Oracle Database - Knowledge

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Firewall, TLS 1.3 Support, Integration with Azure Active Directory OAuth2, True Cache for mid-tier caching, Readable Per-PDB Standby, Globally Distributed Database with active-active RAFT-based replication, Real-time SQL Plan Management, Priority Transactions, SQL Syntax Simplification, Schema Annotations, Data Use Case Domains, Column Value Lock-free Reservations

1065:

Starting with Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation releases Release Updates (RUs) and Release Update Revisions (RURs). RUs usually contain security, regression (bug), optimizer, and functional fixes which may include feature extensions as well. RURs include all fixes from their corresponding RU

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AI Vector Search (includes new Vector data type, Vector indexes, and Vector SQL operators/functions), JSON Relational Duality, JSON Schema Validation, Transactional Microservices Support, OKafka, Operational Property Graphs, Support for SQL/PGQ, Schema Privileges, Developer Role, In-database SQL

264:

Oracle products follow a custom release-numbering and -naming convention. The "ai" in the current release, Oracle Database 23ai, stands for "Artificial Intelligence". Previous releases (e.g. Oracle Database 19c, 10g, and Oracle9i Database) have used suffixes of "c", "g", and "i" which stand for

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Prior to Oracle Database 18c, Oracle Corporation released Critical Patch Updates (CPUs) and Security Patch Updates (SPUs) and Security Alerts to close security vulnerabilities. These releases are issued quarterly; some of these releases have updates issued prior to the next quarterly release.

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Blockchain Tables, Multilingual Engine - JavaScript Execution in the Database, Binary JSON Data Type, Per-PDB Data Guard Physical Standby (aka Multitenant Data Guard), Per-PDB GoldenGate Change Capture, Self-Managing In-Memory, In-Memory Hybrid Columnar Scan, In-Memory Vector Joins with SIMD,

421:

Active Data Guard DML Redirection, Automatic Index Creation, Real-Time Statistics Maintenance, SQL Queries on Object Stores, In-Memory for IoT Data Streams, Hybrid Partitioned Tables, Automatic SQL Plan Management, SQL Quarantine, Zero-Downtime Grid Infrastructure Patching, Finer-Granularity

364:

On May 2, 2024, Oracle Database 23ai was released on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) as cloud services, including OCI Exadata Database Service, OCI Exadata Database Cloud@Customer, and OCI Base Database Service. It is also available in Always Free Autonomous Database. Oracle Database 23c

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Polymorphic Table Functions, Active Directory Integration, Transparent Application Continuity, Approximate Top-N Query Processing, PDB Snapshot Carousel, Online Merging of Partitions and Subpartitions

365:(previously released in 2023) was renamed to Oracle Database 23ai (23.4) due to the significant additional engineering effort to add features that bring AI capabilities to the data in Oracle Database. 265:"Cloud", "Grid", and "Internet" respectively. Prior to the release of Oracle8i Database, no suffixes featured in Oracle Database naming conventions. There was no v1 of Oracle Database, as co-founder 1343: 1456: 1773: 1041: 1118:

platforms. However, since they share many of the same customers, Oracle and IBM tend to support each other's products in many middleware and application categories (for example:

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Oracle Database 23c (23.2 and 23.3) was released in 2023: April 2023 (Linux) Oracle Database Free - Developer Release September 2023 Oracle Database on Base Database Service

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You should not get confused between Critical Patch Update (CPU) and Security Patch Update (SPU) as CPU terminology has been changed to SPU from October 2012.

2799: 2325: 1580: 1228: 1738: 1114:. Oracle and IBM tend to battle for the mid-range database market on Unix and Linux platforms, while Microsoft dominates the mid-range database market on 1716: 1336: 3225: 1446: 2844: 397:

Sharding Advisor Tool, Property Graph Visualization Studio, Automatic Materialized Views, Automatic Zone Maps, SQL Macros, Gradual Password Rollover

244:, started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name 3235: 2308: 3230: 2794: 2320: 1243: 599:

Real Application Testing, Database Vault, Online Indexing, Advanced Compression, Data Guard Fast-Start Failover, Transparent Data Encryption

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report claimed to show Oracle holding #1 RDBMS market share worldwide based on the revenue share ahead of its four closest competitors –

269:"knew no one would want to buy version 1". For some database releases, Oracle also provides an Express Edition (XE) that is free to use. 1423: 2912: 1389:

Roeser, Mary Beth; Adams, Drew; Ashdown, Lance; Baby, Thomas; Baer, Hermann; Baskan, Yasin; Bayliss, Nigel; Chen, Shuo; Belden, Eric.

1390: 2084: 1855: 1555: 1277: 1795: 1825: 2150: 3215: 2718: 603: 577: 545: 516: 482: 451: 625:

Automated Database Management, Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor, Grid infrastructure, Oracle ASM, Flashback Database

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In the cloud, Oracle Database competes against the database services of AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.

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Edition-Based Redefinition, Data Redaction, Hybrid Columnar Compression, Cluster File System, Golden Gate Replication,

1292: 2144: 2117: 1133:), and IBM's hardware divisions work closely with Oracle on performance-optimizing server-technologies (for example, 1656: 2771: 2025: 1130: 120: 1049: 2738: 2444: 1258: 3255: 3134: 2858: 2695: 2342: 1708: 1044:

includes a brief history on some of the key innovations introduced with each major release of Oracle Database.

691: 662: 3250: 2634: 1505: 202:(DW) and mixed (OLTP & DW) database workloads. Oracle Database is available by several service providers 195: 1066:

but only add new security and regression fixes. However, no new optimizer or functional fixes are included.

3176: 1630: 1248: 2629: 1368: 1318: 210:, or as a hybrid cloud installation. It may be run on third party servers as well as on Oracle hardware ( 3194: 2984: 2660: 2379: 1796:"Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle Database 12c, the First Database Designed for the Cloud" 249: 70: 3022: 2583: 2573: 2349: 1238: 184: 3240: 3160: 2819: 2670: 2403: 1199:, owner of MySQL, in 2010. Database products licensed as open-source are, by the legal terms of the 1106:

In the market for relational databases, Oracle Database competes against commercial products such as

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PL/SQL stored procedures, Triggers, Distributed 2-phase commit, Shared Cursors, Cost-Based Optimizer

539: 3220: 3048: 2252: 2055: 714: 109: 78: 3032: 2619: 2273: 884: 651: 3063: 2700: 2655: 2332: 1200: 1886: 1478: 2897: 2675: 2429: 2107: 1997: 1415: 478:

Native Sharding, Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance, Exadata Cloud Service, Cloud at Customer

426: 401: 378: 1969: 1941: 1914: 1739:"Oracle Database 18c : Now available on the Oracle Cloud and Oracle Engineered Systems" 3027: 2764: 2728: 2665: 2547: 2517: 2386: 2337: 1253: 1160: 1111: 985: 888: 505: 203: 181: 137: 125: 1606:"Oracle Announces General Availability of JSON Relational Duality in Oracle Database 23ai" 855:

Row-level locking, scalability / performance, online backup and recovery, B*Tree indexes,

720: 8: 2685: 2578: 2563: 2490: 2315: 969: 938: 2176:"Patch Delivery Methods for Oracle Database 12c Release 2 (12.2.0.1) and Later Versions" 2877: 2780: 2680: 2624: 2593: 2542: 2434: 2374: 2266: 2076: 1483: 1296: 655: 188: 41: 3073: 2829: 2500: 2354: 2140: 2113: 1863: 1115: 977: 567: 105: 1270: 821: 779: 760: 740: 3128: 3068: 3058: 3053: 2867: 2824: 2690: 2537: 2527: 2495: 1803: 1581:"Oracle Announces General Availability of AI Vector Search in Oracle Database 23ai" 1451: 1220: 1196: 953: 923: 899: 867: 839: 352: 132: 1833: 1098:

Magic Quadrant report named Oracle a leader in Cloud Database Management Systems.

3155: 2757: 2598: 2568: 2522: 2303: 2134: 802: 207: 3150: 3124: 3099: 2882: 2804: 2650: 2588: 2532: 2505: 2398: 2359: 2225: 1134: 1127: 571: 211: 199: 2258: 3209: 2814: 2469: 2454: 860: 266: 233: 3094: 3012: 2902: 2061: 1195:, in part to compete better against open source alternatives, and acquired 215: 2953: 2887: 2459: 2439: 2002: 1856:"Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle® Database 10g Release 2" 942: 945:. Re-written in C for portability to other operating systems, including 3007: 2963: 2892: 2872: 2809: 2603: 2512: 2474: 2449: 1530: 1164: 1123: 1053:

for the current Oracle Database releases and their patching end dates.

795: 684: 36: 2199: 3078: 2839: 2834: 2749: 1974: 1946: 1891: 1172: 1119: 1079: 859:

executed from compiled programs (C etc). First version available for

237: 3115: 3017: 2958: 2917: 2907: 2464: 2419: 2289: 1184: 1180: 1150: 1138: 1091: 736:

Recovery Manager, Partitioning. First version available for Linux.

241: 148: 1203:, free to distribute and free of royalty or other licensing fees. 2968: 1168: 1107: 1095: 1075: 775:

Shared Server, XA Transactions, Transparent Application Failover

252:-funded project Ellison had worked on while formerly employed by 2197:

Heudecker, Nick; Feinberg, Donald; Adrian, Merv (25 July 2017).

1970:"DOS Version of Professional Oracle 5.1B Adds SQL Report Writer" 272:

Oracle Database release numbering has used the following codes:

2989: 2948: 2922: 2369: 1188: 1146: 1142: 1141:(in data warehousing and business intelligence), Software AG's 1087: 1050:

Release Schedule of Current Database Releases (Doc ID 742060.1)

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Comparison of object–relational database management systems

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Increasingly, the Oracle database products compete against

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Multiversion read consistency. First version available for

892: 509: 2999: 1024: 305: 1278:"Oracle Database 23c: The Next Long Term Support Release" 1083: 1012: 1007: 989: 293: 288: 222: 1447:"Larry Ellison Is A Billionaire Today Thanks to the CIA" 1337:"Multimodel Database with Oracle Database 12c Release 2" 2196: 2136:

Oracle Data Guard 11gR2 Administration Beginner's Guide

1506:"Announcing Oracle Database 23ai: General Availability" 1163:

relational and non-relational database systems such as

2226:"Magic Quadrant for Cloud Database Management Systems" 2074: 1683:"Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Oracle Exadata" 1229:

Comparison of relational database management systems

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Parallel SQL Execution. First version available for

1766:"Oracle Database 18c Now Available For On-Premises" 2198: 1556:"Oracle Database 23c on OCI Base Database Service" 1388: 3246:Relational database management software for Linux 1826:"Oracle® Database 11g Release 2 is Now Available" 3207: 2288: 512:, SQL Pattern Matching, Database Cloud Service 422:Supplemental Logging, Automated PDB Relocation 2068: 2026:"Back to the future (Oracle 4.1 VM appliance)" 1998:"PC Relational Database? New Answer is Oracle" 1531:"Oracle Database 23c Free - Developer Release" 1244:List of relational database management systems 2765: 2274: 1017: 298: 2200:"State of the Operational DBMS Market, 2017" 1709:"Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Linux" 1657:"Oracle Database 21c Now Available On Linux" 1939: 236:and his two friends and former co-workers, 194:It is a database commonly used for running 2772: 2758: 2281: 2267: 2105: 1444: 77: 27: 3226:Client-server database management systems 2132: 1290: 1137:). Niche commercial competitors include 1029: 310: 259: 3236:Proprietary database management systems 2253:Overview provided by Oracle Corporation 2023: 1995: 1293:"The Programming Languages Beacon, v16" 3231:Relational database management systems 3208: 2779: 2087:from the original on 30 September 2019 1915:"Oracle users ponder product overload" 1706: 1654: 972:. Basic SQL queries, simple joins and 685:Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 16:Proprietary database management system 2753: 2262: 2153:from the original on 23 November 2016 1884: 1763: 1680: 1655:Hardie, William (23 September 2021). 225:for database updating and retrieval. 2057:Data Processing Digest Volumes 29-30 1967: 1912: 1459:from the original on 16 January 2017 713:Native internet protocols and Java, 504:Multitenant architecture, In-Memory 2734: 1996:Webster, Robin (13 November 1984). 1681:Giles, Dominic (13 February 2019). 1479:"Free Oracle Database for Everyone" 1426:from the original on 25 August 2016 992:/VMS in PDP-11 compatibility mode. 13: 2081:Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics 1940:O'Brien, Timothy (29 April 1991). 1832:. 1 September 2009. Archived from 1349:from the original on 14 April 2017 1069: 955:Old version, no longer maintained: 925:Old version, no longer maintained: 901:Old version, no longer maintained: 869:Old version, no longer maintained: 841:Old version, no longer maintained: 823:Old version, no longer maintained: 804:Old version, no longer maintained: 781:Old version, no longer maintained: 762:Old version, no longer maintained: 742:Old version, no longer maintained: 722:Old version, no longer maintained: 693:Old version, no longer maintained: 664:Old version, no longer maintained: 631:Old version, no longer maintained: 605:Old version, no longer maintained: 579:Old version, no longer maintained: 547:Old version, no longer maintained: 518:Old version, no longer maintained: 484:Old version, no longer maintained: 453:Old version, no longer maintained: 428:Old version, no longer maintained: 403:Old version, yet still maintained: 380:Old version, yet still maintained: 14: 3267: 2246: 1719:from the original on 5 April 2024 1707:Hardie, William (25 April 2019). 1057:Patch updates and security alerts 1047:See My Oracle Support (MOS) note 968:First commercially available SQL 3190: 3189: 2733: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2036:from the original on 1 July 2019 1942:"Oracle8 on Linux shows promise" 1887:"Oracle8 on Linux shows promise" 1885:Biggs, Maggie (5 October 1998). 1445:Julie Bort (29 September 2014). 1291:Lextrait, Vincent (March 2016). 1213: 2724: 2218: 2190: 2168: 2126: 2099: 2048: 2024:Gralike, Marco (4 April 2006). 2017: 1989: 1968:Mace, Scott (30 January 1989). 1961: 1933: 1906: 1878: 1848: 1818: 1788: 1764:Zagar, Adriana (23 July 2018). 1757: 1731: 1700: 1674: 1648: 1623: 1598: 1573: 1548: 1523: 1498: 1259:Oracle Real Application Testing 1042:Introduction to Oracle Database 436:February 2018 (cloud, Exadata) 2112:. Firewall Media. p. 12. 2109:Introduction to SQL and PL/SQL 1862:. 11 July 2005. Archived from 1471: 1438: 1408: 1382: 1361: 1329: 1311: 1284: 1101: 891:. First version available for 248:comes from the code-name of a 1: 1802:. 1 July 2013. Archived from 1264: 1013:Old version, still maintained 294:Old version, still maintained 196:online transaction processing 3177:Oracle Certification Program 2083:. University of Klagenfurt. 2075:Departments of Informatics. 1913:Nash, Kim (3 October 1994). 1249:List of databases using MVCC 1183:and others. Oracle acquired 889:distributed database systems 7: 3216:Database management systems 2290:Database management systems 2106:Maheshwari, Sharad (2007). 1206: 1008:Old version, not maintained 756:Object-relational database 658:, Streams, Logical Standby 289:Old version, not maintained 53:; 45 years ago 10: 3272: 2696:Object–relational database 1239:Database management system 228: 218:or at Cloud at Customer). 185:database management system 174:Oracle Autonomous Database 3185: 3170:Education and recognition 3169: 3143: 3108: 3087: 3041: 2998: 2977: 2931: 2856: 2787: 2709: 2671:Federated database system 2643: 2612: 2556: 2483: 2412: 2404:Blockchain-based database 2296: 1391:"Oracle and Standard SQL" 996: 941:, data distribution, and 895:. Correlated sub-queries 469:March 2017 (on-premises) 277: 187:produced and marketed by 168:(commonly referred to as 143: 131: 119: 101: 97: 69: 65: 47: 35: 26: 2139:. Packt Publishing Ltd. 715:Virtual Private Database 411:February 2019 (Exadata) 2133:Baransel, Emre (2013). 1743:Oracle Database Insider 1713:Oracle Database Insider 1687:Oracle Database Insider 1661:Oracle Database Insider 885:client/server computing 835:Oracle Parallel Server 354:Current stable version: 84:; 11 months ago 2701:Transaction processing 2656:Database normalization 2599:Query rewriting system 2062:Data Processing Digest 1416:"Welcome to Larryland" 1319:"OTN Standard License" 1201:Open Source Definition 1025:Latest preview version 388:December 2020 (cloud) 306:Latest preview version 82:/ 19 September 2023 3256:Oracle Cloud Services 2978:Programming languages 2676:Referential integrity 1631:"Oracle Database 21c" 1153:, among many others. 260:Releases and versions 221:Oracle Database uses 3251:Cloud infrastructure 2820:Héctor García-Molina 2666:Distributed database 1254:Oracle SQL Developer 1161:open-source software 1112:Microsoft SQL Server 988:. Ran on PDP-11 and 467:August 2016 (cloud) 430:Oracle Database 18c 405:Oracle Database 19c 390:August 2021 (Linux) 382:Oracle Database 21c 357:Oracle Database 23ai 126:Multi-model database 3144:Computer appliances 2788:Corporate directors 2686:Relational calculus 2564:Concurrency control 1806:on 9 September 2013 984:to run in 128KB of 976:joins. Written in 939:Concurrency control 637:Database Release 2 433:18.1.0 // 12.2.0.2 413:April 2019 (Linux) 408:19.1.0 // 12.2.0.3 180:) is a proprietary 23: 3161:Big Data Appliance 2800:H. Raymond Bingham 2781:Oracle Corporation 2681:Relational algebra 2625:Query optimization 2430:Armstrong's axioms 2064:. 1983. p. 2. 1745:. 16 February 2018 1635:Oracle Help Center 1610:Oracle Corporation 1585:Oracle Corporation 1560:Oracle Corporation 1535:Oracle Corporation 1510:Oracle Corporation 1395:Oracle Help Center 1187:, supplier of the 861:Novell Netware 386 607:Oracle Database 10 581:Oracle Database 10 549:Oracle Database 11 540:Database Appliance 520:Oracle Database 11 486:Oracle Database 12 455:Oracle Database 12 438:July 2018 (other) 415:June 2019 (cloud) 189:Oracle Corporation 42:Oracle Corporation 21: 3203: 3202: 3109:Computer hardware 3088:Operating systems 3049:Fusion Middleware 2849:Naomi O. Seligman 2830:Jeffrey O. Henley 2747: 2746: 2355:Wide-column store 2350:Document-oriented 2178:. Docs.oracle.com 1376:Technical network 1323:Technical network 1116:Microsoft Windows 1038: 1037: 1034: 978:assembly language 724:Oracle8 Database 568:Active Data Guard 315: 163: 162: 106:Assembly language 89:19 September 2023 3263: 3241:Database engines 3193: 3192: 3033:Developer Studio 3001: 2825:Joseph Grundfest 2774: 2767: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2737: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2691:Relational model 2661:Database storage 2538:Stored procedure 2283: 2276: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1921:. IDG Enterprise 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1776:on 8 August 2020 1772:. Archived from 1770:Oracle Community 1761: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1452:Business Insider 1442: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1348: 1341: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1295:. Archived from 1288: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1223: 1221:Companies portal 1218: 1217: 1216: 1197:Sun Microsystems 1031: 1026: 1021: 1014: 1009: 1004: 997: 975: 956: 926: 902: 874:5.0.22 (5.1.17) 870: 842: 824: 805: 782: 763: 743: 723: 694: 687:, Oracle XML DB 665: 652:Advanced Queuing 632: 606: 580: 570:, Secure Files, 548: 519: 485: 454: 429: 404: 381: 355: 312: 307: 302: 295: 290: 285: 278: 275: 274: 214:on-premises, on 200:data warehousing 159: 156: 154: 152: 150: 92: 90: 85: 81: 61: 59: 54: 31: 24: 20: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3221:Oracle Database 3206: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3181: 3165: 3156:Oracle Exalogic 3139: 3104: 3083: 3064:WebLogic Server 3037: 2994: 2973: 2939:Oracle Database 2927: 2852: 2845:Donald L. Lucas 2783: 2778: 2748: 2743: 2705: 2651:Database models 2639: 2608: 2594:Query optimizer 2569:Data dictionary 2552: 2523:Transaction log 2479: 2435:Codd's 12 rules 2408: 2338:Column-oriented 2304:Object-oriented 2292: 2287: 2249: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2156: 2154: 2147: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2073: 2069: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1866:on 5 April 2018 1854: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1836:on 5 April 2018 1824: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1762: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1562: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1387: 1383: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1289: 1285: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1104: 1072: 1070:Market position 1059: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 973: 954: 924: 900: 868: 840: 822: 803: 780: 761: 741: 721: 709: 692: 680: 663: 647: 630: 621: 604: 595: 578: 564:September 2008 563: 559:September 2007 546: 534: 530:September 2009 517: 500: 483: 474: 463: 452: 443: 427: 414: 402: 379: 353: 347: 342: 337: 335: 330: 328: 323: 321: 314: 313: 308: 303: 296: 291: 286: 281: 262: 231: 176:, or simply as 166:Oracle Database 147: 93: 88: 86: 83: 57: 55: 52: 48:Initial release 22:Oracle Database 17: 12: 11: 5: 3269: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3151:Oracle Exadata 3147: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3100:Oracle Solaris 3097: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2862: 2857:Acquisitions ( 2854: 2853: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2805:Michael Boskin 2802: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2721: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2644:Related topics 2641: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2620:Administration 2616: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2589:Query language 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 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A 2021 1080:Microsoft 789:May 1994 770:May 1995 699:Database 670:Database 614:10.1.0.2 588:10.2.0.1 556:11.1.0.6 527:11.2.0.1 508:, Native 493:12.1.0.1 348:Features 341:Terminal 322:Database 238:Bob Miner 155:/database 3195:Category 3125:T-Series 3116:Sun Fire 3018:NetBeans 2959:TimesTen 2918:NetSuite 2913:Sunopsis 2908:TimesTen 2898:RightNow 2878:Hyperion 2719:Category 2635:Sharding 2491:Relation 2465:Superkey 2420:Database 2413:Concepts 2235:18 April 2182:16 March 2151:Archived 2085:Archived 2034:Archived 1749:28 April 1723:27 April 1717:Archived 1692:27 April 1457:Archived 1424:Archived 1378:, Oracle 1344:Archived 1325:, Oracle 1207:See also 1185:Innobase 1181:ArangoDB 1151:Informix 1139:Teradata 1092:Teradata 980:for the 912:4.1.4.4 906:4.1.4.0 806:Oracle7 702:8.1.5.0 673:9.0.1.0 640:9.2.0.1 620:10.1.0.5 594:10.2.0.5 562:11.1.0.7 533:11.2.0.4 499:12.1.0.2 473:12.2.0.1 462:12.2.0.1 346:Marquee 343:Version 336:Release 334:Initial 331:Version 329:Release 327:Initial 324:Version 242:Ed Oates 208:on-cloud 198:(OLTP), 2969:Essbase 2729:Outline 2528:Trigger 2484:Objects 2230:Gartner 2205:Gartner 2030:amis.nl 1925:30 July 1870:4 April 1840:4 April 1540:3 April 1353:1 March 1169:MongoDB 1108:IBM Db2 1096:Gartner 1076:Gartner 1074:A 2016 1002:Legend: 880:5.1.22 852:6.0.37 846:6.0.17 809:7.0.12 708:8.1.7.4 695:Oracle8 679:9.0.1.5 666:Oracle9 646:9.2.0.8 633:Oracle9 572:Exadata 442:18.17.0 385:21.1.0 361:23.4.0 320:Oracle 283:Legend: 229:History 212:Exadata 151:.oracle 144:Website 133:License 87: ( 56: ( 3074:Tuxedo 2990:PL/SQL 2949:InnoDB 2923:Cerner 2883:Siebel 2543:Cursor 2501:column 2370:NewSQL 2143: 2116: 2040:1 July 2009:1 July 1860:Oracle 1830:Oracle 1800:Oracle 1484:Oracle 1400:9 June 1189:InnoDB 1147:Sybase 1143:ADABAS 1126:, and 982:PDP-11 930:3.1.3 917:MS-DOS 857:PL/SQL 828:6.2.0 786:7.1.0 767:7.2.0 753:7.3.4 747:7.3.0 733:8.0.6 727:8.0.3 246:Oracle 178:Oracle 3121:SPARC 3013:Forms 2944:MySQL 2533:Index 2496:table 2399:Cloud 2365:NoSQL 2360:Graph 2297:Types 1615:2 May 1590:2 May 1515:2 May 1372:(PDF) 1347:(PDF) 1340:(PDF) 1193:MySQL 1177:Neo4j 970:RDBMS 963:1979 933:1983 909:1984 877:1985 849:1988 705:1998 676:2001 643:2002 617:2003 338:Date 254:Ampex 3023:Apex 3000:IDEs 2985:Java 2859:list 2584:ODBC 2574:JDBC 2513:View 2450:Null 2445:CRUD 2425:ACID 2380:list 2343:list 2321:list 2237:2022 2212:2017 2184:2022 2159:2014 2141:ISBN 2114:ISBN 2093:2019 2042:2019 2011:2019 1983:2019 1955:2019 1927:2020 1900:2019 1872:2018 1842:2018 1812:2013 1782:2020 1751:2021 1725:2021 1694:2021 1668:2023 1642:2020 1617:2024 1592:2024 1567:2023 1542:2023 1517:2024 1492:2024 1465:2017 1432:2009 1402:2023 1355:2017 1305:2016 1110:and 1090:and 1040:The 960:2.3 947:UNIX 893:OS/2 887:and 510:JSON 240:and 153:.com 121:Type 58:1979 51:1979 2964:Rdb 2888:BEA 2868:Sun 2579:XQJ 2506:row 1131:CRM 1088:SAP 1084:IBM 990:VAX 986:RAM 250:CIA 223:SQL 149:www 114:C++ 3212:: 3127:, 2228:. 2203:. 2161:. 2149:. 2079:. 2060:. 2032:. 2028:. 2000:. 1972:. 1944:. 1917:. 1889:. 1858:. 1828:. 1798:. 1768:. 1741:. 1715:. 1711:. 1685:. 1659:. 1633:. 1608:. 1583:. 1558:. 1533:. 1508:. 1481:. 1455:. 1449:. 1422:. 1418:. 1393:. 1374:, 1321:, 1179:, 1175:, 1171:, 1167:, 1145:, 1122:, 1086:, 1082:, 949:. 919:. 863:. 798:. 654:, 256:. 206:, 191:. 172:, 112:, 108:, 3131:) 3123:( 2861:) 2773:e 2766:t 2759:v 2282:e 2275:t 2268:v 2255:. 2239:. 2214:. 2186:. 2122:. 2095:. 2044:. 2013:. 1985:. 1957:. 1929:. 1902:. 1874:. 1844:. 1814:. 1784:. 1753:. 1727:. 1696:. 1670:. 1644:. 1619:. 1594:. 1569:. 1544:. 1519:. 1494:. 1467:. 1434:. 1404:. 1357:. 1307:. 1280:. 697:i 668:i 635:i 609:g 583:g 551:g 522:g 488:c 457:c 157:/ 110:C 91:) 60:)

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