26728-1
7560:978-0-470-75830-4
7504:978-0-7619-9667-5
7473:978-3-030-70131-4
7446:978-0-19-066137-3
7419:978-81-7391-489-8
7384:978-0-429-05485-3
7361:Jacobsen, Knut A.
7235:978-1-5036-0259-5
7104:978-1-5036-0259-5
7015:978-90-474-3102-2
6954:978-0-691-13484-0
6924:978-0-521-56603-2
6914:The Mughal Empire
6897:978-0-674-03376-4
6871:978-81-317-1753-0
6801:978-0-631-18555-0
6790:. Wiley. p.
6765:978-0-549-18117-0
6694:978-81-241-1066-9
6660:978-81-241-1066-9
6614:978-81-241-1066-9
6469:978-1-139-05504-8
6436:978-93-88660-79-2
6379:978-0-520-95999-6
6352:978-90-04-16859-6
6325:978-1-5036-0259-5
6263:Subhash Parihar,
6250:978-8-121-20760-7
6106:978-0-7914-2411-7
6054:978-9-38060-734-4
6019:978-81-241-1066-9
5972:978-0-521-52305-9
5957:Kolff, Dirk H. A.
5912:978-81-241-1066-9
5855:978-0-521-86362-9
5803:978-1-84331-004-4
5743:The Mughal Empire
5708:978-81-241-1066-9
5633:978-1-107-02217-1
5535:978-0-195-79837-1
5429:, pp. 64–66.
5401:978-0-19-579837-1
5376:978-0-19-565444-8
5351:978-0-14-310262-5
5302:978-1-84331-004-4
5218:978-81-208-0225-4
5195:, pp. 11–12.
5183:, pp. 10–12.
5159:978-1-5036-0259-5
5126:978-0-674-98729-6
5093:978-0-674-98729-6
5060:978-0-520-97423-4
4987:978-0-19-565807-1
4962:978-1-59884-901-1
4901:978-90-04-39944-0
4874:978-92-3-100132-1
4840:978-1-135-25580-0
4763:978-0-521-38650-0
4735:978-1-78347-572-8
4317:Dilras Banu Begum
4304:Dilras Banu Begum
4230:Aurangabadi Mahal
4210:Dilras Banu Begum
3819:war of succession
3811:Nizamuddin Auliya
3789:William Carpenter
3709:Dilras Banu Begum
3696:Tomb of Aurangzeb
3606:Guru Gobind Singh
3598:Guru Gobind Singh
3576:Guru Tegh Bahadur
3568:Guru Tegh Bahadur
3531:In May 1672, the
2972:Emperor Fasilides
2648:When the VOC, or
2589:Foreign relations
2283:siege of Golconda
2118:Guru Tegh Bahadur
2076:Guru Tegh Bahadur
1898:Kesava Deo temple
1893:Vishvanath Temple
1803:Yohanan Friedmann
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1425:I'timad-ud-Daulah
1362:11. Manrang Devi
1008:Thomas R. Metcalf
977:War of succession
870:Governor of Balkh
830:Aurangabadi Mahal
533:Fatawa-i Alamgiri
507:Battle of Dharmat
503:Kingdom of Marwar
431:
430:
281:Aurangabadi Mahal
237:Dilras Banu Begum
216:Tomb of Aurangzeb
66:Al-Sultan al-Azam
16:(Redirected from
15530:
15417:Islamic theology
15337:
15336:
15240:Al-Fiqh al-Akbar
15233:
15232:
15223:
15202:Husein Kavazović
15181:Usmankhan Alimov
15127:Abdul Haq Akorwi
14936:Abai Qunanbaiuly
14734:Shah Abdur Rahim
14610:Muhammad Birgivi
14509:Yaqub al-Charkhi
14385:Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa
14332:Nur al-Din Zengi
14261:Yūsuf Balasaguni
14204:
14203:
14184:
14177:
14170:
14161:
14160:
14124:Nawabs of Bengal
14087:Successor states
13991:Shalimar Gardens
13935:Gardens of Babur
13824:
13823:
13770:Lachit Borphukan
13484:
13483:
13473:Mughal–Sikh wars
13418:Gujarat conquest
13319:
13318:
13311:Mughal artillery
13140:
13130:
13123:
13116:
13107:
13106:
13098:
13097:
13096:
13086:
13085:
13084:
13074:
13073:
13072:
13065:
13032:Preceded by
13022:
13015:
13014:
13011:
12990:
12989:
12937:
12916:
12895:
12883:
12872:
12853:
12844:Sarkar, Jadunath
12839:
12828:
12807:
12802:. Translated by
12794:
12785:
12771:
12750:
12732:The Mughal world
12717:
12715:
12708:
12696:
12672:
12651:
12629:
12627:
12625:
12620:
12591:
12572:
12550:
12517:
12501:
12495:
12494:
12476:
12470:
12469:
12467:
12465:
12459:
12452:
12444:
12438:
12437:
12420:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12409:
12386:
12380:
12379:
12346:
12340:
12339:
12315:
12309:
12308:
12272:
12266:
12265:
12247:
12241:
12240:
12238:
12236:
12221:
12215:
12214:
12191:Social Scientist
12186:
12180:
12179:
12151:
12145:
12144:
12139:
12137:
12131:
12120:
12114:
12113:
12103:
12094:
12088:
12087:
12066:
12060:
12059:
12041:
12035:
12034:
12016:
12010:
11999:
11993:
11986:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11960:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11937:
11935:
11930:. Kamboj Society
11919:
11913:
11912:
11910:
11908:
11894:
11888:
11887:
11885:
11883:
11869:
11863:
11862:
11860:
11858:
11843:
11837:
11836:
11812:
11806:
11800:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11789:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11747:
11741:
11722:
11716:
11715:
11697:
11691:
11690:
11670:
11664:
11663:
11643:
11637:
11636:
11616:
11610:
11609:
11585:
11579:
11578:
11558:
11552:
11551:
11531:
11520:
11519:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11472:
11466:
11465:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11418:
11412:
11411:
11406:
11404:
11375:
11369:
11368:
11348:
11342:
11336:
11330:
11329:
11301:
11295:
11290:
11284:
11283:
11281:
11279:
11257:Braudel, Fernand
11253:
11247:
11246:
11225:
11219:
11218:
11216:
11214:
11199:
11193:
11192:
11156:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11145:
11122:
11116:
11115:
11113:
11111:
11085:
11079:
11073:
11067:
11066:
11029:
11020:
11019:
11003:
10997:
10996:
10964:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10953:
10927:
10921:
10920:
10900:
10894:
10893:
10875:
10869:
10868:
10850:
10844:
10843:
10818:
10812:
10811:
10791:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10769:
10763:
10762:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10724:
10718:
10717:
10712:. Archived from
10693:
10684:
10683:
10670:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10636:
10627:
10624:
10618:
10617:
10595:Sarkar, Jadunath
10591:
10585:
10584:
10565:Sarkar, Jadunath
10561:
10555:
10554:
10536:Sarkar, Jadunath
10532:
10526:
10525:
10498:
10492:
10491:
10489:
10487:
10464:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10453:
10430:
10424:
10417:
10411:
10410:
10387:
10381:
10380:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10315:
10309:
10308:
10289:
10283:
10282:
10263:
10257:
10256:
10236:
10230:
10229:
10221:
10215:
10214:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10191:
10185:
10184:
10176:
10170:
10169:
10160:
10154:
10153:
10140:
10134:
10133:
10110:
10104:
10103:, Vol. 2, p. 510
10097:
10091:
10090:
10070:
10064:
10057:
10051:
10048:Tata McGraw-Hill
10040:
10034:
10027:
10021:
10014:
10008:
10001:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9990:
9967:
9961:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9892:
9881:
9880:
9875:
9873:
9856:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9772:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9741:
9735:
9734:
9728:
9720:
9714:
9713:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9655:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9604:
9595:
9594:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9554:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9528:
9517:
9511:
9505:
9499:
9493:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9482:
9461:
9455:
9449:
9443:
9437:
9431:
9425:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9382:
9377:
9375:
9360:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9337:
9335:
9312:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9295:
9280:
9269:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9255:
9240:
9226:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9193:
9182:
9176:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9116:. Archived from
9105:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9085:. Archived from
9074:
9068:
9067:
9041:
9035:
9034:
9008:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8985:. Archived from
8979:
8973:
8972:
8946:
8940:
8939:
8929:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8889:on 9 August 2014
8885:. Archived from
8875:
8869:
8868:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8738:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8662:
8656:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8619:
8610:
8609:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8564:
8558:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8486:. Archived from
8477:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8380:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8179:on 27 March 2014
8175:. Archived from
8165:
8159:
8158:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8042:
8036:
8030:
8024:
8023:
7996:
7987:
7986:
7962:. Translated by
7955:
7946:
7945:
7929:
7920:Berger, Peter L.
7912:
7906:
7905:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7828:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7801:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7675:
7656:
7655:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7580:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7534:
7521:
7520:
7487:
7478:
7477:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7263:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7208:"7. Later Years"
7203:
7197:
7196:
7165:Social Scientist
7160:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7126:
7117:
7116:
7072:
7063:
7062:
7026:
7020:
7019:
6987:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6946:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6789:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6712:
6703:
6702:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6595:
6586:
6585:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6501:
6490:
6489:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6420:
6414:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6309:
6298:
6297:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6274:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6234:
6225:
6219:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6197:
6188:
6187:
6179:
6170:
6169:
6161:
6152:
6151:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6000:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5893:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5870:"Marc Gaborieau"
5866:
5860:
5859:
5843:
5826:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5689:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5625:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5506:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5339:
5326:
5320:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5271:. Archived from
5260:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5011:
5005:
4992:
4991:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4954:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4817:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4665:Ancient Pakistan
4660:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4607:. 9 October 2017
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4545:
4530:
4518:
4507:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4186:Monarch of Islam
4095:
4029:Jawaharlal Nehru
4023:points out that
3979:, known for his
3683:Grand Trunk road
3620:Sikh Confederacy
3580:Kashmiri Pandits
3505:Lachit Borphukan
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3308:fort of Purandar
3266:battle of Satara
3108:Durgadas Rathore
2982:After 1679, the
2886:Anglo-Mughal War
2868:Anglo-Mughal War
2796:
2784:
2769:François Bernier
2765:
2750:
2674:Subhan Quli Khan
2580:
2565:
2550:
2497:Bibi ka Maqbara.
2494:
2478:
2407:Syed Ali Tabrizi
2357:Mughal miniature
2319:François Bernier
2307:composite cannon
2260:siege of Bijapur
2159:Mughal artillery
2129:
2114:
2098:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1758:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
1743:His emphasis on
1684:Fatawa 'Alamgiri
1664:Religious policy
1566:7. Diwanji Begum
1244:Mariam-uz-Zamani
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1113:battle of Khajwa
804:, Aurangzeb and
799:
796:
793:A painting from
768:Murtaza Shah III
736:A painting from
709:in October 1635.
687:Career as prince
614:
613: 1605–1627
612:
587:
586: 1370–1405
585:
568:
567: 1628–1658
566:
476:
475: 1628–1658
474:
447:, was the sixth
427:
287:
275:
273:
252:
250:
196:
107:
104:
99:
78:
75:Amir al-Mu'minin
69:
60:
39:
38:
32:Aurangzeb (film)
21:
15538:
15537:
15533:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15528:
15527:
15428:
15427:
15426:
15421:
15388:
15324:
15295:Qingzhen Zhinan
15245:Kitab al-Tawhid
15224:
15211:
15108:14th AH/20th AD
15103:
14893:13th AH/19th AD
14888:
14823:Shah Abdul Aziz
14786:12th AH/18th AD
14781:
14709:11th AH/17th AD
14704:
14626:10th AH/16th AD
14621:
14616:Ebussuud Efendi
14574:Ali-Shir Nava'i
14562:
14479:
14426:
14367:
14284:
14237:
14193:
14188:
14158:
14153:
14129:Nawabs of Awadh
14082:
14063:Persian Mughals
14012:
13996:Achabal Gardens
13974:
13945:Jahangir's Tomb
13930:Bibi Ka Maqbara
13911:
13892:Badshahi Mosque
13863:
13809:
13775:Khushal Khattak
13750:Maharana Pratap
13686:
13615:
13596:Thanesar (1710)
13591:Thanesar (1567)
13482:
13392:
13317:
13262:
13258:Bahadur Shah II
13213:Rafi ud-Darajat
13144:
13134:
13104:
13094:
13092:
13082:
13080:
13070:
13068:
13060:
13054:
13045:
13037:
13016:
13012:
13005:
13004:
13001:Timurid dynasty
12997:
12946:
12934:
12913:
12892:
12869:
12825:
12776:Irvine, William
12768:
12747:
12725:
12723:Further reading
12720:
12713:
12706:
12693:
12669:
12648:
12623:
12621:
12569:
12548:
12526:
12521:
12520:
12502:
12498:
12491:
12477:
12473:
12463:
12461:
12457:
12450:
12446:
12445:
12441:
12434:
12422:
12421:
12417:
12407:
12405:
12387:
12383:
12376:
12348:
12347:
12343:
12336:
12316:
12312:
12273:
12269:
12262:
12248:
12244:
12234:
12232:
12222:
12218:
12203:10.2307/3517719
12197:(9/10): 73–76.
12187:
12183:
12152:
12148:
12135:
12133:
12129:
12126:التاريخ كما كان
12121:
12117:
12101:
12095:
12091:
12084:
12070:Ahmed, Akbar S.
12067:
12063:
12056:
12042:
12038:
12031:
12017:
12013:
12000:
11996:
11987:
11983:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11958:
11950:
11946:
11933:
11931:
11920:
11916:
11906:
11904:
11895:
11891:
11881:
11879:
11870:
11866:
11856:
11854:
11844:
11840:
11829:
11813:
11809:
11801:
11797:
11787:
11785:
11777:
11776:
11772:
11762:
11748:
11744:
11738:
11737:
11723:
11719:
11712:
11698:
11694:
11687:
11671:
11667:
11660:
11644:
11640:
11633:
11617:
11613:
11606:
11598:. p. 189.
11586:
11582:
11575:
11559:
11555:
11548:
11532:
11523:
11516:
11500:
11496:
11489:
11473:
11469:
11462:
11446:
11442:
11435:
11419:
11415:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11376:
11372:
11365:
11349:
11345:
11337:
11333:
11302:
11298:
11291:
11287:
11277:
11275:
11273:
11254:
11250:
11243:
11226:
11222:
11212:
11210:
11201:
11200:
11196:
11157:
11153:
11143:
11141:
11139:
11123:
11119:
11109:
11107:
11105:
11086:
11082:
11074:
11070:
11030:
11023:
11004:
11000:
10990:
10965:
10961:
10951:
10949:
10947:
10928:
10924:
10901:
10897:
10890:
10876:
10872:
10865:
10851:
10847:
10833:
10819:
10815:
10808:
10792:
10788:
10778:
10776:
10771:
10770:
10766:
10759:
10743:
10739:
10726:
10725:
10721:
10710:
10694:
10687:
10679:Hindustan Times
10672:
10671:
10667:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10637:
10630:
10625:
10621:
10597:, ed. (1973) .
10592:
10588:
10567:, ed. (1973) .
10562:
10558:
10538:, ed. (1973) .
10533:
10529:
10522:
10514:. p. 113.
10512:Canongate Books
10499:
10495:
10485:
10483:
10481:
10465:
10461:
10451:
10449:
10447:
10431:
10427:
10418:
10414:
10407:
10388:
10384:
10377:
10358:
10354:
10347:
10331:
10327:
10316:
10312:
10293:Chandra, Satish
10290:
10286:
10267:Chandra, Satish
10264:
10260:
10253:
10237:
10233:
10222:
10218:
10207:
10203:
10192:
10188:
10177:
10173:
10162:
10161:
10157:
10141:
10137:
10130:
10111:
10107:
10098:
10094:
10087:
10071:
10067:
10058:
10054:
10041:
10037:
10028:
10024:
10015:
10011:
10002:
9998:
9988:
9986:
9984:
9968:
9964:
9956:
9952:
9944:
9940:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9893:
9884:
9871:
9869:
9857:
9853:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9823:
9819:
9812:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9756:
9752:
9743:
9742:
9738:
9726:
9722:
9721:
9717:
9706:
9702:
9695:
9679:
9675:
9668:
9643:
9639:
9605:
9598:
9577:
9573:
9563:
9561:
9556:
9555:
9551:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9526:
9518:
9514:
9506:
9502:
9494:
9490:
9480:
9478:
9462:
9458:
9450:
9446:
9438:
9434:
9426:
9422:
9414:
9410:
9402:
9398:
9390:
9386:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9358:
9350:
9346:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9313:
9306:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9238:
9227:
9216:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9191:
9183:
9179:
9171:
9167:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9137:
9133:
9123:
9121:
9106:
9102:
9092:
9090:
9075:
9071:
9064:
9042:
9038:
9031:
9009:
9002:
8992:
8990:
8981:
8980:
8976:
8969:
8947:
8943:
8906:
8902:
8892:
8890:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8865:
8849:
8845:
8838:
8816:
8812:
8797:
8783:
8779:
8764:
8750:
8746:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8716:
8712:
8702:
8700:
8699:on 24 July 2011
8691:
8690:
8686:
8679:
8663:
8659:
8647:
8643:
8620:
8613:
8590:
8586:
8579:
8565:
8561:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8519:
8515:
8502:
8498:
8490:
8475:
8465:
8461:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8431:
8427:
8417:
8415:
8395:
8394:
8390:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8360:
8344:
8340:
8329:
8313:
8309:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8279:
8275:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8196:
8192:
8182:
8180:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8155:
8132:
8128:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8068:
8064:
8057:
8043:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8020:
7997:
7990:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7934:. p. 158.
7913:
7909:
7902:
7883:
7879:
7872:
7856:
7852:
7845:
7829:
7820:
7812:
7799:
7793:
7789:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7750:
7746:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7707:
7703:
7676:
7659:
7616:
7612:
7581:
7574:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7535:
7524:
7505:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7458:
7454:
7447:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7404:
7400:
7385:
7353:
7349:
7331:
7327:
7288:
7284:
7276:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7236:
7204:
7200:
7177:10.2307/3518271
7161:
7157:
7147:
7145:
7127:
7120:
7105:
7073:
7066:
7043:10.2307/3596130
7027:
7023:
7016:
6988:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6944:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6909:
6905:
6898:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6856:
6852:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6823:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6802:
6780:Mukhia, Harbans
6777:
6773:
6766:
6752:
6748:
6713:
6706:
6695:
6679:
6675:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6645:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6599:Chandra, Satish
6596:
6589:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6542:
6538:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6502:
6493:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6421:
6417:
6403:OECD Publishing
6393:Maddison, Angus
6391:
6387:
6380:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6310:
6301:
6290:
6286:
6275:
6271:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6213:
6198:
6191:
6180:
6173:
6162:
6155:
6139:
6135:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6041:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6004:Chandra, Satish
6001:
5992:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5954:
5950:
5931:
5927:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5897:Chandra, Satish
5894:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5827:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5788:
5781:
5766:
5762:
5739:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5693:Chandra, Satish
5690:
5675:
5667:
5663:
5655:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5483:
5476:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5327:
5323:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5287:
5280:
5261:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5160:
5146:
5142:
5127:
5113:
5109:
5094:
5080:
5076:
5061:
5047:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5014:
5006:
4995:
4988:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4945:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4916:Spear, Percival
4913:
4909:
4902:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4818:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4722:
4718:
4705:
4703:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4661:
4657:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4508:
4504:
4500:for references.
4495:
4491:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4343:
4296:
4245:
4203:
4198:
4140:
4135:
4127:Audrey Truschke
4054:
4021:Audrey Truschke
3843:
3829:by the army of
3827:battle of Jajau
3764:Stanley Wolpert
3762:The Indologist
3705:Bibi Ka Maqbara
3698:
3692:
3632:
3557:
3555:Sikh opposition
3521:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3424:
3421:
3412:
3409:
3400:
3397:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3173:
3070:Bharatpur State
3038:
3021:Peter the Great
3015:
2980:
2966:
2954:Fort St. George
2950:Carnatic region
2857:
2851:
2843:Sharif of Mecca
2831:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2788:
2785:
2776:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2725:
2686:
2671:
2635:Mappila Muslims
2631:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2535:Pashmina shawls
2505:
2498:
2495:
2486:
2483:Badshahi Masjid
2479:
2455:, and gardens.
2432:Badshahi Mosque
2419:
2379:
2365:Bibi Ka Maqbara
2361:Badshahi Masjid
2342:
2340:Art and culture
2330:Daud Khan Panni
2241:Sanda Thudhamma
2215:Prince Mu'azzam
2169:Badshah Alamgir
2161:
2147:
2140:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2099:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2029:
2026:
2017:
2014:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1945:
1933:
1875:Umananda Temple
1815:
1813:Taxation policy
1730:Bamiyan Buddhas
1728:to destroy the
1672:
1666:
1650:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1152:
1144:Sulaiman Shikoh
979:
921:
872:
863:
797:
695:
693:Siege of Orchha
689:
609:
582:
575:Timurid dynasty
563:
549:
471:
464:Timurid dynasty
382:Timurid dynasty
359:
315:Muhammad Sultan
296:
283:
277:
269:
265:
262:
254:
246:
242:
239:
223:
206:, Mughal Empire
198:
194:
174:
173:3 November 1618
172:
156:
154:
108:
105:
88:
84:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15536:
15526:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15440:
15423:
15422:
15420:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15397:
15394:
15393:
15390:
15389:
15387:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15340:
15334:
15330:
15329:
15326:
15325:
15323:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15236:
15230:
15229:Theology books
15226:
15225:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15212:
15210:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15178:
15172:
15166:
15160:
15154:
15148:
15142:
15136:
15130:
15124:
15118:
15111:
15109:
15105:
15104:
15102:
15101:
15095:
15089:
15083:
15077:
15071:
15065:
15059:
15053:
15047:
15041:
15035:
15029:
15023:
15017:
15011:
15008:Meher Ali Shah
15005:
14999:
14993:
14987:
14981:
14975:
14969:
14963:
14957:
14951:
14945:
14939:
14933:
14927:
14921:
14915:
14909:
14903:
14896:
14894:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14886:
14880:
14874:
14868:
14865:Yusuf Ma Dexin
14862:
14856:
14850:
14844:
14838:
14832:
14826:
14820:
14814:
14808:
14802:
14796:
14789:
14787:
14783:
14782:
14780:
14779:
14773:
14767:
14761:
14755:
14749:
14743:
14737:
14731:
14725:
14719:
14712:
14710:
14706:
14705:
14703:
14702:
14696:
14690:
14684:
14678:
14672:
14666:
14660:
14654:
14651:Ahmad Sirhindi
14648:
14642:
14636:
14629:
14627:
14623:
14622:
14620:
14619:
14613:
14607:
14601:
14595:
14589:
14583:
14580:Husayn Kashifi
14577:
14570:
14568:
14567:9th AH/15th AD
14564:
14563:
14561:
14560:
14554:
14548:
14545:'Ali al-Qushji
14542:
14539:Ali al-Bistami
14536:
14530:
14524:
14518:
14512:
14506:
14500:
14494:
14487:
14485:
14484:8th AH/14th AD
14481:
14480:
14478:
14477:
14471:
14465:
14459:
14453:
14447:
14441:
14434:
14432:
14431:7th AH/13th AD
14428:
14427:
14425:
14424:
14418:
14412:
14406:
14400:
14394:
14388:
14382:
14375:
14373:
14372:6th AH/12th AD
14369:
14368:
14366:
14365:
14359:
14353:
14347:
14341:
14335:
14329:
14323:
14317:
14311:
14308:Yusuf Hamadani
14305:
14299:
14292:
14290:
14289:5th AH/11th AD
14286:
14285:
14283:
14282:
14276:
14270:
14264:
14258:
14252:
14245:
14243:
14242:4th AH/10th AD
14239:
14238:
14236:
14235:
14229:
14223:
14217:
14210:
14208:
14201:
14195:
14194:
14187:
14186:
14179:
14172:
14164:
14155:
14154:
14152:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14106:
14104:Maratha Empire
14101:
14090:
14088:
14084:
14083:
14081:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14024:
14022:
14018:
14017:
14014:
14013:
14011:
14010:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13986:Fatehpur Sikri
13982:
13980:
13976:
13975:
13973:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13940:Humayun's Tomb
13937:
13932:
13927:
13921:
13919:
13913:
13912:
13910:
13909:
13904:
13902:Sunehri Masjid
13899:
13894:
13889:
13884:
13879:
13873:
13871:
13865:
13864:
13862:
13861:
13856:
13854:Jahangir Mahal
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13830:
13828:
13821:
13815:
13814:
13811:
13810:
13808:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13740:Sher Shah Suri
13737:
13732:
13727:
13726:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13694:
13692:
13688:
13687:
13685:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13623:
13621:
13617:
13616:
13614:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13566:Panipat (1761)
13563:
13561:Panipat (1556)
13558:
13556:Panipat (1526)
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13501:Badli-ki-Serai
13498:
13492:
13490:
13481:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13404:
13402:
13398:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13329:
13327:
13316:
13315:
13314:
13313:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13282:
13281:
13270:
13268:
13267:Administration
13264:
13263:
13261:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13238:Shah Jahan III
13235:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13200:
13198:Bahadur Shah I
13195:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13165:
13160:
13154:
13152:
13146:
13145:
13133:
13132:
13125:
13118:
13110:
13103:
13102:
13090:
13078:
13056:
13055:
13050:
13047:
13042:Mughal Emperor
13038:
13033:
13029:
13028:
13027:Regnal titles
13024:
13023:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12967:
12961:
12952:
12945:
12944:External links
12942:
12941:
12940:
12939:
12938:
12932:
12911:
12896:
12890:
12873:
12867:
12854:
12840:
12829:
12823:
12808:
12795:
12786:
12772:
12766:
12751:
12745:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12718:
12697:
12691:
12673:
12667:
12652:
12646:
12640:. I.B.Tauris.
12630:
12592:
12573:
12567:
12551:
12546:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12519:
12518:
12496:
12489:
12471:
12439:
12432:
12415:
12381:
12374:
12341:
12334:
12310:
12267:
12260:
12242:
12216:
12181:
12146:
12115:
12089:
12082:
12061:
12054:
12036:
12029:
12011:
11994:
11981:
11967:
11944:
11914:
11889:
11864:
11838:
11827:
11807:
11795:
11770:
11760:
11742:
11717:
11710:
11692:
11685:
11665:
11658:
11638:
11631:
11611:
11604:
11580:
11573:
11553:
11546:
11521:
11514:
11494:
11487:
11467:
11460:
11440:
11433:
11413:
11396:
11370:
11363:
11343:
11331:
11296:
11285:
11271:
11248:
11241:
11220:
11194:
11167:(2): 285–308.
11151:
11137:
11117:
11103:
11080:
11076:Richards (1996
11068:
11033:Rein Taagepera
11021:
10998:
10988:
10959:
10945:
10922:
10895:
10888:
10870:
10863:
10845:
10831:
10813:
10806:
10786:
10764:
10757:
10737:
10719:
10708:
10685:
10665:
10651:
10628:
10619:
10586:
10556:
10527:
10520:
10493:
10479:
10459:
10445:
10425:
10412:
10405:
10382:
10375:
10352:
10345:
10325:
10310:
10284:
10258:
10251:
10231:
10216:
10201:
10186:
10171:
10155:
10152:. p. 179.
10135:
10128:
10105:
10092:
10085:
10079:. Roli Books.
10065:
10052:
10035:
10022:
10009:
9996:
9982:
9962:
9950:
9938:
9917:
9910:
9882:
9862:, ed. (1937).
9851:
9837:
9817:
9810:
9790:
9783:
9750:
9736:
9715:
9700:
9693:
9673:
9666:
9637:
9624:10.1086/603599
9618:(4): 887–913.
9596:
9571:
9549:
9535:
9512:
9500:
9488:
9456:
9454:, p. 136.
9444:
9442:, p. 126.
9432:
9420:
9408:
9396:
9384:
9367:
9344:
9327:
9304:
9287:
9264:
9247:
9214:
9200:
9177:
9165:
9151:
9131:
9100:
9069:
9062:
9036:
9029:
9000:
8974:
8967:
8941:
8900:
8870:
8863:
8843:
8836:
8810:
8795:
8777:
8762:
8744:
8730:
8710:
8684:
8677:
8657:
8641:
8611:
8600:(3): 241–254.
8584:
8577:
8559:
8542:
8535:
8513:
8496:
8459:
8445:
8425:
8388:
8365:
8358:
8338:
8327:
8307:
8293:
8273:
8218:
8211:
8190:
8160:
8153:
8126:
8112:
8092:
8085:
8062:
8055:
8037:
8035:, p. 223)
8033:Richards (1996
8025:
8018:
7988:
7947:
7940:
7907:
7900:
7877:
7870:
7850:
7843:
7818:
7787:
7774:
7744:
7727:
7701:
7686:(3): 307–308.
7657:
7630:(3): 485–508.
7610:
7572:
7559:
7522:
7503:
7479:
7472:
7452:
7445:
7425:
7418:
7398:
7383:
7347:
7325:
7282:
7249:
7234:
7220:. p. 94.
7198:
7171:(1/2): 16–45.
7155:
7118:
7103:
7064:
7037:(3): 322–340.
7021:
7014:
6979:
6967:
6953:
6930:
6923:
6903:
6896:
6876:
6870:
6850:
6833:
6811:
6800:
6771:
6764:
6746:
6704:
6693:
6673:
6659:
6639:
6637:, p. 171)
6635:Richards (1996
6627:
6613:
6587:
6571:
6536:
6491:
6475:
6468:
6442:
6435:
6415:
6385:
6378:
6358:
6351:
6331:
6324:
6299:
6284:
6269:
6267:(1999), p. 149
6256:
6249:
6226:
6224:, p. 374)
6211:
6208:. p. 254.
6189:
6186:. p. 418.
6171:
6168:. p. 187.
6153:
6133:
6122:Dodwell, H. H.
6112:
6105:
6084:
6072:
6070:, p. 162)
6068:Richards (1996
6060:
6053:
6032:
6018:
5990:
5988:, p. 159)
5986:Richards (1996
5978:
5971:
5948:
5925:
5911:
5883:
5861:
5854:
5821:
5817:Richards (1996
5809:
5802:
5779:
5760:
5733:
5729:Richards (1996
5721:
5707:
5673:
5669:Richards (1996
5661:
5657:Richards (1996
5646:
5632:
5609:
5575:
5550:
5541:
5534:
5516:
5507:
5498:
5489:
5487:, p. 128)
5485:Richards (1996
5474:
5431:
5419:
5407:
5400:
5382:
5375:
5357:
5350:
5330:Eraly, Abraham
5321:
5308:
5301:
5278:
5255:
5253:, p. 130)
5251:Richards (1996
5243:
5231:
5217:
5197:
5185:
5173:
5158:
5140:
5125:
5107:
5092:
5074:
5059:
5041:
5039:, p. 194.
5037:Tillotson 2008
5029:
5012:
4993:
4986:
4968:
4961:
4936:
4907:
4900:
4880:
4873:
4853:
4839:
4833:. p. 21.
4807:
4769:
4762:
4744:
4734:
4716:
4689:
4655:
4638:
4618:
4592:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4502:
4498:Sarmad Kashani
4489:
4475:
4466:
4435:
4403:
4391:
4382:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4357:Mughal weapons
4354:
4349:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4306:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4277:Safavid empire
4270:
4264:
4258:Bahadur Shah I
4255:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:Udaipuri Mahal
4233:
4227:
4221:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4108:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4053:
4050:
4033:Mahatma Gandhi
3953:Muhammad Iqbal
3893:Islamic ethics
3842:
3839:
3835:Maratha Empire
3831:Bahadur Shah I
3723:, Maharashtra.
3691:
3688:
3656:Kunar Province
3654:in modern-day
3631:
3628:
3556:
3553:
3538:Northern India
3520:
3517:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3391:
3304:Raja Jai Singh
3256:Maratha Empire
3248:Main article:
3245:
3242:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3153:
3138:
3127:
3100:
3073:
3037:
3034:
3014:
3011:
2979:
2976:
2965:
2962:
2850:
2847:
2830:
2827:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2724:
2721:
2685:
2682:
2670:
2667:
2639:Aceh Sultanate
2630:
2627:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2537:also known as
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2467:Bakhtiyar Kaki
2418:
2415:
2378:
2375:
2341:
2338:
2155:Mughal weapons
2146:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2133:Sarmad Kashani
2131:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2050:
2047:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1929:
1814:
1811:
1807:Ahmad Sirhindi
1789:Sarmad Kashani
1697:Ahmad Sirhindi
1665:
1662:
1649:
1646:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1132:Saadullah Khan
999:Satish Chandra
978:
975:
960:besieged Bidar
920:
917:
871:
868:
862:
859:
784:Udaipuri Mahal
691:Main article:
688:
685:
590:Timurid Empire
548:
545:
449:Mughal emperor
429:
428:
421:
415:
414:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
394:
389:
385:
384:
379:
373:
372:
370:House of Babur
367:
361:
360:
358:
357:
352:
347:
345:Muhammad Akbar
342:
337:
335:Zubdat-un-Nisa
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
306:
304:
298:
297:
295:
294:
292:Udaipuri Mahal
289:
278:
267:
263:
258:
257:
255:
244:
240:
235:
234:
231:
229:
225:
224:
214:
212:
208:
207:
197:(aged 88)
191:
187:
186:
169:
165:
164:
161:
160:
151:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
100:
92:
91:
87:
86:
79:
70:
61:
49:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15535:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15438:Sunni Muslims
15436:
15435:
15433:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15399:
15395:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15374:Firangi Mahal
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15341:
15338:
15335:
15331:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15310:Izhar ul-Haqq
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15300:Kutadgu Bilig
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15237:
15234:
15231:
15227:
15222:
15208:
15207:Salah Mezhiev
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15182:
15179:
15176:
15173:
15170:
15167:
15164:
15161:
15158:
15155:
15152:
15149:
15146:
15143:
15140:
15137:
15134:
15131:
15128:
15125:
15122:
15119:
15116:
15113:
15112:
15110:
15106:
15099:
15096:
15093:
15090:
15087:
15084:
15081:
15078:
15075:
15072:
15069:
15066:
15063:
15060:
15057:
15056:Mustafa Sabri
15054:
15051:
15048:
15045:
15042:
15039:
15036:
15033:
15030:
15027:
15024:
15021:
15018:
15015:
15012:
15009:
15006:
15003:
15000:
14997:
14994:
14991:
14988:
14985:
14982:
14979:
14976:
14973:
14970:
14967:
14964:
14961:
14958:
14955:
14952:
14949:
14946:
14943:
14940:
14937:
14934:
14931:
14928:
14925:
14922:
14919:
14916:
14913:
14910:
14907:
14904:
14901:
14898:
14897:
14895:
14891:
14884:
14881:
14878:
14877:Naqi Ali Khan
14875:
14872:
14869:
14866:
14863:
14860:
14857:
14854:
14851:
14848:
14845:
14842:
14839:
14836:
14833:
14830:
14827:
14824:
14821:
14818:
14815:
14812:
14809:
14806:
14803:
14800:
14797:
14794:
14791:
14790:
14788:
14784:
14777:
14774:
14771:
14768:
14765:
14762:
14759:
14756:
14753:
14750:
14747:
14744:
14741:
14738:
14735:
14732:
14729:
14726:
14723:
14720:
14717:
14714:
14713:
14711:
14707:
14700:
14697:
14694:
14691:
14688:
14685:
14682:
14679:
14676:
14673:
14670:
14667:
14664:
14661:
14658:
14657:Mahmud Hudayi
14655:
14652:
14649:
14646:
14643:
14640:
14637:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14628:
14624:
14617:
14614:
14611:
14608:
14605:
14602:
14599:
14596:
14593:
14590:
14587:
14584:
14581:
14578:
14575:
14572:
14571:
14569:
14565:
14558:
14555:
14552:
14549:
14546:
14543:
14540:
14537:
14534:
14531:
14528:
14525:
14522:
14519:
14516:
14513:
14510:
14507:
14504:
14501:
14498:
14495:
14492:
14489:
14488:
14486:
14482:
14475:
14472:
14469:
14466:
14463:
14460:
14457:
14454:
14451:
14448:
14445:
14442:
14439:
14436:
14435:
14433:
14429:
14422:
14419:
14416:
14413:
14410:
14407:
14404:
14401:
14398:
14395:
14392:
14389:
14386:
14383:
14380:
14377:
14376:
14374:
14370:
14363:
14360:
14357:
14354:
14351:
14348:
14345:
14342:
14339:
14336:
14333:
14330:
14327:
14324:
14321:
14318:
14315:
14312:
14309:
14306:
14303:
14300:
14297:
14294:
14293:
14291:
14287:
14280:
14277:
14274:
14271:
14268:
14265:
14262:
14259:
14256:
14253:
14250:
14247:
14246:
14244:
14240:
14233:
14230:
14227:
14224:
14221:
14218:
14215:
14212:
14211:
14209:
14207:3rd AH/9th AD
14205:
14202:
14200:
14196:
14192:
14185:
14180:
14178:
14173:
14171:
14166:
14165:
14162:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14109:Rajput states
14107:
14105:
14102:
14099:
14095:
14092:
14091:
14089:
14085:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14025:
14023:
14019:
14009:
14008:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13983:
13981:
13977:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13922:
13920:
13918:
13914:
13908:
13905:
13903:
13900:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13874:
13872:
13870:
13866:
13860:
13857:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13831:
13829:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13816:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13700:
13699:
13696:
13695:
13693:
13689:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13668:
13665:
13663:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13624:
13622:
13618:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13493:
13491:
13489:
13485:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13458:Carnatic wars
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13399:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13330:
13328:
13326:
13325:
13320:
13312:
13309:
13308:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13280:
13277:
13276:
13275:
13272:
13271:
13269:
13265:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13248:Shah Jahan IV
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13223:Muhammad Shah
13221:
13219:
13218:Shah Jahan II
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13203:Jahandar Shah
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13155:
13153:
13151:
13147:
13143:
13142:Mughal Empire
13139:
13131:
13126:
13124:
13119:
13117:
13112:
13111:
13108:
13101:
13091:
13089:
13079:
13077:
13067:
13066:
13063:
13053:
13044:
13043:
13036:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13008:
13003:
13002:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12975:
12971:
12968:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12947:
12935:
12933:9781503602038
12929:
12925:
12924:
12918:
12917:
12914:
12912:9780670089819
12908:
12904:
12903:
12897:
12893:
12887:
12882:
12881:
12874:
12870:
12868:0-14-012619-8
12864:
12860:
12855:
12851:
12850:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12836:
12830:
12826:
12820:
12816:
12815:
12809:
12805:
12801:
12796:
12792:
12787:
12783:
12782:
12777:
12773:
12769:
12763:
12759:
12758:
12752:
12748:
12742:
12738:
12734:
12733:
12727:
12726:
12712:
12705:
12704:
12698:
12694:
12688:
12684:
12683:
12678:
12674:
12670:
12664:
12660:
12659:
12653:
12649:
12643:
12639:
12635:
12634:Matthee, Rudi
12631:
12619:
12614:
12610:
12606:
12602:
12598:
12593:
12589:
12585:
12581:
12580:
12574:
12570:
12564:
12560:
12556:
12552:
12549:
12543:
12540:, Routledge,
12539:
12538:
12533:
12532:Avari, Burjor
12529:
12528:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12507:
12500:
12492:
12486:
12482:
12475:
12456:
12449:
12443:
12435:
12429:
12425:
12419:
12404:
12400:
12396:
12392:
12385:
12377:
12371:
12367:
12363:
12359:
12355:
12353:
12352:ʾÁlamgír-náma
12345:
12337:
12331:
12327:
12323:
12322:
12314:
12306:
12302:
12298:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12282:
12278:
12271:
12263:
12257:
12253:
12246:
12231:
12227:
12220:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12192:
12185:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12165:
12161:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12128:
12127:
12119:
12111:
12107:
12100:
12093:
12085:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12065:
12057:
12051:
12047:
12040:
12032:
12026:
12022:
12015:
12008:
12004:
11998:
11991:
11985:
11970:
11964:
11957:
11956:
11948:
11941:
11929:
11925:
11918:
11902:
11901:
11893:
11877:
11876:
11868:
11853:
11849:
11842:
11835:
11830:
11824:
11820:
11819:
11811:
11804:
11799:
11784:
11780:
11774:
11767:
11763:
11757:
11753:
11746:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11721:
11713:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11688:
11682:
11678:
11677:
11669:
11661:
11655:
11651:
11650:
11642:
11634:
11628:
11624:
11623:
11615:
11607:
11601:
11597:
11593:
11592:
11584:
11576:
11570:
11566:
11565:
11557:
11549:
11543:
11539:
11538:
11530:
11528:
11526:
11517:
11511:
11507:
11506:
11498:
11490:
11484:
11480:
11479:
11471:
11463:
11457:
11453:
11452:
11444:
11436:
11430:
11426:
11425:
11417:
11410:
11399:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11374:
11366:
11360:
11356:
11355:
11347:
11341:, p. 33.
11340:
11335:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11300:
11294:
11289:
11274:
11268:
11264:
11263:
11258:
11252:
11244:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11224:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11166:
11162:
11155:
11140:
11134:
11130:
11129:
11121:
11106:
11100:
11096:
11095:
11090:
11084:
11077:
11072:
11064:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11043:
11038:
11034:
11028:
11026:
11018:
11013:
11009:
11008:Asian Affairs
11002:
10995:
10991:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10973:
10972:Jalal, Ayesha
10969:
10963:
10948:
10942:
10938:
10937:
10934:
10926:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10906:
10899:
10891:
10885:
10881:
10874:
10866:
10860:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10840:
10834:
10828:
10824:
10817:
10809:
10803:
10799:
10798:
10790:
10774:
10768:
10760:
10754:
10750:
10749:
10741:
10733:
10729:
10723:
10715:
10711:
10705:
10701:
10700:
10692:
10690:
10682:. 1 May 2021.
10681:
10680:
10675:
10669:
10654:
10648:
10644:
10643:
10635:
10633:
10623:
10616:
10614:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10590:
10583:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10560:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10531:
10523:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10508:
10503:
10502:Matthew White
10497:
10482:
10476:
10472:
10471:
10463:
10448:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10429:
10422:
10416:
10408:
10402:
10398:
10397:
10392:
10386:
10378:
10372:
10368:
10367:
10362:
10356:
10348:
10342:
10338:
10337:
10329:
10321:
10314:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10288:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10262:
10254:
10248:
10244:
10243:
10235:
10227:
10220:
10212:
10205:
10197:
10190:
10182:
10175:
10167:
10166:
10159:
10151:
10150:
10145:
10139:
10131:
10125:
10121:
10120:
10115:
10109:
10102:
10096:
10088:
10082:
10078:
10077:
10069:
10062:
10056:
10049:
10045:
10042:Reddy, 2005,
10039:
10032:
10026:
10019:
10013:
10006:
10000:
9985:
9979:
9975:
9974:
9966:
9959:
9954:
9947:
9942:
9935:
9934:81-85396-23-X
9931:
9927:
9921:
9913:
9907:
9903:
9902:
9897:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9879:
9867:
9866:
9861:
9860:Burn, Richard
9855:
9840:
9834:
9830:
9829:
9821:
9813:
9807:
9803:
9802:
9794:
9786:
9780:
9776:
9771:
9770:
9764:
9760:
9754:
9746:
9740:
9732:
9725:
9719:
9711:
9704:
9696:
9690:
9686:
9685:
9677:
9669:
9663:
9659:
9654:
9653:
9647:
9641:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9603:
9601:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9583:
9575:
9559:
9553:
9538:
9532:
9525:
9524:
9516:
9509:
9504:
9497:
9492:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9468:
9460:
9453:
9448:
9441:
9436:
9429:
9424:
9418:, p. 60.
9417:
9412:
9405:
9400:
9393:
9388:
9381:
9370:
9364:
9357:
9356:
9348:
9341:
9330:
9324:
9320:
9319:
9311:
9309:
9301:
9290:
9284:
9277:
9276:
9268:
9261:
9250:
9244:
9237:
9236:
9231:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9203:
9197:
9190:
9189:
9181:
9174:
9169:
9154:
9148:
9144:
9143:
9135:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9104:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9079:"Mughal Maal"
9073:
9065:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9040:
9032:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9007:
9005:
8988:
8984:
8978:
8970:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8945:
8937:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8904:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8879:"Aali Masjid"
8874:
8866:
8860:
8856:
8855:
8847:
8839:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8814:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8796:1-85043-186-8
8792:
8788:
8781:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8759:
8755:
8748:
8733:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8714:
8698:
8694:
8688:
8680:
8674:
8670:
8669:
8661:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8618:
8616:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8580:
8574:
8570:
8563:
8557:
8554:, p. 122, at
8553:
8552:
8546:
8538:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8517:
8509:
8508:
8500:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8472:
8463:
8448:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8429:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8392:
8384:
8379:
8377:
8369:
8361:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8342:
8335:
8334:of the delta.
8330:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8311:
8296:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8277:
8270:
8268:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8214:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8164:
8156:
8150:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8139:Arnold, David
8136:
8135:Stein, Burton
8130:
8115:
8109:
8105:
8104:
8096:
8088:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8066:
8058:
8052:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8029:
8021:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8004:Arnold, David
8001:
8000:Stein, Burton
7995:
7993:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7954:
7952:
7943:
7937:
7933:
7928:
7927:
7921:
7917:
7911:
7903:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7873:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7854:
7846:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7798:
7791:
7777:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7748:
7740:
7739:
7731:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7614:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7577:
7562:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7506:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7491:Puniyani, Ram
7486:
7484:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7456:
7448:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7429:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7358:
7351:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7298:(2): 87–121.
7297:
7293:
7286:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7071:
7069:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7017:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6986:
6984:
6976:
6971:
6956:
6950:
6943:
6942:
6934:
6926:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6907:
6899:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6880:
6873:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6858:Vipul Singh,
6854:
6847:, p. 141
6846:
6845:
6837:
6821:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6797:
6793:
6788:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6767:
6761:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6711:
6709:
6701:
6696:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6677:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6643:
6636:
6631:
6616:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6583:
6582:
6575:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6530:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6471:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6419:
6413:, pp. 259–261
6412:
6411:92-64-10414-3
6408:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6381:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6295:
6288:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6260:
6252:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6233:
6231:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6206:
6205:
6196:
6194:
6185:
6178:
6176:
6167:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6116:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6081:
6076:
6069:
6064:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6039:
6037:
6021:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5987:
5982:
5974:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5871:
5865:
5857:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5818:
5813:
5805:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5786:
5784:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5725:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5670:
5665:
5658:
5653:
5651:
5635:
5629:
5622:
5621:
5613:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5563:
5562:
5554:
5545:
5537:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5493:
5486:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5423:
5417:, p. 53.
5416:
5415:Mukerjee 2001
5411:
5403:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5312:
5304:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5247:
5241:, p. 12.
5240:
5235:
5220:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5027:, p. 61.
5026:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5010:, p. 23.
5009:
5008:Mukerjee 2001
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4943:
4941:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4903:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4857:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4821:József Böröcz
4816:
4814:
4812:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4641:
4639:9788178358642
4635:
4631:
4630:
4622:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4577:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4470:
4448:
4439:
4416:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:Padshah Begum
4310:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:Badshah Ghazi
4168:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4133:Personal life
4128:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:King Sambhaji
3902:
3898:
3897:Hindu temples
3894:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3770:, says that:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:was beheaded.
3569:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3441:Ahom campaign
3431:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3238:Radha vallabh
3235:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3171:Jat rebellion
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:In 1671, the
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:In 1672, the
3128:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3102:In 1679, the
3101:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2874:In 1686, the
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2643:Iskandar Muda
2640:
2636:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2453:caravanserais
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:Ibrahim Rauza
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:Dawoodi Bohra
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:Shahjahanabad
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
995:primogeniture
992:
983:
974:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
937:
932:
928:
927:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
867:
858:
856:
855:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
803:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
749:
745:
741:
740:
734:
730:
728:
724:
723:Jhujhar Singh
720:
716:
708:
704:
699:
694:
684:
682:
676:
672:
668:
666:
665:
659:
654:
653:of his time.
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
617:Mughal Empire
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
580:
576:
572:
561:
558:
554:
544:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
519:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
453:Mughal Empire
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
426:
422:
420:
419:Imperial Seal
416:
413:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
383:
380:
378:
374:
371:
368:
366:
362:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:Zinat-un-Nisa
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
305:
303:
299:
293:
290:
282:
279:
261:
256:
238:
233:
232:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
188:
185:
184:Mughal Empire
181:
180:Gujarat Subah
177:
170:
166:
162:
159:
152:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
98:
93:
90:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
53:
52:
51:
48:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
15285:Fihi Ma Fihi
15183:(d. 1443 AH)
15177:(d. 1442 AH)
15171:(d. 1442 AH)
15165:(d. 1441 AH)
15159:(d. 1439 AH)
15153:(d. 1436 AH)
15147:(d. 1428 AH)
15141:(d. 1415 AH)
15135:(d. 1412 AH)
15129:(d. 1409 AH)
15123:(d. 1403 AH)
15117:(d. 1402 AH)
15100:(d. 1397 AH)
15094:(d. 1395 AH)
15088:(d. 1395 AH)
15082:(d. 1394 AH)
15076:(d. 1391 AH)
15070:(d. 1378 AH)
15064:(d. 1377 AH)
15058:(d. 1373 AH)
15052:(d. 1371 AH)
15046:(d. 1371 AH)
15040:(d. 1368 AH)
15034:(d. 1368 AH)
15028:(d. 1364 AH)
15022:(d. 1361 AH)
15016:(d. 1361 AH)
15010:(d. 1356 AH)
15004:(d. 1354 AH)
14998:(d. 1354 AH)
14992:(d. 1352 AH)
14986:(d. 1346 AH)
14980:(d. 1346 AH)
14974:(d. 1344 AH)
14968:(d. 1340 AH)
14962:(d. 1338 AH)
14956:(d. 1335 AH)
14950:(d. 1330 AH)
14944:(d. 1323 AH)
14938:(d. 1321 AH)
14932:(d. 1317 AH)
14926:(d. 1312 AH)
14920:(d. 1312 AH)
14914:(d. 1308 AH)
14908:(d. 1306 AH)
14902:(d. 1304 AH)
14885:(d. 1298 AH)
14879:(d. 1297 AH)
14873:(d. 1297 AH)
14867:(d. 1291 AH)
14861:(d. 1278 AH)
14855:(d. 1267 AH)
14849:(d. 1257 AH)
14843:(d. 1252 AH)
14837:(d. 1246 AH)
14831:(d. 1246 AH)
14825:(d. 1239 AH)
14819:(d. 1239 AH)
14813:(d. 1226 AH)
14807:(d. 1225 AH)
14801:(d. 1205 AH)
14795:(d. 1204 AH)
14778:(d. 1195 AH)
14772:(d. 1193 AH)
14766:(d. 1176 AH)
14760:(d. 1176 AH)
14754:(d. 1174 AH)
14748:(d. 1161 AH)
14736:(d. 1131 AH)
14730:(d. 1127 AH)
14718:(d. 1118 AH)
14715:
14701:(d. 1081 AH)
14695:(d. 1069 AH)
14689:(d. 1068 AH)
14687:Kâtip Çelebi
14677:(d. 1067 AH)
14671:(d. 1061 AH)
14665:(d. 1052 AH)
14659:(d. 1037 AH)
14653:(d. 1034 AH)
14647:(d. 1025 AH)
14641:(d. 1014 AH)
14639:'Ali al-Qari
14635:(d. 1011 AH)
14604:Taşköprüzade
14557:Khwaja Ahrar
14444:Sultan Walad
14326:Ahmad Yasawi
14097:
14005:
14001:Shahi Bridge
13925:Akbar's Tomb
13887:Chawk Mosque
13859:Sheesh Mahal
13844:Lalbagh Fort
13819:Architecture
13805:Hector Munro
13780:Josiah Child
13730:Ibrahim Lodi
13723:Pratapaditya
13708:Khwaja Usman
13506:Bhuchar Mori
13322:
13243:Shah Alam II
13208:Farrukhsiyar
13187:
13040:
13021:3 March 1707
13018:
13006:
12999:
12994:
12922:
12901:
12879:
12858:
12847:
12833:
12813:
12804:Alvi, Sajida
12799:
12790:
12780:
12756:
12731:
12702:
12681:
12657:
12637:
12622:. Retrieved
12604:
12600:
12578:
12558:
12555:Durant, Will
12536:
12524:Bibliography
12504:
12499:
12480:
12474:
12462:. Retrieved
12455:the original
12442:
12423:
12418:
12406:. Retrieved
12394:
12384:
12357:
12351:
12344:
12320:
12313:
12280:
12276:
12270:
12251:
12245:
12233:. Retrieved
12229:
12219:
12194:
12190:
12184:
12159:
12155:
12149:
12141:
12134:. Retrieved
12125:
12118:
12109:
12105:
12092:
12073:
12064:
12045:
12039:
12020:
12014:
12006:
12002:
11997:
11990:Quartz India
11989:
11984:
11972:. Retrieved
11954:
11947:
11939:
11932:. Retrieved
11927:
11917:
11907:19 September
11905:. Retrieved
11899:
11892:
11882:19 September
11880:. Retrieved
11874:
11867:
11857:19 September
11855:. Retrieved
11851:
11841:
11832:
11817:
11810:
11798:
11786:. Retrieved
11782:
11773:
11765:
11751:
11745:
11725:
11720:
11701:
11695:
11675:
11668:
11648:
11641:
11621:
11614:
11596:Anchor Books
11590:
11583:
11563:
11556:
11536:
11504:
11497:
11477:
11470:
11450:
11443:
11423:
11416:
11408:
11401:. Retrieved
11383:
11373:
11353:
11346:
11334:
11309:
11305:
11299:
11288:
11278:30 September
11276:. Retrieved
11261:
11251:
11232:
11223:
11211:. Retrieved
11207:the original
11197:
11164:
11160:
11154:
11142:. Retrieved
11127:
11120:
11110:30 September
11108:. Retrieved
11093:
11083:
11078:, p. 1)
11071:
11046:
11040:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11001:
10993:
10979:
10968:Bose, Sugata
10962:
10950:. Retrieved
10936:
10932:
10925:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10879:
10873:
10854:
10848:
10838:
10836:
10822:
10816:
10796:
10789:
10777:. Retrieved
10767:
10747:
10740:
10731:
10722:
10714:the original
10698:
10677:
10668:
10656:. Retrieved
10641:
10622:
10612:
10610:
10598:
10589:
10580:
10568:
10559:
10551:
10539:
10530:
10506:
10496:
10484:. Retrieved
10469:
10462:
10450:. Retrieved
10435:
10428:
10415:
10395:
10385:
10365:
10355:
10335:
10328:
10319:
10313:
10296:
10287:
10270:
10261:
10241:
10234:
10225:
10219:
10210:
10204:
10195:
10189:
10180:
10174:
10164:
10158:
10148:
10138:
10118:
10108:
10095:
10075:
10068:
10055:
10038:
10025:
10012:
9999:
9987:. Retrieved
9972:
9965:
9953:
9941:
9925:
9920:
9900:
9877:
9872:15 September
9870:. Retrieved
9864:
9854:
9842:. Retrieved
9827:
9820:
9800:
9793:
9768:
9753:
9739:
9730:
9718:
9709:
9703:
9683:
9676:
9651:
9640:
9615:
9611:
9581:
9574:
9562:. Retrieved
9552:
9540:. Retrieved
9522:
9515:
9508:Farooqi 1989
9503:
9496:Farooqi 1989
9491:
9479:. Retrieved
9466:
9459:
9452:Matthee 2012
9447:
9440:Matthee 2012
9435:
9428:Farooqi 1989
9423:
9416:Farooqi 1989
9411:
9404:Matthee 2012
9399:
9392:Matthee 2012
9387:
9379:
9372:. Retrieved
9354:
9347:
9339:
9332:. Retrieved
9317:
9299:
9292:. Retrieved
9274:
9267:
9259:
9252:. Retrieved
9234:
9205:. Retrieved
9187:
9180:
9173:Farooqi 1989
9168:
9156:. Retrieved
9141:
9134:
9122:. Retrieved
9118:the original
9113:
9103:
9091:. Retrieved
9087:the original
9082:
9072:
9045:
9039:
9012:
8991:. Retrieved
8987:the original
8977:
8950:
8944:
8917:
8913:
8903:
8891:. Retrieved
8887:the original
8882:
8873:
8853:
8846:
8819:
8813:
8786:
8780:
8753:
8747:
8735:. Retrieved
8720:
8713:
8701:. Retrieved
8697:the original
8687:
8667:
8660:
8648:
8644:
8627:
8623:
8597:
8593:
8587:
8568:
8562:
8556:Google Books
8549:
8545:
8526:
8516:
8506:
8499:
8488:the original
8483:
8479:
8470:
8462:
8452:30 September
8450:. Retrieved
8435:
8428:
8416:. Retrieved
8404:
8400:
8391:
8375:
8368:
8348:
8341:
8332:
8317:
8310:
8298:. Retrieved
8283:
8276:
8265:
8263:
8235:
8231:
8221:
8202:
8193:
8181:. Retrieved
8177:the original
8172:
8163:
8143:
8129:
8119:29 September
8117:. Retrieved
8102:
8095:
8075:
8071:Blank, Jonah
8065:
8046:
8040:
8028:
8008:
7981:
7977:
7975:
7959:
7925:
7910:
7890:
7880:
7860:
7853:
7833:
7810:the original
7803:
7790:
7779:, retrieved
7757:
7747:
7737:
7730:
7718:. Retrieved
7714:
7704:
7695:
7683:
7679:
7627:
7623:
7613:
7588:
7584:
7564:, retrieved
7542:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7494:
7462:
7455:
7435:
7428:
7408:
7401:
7365:
7350:
7341:
7328:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7269:
7265:
7252:
7212:
7201:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7146:. Retrieved
7137:
7081:
7034:
7030:
7024:
6996:
6970:
6958:. Retrieved
6940:
6933:
6913:
6906:
6886:
6879:
6860:
6853:
6843:
6836:
6824:. Retrieved
6814:
6805:
6785:
6774:
6755:
6749:
6740:
6720:
6716:
6698:
6683:
6676:
6664:. Retrieved
6649:
6642:
6630:
6620:29 September
6618:. Retrieved
6603:
6580:
6574:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6525:
6518:. Retrieved
6509:
6484:
6478:
6451:
6445:
6425:
6418:
6396:
6388:
6368:
6361:
6341:
6334:
6314:
6293:
6287:
6278:
6272:
6264:
6259:
6239:
6203:
6183:
6165:
6146:
6136:
6126:
6115:
6096:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6063:
6044:
6025:29 September
6023:. Retrieved
6008:
5981:
5961:
5951:
5934:
5928:
5918:29 September
5916:. Retrieved
5901:
5874:. Retrieved
5864:
5839:
5824:
5812:
5792:
5773:
5763:
5754:
5742:
5736:
5724:
5714:29 September
5712:. Retrieved
5697:
5664:
5637:. Retrieved
5619:
5612:
5600:. Retrieved
5588:
5578:
5566:. Retrieved
5560:
5553:
5544:
5525:
5519:
5510:
5501:
5492:
5447:(1): 82–84.
5444:
5440:
5434:
5422:
5410:
5391:
5385:
5366:
5360:
5335:
5324:
5316:
5311:
5291:
5273:the original
5268:
5258:
5246:
5234:
5222:. Retrieved
5207:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5149:
5143:
5116:
5110:
5083:
5077:
5050:
5044:
5032:
4977:
4971:
4950:
4927:. Retrieved
4923:
4910:
4890:
4883:
4863:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4825:
4800:12 September
4798:. Retrieved
4786:
4782:
4772:
4753:
4747:
4739:
4725:
4719:
4711:
4704:. Retrieved
4698:
4692:
4684:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4643:. Retrieved
4628:
4621:
4609:. Retrieved
4604:
4595:
4583:. Retrieved
4576:the original
4541:
4537:
4534:IslamQA.info
4528:
4514:
4505:
4492:
4484:
4478:
4469:
4438:
4406:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4204:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4122:
4111:
4105:
4083:
4061:
4055:
4046:Shia Muslims
4018:
4009:
4002:Ayesha Jalal
3999:
3985:
3981:Islamization
3951:
3944:
3926:
3922:Shia Muslims
3886:
3883:
3855:
3844:
3815:
3794:
3773:
3761:
3756:
3738:
3726:
3672:
3668:
3641:
3613:
3603:
3573:
3546:
3542:
3530:
3509:
3502:
3483:
3475:Ahom kingdom
3471:
3467:Mir Jumla II
3456:
3365:
3361:Deccan India
3333:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3301:
3282:
3271:
3227:
3216:
3208:Raja Ram Jat
3205:
3192:
3186:
3179:The tomb of
3150:Mir Jumla II
3146:Ahom Kingdom
3085:Shaista Khan
3047:
3018:Russian Czar
3016:
3000:
2981:
2967:
2947:
2933:Ganj-i-Sawai
2931:
2918:convoy near
2909:
2879:
2873:
2864:Josiah Child
2832:
2812:
2772:
2753:
2732:
2726:
2705:Prince Akbar
2702:
2694:
2689:Safavid Iran
2687:
2672:
2647:
2632:
2607:
2597:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2460:
2457:
2440:
2420:
2417:Architecture
2410:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2368:
2354:
2343:
2323:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2264:
2252:Bijapur Fort
2245:
2226:Shaista Khan
2223:
2197:
2194:
2168:
2084:
2073:
2058:
2041:
2034:
2032:
1968:
1966:
1955:Cape Comorin
1952:
1934:
1925:
1901:
1890:
1861:, including
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1801:
1793:Tegh Bahadur
1787:Sufi mystic
1762:
1748:
1742:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1689:
1651:
1635:
1632:
1509:Mumtaz Mahal
1386:
1332:Jagat Gosain
1306:Udai Singh I
1270:Shah Jahan I
1153:
1136:
1129:Grand Vizier
1125:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1064:
1053:
1043:
1032:
1030:musketeers.
1017:
988:
963:
941:
935:
924:
922:
897:
873:
864:
852:
842:
832:, who was a
811:
753:
747:
744:war elephant
737:
712:
677:
674:
670:
662:
658:war elephant
655:
640:
621:
602:Mirza Ghiyas
594:Mumtaz Mahal
571:Mughal house
550:
541:
532:
520:
461:
444:
437:
433:
432:
402:Mumtaz Mahal
350:Mihr-un-Nisa
330:Badr-un-Nisa
195:(1707-03-03)
193:3 March 1707
149:Grand Vizier
89:
50:
47:
36:
15508:1707 deaths
15503:1618 births
15443:Sunni Sufis
15354:Ahl al-Ra'y
15044:Al-Kawthari
15038:Musa Bigiev
14841:Ibn 'Abidin
14618:(d. 982 AH)
14612:(d. 980 AH)
14606:(d. 968 AH)
14600:(d. 955 AH)
14594:(d. 943 AH)
14588:(d. 940 AH)
14582:(d. 910 AH)
14576:(d. 906 AH)
14559:(d. 895 AH)
14553:(d. 886 AH)
14547:(d. 879 AH)
14541:(d. 874 AH)
14535:(d. 863 AH)
14529:(d. 861 AH)
14523:(d. 855 AH)
14517:(d. 861 AH)
14511:(d. 851 AH)
14505:(d. 841 AH)
14499:(d. 834 AH)
14493:(d. 825 AH)
14491:Bande Nawaz
14476:(d. 800 AH)
14470:(d. 791 AH)
14464:(d. 786 AH)
14458:(d. 747 AH)
14452:(d. 725 AH)
14446:(d. 711 AH)
14440:(d. 710 AH)
14417:(d. 671 AH)
14411:(d. 664 AH)
14405:(d. 659 AH)
14399:(d. 633 AH)
14393:(d. 632 AH)
14387:(d. 624 AH)
14364:(d. 593 AH)
14358:(d. 587 AH)
14352:(d. 581 AH)
14346:(d. 580 AH)
14340:(d. 575 AH)
14334:(d. 569 AH)
14328:(d. 561 AH)
14322:(d. 537 AH)
14316:(d. 536 AH)
14310:(d. 535 AH)
14304:(d. 534 AH)
14298:(d. 508 AH)
14281:(d. 493 AH)
14275:(d. 483 AH)
14273:Al-Sarakhsi
14269:(d. 482 AH)
14263:(d. 469 AH)
14257:(d. 464 AH)
14255:Ali Hujwiri
14251:(d. 429 AH)
14234:(d. 396 AH)
14228:(d. 379 AH)
14222:(d. 342 AH)
14216:(d. 333 AH)
14119:Sikh Empire
14098:interrupted
13839:Lahore Fort
13790:Henry Every
13755:Malik Ambar
13698:Baro-Bhuyan
13691:Adversaries
13677:Ranthambore
13632:Chittorgarh
13453:Child's war
13279:family tree
13013: 1618
12974:John Dryden
12611:: 155–164.
12408:13 December
11974:18 November
11959:(paperback)
11934:18 November
11403:17 November
11339:Irvine 1971
10952:28 February
9844:21 February
9564:23 February
9527:(Paperback)
9239:(Hardcover)
8199:Cook, David
7591:: 334–344.
7272:: 109–155.
6945:(Hardcover)
6520:25 November
6505:S. M. Ikram
6222:Mehta (1986
5624:(Hardcover)
5602:26 February
5427:Sarkar 1912
5269:Padshahnama
5239:Sarkar 1912
5224:23 November
5193:Sarkar 1912
5181:Sarkar 1912
5025:Sarkar 1912
4920:"Aurangzeb"
4601:"Aurangzeb"
4433:; Awrangzīb
4102:N S Inamdar
4068:John Dryden
4063:Aureng-zebe
4052:Literatures
4014:Mubarak Ali
3973:Akbar Ahmed
3969:M.A. Jinnah
3901:Dara Shikoh
3741:Moti Masjid
3730:Jos Gommans
3664:Khyber Pass
3660:Afghanistan
3624:Sikh Empire
3549:Mughal army
3316:Chhatrapati
3219:Badan Singh
3160:Bundelkhand
2958:Thomas Pitt
2912:Henry Every
2839:Suleiman II
2756:(Aurangzeb)
2428:Moti Masjid
2377:Calligraphy
2292:scaffolding
2279:Kollur Mine
2254:and defeat
1916:Jama Masjid
1883:Shatrunjaya
1621:Bureaucracy
1483:Asmat Begam
1140:Murad Baksh
991:Dara Shikoh
956:Adil Shahis
948:Qutb Shahis
880:Murad Baksh
816:kingdom of
806:Murad Baksh
798: 1637
776:Dilras Banu
766:boy-prince
764:Nizam Shahi
739:Padshahnama
727:Mughal Army
715:Bundelkhand
703:Mughal Army
624:Dara Shikoh
499:Dara Shikoh
442:regnal name
412:Sunni Islam
325:Shah Alam I
310:Zeb-un-Nisa
128:Predecessor
106: 1660
57:Al-Mukarram
15432:Categories
14681:Wang Daiyu
14409:Baba Farid
14149:Rohilkhand
14094:Sur Empire
13800:Nader Shah
13735:Rana Sanga
13647:Daulatabad
13531:Haldighati
13463:Bengal war
13301:Government
13233:Alamgir II
13183:Shah Jahan
13046:1658–1707
13035:Shah Jahan
12735:. London:
12136:4 December
11803:Avari 2013
11144:25 January
11049:(3): 500.
10050:, p. B-46.
9946:Avari 2013
9591:1129476255
9542:2 December
9374:2 December
9334:2 December
9254:2 December
8993:28 January
8893:29 January
8471:Zafarbaksh
8383:Wikisource
8183:28 October
7781:5 February
7720:5 February
7566:5 February
7334:Lal, Vinay
7148:5 February
7130:Lal, Vinay
6807:infidels'.
6666:24 October
5135:1112130290
5102:1112130290
5069:1243310832
4789:(2): 223.
4138:Full title
4116:Eric Flint
4085:Shahenshah
4066:, play by
3977:Zia-ul-Haq
3813:of Delhi.
3807:Aurangabad
3694:See also:
3622:and later
3615:Zafarnamah
3459:Kuch Behar
3254:See also:
3230:Pushtimarg
3189:Hindu Jats
3050:Hindu Jats
3036:Rebellions
2996:Dalai Lama
2901:Sidi Yaqub
2853:See also:
2348:, studied
2326:Coromandel
2237:Chittagong
2149:See also:
2053:See also:
1992:Half rupee
1871:Chitrakoot
1859:gurudwaras
1785:antinomian
1668:See also:
1654:Qing China
1117:chain-mail
1100:Sharia law
1045:Shah Shuja
1035:stranguary
834:Circassian
802:Shah Shuja
760:Ahmednagar
560:Shah Jahan
547:Early life
524:Qing China
468:Shah Jahan
392:Shah Jahan
355:Kam Bakhsh
204:Ahmednagar
200:Qila-e-Ark
155:Jafar Khan
153:Fazil Khan
132:Shah Jahan
15453:Maturidis
15290:Han Kitab
14716:Aurangzeb
14586:Ibn Kemal
14551:Mehmed II
14533:Khidr Bey
14356:Al-Kasani
13950:Taj Mahal
13834:Agra Fort
13795:Bajirao I
13718:Musa Khan
13672:Purandhar
13576:Raj Mahal
13551:Najafgarh
13401:Conflicts
13368:Hyderabad
13324:Provinces
13076:Biography
13052:Azam Shah
12995:Aurangzeb
12880:Taj Mahal
12679:(1996) .
12557:(1993) .
12403:0971-751X
12395:The Hindu
12305:182002531
12297:2348-4489
12176:162731882
12162:(1): 79.
12112:(2): 116.
12072:(2002) .
11788:6 October
11326:145371208
11312:(1): 79.
11259:(1992) .
11231:(2004) .
11213:1 October
11189:154809724
10974:(2018) .
10911:: 49–57.
10839:Zafarnama
10658:3 October
10486:3 October
10033:, p. 454.
9989:3 October
9632:145637922
9158:3 October
9124:3 October
9093:3 October
8936:2356-4644
8920:(2): 63.
8737:3 October
8413:2643-9670
8252:1568-5209
8137:(2010) .
8002:(2010) .
7972:692517744
7932:Routledge
7888:(2005) .
7805:The Hindu
7715:Scroll.in
7652:165273975
7644:1356-1863
7597:2249-1937
7393:226338454
7320:220267774
7312:0376-9836
7244:242351847
7185:0970-0293
7113:243691670
7051:0022-4995
6737:145371208
6723:(1): 77.
6566:145371208
6552:(1): 78.
5959:(2002) .
5774:Scroll.in
5597:0971-751X
5589:The Hindu
5469:145371208
5461:0026-749X
5168:962025936
4894:. Brill.
4831:Routledge
4795:1076-156X
4681:2708-4590
4552:Citations
4509:See also
4294:Daughters
4262:Nawab Bai
4253:Nawab Bai
4224:Nawab Bai
3823:Azam Shah
3803:Khuldabad
3801:grave in
3785:Khuldabad
3721:Khuldabad
3594:Zafarnama
3500:in 1671.
3353:Hyderabad
3276:warrior,
3223:Bharatpur
3212:Taj Mahal
3187:In 1669,
3124:Rajputana
3075:In 1659,
3030:Burhanpur
2969:Ethiopian
2938:factories
2928:capturing
2894:blockaded
2835:caliphate
2531:Kalamkari
2511:Karkanahs
2444:Azam Shah
2273:ruler of
2271:Qutbshahi
2233:Arakanese
2189:Azam Shah
2065:Burhanpur
1781:subahdars
1387:Aurangzeb
1108:Jai Singh
1028:Karnataki
822:Nawab Bai
774:princess
632:Nur Jahan
598:Asaf Khan
537:forbidden
516:Agra Fort
445:Alamgir I
438:Aurangzeb
340:Azam Shah
260:Nawab Bai
158:Asad Khan
142:Azam Shah
138:Successor
42:Alamgir I
18:Awrangzib
15458:Mujaddid
15379:Deobandi
15333:See also
14139:Carnatic
14058:Painting
14053:Language
14021:See also
13849:Red Fort
13703:Isa Khan
13667:Kandahar
13652:Golconda
13581:Samugarh
13516:Chanderi
13306:Military
13253:Akbar II
13178:Shahryar
13173:Jahangir
13150:Emperors
12972:Text of
12846:(1972).
12778:(1971).
12711:Archived
12636:(2012).
12588:20894584
12534:(2013),
12464:21 March
11091:(2002).
10504:(2011).
10305:36806798
10295:(1999).
10279:36806798
10269:(1999).
10146:(1907).
10116:(1904).
9765:(2006).
9648:(2009).
9481:29 April
9476:14068594
9294:11 March
9207:15 March
8805:20420019
8772:56651142
8636:41360651
8606:25540640
8418:19 March
8300:29 April
8260:25165208
8201:(2007).
8073:(2001).
7922:(2006).
7605:44155778
7493:(2003).
7274:Archived
7142:Archived
6826:29 April
6782:(2004).
6601:(2005).
6395:(2003):
6144:(1920).
6095:(1995).
6006:(2005).
5899:(2005).
5836:(2006).
5695:(2005).
5639:15 March
5568:29 April
5332:(2007).
4823:(2009).
4706:20 March
4645:20 March
4605:Wikidata
4585:21 March
4532:through
4341:See also
4315:) .With
4201:Consorts
3947:Pakistan
3879:Pashtuns
3875:Satnamis
3867:Marathas
3745:Red Fort
3372:Vadodara
3097:Sambhaji
3054:Pashtuns
2988:Ladakh's
2905:Mappilas
2823:Balasore
2523:Paithani
2503:Textiles
2370:Mujaddid
2275:Golconda
2145:Military
2103:Sambhaji
2061:Sambhaji
1920:Golkunda
1881:and the
1879:Guwahati
1777:Brahmins
1773:Varanasi
1638:Marathas
1212:Jahangir
1150:Ancestry
944:Golconda
912:Kandahar
845:Jahanara
838:Georgian
780:Hira Bai
748:Sudhakar
683:verses.
606:Jahangir
408:Religion
15448:Hanafis
15407:Ash'ari
15384:Barelvi
15280:Masnavi
14073:Weapons
14048:Gardens
14043:Fashion
14038:Culture
14033:Cuisine
13869:Mosques
13765:Shivaji
13682:Sambhal
13657:Hooghly
13627:Bijapur
13601:Tukaroi
13586:Sirhind
13571:Plassey
13488:Battles
13358:Gujarat
13286:Economy
13274:Dynasty
13163:Humayun
13062:Portals
12624:9 March
12211:3517719
12130:(ebook)
11852:IslamQA
11063:2600793
11014:: 182.
10779:30 July
10452:20 July
10168:. 1947.
9658:144–145
9359:(ebook)
9279:(ebook)
9192:(ebook)
8703:7 April
8141:(ed.).
8006:(ed.).
7516:firmans
7512:firmans
7363:(ed.).
7193:3518271
7059:3596130
6960:6 March
6514:(Ebook)
6124:(ed.).
5943:5240812
5751:1532660
4929:6 April
4846:26 June
4611:10 July
4454:
4422:
4287:Bijapur
4214:Safavid
4121:2018 –
4110:2017 –
4098:Marathi
4096:), the
4094:शहेनशहा
4090:Marathi
4082:1970 –
4060:1675 –
3909:Maratha
3798:Bhingar
3791:, 1850s
3648:Parachi
3533:Satnami
3494:Faujdar
3479:Sutamla
3340:Tarabai
3336:Rajaram
3278:Shivaji
3274:Maratha
3234:Gaudiya
3135:Narnaul
3131:Satnami
3116:Jodhpur
3104:Rathore
3089:Janjira
3081:Shivaji
3079:leader
3077:Maratha
3066:Mathura
2992:Dzungar
2942:lynched
2890:Janjira
2819:Faujdar
2462:dargahs
2436:Kashmir
2350:hadiths
2301:Mughal
2287:granite
2229:subedar
2183:in the
1943:Revenue
1912:Charans
1908:Gujarat
1848:firmans
1749:zawabit
1648:Economy
1642:Rajputs
1186:Akbar I
1138:Prince
1096:diwan's
1073:Dharmat
1068:Banares
965:Kiladar
952:Bijapur
888:Turkmen
818:Baglana
772:Safavid
664:Bahadur
573:of the
557:Emperor
505:at the
495:Safavid
483:Gujarat
377:Dynasty
276:
268:
264:
253:
245:
241:
222:, India
15402:Hanafi
15369:Gedimu
15364:Tawhid
14722:Ma Zhu
13979:Others
13760:Gokula
13620:Sieges
13611:Bhulua
13546:Khanwa
13541:Khajwa
13536:Karnal
13526:Ghagra
13521:Chausa
13383:Multan
13373:Lahore
13348:Bengal
13017:
12930:
12909:
12888:
12865:
12821:
12764:
12743:
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12430:
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12295:
12258:
12235:1 July
12209:
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12080:
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4675:: 16.
4636:
4485:sharia
4400:Hanafi
4196:Family
4188:, and
4154:firman
4148:Tughra
4042:Hindus
4038:Pratap
3936:Salafi
3932:Bid'ah
3675:Attock
3610:Khalsa
3385:famine
3381:plague
3345:Satara
3329:Persia
3236:, and
3201:Tilpat
3197:Gokula
3120:Rajput
3112:Marwar
3056:, and
2897:Bombay
2881:firman
2801:Deccan
2734:firman
2717:Musqat
2661:, and
2655:Firman
2618:Medina
2614:Sharif
2554:Shawls
2527:Mushru
2334:Ceylon
2311:bronze
2303:cannon
2200:Ladakh
2185:Durbar
2157:, and
1969:et al.
1903:Eidgah
1867:Ujjain
1769:Thatta
1765:Multan
1754:Hanafi
1745:sharia
1680:Hanafi
1154:
1121:Arakan
1104:Punjab
1049:Bengal
962:. The
950:) and
926:jagirs
900:Multan
814:Rajput
756:Deccan
746:named
719:Orchha
707:Orchha
643:Turkic
628:Lahore
487:Multan
479:Deccan
398:Mother
388:Father
228:Spouse
211:Burial
15359:Kalam
14068:Tribe
13662:Jinji
13642:Daman
13637:Delhi
13606:Bakla
13511:Buxar
13378:Malwa
13363:Delhi
13353:Berar
13343:Awadh
13338:Ajmer
13168:Akbar
13158:Babur
13100:India
13088:Islam
13019:Died:
13007:Born:
12859:Delhi
12714:(PDF)
12707:(PDF)
12607:(2).
12458:(PDF)
12451:(PDF)
12301:S2CID
12207:JSTOR
12172:S2CID
12102:(PDF)
12005:" in
11322:S2CID
11185:S2CID
11177:JSTOR
11059:JSTOR
10613:pālki
9777:–24.
9727:(PDF)
9628:S2CID
8632:JSTOR
8602:JSTOR
8491:(PDF)
8476:(PDF)
8256:JSTOR
7982:Kalma
7978:credo
7813:(PDF)
7800:(PDF)
7648:S2CID
7601:JSTOR
7389:S2CID
7359:. In
7342:Manas
7316:S2CID
7277:(PDF)
7262:(PDF)
7240:S2CID
7189:JSTOR
7138:MANAS
7109:S2CID
7055:JSTOR
6733:S2CID
6562:S2CID
5876:2 May
5848:–21.
5465:S2CID
4579:(PDF)
4572:(PDF)
4368:Notes
4125:, by
4114:, by
3991:Egypt
3888:jizya
3871:Sikhs
3857:jizya
3852:Sufis
3848:Shias
3757:Quran
3690:Death
3679:Kabul
3486:Dacca
3463:Assam
3451:Quran
3376:Surat
3357:Jinji
3349:Malwa
3324:Akbar
3193:jizya
3181:Akbar
3164:Panna
3093:Surat
3058:Sikhs
3026:Surat
2920:Surat
2892:that
2739:Surat
2678:Balkh
2663:Kedah
2659:Perak
2622:Hijaz
2610:Mecca
2569:Shawl
2519:Himru
2449:gates
2411:naskh
2402:naskh
2388:Quran
2269:(the
2069:Berar
2035:Quran
1979:Coins
1959:Kabul
1854:maths
1831:jizya
1738:Babur
1734:Akbar
1692:Islam
1616:Reign
1091:diwan
1077:Bihar
970:Bidar
954:(the
946:(the
931:Malwa
904:Sindh
893:Kabul
884:Uzbek
876:Balkh
854:faqir
651:Hindi
579:Timur
553:Dahod
491:Sindh
365:House
302:Issue
288:1688)
270:(
266:
247:(
243:
176:Dahod
120:Reign
15412:Sufi
14415:Rumi
14114:Jats
14007:more
13745:Hemu
13496:Agra
13388:Sira
13333:Agra
13291:Flag
12959:UCLA
12928:ISBN
12907:ISBN
12886:ISBN
12863:ISBN
12819:ISBN
12762:ISBN
12741:ISBN
12687:ISBN
12663:ISBN
12642:ISBN
12626:2024
12584:OCLC
12563:ISBN
12542:ISBN
12511:ISBN
12485:ISBN
12466:2015
12428:ISBN
12410:2017
12399:ISSN
12370:ISBN
12330:ISBN
12293:ISSN
12256:ISBN
12237:2023
12138:2023
12078:ISBN
12050:ISBN
12025:ISBN
11976:2023
11963:ISBN
11936:2023
11909:2023
11884:2023
11859:2023
11823:ISBN
11790:2018
11756:ISBN
11730:ISBN
11706:ISBN
11681:ISBN
11654:ISBN
11627:ISBN
11600:ISBN
11569:ISBN
11542:ISBN
11510:ISBN
11483:ISBN
11456:ISBN
11429:ISBN
11405:2018
11392:ISBN
11359:ISBN
11280:2012
11267:ISBN
11237:ISBN
11215:2012
11146:2014
11133:ISBN
11112:2012
11099:ISBN
10984:ISBN
10954:2013
10941:ISBN
10884:ISBN
10859:ISBN
10827:ISBN
10802:ISBN
10781:2011
10753:ISBN
10704:ISBN
10660:2014
10647:ISBN
10603:OCLC
10573:OCLC
10544:OCLC
10516:ISBN
10488:2014
10475:ISBN
10454:2016
10441:ISBN
10401:ISBN
10371:ISBN
10341:ISBN
10301:OCLC
10275:OCLC
10247:ISBN
10124:ISBN
10081:ISBN
9991:2014
9978:ISBN
9930:ISBN
9906:ISBN
9874:2011
9846:2022
9833:ISBN
9806:ISBN
9779:ISBN
9689:ISBN
9662:ISBN
9587:OCLC
9566:2015
9544:2023
9531:ISBN
9483:2012
9472:OCLC
9376:2023
9363:ISBN
9336:2023
9323:ISBN
9296:2024
9283:ISBN
9256:2023
9243:ISBN
9209:2024
9196:ISBN
9160:2014
9147:ISBN
9126:2014
9095:2014
9058:ISBN
9025:ISBN
8995:2013
8963:ISBN
8932:ISSN
8895:2023
8859:ISBN
8832:ISBN
8801:OCLC
8791:ISBN
8768:OCLC
8758:ISBN
8739:2014
8726:ISBN
8705:2011
8673:ISBN
8573:ISBN
8531:ISBN
8454:2012
8441:ISBN
8420:2024
8409:ISSN
8354:ISBN
8323:ISBN
8302:2012
8289:ISBN
8248:ISSN
8207:ISBN
8185:2018
8149:ISBN
8121:2012
8108:ISBN
8081:ISBN
8051:ISBN
8014:ISBN
7968:OCLC
7936:ISBN
7896:ISBN
7866:ISBN
7839:ISBN
7783:2021
7770:ISBN
7722:2021
7640:ISSN
7593:ISSN
7568:2021
7555:ISBN
7499:ISBN
7468:ISBN
7441:ISBN
7414:ISBN
7379:ISBN
7308:ISSN
7230:ISBN
7181:ISSN
7150:2021
7099:ISBN
7047:ISSN
7010:ISBN
6962:2024
6949:ISBN
6919:ISBN
6892:ISBN
6866:ISBN
6828:2012
6796:ISBN
6760:ISBN
6689:ISBN
6668:2014
6655:ISBN
6622:2012
6609:ISBN
6532:201.
6522:2023
6464:ISBN
6431:ISBN
6407:ISBN
6374:ISBN
6347:ISBN
6320:ISBN
6245:ISBN
6101:ISBN
6049:ISBN
6027:2012
6014:ISBN
5967:ISBN
5939:OCLC
5920:2012
5907:ISBN
5878:2016
5850:ISBN
5798:ISBN
5747:OCLC
5716:2012
5703:ISBN
5641:2024
5628:ISBN
5604:2022
5593:ISSN
5570:2022
5530:ISBN
5457:ISSN
5396:ISBN
5371:ISBN
5346:ISBN
5297:ISBN
5226:2012
5213:ISBN
5164:OCLC
5154:ISBN
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5121:ISBN
5098:OCLC
5088:ISBN
5065:OCLC
5055:ISBN
4982:ISBN
4957:ISBN
4931:2016
4896:ISBN
4869:ISBN
4848:2017
4835:ISBN
4802:2016
4791:ISSN
4758:ISBN
4730:ISBN
4708:2024
4677:ISSN
4647:2024
4634:ISBN
4613:2024
4587:2015
4451:lit.
4419:lit.
4243:Sons
3911:and
3877:and
3863:Jats
3768:UCLA
3652:Safi
3461:and
3383:and
3368:Pune
3351:and
3289:Pune
3285:Wali
3091:and
2930:the
2916:grab
2713:Imam
2539:Kani
2363:and
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2137:Sufi
2080:Qadi
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1707:Sati
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12164:doi
11314:doi
11169:doi
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