Ocean acidification

1791: 2140: 1583:. The end-Triassic biotic crisis is still the most well-established example of a marine mass extinction due to ocean acidification, because (a) carbon isotope records suggest enhanced volcanic activity that decreased the carbonate sedimentation which reduced the carbonate compensation depth and the carbonate saturation state, and a marine extinction coincided precisely in the stratigraphic record, and (b) there was pronounced selectivity of the extinction against organisms with thick aragonitic skeletons, which is predicted from experimental studies. Ocean acidification has also been suggested as a one cause of the end-Permian mass extinction and the end-Cretaceous crisis. Overall, multiple climatic stressors, including ocean acidification, was likely the cause of geologic extinction events. 2730: 2344: 246: 1028:. Aragonite is much more soluble than calcite, so the aragonite saturation horizon, and aragonite compensation depth, is always nearer to the surface than the calcite saturation horizon. This also means that those organisms that produce aragonite may be more vulnerable to changes in ocean acidity than those that produce calcite. Ocean acidification and the resulting decrease in carbonate saturation states raise the saturation horizons of both forms closer to the surface. This decrease in saturation state is one of the main factors leading to decreased calcification in marine organisms because the inorganic precipitation of 2029:

in the external seawater is lower than the ambient level, the corals have to work harder to maintain the right balance in the internal compartment. When that happens, the process of growing the crystals slows down, and this slows down the rate of how much their exoskeleton is growing. Depending on the aragonite saturation state in the surrounding water, the corals may halt growth because pumping aragonite into the internal compartment will not be energetically favorable. Under the current progression of carbon emissions, around 70% of North Atlantic cold-water corals will be living in corrosive waters by 2050–60.

1775: 1136: 1590:(PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago when massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments across many ocean basins. Relatively new geochemical methods of testing for pH in the past indicate the pH dropped 0.3 units across the PETM. One study that solves the marine carbonate system for saturation state shows that it may not change much over the PETM, suggesting the rate of carbon release at our best geological analogy was much slower than human-induced carbon emissions. However, stronger 2464: 665: 1120: 3054: 677: 14347: 3026: 1807: 825: 2455:

there are few steps in the food chain from small organisms to larger predators. For example, pteropods are "a key prey item of a number of higher predators – larger plankton, fish, seabirds, whales". Both pteropods and sea stars serve as a substantial food source and their removal from the simple food web would pose a serious threat to the whole ecosystem. The effects on the calcifying organisms at the base of the food webs could potentially destroy fisheries.

14359: 12622: 11059: 264: 12610: 3012: 1637: 2757:(entered into force in 1986), may enhance the support provided by regional governments to highly vulnerable areas in response to ocean acidification. Many countries, for example in the Pacific Islands and Territories, have constructed regional policies, or National Ocean Policies, National Action Plans, National Adaptation Plans of Action and Joint National Action Plans on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, to help work towards 2119:. For pteropods to create shells they require aragonite which is produced through carbonate ions and dissolved calcium and strontium. Pteropods are severely affected because increasing acidification levels have steadily decreased the amount of water supersaturated with carbonate. The degradation of organic matter in Arctic waters has amplified ocean acidification; some Arctic waters are already undersaturated with respect to aragonite. 12646: 12634: 20: 2825:, which calls to "conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development". Ocean acidification is directly addressed by the target SDG 14.3. The full title of Target 14.3 is: "Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels". This target has one indicator: Indicator 14.3.1 which calls for the "Average marine acidity ( 3040: 3068: 1947: 255: 11048: 10071: 8728: 3861: 3748: 3321: 2264:. Although algal blooms can be harmful, other beneficial photosynthetic organisms may benefit from increased levels of carbon dioxide. Most importantly, seagrasses will benefit. Research found that as seagrasses increased their photosynthetic activity, calcifying algae's calcification rates rose, likely because localized photosynthetic activity absorbed carbon dioxide and elevated local pH. 1603: 2780:. The OARS program builds on the work of GOA-ON and has the following aims: to further develop the science of ocean acidification; to increase observations of ocean chemistry changes; to identify the impacts on marine ecosystems on local and global scales; and to provide decision makers with the information needed to mitigate and adapt to ocean acidification. 528:). Ocean pH, carbonate ion concentrations (), and calcium carbonate mineral saturation states (Ω) have been declining as a result of the uptake of approximately 30% of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions over the past 270 years (since around 1750). This process, commonly referred to as "ocean acidification", is making it harder for 267: 266: 271: 270: 265: 1677:

pH levels than at any other point in the last 300 million years. The rate of ocean acidification (i.e. the rate of change in pH value) is also estimated to be unprecedented over that same time scale. These expected changes are considered unprecedented in the geological record. In combination with other ocean

272: 2663:, alkalinity addition buffers the pH of the ocean therefore reducing ocean acidification. However, little is known about how organisms respond to added alkalinity, even from natural sources. For example, weathering of some silicate rocks could release a large amount of trace metals at the weathering site. 1703:, model projections estimate that surface ocean pH could decrease by as much as 0.44 units by the end of this century, compared to the end of the 19th century. This would mean a pH as low as about 7.7, and represents a further increase in H+ concentrations of two to four times beyond the increase to date. 1227:. In that event, surface ecosystems experienced a variety of impacts, but bottom-dwelling organisms in the deep ocean actually experienced a major extinction. Currently, the rate of carbon addition to the atmosphere-ocean system is about ten times the rate that occurred at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary. 9179:

Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Mumby, P. J.; Hooten, A. J.; Steneck, R. S.; Greenfield, P.; Gomez, E.; Harvell, C. D.; Sale, P. F.; Edwards, A. J.; Caldeira, K.; Knowlton, N.; Eakin, C. M.; Iglesias-Prieto, R.; Muthiga, N.; Bradbury, R. H.; Dubi, A.; Hatziolos, M. E. (14 December 2007). "Coral Reefs Under Rapid

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However, implementation of electrolysis for carbon capture is expensive and the energy consumed for the process is high compared to other CDR techniques. In addition, research to assess the environmental impact of this process is ongoing. Some complications include toxic chemicals in wastewaters, and

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The value of fish caught from US commercial fisheries in 2007 was valued at $ 3.8 billion and of that 73% was derived from calcifiers and their direct predators. Other organisms are directly harmed as a result of acidification. For example, decrease in the growth of marine calcifiers such as the

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is also extremely important for calcification growth. When the saturation state of aragonite in the external seawater is at ambient levels, the corals will grow their aragonite crystals rapidly in their internal compartments, hence their exoskeleton grows rapidly. If the saturation state of aragonite

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Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH value of the ocean surface is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. This represents an increase of around 26% in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH unit is equivalent to a

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Disruption of the food chain is also a possible effect as many marine organisms rely on calcium carbonate-based organisms at the base of the food chain for food and habitat. This can potentially have detrimental effects throughout the food web and potentially lead to a decline in availability of fish

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Zachos, James C.; Röhl, Ursula; Schellenberg, Stephen A.; Sluijs, Appy; Hodell, David A.; Kelly, Daniel C.; Thomas, Ellen; Nicolo, Micah; Raffi, Isabella; Lourens, Lucas J.; McCarren, Heather; Kroon, Dick (10 June 2005). "Rapid Acidification of the Ocean During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum".

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In an experimental aquarium facility, clownfish were sustained in non-manipulated seawater with pH 8.15 ± 0.07, which is similar to our current ocean's pH. To test for effects of different pH levels, the seawater was modified to two other pH levels, which corresponded with climate change models

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larvae mostly live on oceanic reefs that are surrounded by vegetative islands. Larvae are known to use their sense of smell to detect the differences between reefs surrounded by vegetative islands and reefs not surrounded by vegetative islands. Clownfish larvae need to be able to distinguish between

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This map shows changes in the aragonite saturation level of ocean surface waters between the 1880s and 2006–2015. Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate that many marine animals use to build their skeletons and shells. The lower the saturation level, the more difficult it is for organisms to build

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The full ecological consequences of the changes in calcification due to ocean acidification are complex but it appears likely that many calcifying species will be adversely affected by ocean acidification. Increasing ocean acidification makes it more difficult for shell-accreting organisms to access

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Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A.

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In some places carbon dioxide bubbles out from the sea floor, locally changing the pH and other aspects of the chemistry of the seawater. Studies of these carbon dioxide seeps have documented a variety of responses by different organisms. Coral reef communities located near carbon dioxide seeps are

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Importantly, the rate of change in ocean acidification is much higher than in the geological past. This faster change prevents organisms from gradually adapting, and prevents climate cycle feedbacks from kicking in to mitigate ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is now on a path to reach lower

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Lindström, Sofie; van de Schootbrugge, Bas; Hansen, Katrine H.; Pedersen, Gunver K.; Alsen, Peter; Thibault, Nicolas; Dybkjær, Karen; Bjerrum, Christian J.; Nielsen, Lars Henrik (July 2017). "A new correlation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary successions in NW Europe, Nevada and Peru, and the Central

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In the Arctic, commercial fisheries are threatened because acidification harms calcifying organisms which form the base of the Arctic food webs (pteropods and brittle stars, see above). Acidification threatens Arctic food webs from the base up. Arctic food webs are considered simple, meaning

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Fish embryos and larvae are usually more sensitive to pH changes than adults, as organs for pH regulation are not full developed. Because of this, European eel embryos are more vulnerable to changes in pH in the Sargasso Sea. A study of the European Eel in the Sargasso Sea was conducted in 2021 to

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The rate of decline differs by region. This is due to complex interactions between different types of forcing mechanisms: "In the tropical Pacific, its central and eastern upwelling zones exhibited a faster pH decline of minus 0.022 to minus 0.026 pH unit per decade." This is thought to be "due to

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travels to deeper depth as a result of ocean mixing. In the open ocean, this causes carbonate compensation depths to become more shallow, meaning that dissolution of calcium carbonate will occur below those depths. In the North Pacific these carbonate saturations depths are shallowing at a rate of

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Accumulated since 1850, the ocean sink holds up to 175 ± 35 gigatons of carbon, with more than two-thirds of this amount (120 GtC) being taken up by the global ocean since 1960. Over the historical period, the ocean sink increased in pace with the exponential anthropogenic emissions increase. From

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techniques add alkalinity to the ocean and therefore immediately buffer pH changes which might help the organisms in the region that the extra alkalinity is added to. The two technologies that fall into this category are ocean alkalinity enhancement and electrochemical methods. Eventually, due to

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in 2021 stated that "present-day surface pH values are unprecedented for at least 26,000 years and current rates of pH change are unprecedented since at least that time. The pH value of the ocean interior has declined over the last 20–30 years everywhere in the global ocean. The report also found

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To maintain chemical equilibrium, some of the carbonate ions already in the ocean combine with some of the hydrogen ions to make further bicarbonate. Thus the ocean's concentration of carbonate ions is reduced, removing an essential building block for marine organisms to build shells, or calcify:

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A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean

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Galdies, Charles; Bellerby, Richard; Canu, Donata; Chen, Wenting; Garcia-Luque, Enrique; Gašparović, Blaženka; Godrijan, Jelena; Lawlor, Paul J.; Maes, Frank; Malej, Alenka; Panagiotaras, Dionisios; Romera, Beatriz Martinez; Reymond, Claire E.; Rochette, Julien; Solidoro, Cosimo (1 August 2020).

2793:. The Indicators include key information for the most relevant domains of climate change: temperature and energy, atmospheric composition, ocean and water as well as the cryosphere. The Global Climate Indicators have been identified by scientists and communication specialists in a process led by 8123:

Semiletov, Igor; Pipko, Irina; Gustafsson, Örjan; Anderson, Leif G.; Sergienko, Valentin; Pugach, Svetlana; Dudarev, Oleg; Charkin, Alexander; Gukov, Alexander; Bröder, Lisa; Andersson, August; Spivak, Eduard; Shakhova, Natalia (2016). "Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through

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means there is less shellfish meat available for sale and consumption. Red king crab fisheries are also at a serious threat because crabs are also calcifiers. Baby red king crab when exposed to increased acidification levels experienced 100% mortality after 95 days. In 2006, red king crab

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which supports approximately 25% of marine life. Impacts are far-reaching from fisheries and coastal environments down to the deepest depths of the ocean. The increase in ocean acidity in not only killing the coral, but also the wildly diverse population of marine inhabitants which coral reefs

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Orr, James C.; Fabry, Victoria J.; Aumont, Olivier; Bopp, Laurent; Doney, Scott C.; Feely, Richard A.; Gnanadesikan, Anand; Gruber, Nicolas; Ishida, Akio; Joos, Fortunat; Key, Robert M.; Lindsay, Keith; Maier-Reimer, Ernst; Matear, Richard; Monfray, Patrick; Mouchet, Anne; Najjar, Raymond G.;

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problem". Increased ocean temperatures and oxygen loss act concurrently with ocean acidification and constitute the "deadly trio" of climate change pressures on the marine environment. The impacts of this will be most severe for coral reefs and other shelled marine organisms, as well as those

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Overall, all marine ecosystems on Earth will be exposed to changes in acidification and several other ocean biogeochemical changes. Ocean acidification may force some organisms to reallocate resources away from productive endpoints in order to maintain calcification. For example, the oyster

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Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Gregor, Luke; Hauck, Judith; Le Quéré, Corinne; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Olsen, Are; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Sitch, Stephen; Canadell, Josep G. (11 November 2022).

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with respect to seawater. However, as ocean pH falls, the concentration of carbonate ions also decreases. Calcium carbonate thus becomes undersaturated, and structures made of calcium carbonate are vulnerable to calcification stress and dissolution. In particular, studies show that corals,

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Very little of the extra carbon dioxide that is added into the ocean remains as dissolved carbon dioxide. The majority dissociates into additional bicarbonate and free hydrogen ions. The increase in hydrogen is larger than the increase in bicarbonate, creating an imbalance in the reaction:

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Albright, R.; Caldeira, L.; Hosfelt, J.; Kwiatkowski, L.; Maclaren, J. K.; Mason, B. M.; Nebuchina, Y.; Ninokawa, A.; Pongratz, J.; Ricke, K. L.; Rivlin, T.; Schneider, K.; Sesboüé, M.; Shamberger, K.; Silverman, J.; Wolfe, K.; Zhu, K.; Caldeira, K. (24 February 2016). "Reversal of ocean

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Midorikawa, Takashi; Inoue, Hisayuki Y.; Ishii, Masao; Sasano, Daisuke; Kosugi, Naohiro; Hashida, Gen; Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro; Suzuki, Toru (March 2012). "Decreasing pH trend estimated from 35-year time series of carbonate parameters in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean in summer".

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Mora, Camilo; Wei, Chih-Lin; Rollo, Audrey; Amaro, Teresa; Baco, Amy R.; Billett, David; Bopp, Laurent; Chen, Qi; Collier, Mark; Danovaro, Roberto; Gooday, Andrew J.; Grupe, Benjamin M.; Halloran, Paul R.; Ingels, Jeroen; Jones, Daniel O. B. (15 October 2013). Mace, Georgina M. (ed.).

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Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021:

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Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a proposed "carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method that involves deposition of alkaline minerals or their dissociation products at the ocean surface". The process would increase surface total alkalinity. It would work to increase ocean absorption of

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Beusen, Arthur; Breitburg, Denise; Comeau, Steve; Dupont, Sam; Isensee, Kirsten; Kudela, Raphael M.; Lundholm, Nina; Otto, Saskia; Schwing, Franklin; Tilbrook, Bronte; Hansen, Per Juel; Boyd, Philip W. (2022). "Multiple Ocean Stressors: A scientific Summary for Policy Makers".

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This experiment showed that when larvae are exposed to a pH of 7.8 ± 0.05 their reaction to environmental cues differs drastically from their reaction to cues at pH equal to current ocean levels. At pH 7.6 ± 0.05 larvae had no reaction to any type of cue. However, a

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conditions may affect normal development of this species in nature during sensitive early life history stages with limited physiological response capacities, while extreme acidification would negatively influence embryonic survival and development under hatchery conditions.

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was identified as the custodian agency for the SDG 14.3.1 Indicator. In this role, IOC-UNESCO is tasked with developing the SDG 14.3.1 Indicator Methodology, the annual collection of data towards the SDG 14.3.1 Indicator and the reporting of progress to the United Nations.

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Greene, Sarah E.; Martindale, Rowan C.; Ritterbush, Kathleen A.; Bottjer, David J.; Corsetti, Frank A.; Berelson, William M. (June 2012). "Recognising ocean acidification in deep time: An evaluation of the evidence for acidification across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary".

953:), that is, when the rates of precipitation and dissolution are equal. In seawater, dissolution boundary is formed as a result of temperature, pressure, and depth, and is known as the saturation horizon. Above this saturation horizon, Ω has a value greater than 1, and 7518: 4785:

Hofmann, Gretchen E.; Barry, James P.; Edmunds, Peter J.; Gates, Ruth D.; Hutchins, David A.; Klinger, Terrie; Sewell, Mary A. (1 December 2010). "The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Calcifying Organisms in Marine Ecosystems: An Organism-to-Ecosystem Perspective".

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Henehan, Michael J.; Ridgwell, Andy; Thomas, Ellen; Zhang, Shuang; Alegret, Laia; Schmidt, Daniela N.; Rae, James W. B.; Witts, James D.; Landman, Neil H.; Greene, Sarah E.; Huber, Brian T.; Super, James R.; Planavsky, Noah J.; Hull, Pincelli M. (5 November 2019).

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Hall-Spencer, Jason M.; Rodolfo-Metalpa, Riccardo; Martin, Sophie; Ransome, Emma; Fine, Maoz; Turner, Suzanne M.; Rowley, Sonia J.; Tedesco, Dario; Buia, Maria-Cristina (July 2008). "Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification".

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Aside from the slowing and/or reversal of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects. For example, the elevated oceanic levels of

2971:"surface waters are changing much more rapidly than initial calculations have suggested. It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out." 1085:

At depths of 1000s of meters in the ocean, calcium carbonate shells begin to dissolve as increasing pressure and decreasing temperature shift the chemical equilibria controlling calcium carbonate precipitation. The depth at which this occurs is known as the

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Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Follett, D.; Seibel, M.; Kump, L. R.; Riccardi, A.; Altiner, D.; Sano, H.; Wei, J. (1 July 2007). "Erosional truncation of uppermost Permian shallow-marine carbonates and implications for Permian-Triassic boundary events".

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Iglesias-Rodriguez, M.D.; Halloran, P.R.; Rickaby, R.E.M.; Hall, I.R.; Colmenero-Hidalgo, E.; Gittins, J.R.; Green, D.R.H.; Tyrrell, T.; Gibbs, S.J.; von Dassow, P.; Rehm, E.; Armbrust, E.V.; Boessenkool, K.P. (2008). "Phytoplankton Calcification in a

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Acidified conditions primarily reduce the coral's capacity to build dense exoskeletons, rather than affecting the linear extension of the exoskeleton. The density of some species of corals could be reduced by over 20% by the end of this century.

1939:. Seawater acidification could also reduce the size of Antarctic phytoplankton, making them less effective at storing carbon. Such changes are being increasingly studied and synthesized through the use of physiological frameworks, including the 1810:

Unhealthy pteropod showing effects of ocean acidification including ragged, dissolving shell ridges on upper surface, a cloudy shell in lower right quadrant, and severe abrasions and weak spots at 6:30 position on lower whorl of shell (source:

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Josep G. Canadell, J. G., P. M. S. Monteiro, M. H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P. M. Cox, A. V. Eliseev, S. 3 Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P. K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, 4 K. Zickfeld, 2021,

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The UN Ocean Decade has a program called "Ocean acidification research for sustainability". It was proposed by the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) and its partners, and has been formally endorsed as a program of the

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Enhanced weathering is one type of ocean alkalinity enhancement. Enhanced weathering increases alkalinity by scattering fine rock particles. This can happen on land and in the ocean (even though the outcome eventually affects the ocean).

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1850 until 2022, the ocean has absorbed 26 % of total anthropogenic emissions. Emissions during the period 1850–2021 amounted to 670 ± 65 gigatons of carbon and were partitioned among the atmosphere (41 %), ocean (26 %), and land (31 %).

294:) levels of around 415 ppm are around 50% higher than preindustrial concentrations. The current elevated levels and rapid growth rates are unprecedented in the past 55 million years of the geological record. The sources of this excess CO 2996:(Earth's most severe known extinction event). Their report emphasized that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent "dramatic impacts" on the world's oceans. 7088:

Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Allemand, Denis; Frankignoulle, Michel (February 1999). "Photosynthesis and Calcification at Cellular, Organismal and Community Levels in Coral Reefs: A Review on Interactions and Control by Carbonate Chemistry".

1987:). Understanding calcification changes in coccolithophores may be particularly important because a decline in the coccolithophores may have secondary effects on climate: it could contribute to global warming by decreasing the Earth's 258:

This diagram of the fast carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans. Yellow numbers are natural fluxes, and red are human contributions in gigatons of carbon per year. White numbers indicate stored

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in a matter described in the ocean alkalinity enhancement section. The hydrogen produced during direct carbon capture can then be upcycled to form hydrogen for energy consumption, or other manufactured laboratory reagents such as

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The importance of ocean acidification is reflected in its inclusion as one of seven Global Climate Indicators. These Indicators are a set of parameters that describe the changing climate without reducing climate change to only

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Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021:

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A study done in 2020 argues that ocean acidification is not only negatively affecting marine life, but also human health. Food quality, respiratory issues, and human health are all negatively affected by ocean acidification.

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Albright, R.; Takeshita, T.; Koweek, D. A.; Ninokawa, A.; Wolfe, K.; Rivlin, T.; Nebuchina, Y.; Young, J.; Caldeira, K. (14 March 2018). "Carbon dioxide addition to coral reef waters suppresses net community calcification".

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have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment. This effect far exceeds the individual harmful impact of either. In addition, ocean warming, along with increased productivity of phytoplankton from higher

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studies that simulated the interaction of these stressors and found a catastrophic effect on the marine food web: thermal stress more than negates any primary producer to herbivore increase in productivity from elevated

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Plattner, Gian-Kasper; Rodgers, Keith B.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Schlitzer, Reiner; Slater, Richard D.; Totterdell, Ian J.; Weirig, Marie-France; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro; Yool, Andrew (September 2005).

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is used. Both of these technologies have the potential to operate on a large scale and to be efficient at removing carbon dioxide. However, they are expensive, have many risks and side effects and currently have a low

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Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats. One of the most important repercussions of increasing ocean acidity relates to the production of shells out of

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these two destinations to be able to find a suitable area for their growth. Another use for marine fish olfactory systems is to distinguish between their parents and other adult fish, in order to avoid inbreeding.

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Brauner, Colin J.; Shartau, Ryan B.; Damsgaard, Christian; Esbaugh, Andrew J.; Wilson, Rod W.; Grosell, Martin (January 2019). Grosell, Martin; Munday, Philip L.; Farrell, Anthony P.; Brauner, Colin J. (eds.).

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The brittle star's eggs die within a few days when exposed to expected conditions resulting from Arctic acidification. Similarly, when exposed in experiments to pH reduced by 0.2 to 0.4, larvae of a temperate

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Some 1 billion people are completely or partially dependent on the fishing, tourism, and coastal management services provided by coral reefs. Ongoing acidification of the oceans may therefore threaten future

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It is expected that ocean acidification in the future will lead to a significant decrease in the burial of carbonate sediments for several centuries, and even the dissolution of existing carbonate sediments.

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Spatial distribution of global surface ocean pH (Panel a: the annually-averaged surface ocean pH to be approximate for the year 1770; Panel b: the difference between pH in 2000 and 1770 in the global surface

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are clearly established as human driven: they include anthropogenic fossil fuel, industrial, and land-use/land-change emissions. One source of this is fossil fuels, which are burned for energy. When burned,

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had remarked that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations. Our study provides compelling arguments for a radical change at the UN conference (in Paris) on climate change".

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tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). For example, in the 15-year period 1995–2010 alone, acidity has increased 6 percent in the upper 100 meters of the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Alaska.

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Research into the phenomenon of ocean acidification, as well as awareness raising about the problem, has been going on for several decades. The fundamental research really began with the creation of the

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from the atmosphere to store it in the ocean. These methods could assist with mitigation but they can have side-effects on marine life. The research field for all CDR methods has grown a lot since 2019.

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in order to mitigate ocean acidification. In the denial, the EPA said that risks from ocean acidification were being "more efficiently and effectively addressed" under domestic actions, e.g., under the

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Meta analyses have quantified the direction and magnitude of the harmful effects of combined ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation on the ocean. These meta-analyses have been further tested by

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Feely, Richard A.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Hernandez-Ayon, J. Martin; Ianson, Debby; Hales, Burke (13 June 2008). "Evidence for Upwelling of Corrosive "Acidified" Water onto the Continental Shelf".

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By the end of the 20th century the trade-offs between the beneficial role of the ocean in absorbing some 90 % of all heat created, and the accumulation of some 50 % of all fossil fuel CO

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and found that the species composition of coccolithophorids remained unchanged over the past 224 years (1780 to 2004). But the average coccolith mass had increased by 40% during the same period.

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state (known as Ω) of seawater for a mineral is a measure of the thermodynamic potential for the mineral to form or to dissolve, and for calcium carbonate is described by the following equation:

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was smaller and malformed in animals placed in sea water with a lower pH. However, these studies are ongoing and there is not yet a full understanding of these processes in marine organisms or

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changes, this drop in pH value could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean, beginning as early as 2100.

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In the North Pacific and North Atlantic, saturation states are also decreasing (the depth of saturation is getting more shallow). Ocean acidification is progressing in the open ocean as the CO

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Goldenberg, Silvan U.; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Ferreira, Camilo M.; Ullah, Hadayet; Connell, Sean D. (2017). "Boosted food web productivity through ocean acidification collapses under warming".

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of published studies testing for ocean acidification effects on fish behavior have declined by an order of magnitude over the past decade, and have been negligible for the past five years.

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uptake." Some regions exhibited a slower acidification rate: a pH decline of minus 0.010 to minus 0.013 pH unit per decade has been observed in warm pools in the western tropical Pacific.

9330:

Foy, Robert J.; Carls, Mark; Dalton, Michael; Hurst, Tom; Long, W. Christopher; Poljak, Dusanka; Punt, André E.; Sigler, Michael F.; Stone, Robert P.; Swiney, Katherine M. (Winter 2013).

2960:

For example, research in 2010 found that in the 15-year period 1995–2010 alone, acidity had increased 6 percent in the upper 100 meters of the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Alaska.

2434:. Several ocean goods and services are likely to be undermined by future ocean acidification potentially affecting the livelihoods of some 400 to 800 million people, depending upon the 5267:

McInerney, Francesca A.; Wing, Scott L. (30 May 2011). "The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future".

2896:

was known to specialists, but not appreciated by the greater scientific community. Throughout much of the 20th century, the dominant focus has been the beneficial process of oceanic CO

10582: 10291: 8680:

Induced Seawater Acidification Impacts Survival and Development of European Eel Embryos." PLOS ONE, edited by Hans G. Dam, vol. 17, no. 4, Apr. 2022, p. e0267228. DOI.org (Crossref),

2945:

in the atmosphere is the only practicable solution to mitigating ocean acidification". The statement also stressed the importance to "Reinvigorate action to reduce stressors, such as

2666:

Cost and energy consumed by ocean alkalinity enhancement (mining, pulverizing, transport) is high compared to other CDR techniques. The cost is estimated to be 20–50 USD per ton of CO

4221:

Duarte, Carlos M.; Hendriks, Iris E.; Moore, Tommy S.; Olsen, Ylva S.; Steckbauer, Alexandra; Ramajo, Laura; Carstensen, Jacob; Trotter, Julie A.; McCulloch, Malcolm (1 March 2013).

1782:

shell is shown dissolving over time in seawater with a lower pH. When carbon dioxide is absorbed by the ocean from the atmosphere, the chemistry of the seawater is changed (source:

981:

is the ocean depth at which carbonate dissolution balances the supply of carbonate to sea floor, therefore sediment below this depth will be void of calcium carbonate. Increasing CO

5641: 6756:

Lee, J.-Y., J. Marotzke, G. Bala, L. Cao, S. Corti, J.P. Dunne, F. Engelbrecht, E. Fischer, J.C. Fyfe, C. Jones, A. Maycock, J. Mutemi, O. Ndiaye, S. Panickal, and T. Zhou, 2021:

5602:

Bialik, Or M.; Sisma-Ventura, Guy (December 2016). "Proxy-based reconstruction of surface water acidification and carbonate saturation of the Levant Sea during the Anthropocene".

191:

that provide food and livelihoods for many people. About one billion people are wholly or partially dependent on the fishing, tourism, and coastal management services provided by

2900:

uptake, which has enormously ameliorated climate change. The concept of "too much of a good thing" has been late in developing and was triggered only by some key events, and the

2745:

As awareness about ocean acidification grows, policies geared towards increasing monitoring efforts of ocean acidification have been drafted. Previously in 2015, ocean scientist

385:, together referenced as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). These inorganic compounds are particularly significant in ocean acidification, as they include many forms of dissolved 3941:

Cooley, S., D. Schoeman, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, S. Donner, D.Y. Ghebrehiwet, S.-I. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022:

10132: 12346: 3954:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

8833:

Bednaršek, N.; Harvey, C.J.; Kaplan, I.C.; Feely, R.A.; Možina, J. (2016). "Pteropods on the edge: Cumulative effects of ocean acidification, warming, and deoxygenation".

6476:

Gutjahr, Marcus; Ridgwell, Andy; Sexton, Philip F.; Anagnostou, Eleni; Pearson, Paul N.; Pälike, Heiko; Norris, Richard D.; Thomas, Ellen; Foster, Gavin L. (August 2017).

9461: 4599:

Feely, Richard A.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Lee, Kitack; Berelson, Will; Kleypas, Joanie; Fabry, Victoria J.; Millero, Frank J. (16 July 2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO

10193:

Falkenberg, Laura J.; Bellerby, Richard G. J.; Connell, Sean D.; Fleming, Lora E.; Maycock, Bruce; Russell, Bayden D.; Sullivan, Francis J.; Dupont, Sam (24 June 2020).

8011: 2802: 6535:"The Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Acidified the Ocean in a Flash – The Chicxulub event was as damaging to life in the oceans as it was to creatures on land, a study shows" 144:. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO 5731:

Clarkson, M. O.; Kasemann, S. A.; Wood, R. A.; Lenton, T. M.; Daines, S. J.; Richoz, S.; Ohnemueller, F.; Meixner, A.; Poulton, S. W.; Tipper, E. T. (10 April 2015).

2871:, and that multiple avenues are being pursued to work with and in other nations to reduce emissions and deforestation and promote clean energy and energy efficiency. 12522: 8618:

Pike C, Crook V, GollockM. Anguilla anguilla. The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species 2020: e. T60344A152845178. International Union for Conservation ofNature; 2020.

7610:

Pérez, F.; Fontela, M.; García-Ibañez, M.; Mercier, H.; Velo, A.; Lherminier, P.; Zunino, P.; de la Paz, M.; Alonso, F.; Guallart, E.; Padín, T. (22 February 2018).

2981:

World" took place in Monterey, California, in 2012. The summary for policy makers from the conference stated that "Ocean acidification research is growing rapidly".

1902:

Some studies have found different responses to ocean acidification, with coccolithophore calcification and photosynthesis both increasing under elevated atmospheric

9441:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

9407:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

12190: 9612: 4040:

Brander, Luke M.; Rehdanz, Katrin; Tol, Richard S. J.; Van Beukering, Pieter J. H. (1 February 2012). "The economic impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs".

2179: 5650:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth 6 Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2367:. Cross-shelf gradients in productivity and bottom water residence times drive the strength of DO (DIC) decrease (increase) as water transits across a productive 2115:

and are both seriously damaged from acidification. Pteropods shells dissolve with increasing acidification and the brittle stars lose muscle mass when re-growing

327:

acid-base chemistry toward more acidic, lower pH conditions and lower saturation states for carbonate minerals used in many marine organism shells and skeletons.

6769:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

5212:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

5173:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

4452:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

10284: 9398: 3572: 2777: 2770: 9152:

Fabry, Victoria J.; Seibel, Brad A.; Feely, Richard A.; Orr, James C. (April 2008). "Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes".

8696:"The Dynamics and Impact of Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia: Insights from Sustained Investigations in the Northern California Current Large Marine Ecosystem" 8510: 13799: 13138: 13095: 12363: 10480: 9300: 6771: 4534:

Kroeker, Kristy J.; Kordas, Rebecca L.; Crim, Ryan; Hendriks, Iris E.; Ramajo, Laura; Singh, Gerald S.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (June 2013).

3945: 2806: 6760: 5203: 13064: 10458: 5669: 4443: 2700:, can strip carbon dioxide directly from seawater. Electrochemical process are a type of ocean alkalinity enhancement, too. Some methods focus on direct CO 1629: 9585: 5102: 12929: 11799: 11625: 10421: 9360: 1216:. The difference in changes in temperature between basins is one of the main reasons for the differences in acidification rates in different localities. 2017:

Warm water corals are clearly in decline, with losses of 50% over the last 30–50 years due to multiple threats from ocean warming, ocean acidification,

202:

The only solution that would address the root cause of ocean acidification is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This is one of the main objectives of

11794: 9432: 8493: 8420: 3387:"The recent state and variability of the carbonate system of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and adjacent basins in the context of ocean acidification" 1556:

Three of the big five mass extinction events in the geologic past were associated with a rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, probably due to

1090:. Ocean acidification will increase such dissolution and shallow the carbonate compensation depth on timescales of tens to hundreds of years. Zones of 11662: 10277: 6822:

Overview of Climate Changes and Illustrative Impacts. Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia

5164: 5131: 699:). This process is called calcification and is important to the biology and survival of a wide range of marine organisms. Calcification involves the 229:

Ocean acidification has happened before in Earth's geologic history. The resulting ecological collapse in the oceans had long-lasting effects on the

14192: 10009:•) einer Lösungwird dann der Briggsche Logarithmus des reziproken Wertes des auf Wasserstoffionenbezagenen Normalitäts faktors de Lösungverstanden. 6298:"Extinction-Recovery Pattern of Level-Bottom Faunas Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary in Tibet: Implications for Potential Killing Mechanisms" 5691: 2930:

emitted, and the impacts on marine life were becoming more clear. By 2003, the time of planning for the "First Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO

2821:

In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda and a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), including a goal dedicated to the ocean,

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accounted for 23% of the total guideline harvest levels and a serious decline in red crab population would threaten the crab harvesting industry.

1790: 11599: 3346:"Two Decades of Ocean Acidification in the Surface Waters of the Beaufort Gyre, Arctic Ocean: Effects of Sea Ice Melt and Retreat From 1997–2016" 2968: 2855: 1812: 1799: 1783: 8978:

Anthony, Kenneth R. N.; Maynard, Jeffrey A.; Diaz-Pulido, Guillermo; Mumby, Peter J.; Marshall, Paul A.; Cao, Long; Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove (2011).

7356:

Sciandra, Antoine; Harlay, Jérome; Lefèvre, Dominique; Lemée, Rodolphe; Rimmelin, Peguy; Denis, Michel; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (17 October 2003).

4131: 14090: 10495: 10490: 10463: 4933:

Sulpis, Olivier; Boudreau, Bernard P.; Mucci, Alfonso; Jenkins, Chris; Trossman, David S.; Arbic, Brian K.; Key, Robert M. (13 November 2018).

7673:

Mollica, Nathaniel R.; Guo, Weifu; Cohen, Anne L.; Huang, Kuo-Fang; Foster, Gavin L.; Donald, Hannah K.; Solow, Andrew R. (20 February 2018).

5980:

Hautmann, Michael; Benton, Michael J.; Tomašových, Adam (11 July 2008). "Catastrophic ocean acidification at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary".

13009: 11308: 3092: 2308:

Eel embryos, a "critically endangered" species yet profound in aquaculture, are also being affected by ocean acidification, specifically the

2048:

level (raise pH) to near the preindustrial value showed a 7% increase in net calcification. A similar experiment to raise in situ seawater CO

8274:

Onthank, Kirt; Trueblood, Lloyd; Schrock-Duff, Taylir; Kore, Lydia (2021). "Impact of short- and long-term exposure to elevated seawater pCO

12871: 11541: 10448: 10396: 6561: 2923:

levels rising so high with the inevitable changes in pH and carbonate ion became a concern of scientists studying the fate of coral reefs.

13143: 11425: 10470: 10443: 10416: 10391: 6824: 5638: 7235:

Gazeau, Frédéric; Quiblier, Christophe; Jansen, Jeroen M.; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Middelburg, Jack J.; Heip, Carlo H. R. (6 April 2007).

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In the United States, the Federal Ocean Acidification Research And Monitoring Act of 2009 supports government coordination, such as the

13246: 12684: 11684: 11642: 10168: 2833: 1624:), attached to a Coral Reef Early Warning System station, utilized in conducting ocean acidification studies near coral reef areas (by 7132:

on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment"

6932:"How the Pacific Oyster Responds to Ocean Acidification: Development and Application of a Meta-Analysis Based Adverse Outcome Pathway" 12563: 11679: 11264: 10802: 10542: 7401:

Langer, Gerald; Geisen, Markus; Baumann, Karl-Heinz; Kläs, Jessica; Riebesell, Ulf; Thoms, Silke; Young, Jeremy R. (September 2006).

7028:"Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate" 2529: 2206:

properties of seawater, allowing sound to propagate further, and increasing ocean noise. This impacts all animals that use sound for

1550: 8225: 6189:

Beerling, D. J.; Berner, R. A. (September 2002). "Biogeochemical constraints on the Triassic-Jurassic boundary carbon cycle event".

2520:

measures) is the only solution that addresses the root cause of ocean acidification. For example, some mitigation measures focus on

2312:. Although they spend most of their lives in fresh water, usually in rivers, streams, or estuaries, they go to spawn and die in the 14249: 14187: 11894: 11615: 11333: 11110: 11072: 11067: 10787: 10411: 10142: 9952: 2320:

analyze the specific effects of ocean acidification on embryos. The study found that exposure to predicted end-of-century ocean pCO

5670:

An abrupt extinction in the Middle Permian (Capitanian) of the Boreal Realm (Spitsbergen) and its link to anoxia and acidification

2915:

in the sea were already arising around the world and causing strong debate. Researchers commented on the accumulation of fossil CO

2688:

and alkaline solutions. Another approach is to use electricity to raise alkalinity during desalination to capture waterborne CO2.

14448: 12922: 12250: 12039: 11207: 11062: 10406: 9917: 7173:

Riebesell, Ulf; Zondervan, Ingrid; Rost, Björn; Tortell, Philippe D.; Zeebe, Richard E.; Morel, François M. M. (September 2000).

3087: 1669: 1040:

is directly proportional to its saturation state and calcifying organisms exhibit stress in waters with lower saturation states.

50: 9264: 2063:

from 2007 to 2012 found that corals are more resistant to the environmental pH changes than previously thought, due to internal

11899: 11862: 11716: 11701: 11620: 11269: 11213: 10792: 4264:"Ecosystem metabolism drives pH variability and modulates long-term ocean acidification in the Northeast Pacific coastal ocean" 2974:

A 2013 study found acidity was increasing at a rate 10 times faster than in any of the evolutionary crises in Earth's history.

1546: 303:

is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct of combustion, which is a significant contributor to the increasing levels of CO

9263:

V. J. Fabry; C. Langdon; W. M. Balch; A. G. Dickson; R. A. Feely; B. Hales; D. A. Hutchins; J. A. Kleypas & C. L. Sabine.

6586: 2919:

in the atmosphere and sea and drew attention to the possible impacts on marine life. By the mid-1990s, the likely impact of CO

2511: 2139: 211: 13328: 12851: 12558: 11696: 11051: 10807: 10485: 9586:"Cartagena Convention Secretariat and The Ocean Foundation to cooperate on priority marine biodiversity and pollution issues" 6666: 6363: 4710: 3917: 2993: 4126:

Freund, Paul; Bachu, Stefan; Simbeck, Dale; Thambimuthu, Kelly (Kailai); Gupta, Murlidhar (2005). "Annex I: Properties of CO

2588: 14453: 13266: 12866: 12580: 11536: 11531: 10902: 10750: 5077: 3233: 2863: 2648:

either becomes bicarbonate, remaining in that form for more than 100 years, or may precipitate into calcium carbonate (CaCO

1587: 1220: 965:

does not readily dissolve. Most calcifying organisms live in such waters. Below this depth, Ω has a value less than 1, and

842: 9985: 8735: 3755: 3328: 2652:). When calcium carbonate is buried in the deep ocean, it can hold the carbon indefinitely when utilizing silicate rocks. 1594:

methods to test for saturation state are needed to assess how much this pH change may have affected calcifying organisms.

1181:

that "pH in open ocean surface water has declined by about 0.017 to 0.027 pH units per decade since the late 1980s".

412:

dissolves, it reacts with water to form a balance of ionic and non-ionic chemical species: dissolved free carbon dioxide (

13821: 13261: 13160: 12061: 11839: 11657: 11589: 11579: 11562: 11469: 11276: 10755: 10401: 10386: 7968:

Fabricius, Katharina (2011). "Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations".

2413:

The increase of ocean acidity decelerates the rate of calcification in salt water, leading to smaller and slower growing

2334: 808:

The increase in concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, and reduction in carbonate, are shown in the

11594: 5668:

Bond, D.P.G., Wignall, P.B., Joachimski, M.M., Sun, Y., Savov, I., Grasby, S.E., Beauchamp, B. and Blomeier, D.P. 2015.

5302:

Zeebe, Richard E. (30 May 2012). "History of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry, Atmospheric CO 2 , and Ocean Acidification".

4353: 14443: 14221: 12915: 12490: 12351: 12308: 11804: 10852: 10666: 10656: 10577: 10500: 7521:(Press release). School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at Stony Brook University. 27 September 2010. Archived from 6882: 5337:

Olafsson, J.; Olafsdottir, S. R.; Benoit-Cattin, A.; Danielsen, M.; Arnarson, T. S.; Takahashi, T. (25 November 2009).

1335: 1162: 8168: 13241: 12417: 12293: 12110: 11313: 11077: 10686: 10671: 10505: 10453: 8927:

Gruber, Nicolas (28 May 2011). "Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change".

4471: 3246: 2889: 2810: 2801:(WMO). They form the basis of the annual WMO Statement of the State of the Global Climate, which is submitted to the 2798: 1542: 9395: 8307:"Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator" 3882: 3561: 2729: 14413: 13806: 13502: 12739: 12650: 12288: 12268: 12215: 12167: 11229: 10733: 10547: 10438: 10428: 7519:"Acidification Of Oceans May Contribute To Global Declines Of Shellfish, Study By Stony Brook Scientists Concludes" 6386:

Fine, Maoz; Tchernov, Dan (30 March 2007). "Scleractinian Coral Species Survive and Recover from Decalcification".

5236:"Climate sensitivity and the rate of ocean acidification: future impacts, and implications for experimental design" 2868: 2734: 1538: 1017: 6768: 4130:

and carbon-based fuels". In Metz, Bert; Davidson, Ogunlade; de Coninck, Heleen; Loos, Manuela; Meyer, Leo (eds.).

3993: 3942: 3583:

Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]

2343: 2088:, declining pH caused by carbon dioxide seeps is associated with declines in coral species diversity. However, in 13853: 13350: 13323: 12954: 12407: 12358: 11784: 11746: 11691: 11161: 10867: 10616: 10594: 10552: 10522: 10475: 10358: 10341: 10324: 10300: 9443: 9409: 8256: 7136: 6757: 5652: 5214: 5200: 5175: 4454: 3956: 3592: 2822: 2794: 2790: 2758: 2708:

gas) while others increase the alkalinity of seawater by precipitating metal hydroxide residues, which absorbs CO

6534: 4440: 2858:'s (NOAA) "Ocean Acidification Program". In 2015, USEPA denied a citizens petition that asked EPA to regulate CO 1927:

Reduced calcification from ocean acidification may affect the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of

14423: 13211: 12677: 12475: 11759: 11516: 10572: 10567: 8503: 5551:; Opdyke, Bradley N. (30 September 2005). "Preindustrial to Modern Interdecadal Variability in Coral Reef pH". 4664: 2257: 234: 9368: 9308: 13601: 13507: 12959: 12791: 12585: 12120: 11652: 10738: 10676: 10088: 9749: 7272: 6613: 6017:"Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact" 2934:

World" meeting to be held in Paris in 2004, many new research results on ocean acidification were published.

2435: 2316:. Here is where European eels are experiencing the effects of acidification in one of their key life stages. 2261: 1769: 1751: 1739: 1700: 1693: 633:

Freshwater bodies also appear to be acidifying, although this is a more complex and less obvious phenomenon.

529: 125: 9429: 8529:"Future biological and ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification and their socioeconomic-policy implications" 8490: 8428: 7453:"Future biological and ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification and their socioeconomic-policy implications" 4536:"Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming" 4011: 3134: 14254: 13651: 13551: 12779: 12568: 12240: 11769: 11764: 11669: 11546: 11103: 10334: 1177: 1087: 1049: 978: 653: 8570:"Meta-analysis reveals an extreme 'decline effect' in the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior" 8039:"Impact of ocean acidification and elevated temperatures on early juveniles of the polar shelled pteropod 5161: 5139: 14385: 14134: 13333: 13283: 12784: 12769: 12749: 11779: 11632: 10705: 10589: 10346: 9939:"Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Ocean Acidification; TSCA Section 21 Petition; Reasons for Agency Response" 7493: 6297: 4170:

Carstensen, Jacob; Duarte, Carlos M. (16 April 2019). "Drivers of pH Variability in Coastal Ecosystems".

3772: 2253: 1882:

Under normal conditions, calcite and aragonite are stable in surface waters since the carbonate ions are

210:

from the atmosphere would also help to reverse ocean acidification. In addition, there are some specific

4729:"Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms" 3160:"Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO 1131:(μatm; green) and surface ocean pH (blue) at Ocean Station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. 656:

has been proposed as one option to add alkalinity to the ocean and therefore buffer against pH changes.

14428: 13794: 13646: 13621: 13031: 12774: 12638: 12402: 12205: 12162: 11935: 11857: 11711: 2813:(C3S) of the European Commission uses the Indicators for their annual "European State of the Climate". 2604: 2375:

There is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated

2360: 223: 8634: 7236: 14264: 14197: 14040: 13772: 13767: 13641: 13471: 13313: 13100: 12821: 12670: 12507: 12182: 12157: 12130: 12092: 12009: 11827: 11674: 11637: 11387: 11156: 11151: 11146: 10975: 10927: 10822: 10715: 10599: 10107: 10001:

Original German: Für die Zahl p schlage ich den Namen Wasserstoffionenexponent und die Schreibweise p

7053:

Gattuso, J (July 1998). "Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification".

6438: 4140: 2517: 2503: 2276:. It internally affects their olfactory systems, which is a crucial part of their early development. 2052:

level (lower pH) to a level expected soon after the 2050 found that net calcification decreased 34%.

1685: 700: 203: 12022: 10882: 9844:"European policies and legislation targeting ocean acidification in european waters – Current state" 9070:

Pistevos, Jennifer C. A.; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Rossi, Tullio; Olmos, Maxime; Connell, Sean D. (2015).

7103: 6708:"Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century" 6211: 5506:

Bates, N. R.; Best, M. H. P.; Neely, K.; Garley, R.; Dickson, A. G.; Johnson, R. J. (11 July 2012).

4838: 2992:

from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the

2021:

and physical damage from activities such as fishing, and these pressures are expected to intensify.

1579:

has been suggested as a possible kill mechanism during the marine mass extinction at the end of the

14408: 14370: 14259: 14154: 14080: 13907: 13536: 13236: 12938: 12856: 12517: 12512: 12502: 12443: 12283: 11789: 11754: 11647: 11574: 11415: 11244: 11180: 11141: 10980: 10935: 10837: 10562: 10378: 6437:

Penman, Donald E.; Hönisch, Bärbel; Zeebe, Richard E.; Thomas, Ellen; Zachos, James C. (May 2014).

5508:"Detecting anthropogenic carbon dioxide uptake and ocean acidification in the North Atlantic Ocean" 4223:"Is Ocean Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on Seawater pH" 3434:

Anthony, K. R. N.; Kline, D. I.; Diaz-Pulido, G.; Dove, S.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (11 November 2008).

1314: 649: 532:

to build a shell or skeletal structure, endangering coral reefs and the broader marine ecosystems.

245: 46: 45:. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. 9971:"Über die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen" 9265:"Present and Future Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Biogeochemical Cycles" 8929:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

5732: 2673:

Carbon sequestered as bicarbonate in the ocean amounts to about 30% of carbon emissions since the

136:, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons. 14365: 13934: 13789: 13085: 12796: 12724: 12626: 12548: 12458: 12200: 12172: 11852: 11511: 11489: 11096: 11027: 10965: 10368: 9742: 5416:"The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004" 4493:

Mitchell, Mark J.; Jensen, Oliver E.; Cliffe, K. Andrew; Maroto-Valer, M. Mercedes (8 May 2010).

3081: 2348: 2075:, rather than acidification, the main factor for coral reef vulnerability due to climate change. 1940: 1774: 1201: 734: 3974: 3497: 2598:

diffusion, that alkalinity addition will be quite small to distant waters. This is why the term

14380: 14214: 14161: 14055: 13878: 13723: 13081: 12861: 12225: 12045: 11987: 11904: 11889: 11774: 11420: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 10970: 10797: 9791: 9272:

Report of the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Scoping Workshop on Ocean Acidification Research

8694:

Chan, Francis; Barth, John; Kroeker, Kristy; Lubchenco, Jane; Menge, Bruce (1 September 2019).

8450:

Hester, Keith C.; Peltzer, Edward T.; Kirkwood, William J.; Brewer, Peter G. (1 October 2008).

7098: 6587:"An Ominous Warning on the Effects of Ocean Acidification by Carl Zimmer: Yale Environment 360" 6206: 4833: 2521: 2507: 2144:

and maintain their skeletons and shells. A negative change represents a decrease in saturation.

489: 207: 6821: 2084:

of particular interest because of the sensitivity of some corals species to acidification. In

187:, and reduced energy for basic functions such as reproduction. Ocean acidification can impact 14438: 14433: 13784: 13596: 13058: 13019: 12614: 12260: 12137: 11945: 11405: 11328: 10353: 6439:"Rapid and sustained surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum" 5639:

Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks Supplementary Material. Chapter 5

4880:

Boudreau, Bernard P.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Hofmann, Andreas F.; Meysman, Filip J. R. (2010).

4386:

in Freshwater Ecosystems Has the Potential to Negatively Affect Predator-Induced Defenses in

3059: 2674: 2388:. Deoxygenation of ocean waters is an additional stressor on marine organisms that increases 9918:"TSCA Section 21 Petition Requesting EPA to Regulate Anthropogenic Emissions Carbon Dioxide" 9743:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

5692:"Sixth extinction, rivaling that of the dinosaurs, should join the big five, scientists say" 5457:"Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific" 4660:"Possible effects of ocean acidification on coral reef biogeochemistry: topics for research" 3827:

Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (17 October 2020).

2911:

In the early 1970s questions over the long-term impact of the accumulation of fossil fuel CO

14149: 13946: 13848: 13713: 13675: 13425: 13229: 13123: 12453: 12331: 11992: 11567: 11494: 10955: 10723: 10363: 10329: 10319: 10042: 9855: 9560: 9473: 9331: 9189: 9127: 9083: 8991: 8936: 8881: 8842: 8568:

Clements, Jeff C.; Sundin, Josefin; Clark, Timothy D.; Jutfelt, Fredrik (3 February 2022).

8540: 8463: 8318: 8183: 8133: 8054: 7977: 7916: 7860: 7794: 7742: 7686: 7623: 7464: 7417: 7373: 7314: 7251: 7193: 7145: 7062: 6976: 6489: 6478:"Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum" 6450: 6395: 6312: 6252: 6198: 6137: 6090: 6028: 5949: 5851: 5802: 5747: 5611: 5560: 5547:

Pelejero, Carles; Calvo, Eva; McCulloch, Malcolm T.; Marshall, John F.; Gagan, Michael K.;

5519: 5427: 5388: 5350: 5311: 5276: 5017: 4946: 4893: 4825: 4743: 4673: 4616: 4547: 4506: 4401: 4275: 4234: 4179: 4090: 3771:

Doney, Scott C.; Fabry, Victoria J.; Feely, Richard A.; Kleypas, Joan A. (1 January 2009).

3727: 3632: 3527: 3447: 3398: 3282: 3269:

Jiang, Li-Qing; Carter, Brendan R.; Feely, Richard A.; Lauvset, Siv K.; Olsen, Are (2019).

3175: 3095: – Threat to the reef which reduces the viability and strength of reef-building corals 2540: 2389: 2092:

carbon dioxide seeps are not associated with reduced species diversity of corals, although

1973: 1223:

boundary (about 56 million years ago), when surface ocean temperatures rose by 5–6 degrees

1144: 946: 938: 285: 10075: 8398: 7849:"Ocean Acidification Impairs Olfactory Discrimination and Homing Ability of a Marine Fish" 7612:"Meridional overturning circulation conveys fast acidification to the deep Atlantic Ocean" 6778:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 553–672. 5221:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 673–816. 4799: 3865: 3845: 3828: 1230:

Extensive observational systems are now in place or being built for monitoring seawater CO

618:

In shallow coastal and shelf regions, a number of factors interplay to affect air-ocean CO

8: 14290: 14070: 13941: 13863: 13461: 13407: 13318: 13308: 13014: 12836: 12734: 12470: 12245: 11479: 11017: 11010: 10950: 10847: 10842: 10517: 8366:"Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis" 8233: 7403:"Species-specific responses of calcifying algae to changing seawater carbonate chemistry" 7297: 5993: 5414:

González-Dávila, M.; Santana-Casiano, J. M.; Rueda, M. J.; Llinás, O. (11 October 2010).

5182:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 33–144. 4358: 3788: 3682: 3614: 3098: 2746: 2629: 2568: 2548: 2536: 2463: 2385: 2364: 2338: 2229: 2207: 1896: 1071: 219: 10046: 9859: 9614:

Mainstreaming Ocean Acidification into National Policies: A Handbook for Pacific Islands

9538: 9477: 9193: 9087: 8995: 8940: 8885: 8846: 8544: 8467: 8322: 8187: 8137: 8058: 7981: 7920: 7864: 7798: 7746: 7690: 7627: 7468: 7421: 7377: 7318: 7255: 7197: 7149: 7066: 6980: 6493: 6454: 6399: 6355: 6316: 6256: 6202: 6141: 6102: 6094: 6032: 5953: 5855: 5806: 5751: 5710: 5615: 5564: 5523: 5431: 5392: 5354: 5323: 5315: 5288: 5280: 5022: 4951: 4898: 4829: 4747: 4677: 4620: 4551: 4510: 4405: 4279: 4238: 4183: 4094: 3731: 3636: 3613: 3531: 3451: 3402: 3286: 3179: 630:

in freshwater sources reaching coastal waters can lead to large, but local, pH changes.

13993: 13988: 13966: 13951: 13843: 13631: 13611: 13561: 13524: 13514: 13365: 13202: 12846: 12826: 12719: 12298: 12230: 12147: 11997: 11962: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11484: 11032: 10990: 10985: 10945: 10897: 10661: 10557: 10433: 10229: 10194: 10093:, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy. 9873: 9223: 9104: 9071: 9052: 9012: 8979: 8960: 8783: 8717: 8659: 8596: 8569: 8341: 8306: 8207: 8149: 8105: 7993: 7950: 7883: 7848: 7818: 7766: 7709: 7674: 7655: 7433: 7338: 7277: 7217: 6992: 6904: 6877: 6758:

Chapter 4: Future Global Climate: Scenario-Based Projections and Near- Term Information

6734: 6707: 6680: 6539: 6510: 6477: 6419: 6369: 6328: 6278: 6224: 6171: 6106: 6051: 6016: 5918: 5874: 5839: 5838:

Payne, J.; Turchyn, A.; Paytan, A.; Depaolo, D.; Lehrmann, D.; Yu, M.; Wei, J. (2010).

5771: 5584: 5483: 5456: 4971: 4934: 4913: 4859: 4767: 4640: 4576: 4535: 4296: 4263: 4203: 4108: 3850: 3829:"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities" 3470: 3435: 3416: 3367: 3305: 3270: 3199: 3045: 3031: 2938: 2559:

In total, "ocean-based methods have a combined potential to remove 1–100 gigatons of CO

2525: 2427: 2041: 1921: 1910: 1537:

Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. It happened during the

833: 738: 10031:"A short history of ocean acidification science in the 20th century: a chemist's view" 8904: 8869: 7074: 2892:

in 1909. By around the 1950s the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO

1825:

carbonate ions, essential for the production of their hard exoskeletal shell. Oceanic

1219:

Current rates of ocean acidification have been likened to the greenhouse event at the

140:

depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO

14226: 14127: 13922: 13730: 13695: 13656: 13606: 13497: 13481: 13224: 13187: 13165: 13150: 13133: 13051: 12759: 12532: 12195: 11940: 11706: 11499: 11462: 11249: 11203: 10907: 10782: 10728: 10527: 10512: 10234: 10216: 10060: 9877: 9489: 9275: 9215: 9109: 9044: 9003: 8952: 8909: 8775: 8721: 8601: 8346: 8211: 8199: 8153: 7942: 7888: 7810: 7770: 7758: 7714: 7647: 7544:

Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove; Poloczanska, Elvira S.; Skirving, William; Dove, Sophie (2017).

7402: 7342: 7330: 7305: 7281: 7209: 6996: 6909: 6739: 6684: 6672: 6662: 6515: 6411: 6373: 6359: 6282: 6163: 6110: 6056: 5922: 5879: 5763: 5588: 5576: 5488: 4976: 4851: 4759: 4728: 4706: 4632: 4581: 4563: 4419: 4380:

Weiss, L. C.; Pötter, L.; Steiger, A.; Kruppert, S.; Frost, U.; Tollrian, R. (2018).

4301: 4195: 4112: 3913: 3854: 3800: 3792: 3656: 3648: 3623: 3543: 3475: 3420: 3371: 3310: 3242: 3203: 3191: 2714: 2481: 2376: 2368: 2060: 1932: 1561: 1443: 1234:

chemistry and acidification for both the global open ocean and some coastal systems.

1166: 1063: 689: 627: 9717: 9674: 9227: 7997: 7437: 7174: 6423: 6332: 6228: 6175: 5961: 5775: 4918: 4863: 4644: 4207: 1891:

experience reduced calcification or enhanced dissolution when exposed to elevated CO

1074:. These continental shelves play an important role in marine ecosystems, since most 14375: 14310: 14139: 14117: 13961: 13929: 13917: 13893: 13519: 13466: 13456: 13415: 13345: 13340: 13069: 12977: 12801: 12693: 12575: 12142: 12125: 12066: 11957: 11721: 11445: 11318: 11254: 10862: 10857: 10832: 10631: 10604: 10224: 10206: 10050: 10030: 9863: 9481: 9205: 9197: 9161: 9099: 9091: 9056: 9036: 9007: 8999: 8944: 8899: 8889: 8850: 8815: 8807: 8787: 8765: 8707: 8651: 8591: 8581: 8548: 8471: 8377: 8336: 8326: 8287: 8191: 8141: 8095: 8062: 7985: 7954: 7932: 7924: 7878: 7868: 7822: 7802: 7750: 7704: 7694: 7659: 7639: 7631: 7590: 7557: 7472: 7425: 7381: 7322: 7267: 7259: 7221: 7201: 7153: 7108: 7070: 6984: 6943: 6899: 6891: 6856: 6729: 6719: 6654: 6590: 6505: 6497: 6458: 6403: 6351: 6320: 6268: 6260: 6216: 6153: 6145: 6098: 6046: 6036: 5989: 5957: 5910: 5869: 5859: 5818: 5810: 5755: 5619: 5568: 5527: 5478: 5468: 5435: 5396: 5358: 5319: 5284: 5247: 5027: 4966: 4956: 4903: 4843: 4795: 4771: 4751: 4681: 4624: 4571: 4555: 4514: 4499:

Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

4409: 4332: 4291: 4283: 4242: 4187: 4098: 4057: 4049: 3840: 3784: 3735: 3664: 3640: 3535: 3465: 3455: 3436:"Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders" 3406: 3357: 3300: 3290: 3183: 3104: 2954: 2950: 2477: 2468: 2431: 2356: 2277: 2085: 2018: 1119: 1075: 828:

Distribution of (A) aragonite and (B) calcite saturation depth in the global oceans

521: 366: 188: 10269: 9072:"Ocean acidification and global warming impair shark hunting behaviour and growth" 8964: 8084:"Ocean Acidification in the Surface Waters of the Pacific-Arctic Boundary Regions" 7358:"Response of coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi to elevated partial pressure of CO 5455:

Dore, J. E.; Lukas, R.; Sadler, D. W.; Church, M. J.; Karl, D. M. (28 July 2009).

1899:

practices it may be impossible to bring back many previous shellfish populations.

1707:

Estimated past and future global mean surface pH for different emission scenarios

1684:

The extent of further ocean chemistry changes, including ocean pH, will depend on

1200:

The rate at which ocean acidification will occur may be influenced by the rate of

14418: 14204: 14045: 13616: 13476: 13392: 13380: 13360: 13256: 13046: 13026: 12949: 12896: 12811: 12527: 12448: 12412: 12341: 12315: 12303: 12220: 12152: 12027: 11884: 11506: 11457: 11435: 10995: 10912: 10892: 10872: 10772: 10621: 10137: 9868: 9843: 9753: 9741:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

9447: 9436: 9413: 9402: 8854: 8739: 8640:

homeostasis: Regulation and compensation in response to elevated environmental CO

8586: 8553: 8528: 8497: 7477: 7452: 7175:"Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO 6828: 6775: 6764: 6724: 6264: 5656: 5645: 5623: 5218: 5207: 5179: 5168: 4994:

Ridgwell, A.; Zondervan, I.; Hargreaves, J. C.; Bijma, J.; Lenton, T. M. (2007).

4458: 4447: 3960: 3949: 3759: 3618: 3596: 3576: 3539: 3332: 3138: 2544: 2328: 2072: 2068: 2024:

The fluid in the internal compartments (the coelenteron) where corals grow their

1967: 1954: 1936: 1883: 1842: 1795: 1688:

efforts taken by nations and their governments. Different scenarios of projected

1591: 1079: 985:

levels, and the resulting lower pH of seawater, decreases the concentration of CO

711: 493: 184: 85: 14346: 8511:"Ocean Acidification Promotes Disruptive and Harmful Algal Blooms on Our Coasts" 8452:"Unanticipated consequences of ocean acidification: A noisier ocean at lower pH" 6845:"High-Resolution Carbonate System Dynamics of Netarts Bay, OR From 2014 to 2019" 6346:

Hautmann, Michael (15 August 2012), "Extinction: End-Triassic Mass Extinction",

5047: 4321:"High-Resolution Carbonate System Dynamics of Netarts Bay, OR From 2014 to 2019" 3518:

Service, Robert E. (13 July 2012). "Rising Acidity Brings an Ocean of Trouble".

3053: 2761:. Ocean acidification is now starting to be considered within those frameworks. 664: 14182: 14122: 14107: 14060: 13956: 13902: 13762: 13420: 13397: 13370: 13288: 13278: 13180: 13175: 13041: 12992: 12881: 12744: 12480: 12336: 12278: 12273: 12115: 12004: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11584: 11521: 11259: 11239: 11198: 11119: 11022: 10917: 10817: 10745: 10532: 9970: 8732: 8681: 8647: 8169:"Emergent constraint on Arctic Ocean acidification in the twenty-first century" 7611: 6324: 6243:

Atlantic Magmatic Province: A time-line for the end-Triassic mass extinction".

5844:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5008: 4287: 4103: 4078: 3752: 3325: 3295: 3187: 3123: 2964: 2594: 2223: 1996: 1871: 1689: 1678: 1515: 1459: 1148: 676: 623: 553: 536: 509: 374: 10260:

United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030)

10133:"Ocean Acidification Is Climate Change's 'Equally Evil Twin,' NOAA Chief Says" 9941:. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 7 October 2015. pp. 60577–60584. 9766: 8655: 8195: 6948: 6931: 6861: 6844: 5914: 5400: 4414: 4381: 4337: 4320: 4247: 4222: 4053: 3963:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 379–550. 3877: 3740: 3715: 3621:; et al. (2 March 2012). "The geological record of ocean acidification". 3159: 2551:

and electrochemical processes. All of these methods use the ocean to remove CO

622:

exchange and resulting pH change. These include biological processes, such as

14402: 14325: 14209: 14166: 14112: 14100: 14085: 14075: 13998: 13912: 13888: 13883: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13663: 13251: 13192: 13155: 13107: 12806: 12764: 12714: 12553: 12485: 12210: 12032: 12017: 11952: 11847: 11005: 10960: 10940: 10762: 10537: 10220: 10064: 9165: 8806:(1404). UNESCO/IOC, UNESCO/IOC, Philip W. Boyd, Kirsten Isensee. Unesco-Ioc. 8712: 8695: 8663: 7595: 7578: 7562: 7545: 6964: 5252: 5235: 4567: 3905: 3796: 3652: 3195: 3025: 3017: 2885: 2298: 1992: 1980: 1876: 1826: 1499: 824: 644:. This is important to know in this context as alkalinity is the capacity of 425: 149: 66: 12907: 10089:"Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification" 10055: 9485: 9450:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US 9416:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US 9201: 8331: 8291: 8100: 8083: 8082:

Mathis, Jeremy T.; Cross, Jessica N.; Evans, Wiley; Doney, Scott C. (2015).

8037:

Lischka, S.; Büdenbender, J.; Boxhammer, T.; Riebesell, U. (15 April 2011).

7873: 7699: 7326: 6651:

A Research Strategy for Ocean-based Carbon Dioxide Removal and Sequestration

6407: 6149: 6078: 6041: 5864: 5759: 5572: 5473: 4961: 4847: 4628: 4461:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US 4191: 3644: 3599:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US 3460: 3411: 3386: 3385:

Beaupré-Laperrière, Alexis; Mucci, Alfonso; Thomas, Helmuth (31 July 2020).

1135: 14351: 14285: 14017: 14003: 13858: 13668: 13636: 13626: 13529: 13375: 13273: 13219: 13128: 12987: 12891: 12709: 12438: 12235: 11879: 11869: 11526: 11410: 11323: 10698: 10693: 10681: 10641: 10626: 10314: 10238: 10211: 10164: 10103: 9493: 9219: 9113: 9048: 8956: 8948: 8913: 8894: 8779: 8605: 8350: 8203: 7946: 7892: 7814: 7762: 7718: 7651: 7334: 7213: 7112: 6913: 6895: 6743: 6676: 6519: 6415: 6167: 6060: 5883: 5767: 5580: 5548: 5532: 5507: 5492: 5440: 5415: 5363: 5338: 4980: 4855: 4763: 4636: 4585: 4519: 4494: 4423: 4305: 4199: 3804: 3660: 3547: 3479: 3314: 3073: 2721:

reduced DIC in effluents; both of these may negatively impact marine life.

2697: 2313: 2309: 2293:

levels of 1,000 ppm, which correlates with the pH of 7.8 ± 0.05.

2199: 2124: 2108: 1850: 1485: 1427: 809: 715: 680: 669: 485: 335: 230: 101: 9915: 9507: 8870:"The change in oceanic O2 inventory associated with recent global warming" 8067: 8038: 6241: 5032: 4995: 3668: 2392:

therefore limiting nutrients over time and reducing biological gradients.

14330: 13873: 13868: 13705: 13690: 13566: 13541: 13170: 13090: 12997: 12982: 12704: 12465: 11982: 11974: 11234: 10812: 10767: 10636: 10609: 10012:

Two other publications appeared in 1909, one in French and one in Danish.

9620:. Apia, Samoa: Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. 9262: 8476: 8451: 7989: 7429: 7263: 7158: 7127: 6988: 6462: 6220: 5413: 5336: 4935:"Current CaCO 3 dissolution at the seafloor caused by anthropogenic CO 2" 4908: 4881: 3362: 3345: 2946: 2901: 2621: 2443: 2302: 2273: 2233: 2175: 2171: 2064: 2025: 1838: 1806: 1464: 1091: 481: 450: 382: 358: 308: 180: 173: 169: 49:

from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with

14012: 9241: 8109: 7937: 7928: 7905: 7806: 7754: 7643: 7635: 6963:

Spalding, Christopher; Finnegan, Seth; Fischer, Woodward W. (May 2017).

6501: 4755: 4495:"A model of carbon dioxide dissolution and mineral carbonation kinetics" 4079:"Ocean acidification impacts on coral reefs: From sciences to solutions" 1946: 1212:

absorption and lead to a smaller change in pH for a given increase in CO

1127:

at Mauna Loa (in parts per million volume, ppmv; red), surface ocean pCO

14280: 14095: 14065: 14050: 13838: 13826: 13586: 13448: 13074: 12876: 12729: 12497: 11874: 10877: 10264: 9891: 8364:

Bibby, R; Widdicombe, S; Parry, H; Spicer, J; Pipe, R (27 March 2008).

7675:"Ocean acidification affects coral growth by reducing skeletal density" 7386: 7357: 6273: 6158: 5823: 3712: 2829:) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations". 2575:

per year. This technology comes with a cost of 50–200 USD per ton of CO

2414: 2237: 2211: 2093: 2056: 2012: 1977: 1854: 1830: 1636: 672:

observed through a microscope using differential interference contrast.

641: 492:

are transferred from an ocean's surface to its interior by the ocean's

362: 215: 196: 192: 81: 62: 9656: 9440: 9406: 9210: 9095: 9040: 8819: 8811: 5649: 5211: 5201:

Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks

5172: 4686: 4659: 4559: 4451: 4062: 3953: 3580: 3498:"Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says" 3011: 2941:

called on world leaders to "Recognize that reducing the build up of CO

585:) concentration in the ocean, and thus decreases ocean pH, as follows: 183:. Scientists have observed for example reduced calcification, lowered 14022: 13811: 13740: 13685: 13680: 13546: 13387: 13293: 13036: 12886: 12841: 12816: 12754: 11452: 11000: 10646: 10169:"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study" 8145: 7579:"Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism" 7543: 7205: 6878:"Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost" 6296:

Hautmann, M.; Stiller, F.; Huawei, C.; Jingeng, S. (1 October 2008).

5814: 4996:"Assessing the potential long-term increase of oceanic fossil fuel CO 4262:

Lowe, Alexander T.; Bos, Julia; Ruesink, Jennifer (30 January 2019).

3912:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp. 162–164. 3132:

SDG 14 – Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals

3127: 2641: 2637: 2352: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2203: 2187: 2183: 2116: 2104: 1991:

via their effects on oceanic cloud cover. A study in 2008 examined a

1888: 1858: 1834: 1779: 1557: 1186: 1067: 1059: 1055: 1021: 719: 378: 370: 354: 222:. These strategies are under investigation, but generally have a low 153: 8770: 8753: 8382: 8365: 8254: 8036: 7546:"Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification" 2174:. Increasing acidity has been observed to reduce metabolic rates in 14315: 14300: 13831: 13816: 13718: 13556: 13004: 12662: 9792:"Update on IOC Custodianship Role in Relation to SDG 14 Indicators" 8012:"Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Species & Ecosystems" 7494:"Acid oceans are shrinking plankton, fueling faster climate change" 6658: 2881: 2733:

Demonstrator calling for action against ocean acidification at the

2633: 2582: 2471:

rests on the sea floor. Rhode Island, Dutch Island, Newport County.

2397: 2128: 2112: 1862: 1580: 723: 571: 478: 324: 161: 129: 117: 27: 24: 19: 9746: 9561:"Cartagena Convention | The Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP)" 9026: 8980:"Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience" 8257:"Changes in Aragonite Saturation of the World's Oceans, 1880–2015" 8167:

Terhaar, Jens; Kwiatkowski, Lester; Bopp, Laurent (18 June 2020).

7731: 7027: 3344:

Zhang, Y.; Yamamoto-Kawai, M.; Williams, W.J. (16 February 2020).

2563:

per year". Their costs are in the order of USD40–500 per ton of CO

14295: 14144: 13981: 13971: 13779: 13591: 13303: 13298: 11430: 11088: 10827: 10777: 10254: 10199:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

10108:"Tackling degraded oceans could mitigate climate crisis – report" 8731:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

5938: 5339:"Rate of Iceland Sea acidification from time series measurements" 3131: 3067: 2685: 2681: 2485: 1224: 1025: 683:: Change in carbonate system of seawater from ocean acidification 524:

is changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO

157: 10192: 9332:"CO 2 , pH, and Anticipating a Future under Ocean Acidification" 9178: 8278:

on metabolic rate and hypoxia tolerance in Octopus rubescens ".

8273: 8122: 7609: 6788: 5901:

maximum on carbonate sedimentation and marine mass extinction".

5840:"Calcium isotope constraints on the end-Permian mass extinction" 4993: 4879: 4492: 3271:"Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future" 3235:

Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide

2908:

is still critical as the primary buffer against climate change.

1875:

is recognized to experience metabolic changes alongside altered

544:

populations that depend on the ecosystem services they provide.

179:

A lower ocean pH has a range of potentially harmful effects for

14305: 14231: 12433: 10651: 10259: 9692: 9631: 7783: 6475: 4815: 3107: – Pollution of oceans from substances discarded by humans 2837: 1988: 1928: 1887:

coccolithophores, coralline algae, foraminifera, shellfish and

1879:

rates due to energetic tradeoffs resulting from pH imbalances.

254: 165: 121: 9632:"The Ocean Decade – The Science we need for the Ocean we want" 8977: 8631: 8413: 6876:

Wood, Hannah L.; Spicer, John I.; Widdicombe, Stephen (2008).

5897:

Hautmann, Michael (September 2004). "Effect of end-Triassic CO

5546: 4039: 2512:

Carbon sequestration § Sequestration techniques in oceans

2329:

Compounded effects of acidification, warming and deoxygenation

2232:

events, which could contribute to the accumulation of toxins (

2182:

eggs took longer to hatch in acidified water, and the squid's

1082:

there. Other shelf areas may be experiencing similar effects.

659: 496:. The resistance of an area of ocean to absorbing atmospheric 276:

Video summarizing the impacts of ocean acidification. Source:

13976: 13735: 12347:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

11440: 10074:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

10070: 9069: 8727: 7172: 6833:

Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011. 1. Print.

4125: 3864:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

3860: 3751:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

3747: 3384: 3324:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

3320: 2535:

Approaches that remove carbon dioxide from the ocean include

2089: 2008: 1846: 645: 351: 195:. Ongoing acidification of the oceans may therefore threaten 133: 42: 7087: 6965:"Energetic costs of calcification under ocean acidification" 6295: 6126: 5982:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Abhandlungen

5733:"Ocean acidification and the Permo-Triassic mass extinction" 3158:

Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023).

2589:

Carbon sequestration § Adding bases to neutralize acids

2355:

shelf systems. Equatorward winds drive the upwelling of low

1917:, or the direction of the response varying between species. 1043: 148:

exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include

14320: 8800: 8619: 8449: 7234: 3943:

Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services

3433: 3343: 2670:(for "direct addition of alkaline minerals to the ocean"). 2644:). This process mimics the silicate-carbonate cycle. The CO 2532:(BECCS)). These would also slow the rate of acidification. 1984: 1903: 1665: 1625: 277: 113: 65:

is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces

8832: 8567: 8363: 7355: 6614:"Report: Ocean acidification rising at unprecedented rate" 6013: 5934: 5932: 5791: 5730: 5377: 4932: 4379: 1924:, shows enhanced growth in waters with increased acidity. 1763: 1602: 710:

structures, structures for many marine organisms, such as

12523:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

8693: 8500:

by Richard Harris. All Things Considered, 12 August 2009.

8399:"Ocean acidification could make squid develop abnormally" 5837: 4533: 4133:

IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage

477:). The ratio of these species depends on factors such as 9592:. United Nations Environment Programme. 12 November 2019 9367:. Seafood Market Bulletin. November 2005. Archived from 9242:"Antarctic marine wildlife is under threat, study finds" 6930:

Ducker, James; Falkenberg, Laura J. (12 November 2020).

6436: 5979: 5787: 5785: 5132:"How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out" 4784: 4435: 4433: 4220: 2198:

Another potential route to ecosystem impacts is through

2131:, fewer than 0.1 percent survived more than eight days. 1238:

Rates of increasing acidity in different marine regions

1193:-rich sub-surface waters in addition to anthropogenic CO 1054:

Already now large quantities of water undersaturated in

816:

stocks which would have an impact on human livelihoods.

315:

and takes up roughly a quarter of total anthropogenic CO

9840: 9816: 7400: 6962: 5929: 5381:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

3826: 3268: 3084: – Reducing pH values in coastal marine ecosystems 2826: 2408: 2289:

levels. In the year 2100 the model projects possible CO

2078: 1586:

The most notable example of ocean acidification is the

1140: 941:) of the reacting ions that form the mineral (Ca and CO 38: 8733:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

8166: 7733:

acidification enhances net coral reef calcification".

6612:

Newspapers, Les Blumenthal-McClatchy (22 April 2010).

6579: 5831: 5078:"Quality of pH Measurements in the NODC Data Archives" 4598: 3866:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3770: 3753:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

3326:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

2778:

UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development

2771:

UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development

2202:. This may occur as ocean acidification can alter the 927:{\displaystyle {\Omega }={\frac {\left\left}{K_{sp}}}} 535:

Ocean acidification has been called the "evil twin of

13139:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

12364:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

10255:

Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON)

9767:"Goal 14: Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform" 9661:

OARS: Ocean Acidification Research for Sustainability

8081: 7492:

Petrou, Katherina; Nielsen, Daniel (27 August 2019).

5782: 5454: 4430: 4019:

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

3708: 3706: 3704: 3101: – Reduction of the oxygen content of the oceans 2807:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2753:

International efforts, such as the Wider Caribbean's

1016:

Calcium carbonate most commonly occurs in two common

845: 13065:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

8255:

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (August 2016).

7672: 7237:"Impact of elevated CO 2 on shellfish calcification" 6875: 6843:

Fairchild, William; Hales, Burke (14 January 2021).

5711:"New mass extinction event identified by geologists" 5505: 4788:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

3157: 3007: 2988:

in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO

2547:, ecosystem recovery, ocean alkalinity enhancement, 2272:

Ocean acidification can also have effects on marine

1794:

Pterapod shell dissolved in seawater adjusted to an

1575:

saturation due to seawater uptake of volcanogenic CO

1208:. Therefore, greater seawater warming could limit CO 10299: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9329: 9307:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2012. Archived from 9151: 8226:"Comprehensive study of Arctic Ocean acidification" 6077:Clapham, Matthew E.; Renne, Paul R. (30 May 2019). 5601: 2096:of coral skeletons is much higher at low pH sites. 626:and respiration, as well as water upwelling. Also, 9916:Center for Biological Diversity; Donn J. Viviani. 8561: 8522: 8520: 5726: 5724: 5659:. 9 Available from https://ipcc.ch/static/ar6/wg1. 4725: 3701: 2816: 2426:The threat of acidification includes a decline in 2178:and depress the immune responses of blue mussels. 1819: 926: 10076:Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License 8527:Turley, Carol; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (July 2012). 8421:"Swiss marine researcher moving in for the krill" 8043:: mortality, shell degradation, and shell growth" 7451:Turley, Carol; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (July 2012). 7273:20.500.11755/a8941c6a-6d0b-43d5-ba0d-157a7aa05668 6704: 6350:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. a0001655.pub3, 6245:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5229: 5227: 4165: 4163: 4161: 3994:"Global warming's evil twin: ocean acidification" 3581:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change 2797:(GCOS). The Indicators have been endorsed by the 1161:levels between the 1700s and the 1990s, from the 1114: 945:), divided by the apparent solubility product at 290:Present-day (2021) atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 14400: 14193:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 12564:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 9383: 8491:Acid In The Oceans: A Growing Threat To Sea Life 8124:addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon". 7444: 7293: 7291: 6929: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5702: 5125: 5123: 4169: 3903: 2957:to increase resilience to ocean acidification". 2620:. The process involves increasing the amount of 2583:Carbon removal technologies which add alkalinity 2228:Another possible effect would be an increase in 2170:-induced acidification of body fluids, known as 1750:Future (2100) with very high emission scenario ( 1391:Rates of pH change for some regions of the world 1204:, because warm waters will not absorb as much CO 1109: 937:Here Ω is the product of the concentrations (or 640:from the atmosphere does not affect the ocean's 8874:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8533:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 8517: 8030: 7853:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7679:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7457:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 7125: 6021:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5721: 5461:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5130:Hardt, Marah J.; Safina, Carl (9 August 2010). 4939:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4700: 3440:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2969:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2610: 2421: 2040:experiment, conducted on a 400 m2 patch of the 1664:concentration and ocean acidification studies ( 819: 307:in the Earth's atmosphere. The ocean acts as a 14091:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 10080: 9610: 7014:"Ocean Acidification Summary for Policymakers" 6842: 6562:"The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification" 6188: 5683: 5224: 4882:"Ongoing transients in carbonate compensation" 4318: 4261: 4158: 4076: 2977:The "Third Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO 2134: 2099: 1931:from the atmosphere to the ocean interior and 1393:(Many more regions available in source table) 156:zones, proximity to large continental rivers, 13096:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 12937: 12923: 12678: 11309:History of climate change policy and politics 11104: 10285: 8868:Keeling, Ralph F.; Garcia, Hernan E. (2002). 8867: 8526: 7899: 7777: 7725: 7491: 7450: 7288: 6122: 6120: 6083:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 6000: 5304:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5269:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5266: 5120: 3773:"Ocean Acidification: The Other CO 2 Problem" 3093:Ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef 323:in the ocean results in a wholesale shift in 10005:• vor. Unter dem Wasserstoffionexponenten (p 8682:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267228 7576: 6797:NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 6526: 6385: 6076: 5082:NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 4657: 4354:"Like Oceans, Freshwater Is Also Acidifying" 2844: 2783: 2497: 2055:However, a field study of the coral reef in 1913:and calcification in response to elevated CO 13144:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 11426:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 9301:"Canada's State of the Oceans Report, 2012" 8484: 7349: 5129: 4811: 4809: 2856:National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration 2351:and ocean acidification intensification in 2148: 660:Decreased calcification in marine organisms 23:Ocean acidification means that the average 13247:Climate change and civilizational collapse 12930: 12916: 12685: 12671: 12645: 12633: 12090: 11111: 11097: 10292: 10278: 9958:. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov. June 2013. 8304: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7603: 7511: 6611: 6117: 4987: 3833:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 2834:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 2691: 2680:Experimental materials include limestone, 2458: 1738:Future (2100) with low emission scenario ( 1597: 12385: 12191:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 11334:United Nations Climate Change conferences 10803:Environmental issues in the United States 10228: 10210: 10054: 9962: 9867: 9209: 9180:Climate Change and Ocean Acidification". 9103: 9011: 8903: 8893: 8769: 8711: 8687: 8595: 8585: 8552: 8475: 8381: 8340: 8330: 8099: 8066: 7967: 7936: 7882: 7872: 7708: 7698: 7594: 7561: 7476: 7394: 7385: 7271: 7157: 7102: 6947: 6903: 6860: 6733: 6723: 6509: 6272: 6210: 6157: 6050: 6040: 5873: 5863: 5822: 5531: 5482: 5472: 5439: 5362: 5251: 5233: 5031: 5021: 4970: 4960: 4950: 4917: 4907: 4897: 4837: 4685: 4575: 4518: 4413: 4373: 4336: 4319:Fairchild, William; Hales, Burke (2021). 4295: 4246: 4102: 4061: 3844: 3739: 3469: 3459: 3410: 3361: 3304: 3294: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 2963:According to a statement in July 2012 by 2530:bioenergy with carbon capture and storage 1692:global changes are modelled by using the 1044:Natural variability and climate feedbacks 737:unless the surrounding seawater contains 112:) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing 14250:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 14188:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 11895:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 10788:Effects of climate change on agriculture 9968: 9536: 9459: 7008: 7006: 6345: 5896: 4806: 4486: 4345: 3427: 2728: 2704:removal (in the form of carbonate and CO 2516:Reducing carbon dioxide emissions (i.e. 2462: 2342: 2138: 1945: 1805: 1789: 1773: 1635: 1601: 1568:levels impacted biodiversity. Decreased 1134: 1118: 823: 675: 663: 547: 338:describes the fluxes of carbon dioxide ( 262: 253: 244: 160:coverage, and atmospheric exchange with 18: 12251:National Adaptation Programme of Action 12040:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 10024: 10022: 10020: 10018: 9611:Turner, J; McIntosh, R. Duncan (2019). 9424: 9422: 9396:Chapter 12: Cross sectoral perspectives 8622:IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T60344A152845178.en 8443: 7829: 7166: 7052: 5708: 4592: 4077:Allemand, Denis; Osborn, David (2019). 3562:Chapter 12: Cross sectoral perspectives 3517: 3255: 3088:Ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean 2217: 2067:regulation; this makes thermal change ( 1764:Impacts on oceanic calcifying organisms 484:, pressure and salinity (as shown in a 373:and inorganic carbon compounds such as 280:Environmental Visualization Laboratory. 108:). The presence of free hydrogen ions ( 14401: 11900:Economics of climate change mitigation 11863:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 11386: 11214:Scientific consensus on climate change 10793:Effects of climate change on livestock 10195:"Ocean Acidification and Human Health" 10163: 10125: 10102: 10028: 9532: 9530: 9528: 8926: 8357: 7846: 7228: 7081: 7046: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 5795:Geological Society of America Bulletin 5674:Geological Society of America Bulletin 5662: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 4875: 4873: 4701:Thurman, H.V.; Trujillo, A.P. (2004). 4172:Environmental Science & Technology 3991: 3972: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3491: 3489: 3213: 3153: 3151: 2193: 1957:sampled from the North Atlantic Ocean. 1701:very high emission scenario (SSP5-8.5) 1560:and/or thermal dissociation of marine 1551:Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event 12911: 12666: 12559:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 12384: 12089: 11825: 11385: 11297: 11178: 11130: 11092: 10887: 10273: 9953:"The President's Climate Action Plan" 9460:Cornwall, Warren (30 November 2023). 8751: 8298: 8280:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 7126:Langdon, C.; Atkinson, M. J. (2005). 7119: 7003: 6925: 6923: 6815: 6813: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6072: 6070: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5301: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 4800:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120227 4719: 3846:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019 3609: 3607: 3605: 3513: 3511: 2724: 2492: 1798:projected for the year 2100 (source: 319:emissions. However, the additional CO 13267:Tipping points in the climate system 12867:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation 12692: 12581:Representative Concentration Pathway 11532:Tipping points in the climate system 11208:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 11047: 10903:Tropical cyclones and climate change 10015: 9759: 9735: 9419: 9172: 9145: 8396: 8218: 7537: 7410:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6532: 6079:"Flood Basalts and Mass Extinctions" 5689: 5107:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 4351: 4119: 4012:"Ocean acidification (Issues Brief)" 3789:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 3495: 2864:Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 2600:local ocean acidification mitigation 2409:Impacts on the economy and societies 2252:, in turn increasing occurrences of 2079:Studies at carbon dioxide seep sites 726:, etc. After they are formed, these 13262:Extinction risk from climate change 13161:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 12352:Nationally determined contributions 12062:Individual action on climate change 11277:World energy supply and consumption 10936:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion 10265:US NOAA Ocean Acidification Program 10086: 9710: 9525: 6781: 6624: 6356:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001655.pub3 6103:10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060136 5324:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105521 5289:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431 5146: 5095: 4870: 4139:. IPCC. p. 390. Archived from 3966: 3926: 3811: 3486: 3148: 2984:In a synthesis report published in 2628:-) through accelerated weathering ( 2335:Effects of climate change on oceans 1961: 1520:PAL-LTER, west Antarctic Peninsula 13: 14222:List of fictional doomsday devices 12491:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 11118: 9991:from the original on 15 April 2021 7020: 6920: 6883:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 6810: 6691: 6067: 5968: 5185: 4083:Regional Studies in Marine Science 3975:"The other carbon dioxide problem" 3602: 3508: 3496:Dean, Cornelia (30 January 2009). 3117: 2764: 2740: 2285:that predict future atmospheric CO 1163:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project 847: 741:concentrations of carbonate ions ( 16:Decrease of pH levels in the ocean 14: 14465: 13242:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 12418:Satellite temperature measurement 12023:forestry for carbon sequestration 11314:History of climate change science 10583:pharmaceuticals and personal care 10248: 8754:"Oceanography: Dead in the water" 4658:Atkinson, M.J.; Cuet, P. (2008). 2811:Copernicus Climate Change Service 2799:World Meteorological Organization 2301:published in 2022 found that the 2111:both form the base of the Arctic 365:. The carbon cycle involves both 14358: 14357: 14345: 13503:Decline in amphibian populations 12740:Environmental impact of shipping 12644: 12632: 12621: 12620: 12608: 12269:Climate Change Performance Index 11058: 11057: 11046: 10734:decline in amphibian populations 10439:Deforestation and climate change 10186: 10157: 10096: 10069: 9945: 9931: 9909: 9884: 9834: 9809: 9784: 9685: 9667: 9649: 9624: 9604: 9578: 9553: 9543:emissions threaten ocean crisis" 9500: 9453: 9353: 9323: 9293: 9256: 9234: 9120: 9063: 9020: 9004:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02364.x 8971: 8920: 8861: 8826: 8794: 8745: 8726: 8670: 8625: 8612: 8390: 8286:(1). Dryad Data Platform: 1–11. 8267: 8248: 8160: 8116: 8075: 8004: 7961: 7666: 7570: 7485: 5994:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0249-0119 3859: 3746: 3319: 3066: 3052: 3038: 3024: 3010: 2869:Presidential Climate Action Plan 2849: 2524:(CDR) from the atmosphere (e.g. 2436:greenhouse gas emission scenario 1588:Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 1532: 13854:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 13351:Land surface effects on climate 13324:Human impact on the environment 12955:Future of an expanding universe 12408:Instrumental temperature record 12359:Sustainable Development Goal 13 10868:Land surface effects on climate 10325:Environmental impact assessment 10301:Human impact on the environment 9590:Caribbean Environment Programme 9537:Harrabin, Roger (3 July 2015). 8752:Gewin, Virginia (August 2010). 7577:Cohen, A.; Holcomb, M. (2009). 7137:Journal of Geophysical Research 6956: 6869: 6836: 6750: 6605: 6589:. e360.yale.edu. Archived from 6554: 6533:Joel, Lucas (21 October 2019). 6469: 6430: 6379: 6339: 6289: 6235: 6182: 5962:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.009 5890: 5709:Berezow, Alex (21 April 2015). 5630: 5595: 5540: 5499: 5448: 5407: 5371: 5330: 5295: 5260: 5070: 5040: 4926: 4778: 4694: 4651: 4527: 4464: 4312: 4255: 4214: 4070: 4033: 4004: 3992:Rogers, Alex (9 October 2013). 3985: 3897: 3870: 3777:Annual Review of Marine Science 3764: 3675: 3586: 3566: 3554: 2823:Sustainable Development Goal 14 2817:Sustainable Development Goal 14 2795:Global Climate Observing System 2571:could remove 2–4 gigatons of CO 1820:Complexity of research findings 515: 397:present in the Earth's oceans. 57:exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020). CO 37:is the ongoing decrease in the 14449:Environmental impact by effect 12476:Climate variability and change 11826: 11517:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 9341:. Vol. XXXIII, no. 1 9154:ICES Journal of Marine Science 8676:Sganga, Daniela E., et al. "CO 7366:Marine Ecology Progress Series 5240:ICES Journal of Marine Science 4665:Marine Ecology Progress Series 3883:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3378: 3337: 3168:Environmental Research Letters 2659:In addition to sequestering CO 2359:(DO), high nutrient, and high 2267: 2258:neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 1841:and include organisms such as 1115:Present day and recent history 554:Ocean § pH and alkalinity 212:ocean-based mitigation methods 51:atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 1: 13800:Interpretations of Revelation 13602:Cosmological phase transition 13508:Decline in insect populations 12960:Ultimate fate of the universe 12586:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 12121:Climate emergency declaration 10739:decline in insect populations 10141:. 9 July 2012. Archived from 9771:sustainabledevelopment.un.org 8397:Kwok, Roberta (4 June 2013). 8305:Rosa, R.; Seibel, B. (2008). 7075:10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00035-6 4474:. Water Research Center. 2014 3973:Notman, Nina (29 July 2014). 3111: 2735:People's Climate March (2017) 2262:paralytic shellfish poisoning 2244:) in small organisms such as 1941:Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) 1770:Marine biogenic calcification 1694:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 1620:concentration sensor (SAMI-CO 1139:Estimated change in seawater 1123:Time series of atmospheric CO 1110:Measured and estimated values 733:structures are vulnerable to 703:of dissolved ions into solid 208:The removal of carbon dioxide 14255:Future of Humanity Institute 13652:Potentially hazardous object 13552:Interplanetary contamination 12569:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 11795:Middle East and North Africa 11131: 9869:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103947 8855:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.04.002 8587:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001511 8554:10.1016/j.cosust.2012.05.007 8456:Geophysical Research Letters 7478:10.1016/j.cosust.2012.05.007 7244:Geophysical Research Letters 6969:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 6725:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682 6265:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.025 6191:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 5690:Hand, Eric (16 April 2015). 5624:10.1016/j.ancene.2016.08.001 4886:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 4352:Gies, E. (11 January 2018). 3540:10.1126/science.337.6091.146 3350:Geophysical Research Letters 2890:Søren Peder Lauritz Sørensen 2809:(UNFCCC). Additionally, the 2696:Electrochemical methods, or 2611:Ocean alkalinity enhancement 2537:ocean nutrient fertilization 2422:Fishing and tourism industry 1178:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1088:carbonate compensation depth 1066:area of North America, from 1050:Carbonate compensation depth 989:and the saturation state of 979:carbonate compensation depth 820:Decrease in saturation state 654:Ocean alkalinity enhancement 488:). These different forms of 124:, with a pH higher than 8). 7: 14454:Oceanographical terminology 14135:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 13284:Global terrestrial stilling 12750:Fish diseases and parasites 11298: 9969:Sørensen, S. P. L. (1909). 9896:oceanacidification.noaa.gov 9675:"Global Climate Indicators" 8636:Acid-base physiology and CO 7550:Frontiers in Marine Science 7055:Global and Planetary Change 6936:Frontiers in Marine Science 6849:Frontiers in Marine Science 6819:National Research Council. 4325:Frontiers in Marine Science 3908:; Crane, Robert G. (2003). 3716:"Global Carbon Budget 2022" 3003: 2363:(DIC) water from above the 2254:amnesic shellfish poisoning 2135:Other impacts on ecosystems 2127:, a relative of the common 2100:Pteropods and brittle stars 126:Marine calcifying organisms 120:is acidic yet; it is still 10: 14470: 13647:Asteroid impact prediction 13622:Heat death of the universe 13032:Mutual assured destruction 12403:Global surface temperature 12294:Popular culture depictions 12206:Ecosystem-based adaptation 11936:Carbon capture and storage 11858:Carbon offsets and credits 11179: 8401:. University of Washington 7847:Munday, Philip L. (2009). 7362:under nitrogen limitation" 6325:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-005r 4288:10.1038/s41598-018-37764-4 4104:10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100558 3296:10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4 2874: 2768: 2605:technology readiness level 2586: 2501: 2361:dissolved inorganic carbon 2332: 2221: 2006: 1965: 1935:, weakening the so-called 1909:, and an equal decline in 1767: 1539:Capitanian mass extinction 1448:Dyfamed (43.42°N, 7.87°E) 1094:are being affected first. 1047: 570:in seawater increases the 551: 490:dissolved inorganic carbon 283: 224:technology readiness level 14444:Effects of climate change 14339: 14273: 14265:Nuclear Threat Initiative 14242: 14198:List of apocalyptic films 14175: 14041:2011 end times prediction 14033: 13773:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 13768:Abomination of desolation 13704: 13642:Asteroid impact avoidance 13579: 13490: 13472:List of extinction events 13447: 13440: 13406: 13314:Environmental degradation 13210: 13201: 13116: 13101:Technological singularity 12970: 12945: 12939:Global catastrophic risks 12822:Nonpoint source pollution 12700: 12615:Climate change portal 12602: 12541: 12508:Extreme event attribution 12426: 12395: 12391: 12380: 12324: 12259: 12181: 12131:School Strike for Climate 12103: 12099: 12085: 12054: 12010:Climate-smart agriculture 11971: 11928: 11838: 11834: 11821: 11745: 11608: 11555: 11398: 11394: 11381: 11304: 11293: 11222: 11191: 11187: 11174: 11157:Climate change adaptation 11152:Climate change mitigation 11147:Effects of climate change 11137: 11126: 11041: 10976:Environmental engineering 10926: 10823:Environmental degradation 10714: 10600:fishing down the food web 10377: 10307: 9435:23 September 2022 at the 9361:"Bering Sea Crab Fishery" 8656:10.1016/bs.fp.2019.08.003 8196:10.1038/s41586-020-2360-3 7016:. IGBP. 14 November 2013. 6949:10.3389/fmars.2020.597441 6862:10.3389/fmars.2020.590236 6793:– Carbon Dioxide Program" 6566:The Journalist's Resource 5915:10.1007/s10347-004-0020-y 5401:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.12.003 5234:Humphreys, M. P. (2016). 4703:Introductory Oceanography 4415:10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.022 4338:10.3389/fmars.2020.590236 4248:10.1007/s12237-013-9594-3 4054:10.1142/S2010007812500029 3741:10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022 3720:Earth System Science Data 3687:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 2845:Policies at country level 2784:Global Climate Indicators 2518:climate change mitigation 2504:Climate change mitigation 2498:Climate change mitigation 2449: 2044:, to decrease seawater CO 2002: 1920:Similarly, the sea star, 1686:climate change mitigation 204:climate change mitigation 116:(this does not mean that 14260:Future of Life Institute 14162:Resurrection of the dead 14155:Post-tribulation rapture 13537:Colony collapse disorder 12857:Plastic pellet pollution 12518:Global warming potential 12325:International agreements 11972:Preserving and enhancing 11416:Arctic methane emissions 11338:Years in climate change 11245:Greenhouse gas emissions 11142:Causes of climate change 10981:Environmental mitigation 10838:Greenhouse gas emissions 10798:Environmental insecurity 9817:"SDG 14.3.1 data portal" 8835:Progress in Oceanography 8713:10.5670/oceanog.2019.312 8620:https://doi.org/10.2305/ 8232:. CICERO. Archived from 7596:10.5670/oceanog.2009.102 7563:10.3389/fmars.2017.00158 6827:6 September 2015 at the 5644:18 November 2022 at the 5004:-calcification feedback" 4042:Climate Change Economics 3959:28 February 2022 at the 3188:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91 3143:SDG-Tracker.org, website 3130:, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. " 2937:In 2009, members of the 2446:linked with the oceans. 2149:Other biological impacts 1652:buoy used for measuring 240: 199:linked with the oceans. 47:Carbon dioxide emissions 14414:Biological oceanography 13086:Artificial intelligence 12725:Cultural eutrophication 12549:Climate change scenario 12201:Disaster risk reduction 11853:Carbon emission trading 11663:U.S. insurance industry 11643:Civilizational collapse 11490:sea surface temperature 11028:Sustainable consumption 10369:Social ecology (ethics) 10056:10.5194/bg-10-7411-2013 9752:23 October 2020 at the 9486:10.1126/science.adn1880 9401:13 October 2022 at the 9202:10.1126/science.1152509 8738:16 October 2017 at the 8332:10.1073/pnas.0806886105 8292:10.5061/dryad.pg4f4qrj8 8101:10.5670/oceanog.2015.36 7874:10.1073/pnas.0809996106 7700:10.1073/pnas.1712806115 7327:10.1126/science.1154122 7128:"Effect of elevated pCO 6774:18 October 2022 at the 6763:9 November 2022 at the 6408:10.1126/science.1137094 6150:10.1126/science.1109004 6042:10.1073/pnas.1905989116 5865:10.1073/pnas.0914065107 5760:10.1126/science.aaa0193 5573:10.1126/science.1113692 5474:10.1073/pnas.0906044106 4962:10.1073/pnas.1804250115 4848:10.1126/science.1155676 4629:10.1126/science.1097329 4607:System in the Oceans". 4192:10.1021/acs.est.8b03655 3948:21 October 2022 at the 3758:16 October 2017 at the 3645:10.1126/SCIENCE.1208277 3575:13 October 2022 at the 3461:10.1073/pnas.0804478105 3412:10.5194/bg-17-3923-2020 3331:16 October 2017 at the 3241:. Royal Society. 2005. 3137:22 January 2022 at the 3082:Estuarine acidification 2692:Electrochemical methods 2459:US commercial fisheries 1972:A coccolithophore is a 1598:Predicted future values 1547:end-Triassic extinction 14215:List of disaster films 14056:Apocalyptic literature 13156:Malthusian catastrophe 13082:Synthetic intelligence 12862:Point source pollution 12542:Research and modelling 12226:Nature-based solutions 12046:Nature-based solutions 11988:Carbon dioxide removal 11905:Fossil fuel divestment 11890:Climate risk insurance 11800:Small island countries 11421:Arctic sea ice decline 10971:Ecological engineering 10751:runaway climate change 10212:10.3390/ijerph17124563 10029:Brewer, P. G. (2013). 9462:"An Alkaline Solution" 9166:10.1093/icesjms/fsn048 8949:10.1098/rsta.2011.0003 8895:10.1073/pnas.122154899 8804:IOC Information Series 8427:. 2008. Archived from 6896:10.1098/rspb.2008.0343 5533:10.5194/bg-9-2509-2012 5441:10.5194/bg-7-3067-2010 5364:10.5194/bg-6-2661-2009 5253:10.1093/icesjms/fsw189 4520:10.1098/rspa.2009.0349 2737: 2522:carbon dioxide removal 2508:Carbon dioxide removal 2472: 2372: 2180:Atlantic longfin squid 2145: 1958: 1951:Coccolithus pelagicus, 1816: 1803: 1787: 1722:Pre-industrial (1850) 1673: 1633: 1543:end-Permian extinction 1169: 1132: 928: 829: 684: 673: 350:) between the oceans, 281: 260: 251: 31: 30:is dropping over time. 14424:Chemical oceanography 13597:Coronal mass ejection 13059:Electromagnetic pulse 13020:Kinetic energy weapon 12503:Earth's energy budget 12386:Background and theory 12274:Climate crisis (term) 11946:Fossil fuel phase-out 11840:Economics and finance 11805:by individual country 11747:By country and region 11722:Security and conflict 11717:Psychological impacts 11406:Abrupt climate change 11329:Charles David Keeling 11162:By country and region 10354:List of global issues 9446:2 August 2022 at the 9412:2 August 2022 at the 9029:Global Change Biology 8984:Global Change Biology 8068:10.5194/bg-8-919-2011 7970:Nature Climate Change 5942:Earth-Science Reviews 5655:9 August 2021 at the 5217:9 August 2021 at the 5178:9 August 2021 at the 5033:10.5194/bg-4-481-2007 4540:Global Change Biology 4472:"What is alkalinity?" 4457:9 August 2021 at the 3595:2 August 2022 at the 3060:Global warming portal 2803:Conference of Parties 2732: 2675:Industrial Revolution 2466: 2346: 2333:Further information: 2222:Further information: 2142: 2007:Further information: 1966:Further information: 1949: 1809: 1793: 1777: 1639: 1605: 1381:Proxy reconstruction 1372:Eastern Mediterranean 1364:Proxy reconstruction 1202:surface ocean warming 1138: 1122: 1062:close to the Pacific 1048:Further information: 1020:(crystalline forms): 1001:therefore increasing 929: 827: 679: 667: 548:Reduction in pH value 275: 257: 248: 22: 13999:War of Gog and Magog 13676:Near-Earth supernova 13426:Human overpopulation 13230:Mass mortality event 13124:Anthropogenic hazard 12872:Silver nanoparticles 12332:Glasgow Climate Pact 11993:Carbon sequestration 11568:Mass mortality event 10956:Community resilience 10756:in the United States 10724:Biodiversity threats 10397:cannabis cultivation 10364:Planetary boundaries 10330:Environmental issues 10320:Ecological footprint 8477:10.1029/2008GL034913 7990:10.1038/nclimate1122 7430:10.1029/2005GC001227 7264:10.1029/2006GL028554 7159:10.1029/2004JC002576 7113:10.1093/icb/39.1.160 6989:10.1002/2016GB005597 6463:10.1002/2014PA002621 6221:10.1029/2001GB001637 5206:27 July 2022 at the 5167:21 July 2022 at the 5142:on 26 December 2010. 4909:10.1029/2009GB003654 4227:Estuaries and Coasts 3363:10.1029/2019GL086421 2755:Cartagena Convention 2541:artificial upwelling 2430:and the coast-based 2428:commercial fisheries 2390:ocean stratification 2218:Algae and seagrasses 1640:A moored autonomous 1347:Direct measurements 1326:Direct measurements 1305:Direct measurements 1288:Direct measurements 1271:Direct measurements 1257:Year of publication 1145:anthropogenic impact 843: 636:The absorption of CO 628:ecosystem metabolism 311:for anthropogenic CO 286:Oceanic carbon cycle 214:, for example ocean 14071:Blood moon prophecy 13864:Number of the Beast 13462:Holocene extinction 13408:Earth Overshoot Day 13356:Ocean acidification 13319:Habitat destruction 13309:Ecological collapse 13015:Kinetic bombardment 12950:Future of the Earth 12837:Ocean deoxygenation 12832:Ocean acidification 12471:Climate sensitivity 12246:The Adaptation Fund 11702:Infectious diseases 11609:Social and economic 11018:Restoration ecology 10951:Climate engineering 10888:Ocean acidification 10878:Loss of green belts 10848:Holocene extinction 10843:Habitat destruction 10518:Environmental crime 10106:(4 December 2019). 10047:2013BGeo...10.7411B 9860:2020MarPo.11803947G 9478:2023Sci...382..988C 9371:on 11 December 2013 9281:on 17 November 2010 9194:2007Sci...318.1737H 9188:(5857): 1737–1742. 9088:2015NatSR...516293P 8996:2011GCBio..17.1798A 8941:2011RSPTA.369.1980G 8935:(1943): 1980–1996. 8886:2002PNAS...99.7848K 8847:2016PrOce.145....1B 8650:. pp. 69–132. 8545:2012COES....4..278T 8496:12 May 2018 at the 8468:2008GeoRL..3519601H 8431:on 11 December 2008 8323:2008PNAS..10520776R 8317:(52): 20776–20780. 8236:on 10 December 2013 8188:2020Natur.582..379T 8138:2016NatGe...9..361S 8059:2011BGeo....8..919L 7982:2011NatCC...1..165F 7929:10.1038/nature07051 7921:2008Natur.454...96H 7865:2009PNAS..106.1848M 7807:10.1038/nature25968 7799:2018Natur.555..516A 7755:10.1038/nature17155 7747:2016Natur.531..362A 7691:2018PNAS..115.1754M 7636:10.1038/nature25493 7628:2018Natur.554..515P 7525:on 3 September 2012 7469:2012COES....4..278T 7422:2006GGG.....7.9006L 7378:2003MEPS..261..111S 7319:2008Sci...320..336I 7256:2007GeoRL..34.7603G 7198:2000Natur.407..364R 7150:2005JGRC..110.9S07L 7067:1998GPC....18...37G 7034:. 25 September 2019 6981:2017GBioC..31..866S 6890:(1644): 1767–1773. 6593:on 16 February 2014 6502:10.1038/nature23646 6494:2017Natur.548..573G 6455:2014PalOc..29..357P 6400:2007Sci...315.1811F 6317:2008Palai..23..711H 6257:2017PPP...478...80L 6203:2002GBioC..16.1036B 6142:2005Sci...308.1611Z 6136:(5728): 1611–1615. 6095:2019AREPS..47..275C 6033:2019PNAS..11622500H 6027:(45): 22500–22504. 5954:2012ESRv..113...72G 5856:2010PNAS..107.8543P 5807:2007GSAB..119..771P 5752:2015Sci...348..229C 5616:2016Anthr..16...42B 5565:2005Sci...309.2204P 5559:(5744): 2204–2207. 5524:2012BGeo....9.2509B 5467:(30): 12235–12240. 5432:2010BGeo....7.3067G 5393:2012DSRI...61..131M 5355:2009BGeo....6.2661O 5316:2012AREPS..40..141Z 5281:2011AREPS..39..489M 5136:Scientific American 5023:2007BGeo....4..481R 4952:2018PNAS..11511700S 4945:(46): 11700–11705. 4899:2010GBioC..24.4010B 4830:2008Sci...320.1490F 4824:(5882): 1490–1492. 4756:10.1038/nature04095 4748:2005Natur.437..681O 4678:2008MEPS..373..249A 4621:2004Sci...305..362F 4552:2013GCBio..19.1884K 4511:2010RSPSA.466.1265M 4505:(2117): 1265–1290. 4446:5 June 2022 at the 4441:Annex VII: Glossary 4406:2018CBio...28E.327W 4359:Scientific American 4280:2019NatSR...9..963L 4239:2013EstCo..36..221D 4184:2019EnST...53.4020C 4146:on 10 February 2010 4095:2019RSMS...2800558A 3732:2022ESSD...14.4811F 3637:2012Sci...335.1058H 3532:2012Sci...337..146S 3452:2008PNAS..10517442A 3446:(45): 17442–17446. 3403:2020BGeo...17.3923B 3287:2019NatSR...918624J 3180:2023ERL....18b4033T 3099:Ocean deoxygenation 2967:, head of the U.S. 2747:Jean-Pierre Gattuso 2630:enhanced weathering 2569:enhanced weathering 2549:enhanced weathering 2386:ocean deoxygenation 2384:levels exacerbates 2365:oxygen minimum zone 2339:Ocean deoxygenation 2230:harmful algal bloom 2194:Acoustic properties 1897:marine conservation 1895:. Even with active 1717:pH value (approx.) 1708: 1413:Equatorial Pacific 1394: 1239: 1072:Northern California 977:will dissolve. The 902: 539:" and "the other CO 231:global carbon cycle 220:enhanced weathering 35:Ocean acidification 14386:Doomsday scenarios 13952:Beast of the Earth 13844:Book of Revelation 13632:Virtual black hole 13612:False vacuum decay 13562:Pollinator decline 13525:Biological warfare 13515:Biotechnology risk 13366:Resource depletion 12827:Nutrient pollution 12720:Aquatic toxicology 12042:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 12014:Forest management 11998:Direct air capture 11963:Sustainable energy 11920:Net zero emissions 11915:Low-carbon economy 11910:Green Climate Fund 11697:Indigenous peoples 11600:Plant biodiversity 11388:Effects and issues 11033:Waste minimization 10991:Mitigation banking 10986:Industrial ecology 10946:Cleaner production 10898:Resource depletion 10434:Corporate behavior 10392:animal agriculture 10167:(25 August 2013). 9796:unesdoc.unesco.org 9311:on 6 November 2013 9076:Scientific Reports 7387:10.3354/meps261111 7144:(C09S07): C09S07. 7091:American Zoologist 6540:The New York Times 5680:(9–10): 1411–1421. 5058:. 7 September 2012 4268:Scientific Reports 3683:"The Carbon Cycle" 3275:Scientific Reports 3046:Marine life portal 3032:Environment portal 2939:InterAcademy Panel 2791:rising temperature 2738: 2725:Policies and goals 2526:direct air capture 2493:Possible responses 2473: 2373: 2146: 2071:), which leads to 2042:Great Barrier Reef 1959: 1922:Pisaster ochraceus 1911:primary production 1829:organism span the 1817: 1804: 1788: 1706: 1674: 1634: 1390: 1246:Change in pH units 1237: 1170: 1133: 924: 885: 830: 685: 674: 282: 261: 252: 32: 14429:Fisheries science 14396: 14395: 14227:Zombie apocalypse 14128:Postmillennialism 13923:Great Tribulation 13696:Stellar collision 13657:Near-Earth object 13607:Geomagnetic storm 13575: 13574: 13498:Biodiversity loss 13482:Genetic pollution 13436: 13435: 13225:Biodiversity loss 13188:Societal collapse 13166:Nuclear holocaust 13151:Economic collapse 13134:Doomsday argument 13052:Antimatter weapon 12905: 12904: 12760:Friendly Floatees 12660: 12659: 12598: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12533:Radiative forcing 12376: 12375: 12372: 12371: 12196:Adaptive capacity 12081: 12080: 12077: 12076: 11941:Energy transition 11817: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11537:Tropical cyclones 11463:Urban heat island 11377: 11376: 11289: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11250:Carbon accounting 11204:Greenhouse effect 11170: 11169: 11086: 11085: 10908:Water degradation 10783:Ecological crisis 10729:biodiversity loss 10528:Industrialisation 10513:Genetic pollution 10359:Impact assessment 10087:IAP (June 2009). 10041:(11): 7411–7422. 9718:"Goal 14 targets" 9472:(6674): 988–992. 9430:Technical Summary 9096:10.1038/srep16293 9041:10.1111/gcb.13699 9035:(10): 4177–4184. 8880:(12): 7848–7853. 8812:10.25607/OBP-1724 8764:(7308): 812–814. 8182:(7812): 379–383. 8126:Nature Geoscience 8041:Limacina helicina 7793:(7697): 516–519. 7741:(7594): 362–365. 7622:(7693): 515–518. 7313:(5874): 336–340. 7192:(6802): 364–367. 6668:978-0-309-08761-2 6488:(7669): 573–577. 6365:978-0-470-01617-6 6197:(3): 10–1–10-13. 5850:(19): 8543–8548. 5746:(6231): 229–232. 5426:(10): 3067–3081. 5349:(11): 2661–2668. 5162:Technical Summary 4742:(7059): 681–686. 4712:978-0-13-143888-0 4705:. Prentice Hall. 4687:10.3354/meps07867 4615:(5682): 362–366. 4560:10.1111/gcb.12179 4400:(2): 327–332.e3. 3919:978-0-613-91814-5 3906:Kasting, James F. 3726:(11): 4811–4900. 3631:(6072): 1058–63. 3619:Daniela N Schmidt 3617:; Andy Ridgwell; 3526:(6091): 146–148. 3397:(14): 3923–3942. 3164:greenhouse gases" 2955:marine ecosystems 2715:hydrochloric acid 2377:ocean temperature 2369:continental shelf 2061:Western Australia 1933:seafloor sediment 1761: 1760: 1696:(SSP) scenarios. 1549:, and during the 1530: 1529: 1388: 1387: 1167:World Ocean Atlas 1165:(GLODAP) and the 1064:continental shelf 922: 888: 865: 690:calcium carbonate 668:Various types of 530:marine calcifiers 522:ocean's chemistry 465:) and carbonate ( 367:organic compounds 273: 189:marine ecosystems 14461: 14361: 14360: 14352:World portal 14350: 14349: 14311:Financial crisis 14140:Nibiru cataclysm 14118:Premillennialism 13962:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 13930:Son of perdition 13918:Olivet Discourse 13894:Whore of Babylon 13520:Biological agent 13467:Human extinction 13457:Extinction event 13445: 13444: 13416:Overexploitation 13346:Land consumption 13341:Land degradation 13208: 13207: 13070:Micro black hole 12978:Chemical warfare 12932: 12925: 12918: 12909: 12908: 12802:Invasive species 12694:Marine pollution 12687: 12680: 12673: 12664: 12663: 12648: 12647: 12636: 12635: 12624: 12623: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12576:Paleoclimatology 12393: 12392: 12382: 12381: 12143:Ecological grief 12126:Climate movement 12101: 12100: 12087: 12086: 12067:Plant-based diet 11958:Renewable energy 11836: 11835: 11823: 11822: 11658:Economic impacts 11590:Invasive species 11446:Coastal flooding 11396: 11395: 11383: 11382: 11319:Svante Arrhenius 11295: 11294: 11265:from agriculture 11255:Carbon footprint 11240:Greenhouse gases 11189: 11188: 11176: 11175: 11128: 11127: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11090: 11089: 11061: 11060: 11050: 11049: 10883:Phosphorus cycle 10863:Land consumption 10858:Land degradation 10833:Freshwater cycle 10632:Overexploitation 10605:marine pollution 10412:cocoa production 10294: 10287: 10280: 10271: 10270: 10243: 10242: 10232: 10214: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10100: 10094: 10092: 10084: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10058: 10026: 10013: 10011: 9998: 9996: 9990: 9975: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9922: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9871: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9763: 9757: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9534: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9466:Science Magazine 9457: 9451: 9426: 9417: 9392: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9336: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9280: 9274:. Archived from 9269: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9213: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9107: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9015: 8990:(5): 1798–1808. 8975: 8969: 8968: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8907: 8897: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8773: 8749: 8743: 8730: 8725: 8715: 8691: 8685: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8646:. Vol. 37. 8629: 8623: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8599: 8589: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8524: 8515: 8514: 8507: 8501: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8417: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8344: 8334: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8173: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8146:10.1038/ngeo2695 8120: 8114: 8113: 8103: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7940: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7886: 7876: 7844: 7827: 7826: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7702: 7685:(8): 1754–1759. 7670: 7664: 7663: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7407: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7295: 7286: 7285: 7275: 7241: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7206:10.1038/35030078 7183: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7106: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7010: 7001: 7000: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6927: 6918: 6917: 6907: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6840: 6834: 6817: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6785: 6779: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6737: 6727: 6718:(10): e1001682. 6702: 6689: 6688: 6647: 6622: 6621: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6443:Paleoceanography 6434: 6428: 6427: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6302: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6276: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6214: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6161: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6044: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5977: 5966: 5965: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5867: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5815:10.1130/B26091.1 5801:(7–8): 771–784. 5789: 5780: 5779: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5687: 5681: 5666: 5660: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5549:Lough, Janice M. 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5518:(7): 2509–2522. 5503: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5476: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5231: 5222: 5196: 5183: 5157: 5144: 5143: 5138:. Archived from 5127: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5025: 5000:uptake due to CO 4991: 4985: 4984: 4974: 4964: 4954: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4911: 4901: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4841: 4813: 4804: 4803: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4733: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4579: 4546:(6): 1884–1896. 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4468: 4462: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4417: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4178:(8): 4020–4029. 4167: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4106: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4016: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3998:The Conversation 3989: 3983: 3982: 3970: 3964: 3939: 3924: 3923: 3910:The Earth System 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3874: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3848: 3824: 3809: 3808: 3768: 3762: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3710: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3611: 3600: 3590: 3584: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3463: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3414: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3341: 3335: 3323: 3318: 3308: 3298: 3266: 3253: 3252: 3240: 3230: 3211: 3210: 3155: 3146: 3121: 3105:Marine pollution 3076: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3014: 2478:American lobster 2469:American lobster 2432:tourism industry 2357:dissolved oxygen 2278:Orange clownfish 2169: 2168: 2167: 2086:Papua New Guinea 2069:marine heatwaves 1962:Coccolithophores 1843:coccolithophores 1709: 1705: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1574: 1467:(68°N, 12.67°W) 1400:Station, region 1395: 1389: 1240: 1236: 1221:Paleocene–Eocene 1159: 1158: 1157: 1102:1–2 m per year. 1076:marine organisms 1039: 1038: 1037: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1000: 999: 998: 976: 975: 974: 964: 963: 962: 933: 931: 930: 925: 923: 921: 920: 908: 907: 903: 901: 893: 886: 879: 875: 874: 873: 863: 855: 850: 804: 799: 798: 795: 781: 779: 778: 775: 770: 769: 766: 752: 751: 750: 747: 732: 712:coccolithophores 709: 698: 584: 583: 582: 569: 568: 567: 508:is known as the 507: 506: 505: 476: 475: 474: 464: 463: 462: 448: 447: 446: 438: 437: 423: 422: 421: 411: 410: 409: 396: 395: 394: 349: 348: 347: 274: 226:and many risks. 218:enhancement and 185:immune responses 181:marine organisms 111: 107: 99: 98: 97: 94: 79: 14469: 14468: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14409:Aquatic ecology 14399: 14398: 14397: 14392: 14371:Future problems 14344: 14335: 14269: 14238: 14205:Climate fiction 14171: 14046:2012 phenomenon 14029: 13935:Sheep and Goats 13822:2 Thessalonians 13700: 13617:Gamma-ray burst 13571: 13486: 13477:Genetic erosion 13432: 13402: 13393:Water pollution 13361:Ozone depletion 13257:Desertification 13197: 13112: 13047:Doomsday device 13027:Nuclear warfare 12966: 12941: 12936: 12906: 12901: 12897:Water pollution 12812:Mercury in fish 12696: 12691: 12661: 12656: 12609: 12607: 12590: 12537: 12528:Orbital forcing 12422: 12387: 12368: 12342:Paris Agreement 12320: 12316:Warming stripes 12255: 12221:Managed retreat 12216:Loss and damage 12177: 12111:Business action 12095: 12073: 12050: 11973: 11967: 11924: 11885:Climate finance 11830: 11809: 11741: 11604: 11580:Extinction risk 11556:Flora and fauna 11551: 11512:Permafrost thaw 11507:Ozone depletion 11436:Extreme weather 11390: 11373: 11300: 11281: 11218: 11183: 11166: 11133: 11122: 11117: 11087: 11082: 11037: 10996:Organic farming 10922: 10913:Water pollution 10893:Ozone depletion 10873:Loss and damage 10773:Desertification 10710: 10622:Overconsumption 10543:cleaning agents 10444:Energy industry 10407:meat production 10373: 10303: 10298: 10251: 10246: 10191: 10187: 10177: 10175: 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10145:on 12 July 2012 10138:Huffington Post 10131: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10101: 10097: 10085: 10081: 10027: 10016: 10008: 10004: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9973: 9967: 9963: 9955: 9951: 9950: 9946: 9937: 9936: 9932: 9920: 9914: 9910: 9900: 9898: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9839: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9815: 9814: 9810: 9800: 9798: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9775: 9773: 9765: 9764: 9760: 9754:Wayback Machine 9740: 9736: 9726: 9724: 9716: 9715: 9711: 9701: 9699: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9640: 9638: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9609: 9605: 9595: 9593: 9584: 9583: 9579: 9569: 9567: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9542: 9535: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9458: 9454: 9448:Wayback Machine 9437:Wayback Machine 9427: 9420: 9414:Wayback Machine 9403:Wayback Machine 9393: 9384: 9374: 9372: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9342: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9314: 9312: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9267: 9261: 9257: 9247: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9235: 9177: 9173: 9150: 9146: 9136: 9134: 9126: 9125: 9121: 9068: 9064: 9025: 9021: 8976: 8972: 8925: 8921: 8866: 8862: 8831: 8827: 8799: 8795: 8771:10.1038/466812a 8750: 8746: 8740:Wayback Machine 8692: 8688: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8643: 8639: 8630: 8626: 8617: 8613: 8580:(2): e3001511. 8566: 8562: 8525: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8498:Wayback Machine 8489: 8485: 8448: 8444: 8434: 8432: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8404: 8402: 8395: 8391: 8383:10.3354/ab00037 8370:Aquatic Biology 8362: 8358: 8303: 8299: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8121: 8117: 8080: 8076: 8035: 8031: 8021: 8019: 8010: 8009: 8005: 7966: 7962: 7915:(7200): 96–99. 7904: 7900: 7845: 7830: 7782: 7778: 7730: 7726: 7671: 7667: 7608: 7604: 7575: 7571: 7542: 7538: 7528: 7526: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7502: 7500: 7490: 7486: 7449: 7445: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7361: 7354: 7350: 7302: 7296: 7289: 7239: 7233: 7229: 7181: 7178: 7171: 7167: 7131: 7124: 7120: 7104:10.1.1.321.3042 7086: 7082: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7012: 7011: 7004: 6961: 6957: 6928: 6921: 6874: 6870: 6841: 6837: 6829:Wayback Machine 6818: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6776:Wayback Machine 6765:Wayback Machine 6755: 6751: 6703: 6692: 6669: 6649: 6648: 6625: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6531: 6527: 6474: 6470: 6435: 6431: 6384: 6380: 6366: 6344: 6340: 6311:(10): 711–718. 6300: 6294: 6290: 6240: 6236: 6212:10.1.1.871.8575 6187: 6183: 6125: 6118: 6075: 6068: 6012: 6001: 5978: 5969: 5937: 5930: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5836: 5832: 5790: 5783: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5707: 5703: 5688: 5684: 5667: 5663: 5657:Wayback Machine 5646:Wayback Machine 5635: 5631: 5600: 5596: 5545: 5541: 5504: 5500: 5453: 5449: 5412: 5408: 5376: 5372: 5335: 5331: 5300: 5296: 5265: 5261: 5232: 5225: 5219:Wayback Machine 5208:Wayback Machine 5197: 5186: 5180:Wayback Machine 5169:Wayback Machine 5158: 5147: 5128: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5048:"Atmospheric CO 5046: 5045: 5041: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4931: 4927: 4878: 4871: 4839:10.1.1.328.3181 4814: 4807: 4783: 4779: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4699: 4695: 4656: 4652: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4532: 4528: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4459:Wayback Machine 4448:Wayback Machine 4438: 4431: 4394:Current Biology 4385: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4350: 4346: 4317: 4313: 4260: 4256: 4219: 4215: 4168: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4075: 4071: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4021:. November 2017 4014: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3990: 3986: 3979:Chemistry World 3971: 3967: 3961:Wayback Machine 3950:Wayback Machine 3940: 3927: 3920: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3825: 3812: 3769: 3765: 3760:Wayback Machine 3711: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3612: 3603: 3597:Wayback Machine 3591: 3587: 3577:Wayback Machine 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3516: 3509: 3494: 3487: 3432: 3428: 3383: 3379: 3342: 3338: 3333:Wayback Machine 3267: 3256: 3249: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3214: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3139:Wayback Machine 3122: 3118: 3114: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3006: 2991: 2980: 2944: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904:for heat and CO 2899: 2895: 2877: 2861: 2852: 2847: 2819: 2786: 2773: 2767: 2765:UN Ocean Decade 2743: 2741:Global policies 2727: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2694: 2669: 2662: 2651: 2647: 2627: 2619: 2613: 2591: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2567:. For example, 2566: 2562: 2554: 2545:seaweed farming 2514: 2502:Main articles: 2500: 2495: 2461: 2452: 2424: 2411: 2404: 2383: 2341: 2331: 2323: 2292: 2288: 2270: 2226: 2220: 2196: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2137: 2102: 2081: 2073:coral bleaching 2051: 2047: 2015: 2005: 1970: 1968:Coccolithophore 1964: 1955:coccolithophore 1937:biological pump 1916: 1907: 1894: 1872:Magallana gigas 1822: 1796:ocean chemistry 1772: 1766: 1730:Current (2021) 1716: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1623: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1535: 1488:(64.3°N, 28°W) 1482:North Atlantic 1476: 1471: 1407: 1392: 1247: 1233: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1196: 1192: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1130: 1126: 1117: 1112: 1100: 1052: 1046: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1002: 997: 994: 993: 992: 990: 988: 984: 973: 970: 969: 968: 966: 961: 958: 957: 956: 954: 952: 944: 913: 909: 894: 889: 884: 880: 866: 862: 861: 857: 856: 854: 846: 844: 841: 840: 822: 803: 796: 793: 792: 790: 776: 773: 772: 767: 764: 763: 761: 748: 745: 744: 742: 731: 727: 708: 704: 697: 693: 662: 639: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 591: 581: 579: 578: 577: 575: 566: 563: 562: 561: 559: 556: 550: 542: 527: 518: 504: 501: 500: 499: 497: 494:solubility pump 473: 470: 469: 468: 466: 461: 458: 457: 456: 454: 445: 442: 441: 440: 436: 433: 432: 431: 429: 420: 417: 416: 415: 413: 408: 405: 404: 403: 401: 393: 390: 389: 388: 386: 383:bicarbonate ion 346: 343: 342: 341: 339: 322: 318: 314: 306: 302: 297: 293: 288: 263: 243: 147: 143: 109: 105: 95: 92: 91: 89: 86:bicarbonate ion 78: 74: 70: 60: 54: 41:of the Earth's 17: 12: 11: 5: 14467: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14390: 14389: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14366:Apocalypticism 14355: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14277: 14275: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14246: 14244: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14236: 14235: 14234: 14224: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14210:Disaster films 14207: 14202: 14201: 14200: 14195: 14185: 14183:Alien invasion 14179: 14177: 14173: 14172: 14170: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14158: 14157: 14152: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14123:Amillennialism 14120: 14110: 14108:Millenarianism 14105: 14104: 14103: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14061:Apocalypticism 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14037: 14035: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14025: 14015: 14010: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13957:Dhu al-Qarnayn 13954: 13949: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13926: 13925: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13903:Great Apostasy 13900: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13841: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13803: 13802: 13792: 13782: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13770: 13760: 13750: 13748:Last Judgement 13745: 13744: 13743: 13738: 13728: 13727: 13726: 13721: 13710: 13708: 13706:Eschatological 13702: 13701: 13699: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13649: 13644: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13583: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13533: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13494: 13492: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13453: 13451: 13442: 13438: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13421:Overpopulation 13418: 13412: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13398:Water scarcity 13395: 13390: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13373: 13371:Sea level rise 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13334:on marine life 13331: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13289:Global warming 13286: 13281: 13279:Global dimming 13276: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13237:Cascade effect 13234: 13233: 13232: 13222: 13216: 13214: 13212:Climate change 13205: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13184: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13131: 13126: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13072: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13042:Doomsday Clock 13039: 13034: 13024: 13023: 13022: 13012: 13007: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12993:Cyberterrorism 12990: 12980: 12974: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12952: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12935: 12934: 12927: 12920: 12912: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12882:Surface runoff 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12782: 12780:North Atlantic 12777: 12772: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12745:Eutrophication 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12690: 12689: 12682: 12675: 12667: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12642: 12630: 12618: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12572: 12571: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12483: 12481:Cloud feedback 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12436: 12430: 12428: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12399: 12397: 12389: 12388: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12339: 12337:Kyoto Protocol 12334: 12328: 12326: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12291: 12289:Media coverage 12286: 12281: 12279:Climate spiral 12276: 12271: 12265: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12187: 12185: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12168:Public opinion 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12123: 12118: 12116:Climate action 12113: 12107: 12105: 12097: 12096: 12083: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12028:REDD and REDD+ 12025: 12020: 12012: 12007: 12005:Carbon farming 12002: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11985: 11979: 11977: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11938: 11932: 11930: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11866: 11865: 11855: 11850: 11844: 11842: 11832: 11831: 11819: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11751: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11737:Water security 11734: 11732:Water scarcity 11729: 11727:Urban flooding 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11623: 11612: 11610: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11585:Forest dieback 11582: 11577: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11522:Sea level rise 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11495:stratification 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11450: 11449: 11448: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11402: 11400: 11392: 11391: 11379: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11291: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11260:Carbon leakage 11257: 11252: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11216: 11211: 11201: 11199:Climate system 11195: 11193: 11185: 11184: 11172: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11124: 11123: 11120:Climate change 11116: 11115: 11108: 11101: 11093: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11054: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11023:Sustainability 11020: 11015: 11014: 11013: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10932: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10918:Water scarcity 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10853:Nitrogen cycle 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10818:Forest dieback 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10746:Climate change 10743: 10742: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10720: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10691: 10690: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10563:nanotechnology 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10383: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10347:on marine life 10339: 10338: 10337: 10335:list of issues 10327: 10322: 10317: 10311: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10297: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10249:External links 10247: 10245: 10244: 10185: 10156: 10124: 10095: 10079: 10035:Biogeosciences 10014: 10006: 10002: 9961: 9944: 9930: 9908: 9883: 9833: 9808: 9783: 9758: 9734: 9709: 9684: 9666: 9648: 9623: 9603: 9577: 9552: 9540: 9524: 9508:"Action Plans" 9499: 9452: 9418: 9382: 9352: 9322: 9292: 9255: 9233: 9171: 9160:(3): 414–432. 9144: 9119: 9062: 9019: 8970: 8919: 8860: 8825: 8793: 8744: 8686: 8677: 8669: 8648:Academic Press 8641: 8637: 8624: 8611: 8560: 8539:(3): 278–286. 8516: 8502: 8483: 8462:(19): L19601. 8442: 8425:The Australian 8412: 8389: 8356: 8297: 8275: 8266: 8247: 8217: 8159: 8132:(5): 361–365. 8115: 8094:(2): 122–135. 8074: 8053:(4): 919–932. 8047:Biogeosciences 8029: 8003: 7976:(3): 165–169. 7960: 7898: 7859:(6): 1848–52. 7828: 7776: 7724: 7665: 7602: 7589:(4): 118–127. 7569: 7536: 7510: 7484: 7463:(3): 278–286. 7443: 7393: 7359: 7348: 7300: 7287: 7227: 7176: 7165: 7129: 7118: 7097:(1): 160–183. 7080: 7061:(1–2): 37–46. 7045: 7019: 7002: 6975:(5): 866–877. 6955: 6919: 6868: 6835: 6809: 6790: 6780: 6749: 6690: 6667: 6659:10.17226/26278 6623: 6604: 6578: 6553: 6525: 6468: 6449:(5): 357–369. 6429: 6394:(5820): 1811. 6378: 6364: 6338: 6288: 6234: 6181: 6116: 6089:(1): 275–303. 6066: 5999: 5988:(1): 119–127. 5967: 5948:(1–2): 72–93. 5928: 5898: 5889: 5830: 5781: 5720: 5701: 5682: 5661: 5629: 5594: 5539: 5512:Biogeosciences 5498: 5447: 5420:Biogeosciences 5406: 5370: 5343:Biogeosciences 5329: 5310:(1): 141–165. 5294: 5275:(1): 489–516. 5259: 5246:(4): 934–940. 5223: 5184: 5145: 5119: 5103:"The pH Scale" 5094: 5069: 5049: 5039: 5016:(4): 481–492. 5009:Biogeosciences 5001: 4997: 4986: 4925: 4869: 4805: 4794:(1): 127–147. 4777: 4718: 4711: 4693: 4650: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4526: 4485: 4463: 4429: 4383: 4372: 4344: 4311: 4254: 4233:(2): 221–236. 4213: 4157: 4127: 4118: 4069: 4048:(1): 1250002. 4032: 4003: 3984: 3965: 3925: 3918: 3904:Kump, Lee R.; 3896: 3878:"carbon cycle" 3869: 3810: 3783:(1): 169–192. 3763: 3700: 3689:. 16 June 2011 3674: 3615:Bärbel Hönisch 3601: 3585: 3565: 3553: 3507: 3502:New York Times 3485: 3426: 3391:Biogeosciences 3377: 3336: 3254: 3247: 3212: 3161: 3147: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3077: 3063: 3049: 3035: 3021: 3005: 3002: 2989: 2978: 2965:Jane Lubchenco 2942: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2876: 2873: 2859: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2818: 2815: 2785: 2782: 2766: 2763: 2742: 2739: 2726: 2723: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2690: 2667: 2660: 2649: 2645: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2595:carbon removal 2584: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2543:/downwelling, 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2423: 2420: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2381: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2290: 2286: 2269: 2266: 2224:Eutrophication 2219: 2216: 2195: 2192: 2164: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2136: 2133: 2101: 2098: 2080: 2077: 2049: 2045: 2004: 2001: 1997:North Atlantic 1963: 1960: 1914: 1905: 1892: 1884:supersaturated 1821: 1818: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1679:biogeochemical 1658: 1646: 1621: 1614: 1599: 1596: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1516:Southern Ocean 1512: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1460:North Atlantic 1456: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1296:Canary (ESTOC) 1293: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1231: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1194: 1190: 1154: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1098: 1045: 1042: 1034: 1007: 995: 986: 982: 971: 959: 950: 942: 935: 934: 919: 916: 912: 906: 900: 897: 892: 883: 878: 872: 869: 860: 853: 849: 821: 818: 806: 805: 801: 783: 782: 729: 706: 695: 661: 658: 637: 624:photosynthesis 619: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589: 587: 580: 564: 549: 546: 540: 537:global warming 525: 517: 514: 510:Revelle factor 502: 471: 459: 443: 434: 418: 406: 391: 375:carbon dioxide 344: 320: 316: 312: 304: 300: 295: 291: 242: 239: 150:ocean currents 145: 141: 76: 72: 58: 52: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14466: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14381:Risk analysis 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14356: 14354: 14353: 14348: 14342: 14341: 14338: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14326:Social crisis 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14272: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14243:Organizations 14241: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14174: 14168: 14167:World to come 14165: 14163: 14160: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14147: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14113:Millennialism 14111: 14109: 14106: 14102: 14101:Messianic Age 14099: 14098: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14086:Gog and Magog 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14076:Earth Changes 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14032: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13913:New Jerusalem 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13889:War in Heaven 13887: 13885: 13884:Two witnesses 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13753:Second Coming 13751: 13749: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13732: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13716: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13703: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13578: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13516: 13513: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13496: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13443: 13439: 13427: 13424: 13423: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13268: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13252:Deforestation 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13200: 13194: 13193:World War III 13191: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13109: 13108:Transhumanism 13106: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13063: 13060: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13029: 13028: 13025: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12971:Technological 12969: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12933: 12928: 12926: 12921: 12919: 12914: 12913: 12910: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12807:Marine debris 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12786: 12785:South Pacific 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12770:Great Pacific 12768: 12767: 12766: 12765:Garbage patch 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12715:Anoxic waters 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12702: 12699: 12695: 12688: 12683: 12681: 12676: 12674: 12669: 12668: 12665: 12653: 12652: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12619: 12617: 12616: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12554:Climate model 12552: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12486:Cloud forcing 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12441: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12425: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12383: 12379: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12261:Communication 12258: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12241:Vulnerability 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12211:Flood control 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12184: 12180: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12084: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12038: 12034: 12033:reforestation 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12018:afforestation 12016: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11970: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11953:Nuclear power 11951: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11848:Carbon budget 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11824: 11820: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11744: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11686: 11685:Mental health 11683: 11682: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11627: 11626:United States 11624: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11554: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11480:deoxygenation 11478: 11476: 11475:acidification 11473: 11472: 11471: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11296: 11292: 11278: 11275: 11271: 11270:from wetlands 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11230:Deforestation 11228: 11227: 11225: 11221: 11215: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11177: 11173: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11114: 11109: 11107: 11102: 11100: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11055: 11053: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11006:Reforestation 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10961:Cultured meat 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10941:Birth control 10939: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10763:Deforestation 10761: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10538:Manufacturing 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10486:nuclear power 10484: 10482: 10481:fracking (US) 10479: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10376: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10290: 10288: 10283: 10281: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10240: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10189: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10165:Harvey, Fiona 10160: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10128: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10104:Harvey, Fiona 10099: 10090: 10083: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10010: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9954: 9948: 9940: 9934: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9848:Marine Policy 9845: 9837: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9772: 9768: 9762: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9698: 9694: 9693:"Home | GCOS" 9688: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9616: 9615: 9607: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9243: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9133: 9129: 9128:"Coral reefs" 9123: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9066: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9023: 9014: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8644: 8628: 8621: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8564: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8521: 8512: 8506: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8487: 8478: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8400: 8393: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8119: 8111: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8033: 8017: 8013: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7606: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7294: 7292: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7250:(7): L07603. 7249: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7169: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7015: 7009: 7007: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6924: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6872: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6816: 6814: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5933: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5786: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5725: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5052:and Ocean pH" 5043: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4142: 4135: 4134: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4020: 4013: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3839:(1): 83–112. 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3248:0-85403-617-2 3244: 3237: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3174:(2): 024033. 3173: 3169: 3165: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3018:Oceans portal 3013: 3008: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2924: 2909: 2903: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2857: 2850:United States 2842: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2805:(COP) of the 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2781: 2779: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2736: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2590: 2580: 2570: 2557: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2416: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2299:meta-analysis 2294: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2212:communication 2209: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:brittle stars 2106: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1993:sediment core 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981:phytoplankton 1979: 1975: 1969: 1956: 1953:a species of 1952: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1877:calcification 1874: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1715:Ocean surface 1714: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1690:socioeconomic 1687: 1682: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1564:. Elevated CO 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1545:, during the 1544: 1540: 1533:Geologic past 1525: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1500:North Pacific 1498: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1444:Mediterranean 1442: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1403:Study period 1402: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1361:~1700 – ~1990 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1279:Drake Passage 1278: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1203: 1198: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1121: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1041: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1013:dissolution. 980: 948: 940: 917: 914: 910: 904: 898: 895: 890: 881: 876: 870: 867: 858: 851: 839: 838: 837: 835: 826: 817: 813: 811: 789: 788: 787: 760: 759: 758: 754: 740: 736: 725: 721: 717: 713: 702: 701:precipitation 691: 682: 678: 671: 666: 657: 655: 651: 650:acidification 647: 643: 634: 631: 629: 625: 586: 573: 555: 545: 538: 533: 531: 523: 513: 511: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 452: 427: 426:carbonic acid 398: 384: 380: 379:carbonate ion 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 353: 337: 332: 328: 326: 310: 287: 279: 256: 247: 238: 236: 232: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 103: 87: 83: 68: 67:carbonic acid 64: 56: 48: 44: 40: 36: 29: 26: 21: 14439:Oceanography 14434:Geochemistry 14343: 14286:Cyberwarfare 14004:Third Temple 13859:Lake of fire 13669:Rogue planet 13637:Impact event 13627:Proton decay 13580:Astronomical 13530:Bioterrorism 13376:Supervolcano 13355: 13274:Flood basalt 13220:Anoxic event 13129:Collapsology 13117:Sociological 12988:Cyberwarfare 12892:Urban runoff 12852:Plastic bags 12831: 12775:Indian Ocean 12710:Anoxic event 12649: 12637: 12625: 12606: 12439:Carbon cycle 12396:Measurements 12091:Society and 11975:carbon sinks 11880:Climate debt 11870:Carbon price 11692:Human rights 11527:Season creep 11485:heat content 11474: 11411:Anoxic event 11324:James Hansen 10699:urban sprawl 10694:Urbanization 10642:Particulates 10627:Overdrafting 10342:Human impact 10315:Anthropocene 10205:(12): 4563. 10202: 10198: 10188: 10176:. Retrieved 10173:The Guardian 10172: 10159: 10147:. Retrieved 10143:the original 10136: 10127: 10115:. Retrieved 10112:The Guardian 10111: 10098: 10082: 10038: 10034: 10000: 9993:. Retrieved 9981: 9977: 9964: 9947: 9933: 9924: 9911: 9899:. Retrieved 9895: 9886: 9851: 9847: 9836: 9824:. Retrieved 9820: 9811: 9799:. Retrieved 9795: 9786: 9774:. Retrieved 9770: 9761: 9747:A/RES/71/313 9737: 9727:24 September 9725:. Retrieved 9721: 9712: 9700:. Retrieved 9697:gcos.wmo.int 9696: 9687: 9678: 9669: 9660: 9651: 9639:. Retrieved 9636:Ocean Decade 9635: 9626: 9613: 9606: 9594:. Retrieved 9589: 9580: 9568:. Retrieved 9565:www.unep.org 9564: 9555: 9546: 9515:. Retrieved 9511: 9502: 9469: 9465: 9455: 9428:IPCC (2022) 9394:IPCC (2022) 9373:. Retrieved 9369:the original 9364: 9355: 9343:. Retrieved 9339:Oncorhynchus 9338: 9325: 9313:. Retrieved 9309:the original 9304: 9295: 9283:. Retrieved 9276:the original 9271: 9258: 9246:. Retrieved 9244:. BBC Nature 9236: 9185: 9181: 9174: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9135:. Retrieved 9131: 9122: 9082:(1): 16293. 9079: 9075: 9065: 9032: 9028: 9022: 8987: 8983: 8973: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8877: 8873: 8863: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8803: 8796: 8761: 8757: 8747: 8706:(3): 62–71. 8703: 8700:Oceanography 8699: 8689: 8672: 8635: 8627: 8614: 8577: 8574:PLOS Biology 8573: 8563: 8536: 8532: 8505: 8486: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8435:28 September 8433:. Retrieved 8429:the original 8424: 8415: 8403:. Retrieved 8392: 8373: 8369: 8359: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8260: 8250: 8238:. Retrieved 8234:the original 8229: 8220: 8179: 8175: 8162: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8091: 8088:Oceanography 8087: 8077: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8032: 8020:. Retrieved 8015: 8006: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7938:10026.1/1345 7912: 7908: 7901: 7856: 7852: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7644:10261/162241 7619: 7615: 7605: 7586: 7583:Oceanography 7582: 7572: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7527:. Retrieved 7523:the original 7513: 7501:. 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Retrieved 3686: 3677: 3628: 3622: 3588: 3568: 3560:IPCC (2022) 3556: 3523: 3519: 3501: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3281:(1): 18624. 3278: 3274: 3234: 3207: 3171: 3167: 3142: 3119: 3074:Water portal 2998: 2985: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2962: 2959: 2936: 2925: 2910: 2902:oceanic sink 2878: 2853: 2831: 2820: 2787: 2774: 2752: 2744: 2719: 2698:electrolysis 2695: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2654: 2632:) of rocks ( 2614: 2599: 2592: 2558: 2534: 2515: 2482:ocean quahog 2474: 2453: 2440: 2425: 2412: 2394: 2374: 2318: 2314:Sargasso Sea 2310:European eel 2307: 2303:effect sizes 2295: 2283: 2271: 2227: 2208:echolocation 2200:bioacoustics 2197: 2158:may produce 2152: 2125:brittle star 2121: 2103: 2082: 2054: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2016: 1971: 1950: 1926: 1919: 1901: 1881: 1870: 1867: 1851:foraminifera 1839:heterotrophs 1823: 1712:Time period 1698: 1683: 1675: 1606: 1585: 1562:gas hydrates 1555: 1536: 1486:Irminger Sea 1428:Indian Ocean 1254:Data source 1229: 1218: 1199: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1104: 1096: 1084: 1078:live or are 1053: 1015: 936: 831: 814: 810:Bjerrum plot 807: 784: 755: 716:foraminifera 686: 681:Bjerrum plot 670:foraminifera 635: 632: 617: 557: 534: 519: 516:Main effects 486:Bjerrum plot 399: 336:carbon cycle 333: 329: 289: 228: 201: 178: 172:burning and 138: 102:hydrogen ion 34: 33: 14362:Categories 14331:Survivalism 14018:Zoroastrian 13874:Seven seals 13869:Seven bowls 13795:Historicism 13691:Solar flare 13567:Overfishing 13542:Defaunation 13329:coral reefs 13091:AI takeover 13010:Nanoweapons 12998:Cybergeddon 12983:Cyberattack 12705:Algal bloom 12466:Carbon sink 12444:atmospheric 12309:video games 11983:Blue carbon 11616:Agriculture 11595:Marine life 11542:Water cycle 11500:temperature 11235:Fossil fuel 10813:Externality 10808:Coral reefs 10768:Defaunation 10637:Overgrazing 10610:overfishing 10590:Marine life 10464:electricity 10387:Agriculture 9984:: 131–304. 9821:oa.iode.org 9776:5 September 9596:4 September 9512:OA Alliance 9375:10 November 9345:14 November 9285:14 November 8240:14 November 7503:12 November 7372:: 111–122. 7038:12 November 6802:6 September 6618:mcclatchydc 6274:1874/351998 6159:1874/385806 5824:11511/35436 5387:: 131–139. 5087:18 December 5062:17 November 4672:: 249–256. 4603:on the CaCO 4382:"Rising pCO 3889:11 February 3693:16 November 2994:Great Dying 2947:overfishing 2622:bicarbonate 2444:food chains 2415:coral reefs 2347:Drivers of 2274:fish larvae 2268:Fish larvae 2234:domoic acid 2176:jumbo squid 2172:hypercapnia 2065:homeostasis 2026:exoskeleton 1974:unicellular 1943:framework. 1859:crustaceans 1855:echinoderms 1465:Iceland Sea 1408:per decade 1375:minus 0.023 1358:minus 0.002 1341:minus 0.017 1320:minus 0.019 1299:minus 0.017 1282:minus 0.018 1265:minus 0.024 1092:downwelling 947:equilibrium 735:dissolution 720:crustaceans 558:Dissolving 482:temperature 451:bicarbonate 359:lithosphere 352:terrestrial 309:carbon sink 197:food chains 193:coral reefs 174:agriculture 170:fossil fuel 82:dissociates 14403:Categories 14291:Depression 14281:Ransomware 14096:Messianism 14066:Armageddon 14051:Apocalypse 13839:Antichrist 13827:Man of sin 13724:Three Ages 13587:Big Crunch 13449:Extinction 13441:Biological 13203:Ecological 13075:Strangelet 12877:Stormwater 12730:Cyanotoxin 12498:Cryosphere 12459:permafrost 12231:Resilience 12183:Adaptation 12158:Litigation 12148:Governance 12093:adaptation 11875:Carbon tax 11828:Mitigation 11765:Antarctica 11653:Disability 11078:mitigation 11073:assessment 11068:by country 10966:Decoupling 10928:Mitigation 10657:Reservoirs 10578:pesticides 10523:Explosives 10501:reservoirs 10402:irrigation 10117:7 December 9978:Biochem. Z 9901:4 November 9892:"OAP Home" 9854:: 103947. 9826:4 November 9801:4 November 9702:4 November 9657:"Overview" 9641:4 November 9570:4 November 9517:4 November 9315:21 October 9248:13 October 9211:1885/28834 8820:11329/1892 8022:13 October 6942:: 597441. 6855:: 590236. 6597:25 January 6546:22 October 6251:: 80–102. 4478:5 February 4365:13 January 4274:(1): 963. 4150:1 November 4089:: 100558. 4063:2262/27779 4025:3 November 3112:References 2862:under the 2769:See also: 2587:See also: 2238:brevetoxin 2188:ecosystems 2117:appendages 2094:bioerosion 2057:Queensland 2013:Coral reef 1978:eukaryotic 1835:autotrophs 1831:food chain 1827:calcifying 1768:See also: 1523:1993–2012 1507:1991–2011 1491:1983–2004 1472:1985–2010 1451:1995–2011 1435:1991–2011 1419:2004–2011 1248:per decade 1185:increased 1143:caused by 1018:polymorphs 939:activities 834:saturation 739:saturating 648:to resist 642:alkalinity 552:See also: 363:atmosphere 284:See also: 216:alkalinity 206:measures. 128:, such as 63:atmosphere 14176:Fictional 14023:Saoshyant 13908:New Earth 13879:The Beast 13812:Preterism 13785:Christian 13741:Kali Yuga 13686:Micronova 13681:Hypernova 13547:Dysgenics 13388:Verneshot 13294:Hypercane 13037:Dead Hand 12887:Upwelling 12842:Oil spill 12817:Microbead 12755:Fish kill 12735:Dead zone 12513:Feedbacks 12284:Education 11785:Caribbean 11780:Australia 11707:Migration 11670:Fisheries 11621:Livestock 11547:Wildfires 11453:Heat wave 11001:Recycling 10667:Transport 10652:Quarrying 10647:Pollution 10506:transport 10496:petroleum 10491:oil shale 10454:biodiesel 10221:1660-4601 10178:29 August 10065:1726-4170 9878:218961473 9663:. 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OCEANA 7998:85749253 7947:18536730 7893:19188596 7815:29539634 7763:26909578 7719:29378969 7652:29433125 7498:phys.org 7438:14774230 7335:18420926 7303:World". 7214:11014189 6914:18460426 6825:Archived 6789:"PMEL CO 6772:Archived 6761:Archived 6744:24143135 6677:35533244 6653:. 2022. 6571:14 March 6520:28858305 6424:28535145 6416:17395821 6333:42675849 6229:53590993 6176:26909706 6168:15947184 6061:31636204 5884:20421502 5776:28891777 5768:25859043 5653:Archived 5642:Archived 5581:16195458 5493:19666624 5215:Archived 5204:Archived 5176:Archived 5165:Archived 5112:29 March 4981:30373837 4919:53062358 4864:35487689 4856:18497259 4764:16193043 4645:31054160 4637:15256664 4586:23505245 4455:Archived 4444:Archived 4424:29337079 4306:30700764 4208:84841808 4200:30892892 3957:Archived 3946:Archived 3805:21141034 3756:Archived 3665:Wikidata 3661:22383840 3593:Archived 3573:Archived 3548:22798578 3480:18988740 3329:Archived 3315:31819102 3135:Archived 3004:See also 2888:chemist 2882:pH scale 2634:silicate 2486:scallops 2398:mesocosm 2204:acoustic 2129:sea star 1863:molluscs 1780:pteropod 1699:Under a 1581:Triassic 1504:NP-STSS 1432:IO-STPS 1313:Hawaii ( 1243:Location 724:mollusks 611:+ H ⇌ CO 572:hydrogen 479:seawater 369:such as 325:seawater 162:nitrogen 130:mollusks 122:alkaline 118:seawater 100:) and a 80:) which 55:) levels 28:pH value 25:seawater 14376:Hazards 14274:General 14145:Rapture 13994:Messiah 13982:Sufyani 13972:Israfil 13942:Islamic 13780:Messiah 13758:1 Enoch 13592:Big Rip 13304:Ecocide 13299:Ice age 12797:Hypoxia 12454:oceanic 12304:fiction 12153:Justice 12104:Society 11712:Poverty 11431:Drought 11299:History 11223:Sources 11052:Commons 10828:Erosion 10778:Ecocide 10716:Effects 10662:Tourism 10595:fishing 10553:fashion 10476:fashion 10429:Bitcoin 10308:General 10230:7344635 10043:Bibcode 9856:Bibcode 9474:Bibcode 9190:Bibcode 9182:Science 9105:4642292 9084:Bibcode 9057:8015698 9013:3597261 8992:Bibcode 8937:Bibcode 8882:Bibcode 8843:Bibcode 8788:4358903 8597:8812914 8541:Bibcode 8513:. 2014. 8464:Bibcode 8342:2634909 8319:Bibcode 8261:epa.gov 8184:Bibcode 8134:Bibcode 8055:Bibcode 7978:Bibcode 7955:9375062 7917:Bibcode 7884:2644126 7861:Bibcode 7823:3935534 7795:Bibcode 7743:Bibcode 7710:5828584 7687:Bibcode 7660:3497477 7624:Bibcode 7556:: 158. 7465:Bibcode 7418:Bibcode 7374:Bibcode 7315:Bibcode 7306:Science 7299:High-CO 7252:Bibcode 7222:4426501 7194:Bibcode 7146:Bibcode 7063:Bibcode 6977:Bibcode 6905:2587798 6735:3797030 6511:5582631 6490:Bibcode 6451:Bibcode 6396:Bibcode 6388:Science 6313:Bibcode 6305:PALAIOS 6253:Bibcode 6199:Bibcode 6138:Bibcode 6130:Science 6091:Bibcode 6052:6842625 6029:Bibcode 5950:Bibcode 5875:2889361 5852:Bibcode 5803:Bibcode 5748:Bibcode 5740:Science 5696:Science 5612:Bibcode 5561:Bibcode 5553:Science 5520:Bibcode 5484:2716384 5428:Bibcode 5389:Bibcode 5351:Bibcode 5312:Bibcode 5277:Bibcode 5018:Bibcode 4972:6243283 4947:Bibcode 4894:Bibcode 4826:Bibcode 4818:Science 4772:4306199 4744:Bibcode 4674:Bibcode 4617:Bibcode 4609:Science 4577:3664023 4548:Bibcode 4507:Bibcode 4402:Bibcode 4388:Daphnia 4297:6353961 4276:Bibcode 4235:Bibcode 4180:Bibcode 4091:Bibcode 3728:Bibcode 3633:Bibcode 3624:Science 3528:Bibcode 3520:Science 3471:2580748 3448:Bibcode 3399:Bibcode 3306:6901524 3283:Bibcode 3176:Bibcode 3145:(2018). 3124:Ritchie 2986:Science 2875:History 2686:olivine 2682:brucite 2528:(DAC), 2349:hypoxia 2038:in situ 1754:5–8.5) 1742:1–2.6) 1607:In situ 1494:−0.026 1477:−0.014 1438:−0.027 1422:−0.026 1262:Iceland 1225:Celsius 1080:spawned 1026:calcite 791:Ca + CO 259:carbon. 250:ocean). 235:climate 158:sea ice 114:acidity 84:into a 14419:Carbon 14306:Famine 14232:Zombie 14034:Others 13989:Jewish 13967:Dajjal 13849:Events 13763:Daniel 13664:winter 13491:Others 13381:winter 13181:winter 13176:famine 13171:cobalt 12434:Albedo 12427:Theory 12138:Denial 11929:Energy 11790:Europe 11770:Arctic 11755:Africa 11680:Health 11675:Gender 11638:Cities 11563:Biomes 11470:Oceans 11458:Marine 11181:Causes 11056: 11045: 10617:Mining 10471:energy 10379:Causes 10237: 10227: 10219: 10149:9 July 10063: 9925:US EPA 9876: 9681:. WMO. 9492: 9365:Report 9305:Report 9226: 9218: 9112: 9102: 9055: 9047: 9010: 8965:836308 8963: 8955: 8912: 8905:122983 8902: 8786: 8778: 8758:Nature 8720: 8662: 8604: 8594: 8349: 8339: 8210: 8202: 8176:Nature 8152: 8108: 8016:Report 7996: 7953: 7945: 7909:Nature 7891: 7881: 7821: 7813: 7787:Nature 7769: 7761: 7735:Nature 7717: 7707: 7658: 7650: 7616:Nature 7529:4 June 7436: 7341: 7333: 7280: 7220: 7212: 7186:Nature 7101: 6995: 6912: 6902: 6742: 6732: 6683: 6675: 6665: 6518: 6508: 6482:Nature 6422: 6414: 6372: 6362: 6331: 6281: 6227: 6209: 6174: 6166: 6109: 6059: 6049: 5921: 5903:Facies 5882: 5872: 5774: 5766: 5587: 5579: 5491: 5481: 4979: 4969: 4916: 4862: 4854: 4836: 4770: 4762: 4736:Nature 4709: 4643: 4635: 4584: 4574: 4566: 4422: 4304: 4294: 4206: 4198: 4111: 3952:. In: 3916: 3853: 3803: 3795: 3667: 3659: 3651: 3546: 3478: 3468: 3419: 3370: 3313: 3303: 3245: 3202: 3194: 2886:Danish 2838:UNESCO 2759:SDG 14 2510:, and 2484:, and 2450:Arctic 2003:Corals 1989:albedo 1929:carbon 1847:corals 1526:+0.02 1510:−0.01 1475:−0.024 1454:−0.03 1251:Period 800:⇌ CaCO 615:+ 2 H. 381:, and 361:, and 166:sulfur 134:corals 14321:Riots 14013:Norse 13977:Mahdi 13736:Kalki 13731:Hindu 13061:(EMP) 12651:Index 12413:Proxy 12173:Women 11648:Crime 11575:Birds 11441:Flood 11011:urban 10682:roads 10573:paper 10568:paint 9989:(PDF) 9974:(PDF) 9956:(PDF) 9921:(PDF) 9874:S2CID 9618:(PDF) 9439:. In 9335:(PDF) 9279:(PDF) 9268:(PDF) 9224:S2CID 9137:6 May 9053:S2CID 8961:S2CID 8784:S2CID 8718:S2CID 8660:eISSN 8230:Study 8208:S2CID 8172:(PDF) 8150:S2CID 8106:JSTOR 7994:S2CID 7951:S2CID 7819:S2CID 7767:S2CID 7656:S2CID 7434:S2CID 7416:(9). 7406:(PDF) 7339:S2CID 7278:S2CID 7240:(PDF) 7218:S2CID 7182:(PDF) 6993:S2CID 6767:. 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