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On the other hand, they are also slower than horses, which has both advantages and disadvantages; their pulling style is steadier, but they cannot cover as much ground in a given period of time. For agricultural purposes, oxen are more suitable for heavy tasks such as breaking sod or plowing in wet,
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of about three years of age would be bought for the team and trained with the older animals. The pair would be kept for about four years, then sold at about seven years old to be fattened for beef – thus covering much of the cost of buying that year's new pair. Use of oxen for plowing survived in
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Pairs of oxen were always hitched the same way round, and they were often given paired names. In southern
England it was traditional to call the near-side (left) ox of a pair by a single-syllable name and the off-side (right) one by a longer one (for example: Lark and Linnet, Turk and Tiger).
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In Italy, where oxen may be very large, shoeing is accomplished using a massive framework of beams in which the animal can be partly or completely lifted from the ground by slings passed under the body; the feet are then lashed to lateral beams or held with a rope while the shoes are fitted.
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Ox trainers favor larger animals for their ability to do more work. Oxen are therefore usually of larger breeds, and are usually males because they are generally larger. Females can also be trained as oxen, but as well as being smaller, are often more valued for producing
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In
England, shoeing was accomplished by throwing the ox to the ground and lashing all four feet to a heavy wooden tripod until the shoeing was complete. A similar technique was used in Serbia and, in a simpler form, in India, where it is still practiced.
616:, which allowed the horse to engage the pushing power of its hindquarters in moving a load, horses could not pull with their full strength because the yoke was incompatible with their anatomy (yokes press on their chest, inhibiting their breathing).
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in pairs. Light work such as carting household items on good roads might require just one pair, while for heavier work, further pairs would be added as necessary. A team used for a heavy load over difficult ground might exceed nine or ten pairs.
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Such devices were made of wood in the past, but may today be of metal. Similar devices are found in France, Austria, Germany, Spain, Canada and the United States, where they may be called ox slings, ox presses or shoeing stalls.
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When hauling freight, oxen can move very heavy loads in a slow and steady fashion. They are at a disadvantage compared to horses when it is necessary to pull a plow or load of freight relatively quickly.
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of different sizes for each animal as it grows. The steers are normally considered fully trained at the age of four and only then become known as oxen.
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798:, Agricultural Engineering Branch, Agricultural Support Systems Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
423:) as dual-purpose animals: for draft and beef. A plowing team of eight oxen normally consisted of four pairs aged a year apart.
479:, and are fitted in symmetrical pairs to the hooves. Unlike horses, oxen are not easily able to balance on three legs while a
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Verbal commands for draft animals vary widely throughout the world. In North
America, the most common commands are:
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John C Barret (1991), "The
Economic Role of Cattle in Communal Farming Systems in Zimbabwe", to be published in
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shows an ox being shod standing, tied to a post by the horns and balanced by supporting the raised hoof.
354:). In pre-industrial times, most teamsters were known for their loud voices and forthright language.
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Working oxen usually require shoes, although in
England not all working oxen were shod. Since their
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and are painstakingly trained from a young age. Their teamster makes or buys as many as a dozen
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and aggression, which makes the males docile and safer to work with. Cows (adult females) or
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The system was sometimes adopted in
England also, where the device was called a
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Oxen are thought to have first been harnessed and put to work around 4000 BC.
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For millennia, oxen also could pull heavier loads because of the use of the
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891:"Well Trained to the Yoke: Working Oxen on the Village's Historical Farms"
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are cloven, two shoes are required for each hoof, as opposed to a single
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grain by trampling, and for powering machines that grind grain or supply
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Oxen can pull heavier loads, and pull for a longer period of time than
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1161:. World Association for Transport Animal Welfare and Studies (TAWS).
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A Song for Every Season: A Hundred Years of a Sussex
Farming Family
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572:, Austria; a pair of ox shoes is attached to the near left column.
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tradition, young castrated cattle selected for draft are known as
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or a long pole (which also serves as a measure of length: see
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689:"BULLOCK | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
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Working oxen are taught to respond to the signals of the
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logs in forests, particularly in low-impact, select-cut
739:. North Adams, Massachusetts, USA: Storey Publishing.
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A single left-hand ox shoe of the type used for large
384:, contractions for "get thee up" or "get ye up"): go
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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577:
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948:"Blacksmith shoeing a Bullock, Calcutta, India"
277:among other purposes. Oxen may be also used to
254:(intact males) may also be used in some areas.
171:by George H. Harvey, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1881
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1159:Ox Yokes: Culture, Comfort and Animal Welfare
918:"Shoeing oxen and horses at a Servian smithy"
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502:or trevis; one example is recorded in the
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710:"History of the domestication of animals"
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
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893:. Old Sturbridge Village. Archived from
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821:Williams, Michael (17 September 2004).
324:A team of ten pair of oxen in Australia
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716:from the original on November 24, 2012
691:. Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2022-05-25
568:Ox shoeing sling in the Dorfmuseum of
435:) until the early twentieth century.
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1121:"On Small Farms, Hoof Power Returns"
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1100:from the original on 11 July 2016
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1063:Wet/Dry Routes Chapter Newsletter
916:Schomberg, A. (7 November 1885).
833:from the original on 3 March 2011
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796:Draught Animal Power, an Overview
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875:from the original on 2014-06-12.
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976:. Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
63:needs additional citations for
951:(stereoscope card (half only))
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179:Oxen used in farms for plowing
13:
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861:. Princes Risborough: Shire.
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601:heavy, or clay-filled soil.
578:Uses and comparison to horses
1455:List of domesticated animals
1119:Taylor, Tess (May 3, 2011).
1032:(in Italian and Sardinian).
415:A tradition in southeastern
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922:The Illustrated London News
775:Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal
763:(pp 95–100), Heinemann 1971
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553:Karel Dujardin, 1622–1678:
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187:Boy on an ox-drawn cart in
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1030:"Tradizioni - Serramanna"
974:"Restraining and Shoeing"
261:, for transport (pulling
953:. Stereo-Travel Co. 1908
737:Oxen, A Teamster's Guide
234:, trained and used as a
37:Not to be confused with
1017:The shoeing of the oxen
1001:"La ferratura dei buoi"
648:Ox in Chinese mythology
419:was to use oxen (often
1046:Serramanna: traditions
889:Baker, Andrew (1989).
855:Watts, Martin (1999).
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269:and even riding), for
246:; castration inhibits
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1450:Human uses of animals
1327:Search and rescue dog
1092:John Singer Sargent.
735:Conroy, Drew (2007).
639:(ox-driver, teamster)
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555:A Smith Shoeing an Ox
516:A Smith Shoeing an Ox
426:Each year, a pair of
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1317:Military working dog
1199:at Wikimedia Commons
897:on 26 September 2011
823:"The Living Tractor"
238:. Oxen are commonly
72:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
508:John Singer Sargent
483:shoes the fourth.
370:: turn to the right
214:), also known as a
169:Ploughing with Oxen
32:Ox (disambiguation)
1125:The New York Times
999:Tacchini, Alvaro.
803:2010-07-01 at the
782:2012-09-18 at the
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390:: turn to the left
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1195:Media related to
972:Aliaaaaa (2006).
928:on 4 October 2011
746:978-1-58017-693-4
288:Oxen are usually
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1496:Pack animals
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1384:Riding horse
1170:. Retrieved
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926:the original
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899:. Retrieved
895:the original
858:Working oxen
857:
835:. Retrieved
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683:
631:Bullock cart
614:horse collar
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588:Hova, Sweden
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510:'s painting
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236:draft animal
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70:Please help
65:verification
62:
1470:Pack animal
1389:Stock horse
1369:Guide horse
1364:Draft horse
1342:Therapy dog
1332:Service dog
1307:Hunting dog
1302:Herding dog
1287:Draught dog
1250:Bali cattle
1172:21 February
1069:(4). 1997.
643:Ox (zodiac)
433:South Downs
402:New England
242:adult male
1485:Categories
1374:Pack horse
1322:Police dog
695:2022-05-31
675:References
669:Boeuf gras
275:irrigation
265:, hauling
224:Australian
98:newspapers
1460:Livestock
1312:Mercy dog
1297:Guide dog
1292:Guard dog
1265:Dromedary
1104:18 August
633:(ox-cart)
473:horseshoe
364:: back up
340:ox-driver
316:bronze ox
271:threshing
240:castrated
1411:Reindeer
1379:Pit pony
1337:Sled dog
1163:Archived
1129:Archived
1098:Archived
1071:Archived
1034:Archived
1005:Archived
978:Archived
873:Archived
831:Archived
801:Archived
780:Archived
714:Archived
653:Ox-wagon
637:Bullocky
620:See also
570:Mönchhof
538:oxen in
536:Chianina
514:, while
477:caulkins
335:bullocky
330:teamster
305:Training
230:), is a
198:Ox skull
157:oxen in
128:May 2019
1135:19 June
777:, p 10.
626:Aurochs
540:Tuscany
481:farrier
463:Shoeing
417:England
400:In the
382:giddyap
378:giddyup
283:logging
259:plowing
220:British
216:bullock
112:scholar
39:Aurochs
1491:Cattle
1349:Donkey
1077:22 May
1040:22 May
1011:22 May
984:22 May
957:22 May
932:22 May
901:22 May
865:
837:22 May
743:
659:Oxtail
595:horses
469:hooves
457:Africa
445:calves
428:steers
396:: stop
376:(also
374:Get up
267:wagons
244:cattle
232:bovine
226:, and
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
43:Muskox
1396:Llama
1359:Horse
1354:Gayal
1255:Camel
1166:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
500:crush
410:yokes
290:yoked
263:carts
252:bulls
189:Niger
119:JSTOR
105:books
1401:Mule
1197:Oxen
1174:2012
1152:"Dr"
1137:2011
1106:2016
1079:2011
1042:2011
1013:2011
986:2011
959:2011
934:2011
903:2011
863:ISBN
839:2011
741:ISBN
722:2012
610:yoke
455:and
453:Asia
449:milk
447:and
394:Whoa
362:Back
348:whip
344:goad
279:skid
218:(in
212:oxen
155:Zebu
91:news
87:"Ox"
18:Oxen
1421:Yak
1272:Dog
518:by
388:Haw
380:or
368:Gee
352:rod
338:or
208:pl.
202:An
74:by
41:or
1487::
1406:Ox
1157:.
1127:.
1123:.
1096:.
1065:.
1061:.
1044:.
1015:.
920:.
881:^
871:.
847:^
829:.
825:.
811:^
459:.
346:,
332:,
285:.
222:,
210::
204:ox
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
1176:.
1139:.
1108:.
1081:.
1067:4
988:.
961:.
936:.
905:.
841:.
749:.
724:.
698:.
206:(
141:)
135:(
130:)
126:(
116:·
109:·
102:·
95:·
68:.
45:.
34:.
20:)
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