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body and push them into a cup shape with her feet. The cup has four layers: coarse twigs (and sometimes bits of trash) covered in a leafy mat, then lined with grapevine bark (when available) and finally grasses, stems, rootlets, and pine needles (where available). The nest typically takes three to nine days to build; the finished product is 5.1–7.6 cm (2.0–3.0 in) tall, 10.1 cm (4.0 in) across, with an inner diameter of about 7.6 cm (3.0 in). Cardinals do not usually use their nests more than once. The female builds a
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The face mask of the female is gray to black and is less defined than that of the male. Both sexes possess prominent raised crests and bright coral-colored beaks. The beak is cone-shaped and strong. Young birds, both male and female, show coloring similar to the adult female until the fall, when they molt and grow adult feathers. They are brown above and red-brown below, with brick-colored crest, forehead, wings, and tail. The legs and feet are a dark pink-brown. The iris of the eye is brown.
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394:: Females are a reddish olive color, and have a gray mask around the beak, while males are a vibrant red color, and have a black mask on the face, as well as a larger crest. Juvenile cardinals do not have the distinctive red-orange beak seen in adult birds until they are almost fully mature. On hatching, their beaks are grayish-black and they do not become the trademark orange-red color until they acquire their final adult plumage in the fall.
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580:. The legs and feet are thin and lack feathers, and are vulnerable to rapid heat loss. In cold temperatures, cardinals will shiver and tense their muscles, especially breast muscles, to generate heat. Cardinals have the ability to drop their body temperature 3 to 6° if needed in order to survive cold temperatures.
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There are usually three or four eggs per nest, though there are sometimes as few as one or as many as five. The eggs are white, with a tint of green, blue, or brown, and are marked with lavender, gray, or brown blotches which are thicker around the larger end. The shell is smooth and slightly glossy.
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song bird. The male sings in a loud, clear whistle from the top of a tree or another high location to defend his territory. He will chase off other males entering his territory. He may mistake his image on various reflective surfaces as an invading male and will fight his reflection relentlessly. The
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pigments in the diet. Coloration is produced from both red pigments and yellow carotenoid pigments. Northern cardinal males metabolize carotenoid pigments to create plumage pigmentation of a color different from the ingested pigment. When fed only yellow pigments, males become a pale red color. A few
405:, marking out his territory with song. During courtship, the male feeds seed to the female beak-to-beak. The northern cardinal's clutch typically contains three to four eggs, with two to four clutches produced each year. It was once prized as a pet, but its sale was banned in the United States by the
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Cardinals were once prized as pets due to their bright color and distinctive song. In the United States, this species is protected under the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which also banned their sale as cage birds. It is illegal to take, kill, or possess northern cardinals, and violation of the
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The cardinals' nest is made of thin twigs, bark strips, and grasses, lined with grasses or other plant fibers. Males sometimes bring nest material to the female, who does most of the building. She crushes twigs with her beak until they are pliable, then turns in the nest to bend the twigs around her
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The adult male is a brilliant crimson red color with a black face mask over the eyes, extending to the upper chest. The color becomes duller and darker on the back and wings. The female is fawn-colored, with mostly grayish-brown tones and a slight reddish tint on the wings, crest, and tail feathers.
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Newly hatched cardinals weigh an average of 3–3.5 grams, are naked, blind, and immobile, and do not have feathers until they are 4–5 days old. Unlike adults, their diet is mainly composed of insects, which adults crush with their beaks and feed to them. They gain weight at a rate of about 2–3 grams
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Both sexes sing clear, whistled song patterns, which are repeated several times, then varied. Some common phrases are described as "cheeeer-a-dote, cheeer-a-dote-dote-dote", "purdy, purdy, purdy...whoit, whoit, whoit, whoit", "what-cheer, what-cheer... wheet, wheet, wheet, wheet" and "cheer, cheer,
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Pairs may mate for successive years, but some also "divorce" between seasons or choose a new mate when one dies. Pairs generally stay together year-round but are not necessarily monogamous. DNA studies of two populations of cardinals found that 9–35% of nestlings were not fathered by the female's
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Nestlings defecate in the form of a fecal sac, where the fecal matter is enclosed by a tough mucous membrane. They are produced every 3 or 4 feedings, and female cardinals sometimes stimulate defecation by poking the nestling near the cloaca. Fecal sacs from the first 4- or 5 days of nesting are
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In 1929, Forbush described the species as rare, and by 1955 Griscom reported the bird to be "pushing northward" when recorded annually at feeding stations. Audubon data shows that the population has grown rapidly in
Massachusetts since 1960. In Massachusetts, the species is most abundant in the
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seeds. An increase in backyard feeding by humans has increased the range of this species, with an estimated global range of 5,800,000 km (2,200,000 sq mi) and a global population of some 100 million. Populations appear to remain stable or increasing.
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northern cardinal learns its songs, and as a result the songs vary regionally. Mated pairs often travel together. The songs of a northern cardinal will usually overlap more in syllables when compared to other northern cardinals near it than those far away from it.
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with a body length of 21–23.5 cm (8.3–9.3 in) and a wingspan of 25–31 cm (9.8–12.2 in). The adult weighs from 33.6–65 g (1.19–2.29 oz), with an average 44.8 g (1.58 oz). The male averages slightly larger than the female.
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In the United States, the northern cardinal (referred to as just "cardinal") is the mascot of numerous athletic teams; however, most teams portray the bird with a yellow beak and legs. In professional sports, it is the mascot of the
612:
1834:
McGraw, Kevin J.; Hill, Geoffrey E.; Stradi, Riccardo; Parker, Robert S. (2001). "The
Influence of Carotenoid Acquisition and Utilization on the Maintenance of Species-Typical Plumage Pigmentation in Male American Goldfinches
644:
The songs of the two sexes of the northern cardinal, although not distinguishable by the human ear, are sexually dimorphic. It is suggested that this is because of the differences in levels of hormones of the two sexes.
862:
Cardinals in
Massachusetts have been observed to nest in thick and dense shrubs, trees, and vine tangles, making nests out of twigs, grass, and plant fibers. The eggs are usually incubated by female cardinals, who have
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The oldest wild cardinal banded by researchers lived at least 15 years and 9 months, although 28.5 years was achieved by a captive bird. Annual survival rates for adult northern cardinals have been estimated at 60–65%.
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The diet of the adult northern cardinal consists mainly (up to 90%) of weed seeds, grains, and fruits. It is a ground feeder and finds food while hopping on the ground through trees or shrubbery. It will also consume
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613:
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McGraw, Kevin J; Hill, Geogffrey E.; Parker, Robert S. (August 2003), "Carotenoid
Pigments in a Mutant Cardinal: Implications for the Genetic and Enzymatic Control Mechanisms of Carotenoid Metabolism in Birds",
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mate. Mated pairs sometimes sing together before nesting. During courtship they may also participate in a bonding behavior where the male collects food and brings it to the female, feeding her beak-to-beak.
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east, especially in areas where dense cover is interspersed with open areas, such as woodland edges, brushy fields, wooded wetlands, parks, and suburban areas. They tend to avoid extensive woodlands.
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Nestlings vocalize to attract parents for feeding. Very young nestlings will beg if the nest is moved, but as they grow older, they start to only respond to their parents' presence or their songs.
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10 or 11 days after hatching. Two or three, and even four, broods are raised each year. The male cares for and feeds each brood as the female incubates the next clutch of eggs.
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law is punishable by a fine of up to US$ 15,000 and imprisonment of up to six months. It is also protected by the
Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada.
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. T(Laurentii Salvii)
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1961:
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460:, who wear distinctive red robes and caps. The term "northern" in the common name refers to its range, as it is the northernmost cardinal species known.
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transmission in the United States found that unlike other species, northern cardinals biologically suppress the disease upon infection.
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per day, but grow a bit slower until day 2, faster from day 2 to day 7 or 8, and then slower for the day or two before fledging.
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and the common name was changed to "northern cardinal" to avoid confusion with the several other species also termed cardinals.
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since its introduction in 1929. Its habitat includes woodlands, gardens, shrublands, and wetlands. It is the state bird of
2493:"Supersuppression: Reservoir Competency and Timing of Mosquito Host Shifts Combine to Reduce Spillover of West Nile Virus"
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sound. This call often is given when predators approach the nest, in order to give warning to the female and nestlings.
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1989:
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the eggs. The male may incubate for brief periods of time, though this is rare. Incubation takes 12 or 13 days. Young
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Anderson, Mary E.; Conner, Richard N. (1985). "Northern cardinal song in three forest habitats in eastern Texas".
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with a body length of 21–23 cm (8.3–9.1 in) and a crest on the top of the head. The species expresses
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in order to retain warm air next to their body. The down feathers are small and hairlike at the base of each
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to convert carotenoids into red pigments, and have a yellow beak and feathers (except for black face mask).
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Eggs measure approximately 26 mm × 19 mm (1.02 in × 0.75 in) in size.
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in a well-concealed spot in dense shrub or a low tree 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) off the ground.
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are laid one to six days following the completion of the nest. Three or four eggs are laid in each
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Northern cardinals are numerous across the eastern United States from the southern half of
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1962:"'It's a show stopper': One-in-a-million picturesque yellow cardinal spotted in Florida"
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eaten by the parents, and later sacs are carried away from the nest and dropped.
312:. It can be found in southeastern Canada, through the eastern United States from
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attract it by using feeders containing seeds, particularly sunflower seeds and
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666:, and the young are fed almost entirely on insects. Other common items include
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437:, a genus which now contains only crossbills. In 1838, it was recategorized as
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The northern cardinal is found in residential areas throughout its range.
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2540:
Jackson, Laura Spess; Thompson, Carol A.; Dinsmore, James J. (1996).
1943:"'One in a million' yellow cardinal named 'Sunny' spotted in Florida"
1644:
1553:
Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names
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687:
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The northern cardinal has a distinctive alarm call, a short metallic
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The male often feeds the female as part of their courtship behavior.
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2254:"Northern Cardinal - Introduction | Birds of North America Online"
1749:
Birdcraft: A Field Book of Two
Hundred Song, Game, and Water Birds
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2437:"16 U.S. Code Chapter 7, Subchapter II Migratory Bird Treaty Act"
1907:
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520:
509:
481:
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2122:"A sexually dimorphic learned birdsong in the northern cardinal"
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Krinsky, Norman I; Mayne, Susan T. & Sies, Helmut (2004).
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344:. It is also an introduced species in a few locations such as
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787:
Juvenile male northern cardinal (left) at feeder with female
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in 1700. It has also been introduced in Hawaii. Its natural
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1368:
964:
441:. In 1918, the scientific name was sometimes replaced with
369:
144:
4132:
2989:
2751:
2348:, Vol. 440. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America.
1429:"Juvenile Cardinals (Identification Guide with Pictures)"
671:
480:-Mexico border and in Canada in the southern portions of
2171:
The
Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds
1673:
Dewey, Tanya; Kirschbaum, Kari; Crane, Jonathan (2002).
917:
Northern cardinals are preyed upon by a wide variety of
508:
population is found on the
Pacific slope of Mexico from
2539:
2043:"How Cardinals Survive Winter & Ways You Can Help"
1833:
1769:
1381:
401:
but also feeds on insects and fruit. The male behaves
4282:
2497:
The
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2199:
1930:'One in a million' yellow cardinal spotted in Alabama
1114:
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
2654:
Florida bird sounds, including the northern cardinal
2340:
Halkin, S., S. Linville. (1999). Northern cardinal (
1672:
527:
is in woodlands, gardens, shrublands, and wetlands.
445:. In 1983, the scientific name was changed again to
3281:
1160:of seven U.S. states, more than any other species:
2491:Levine, Rebecca S.; et al. (November 2016) .
2408:"Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act"
2224:
2168:
2092:
1583:"Proliferation of cardinals a fairly recent event"
1407:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723819A132024136.en
1055:A study conducted in 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia, on
19:"Red cardinal" redirects here. For the plant, see
1029:A male northern cardinal feeding on a bird feeder
4785:
2291:
1889:
556:The plumage color of the males is produced from
517:(this population is not shown on the range map)
2566:
2230:
1990:"SEE IT: Rare yellow cardinal seen in Florida"
1475:Handbook of Birds of the Western United States
989:have been observed to parasitize their nests.
2675:
2113:
2099:. Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. p. 28.
2067:"Why you should feed cardinals in the winter"
572:During winter, cardinals will fluff up their
3189:
867:, while the male cardinal forages for food.
2600:"Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies"
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1134:State University of New York at Plattsburgh
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1987:
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4809:Native birds of the Eastern United States
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1405:
2462:"50 CFR 10.13 - List of Migratory Birds"
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2354:
2278:
1959:
1661:
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883:
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332:, southern California and south through
4561:northern-cardinal-cardinalis-cardinalis
2689:
2429:
2344:). pp. 1-32 in A. Poole, F. Gill, eds.
2298:. Houghton Mifflin Field. p. 228.
2088:
2086:
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951:. Predators of chicks and eggs include
417:The northern cardinal was described by
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2364:Nests and Eggs of North American Birds
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2154:
1824:
1745:
1736:
1471:
4333:
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3174:
2663:
2637:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
2606:. International Ornithologists' Union
2567:deValinger Jr., Leon (July 8, 1940).
2360:
2351:
2295:A Field Guide to Western Birds' Nests
2248:
2246:
2200:Robison, B C; Tveten, John L (1990).
1845:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1461:(in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 824.
539:The northern cardinal is a mid-sized
383:The northern cardinal is a mid-sized
4241:
2083:
1700:
1610:
1608:
1606:
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1602:
1017:at Okeeheelee Nature Center, Florida
802:Male juvenile in Manhasset, New York
4794:IUCN Red List least concern species
4265:
2656:- Florida Museum of Natural History
2588:
2400:
2093:Elliott, Lang; Read, Marie (1998).
1393:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
921:native to North America, including
428:. It was originally categorized as
13:
2649:Cardinal stamps at bird-stamps.org
2635:Explore Species: Northern Cardinal
2243:
1988:Goldsberry, Jenny (May 11, 2022).
1151:
1094:The Catholic University of America
1013:Male cardinal feeding on American
594:
61:Female in New York, United States
14:
4875:
3143:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2622:
1960:McClenny, Brad (March 10, 2022).
1807:Carotenoids In Health And Disease
1641:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1599:
1472:Bailey, Florence Merriam (1921).
693:
407:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
4316:
4304:
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4252:
4240:
4229:
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4119:(New World vultures and condors)
2175:. New York, NY: Knopf. pp.
1595:from the original on 2014-10-06.
1102:University of the Incarnate Word
1022:
1006:
994:
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807:
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729:
658:and insects, including beetles,
628:Problems playing this file? See
610:
589:cheer, what, what, what, what".
547:
519:. The species was introduced to
397:The northern cardinal is mainly
101:
47:Male in New York, United States
2643:Northern cardinal photo gallery
2598:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
2560:
2533:
2484:
2386:. Stackpole Books. p. 69.
2375:
2312:
2193:
2059:
2034:
2009:
1981:
1953:
1935:
1922:
1883:
1786:from the original on 2015-01-16
1725:from the original on 2014-08-20
1719:United States Geological Survey
1689:from the original on 2015-02-24
1382:BirdLife International (2018).
706:
234:
4804:Native birds of Eastern Canada
3175:
2412:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1639:Dunning, John B., ed. (1992).
1632:
1574:
1465:
1445:
1421:
16:Species of North American bird
1:
2324:Pennsylvania State University
1746:Wright, Mabel Osgood (1907).
1550:Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003).
1361:
1199:
1156:The northern cardinal is the
898:
891:Call of the northern cardinal
620:Song of the northern cardinal
294:), known colloquially as the
251:Approximate distribution map
2645:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2546:. University of Iowa Press.
2543:The Iowa Breeding Bird Atlas
2096:Common Birds and Their Songs
1770:Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1581:Duchesne, Bob (2012-09-21).
943:and several owls, including
912:
870:
814:Female juvenile in Manhasset
452:The cardinal is named after
7:
4834:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4183:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2629:Article on cardinal's songs
2604:World Bird List Version 9.2
2467:Code of Federal Regulations
2441:Code of Federal Regulations
1853:University of Chicago Press
698:The northern cardinal is a
678:, the blossoms and bark of
412:
10:
4880:
4814:Birds of the United States
4045:(cormorants and relatives)
3138:Extinct species since 1500
2346:The Birds of North America
2041:onthefeeder (2021-12-16).
1839:) and Northern Cardinals (
1810:. CRC Press. p. 258.
907:
18:
4849:Symbols of North Carolina
4341:
4224:
4175:(kingfishers and rollers)
4107:
4062:
4029:(albatrosses and petrels)
4001:
3972:
3943:
3922:
3913:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3895:(nightjars and relatives)
3883:
3846:
3837:
3804:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3745:
3719:(pheasants and relatives)
3694:
3618:
3577:
3515:
3487:
3463:
3439:
3412:
3333:
3320:
3277:
3250:
3246:
3185:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3105:
3008:
2908:
2858:
2785:
2715:
2702:
2382:Ritchinson, Gary (1997).
2292:Harrison, Hal H. (1979).
2208:University of Texas Press
2120:Yamaguchi, Ayako (1998).
2017:"How do birds keep warm?"
1480:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1400:: e.T22723819A132024136.
1204:There are 19 subspecies:
1130:Saint John Fisher College
1098:Illinois State University
1062:
534:
348:and all major islands of
306:, is a bird in the genus
268:
261:
250:
241:
231:
226:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
74:
65:
60:
51:
46:
37:
32:
4864:Symbols of West Virginia
4074:(seriemas and relatives)
4053:(pelicans and relatives)
2631:from Columbia University
2569:"Letters to the Editors"
1516:Ritchison, Gary (1997).
1110:University of Louisville
1086:National Football League
1035:Relationship with humans
855:Nest with three eggs in
819:
583:
464:Distribution and habitat
4824:Birds described in 1758
4167:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4082:(falcons and relatives)
840:. The female generally
824:
686:sap from holes made by
648:
4151:(trogons and quetzals)
3963:(cranes and relatives)
3233:(emus and cassowaries)
3123:Glossary of bird terms
2935:Confuciusornithiformes
2361:Davie, Oliver (1900).
2326:. 2002. Archived from
1683:University of Michigan
1146:William Jewell College
969:eastern gray squirrels
892:
859:
857:Durham, North Carolina
760:Female feeding a chick
599:
494:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
443:Richmondena cardinalis
439:Cardinalis virginianus
4769:Cardinalis-cardinalis
4738:Paleobiology Database
4725:Paleobiology Database
4411:cardinalis-cardinalis
4398:Cardinalis_cardinalis
4373:Cardinalis cardinalis
4343:Cardinalis cardinalis
3992:(kagu and sunbittern)
3955:(gulls and relatives)
2960:Songlingornithiformes
2925:Omnivoropterygiformes
2509:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0809
2367:. D. McKay. pp.
2342:Cardinalis cardinalis
2266:10.2173/bow.norcar.02
1932:. AL.com. 22 Feb 2018
1841:Cardinalis cardinalis
1774:Cardinalis cardinalis
1713:Cardinalis cardinalis
1677:Cardinalis cardinalis
1386:Cardinalis cardinalis
1118:North Central College
1090:Ball State University
1074:Major League Baseball
890:
854:
598:
565:" cardinals lack the
458:Roman Catholic Church
447:Cardinalis cardinalis
291:Cardinalis cardinalis
207:Cardinalis cardinalis
3814:Phoenicopteriformes
2443:. Cornell Law School
1754:Macmillan Publishers
1126:Otterbein University
957:coluber constrictors
949:eastern screech owls
4859:Symbols of Virginia
4844:Symbols of Kentucky
4829:Symbols of Illinois
3785:Mesitornithiformes
3779:(doves and pigeons)
3113:Families and orders
2975:Ichthyornithiformes
2950:Patagopterygiformes
2320:"Northern Cardinal"
2233:The Wilson Bulletin
1995:Washington Examiner
1967:The Gainesville Sun
1949:. October 15, 2019.
1711:"Northern cardinal
1685:Museum of Zoology.
1142:Wheeling University
1138:Wesleyan University
1122:North Idaho College
1070:St. Louis Cardinals
275:Linnaeus, 1758
233:19 subspecies, see
68:Conservation status
4839:Symbols of Indiana
4127:(eagles and hawks)
4027:Procellariiformes
3932:Opisthocomiformes
3901:Steatornithiformes
3128:List by population
2965:Hongshanornithidae
2890:Evolution of birds
2472:Cornell Law School
2021:Tough Little Birds
1780:Cornell University
1348:(van Rossem, 1932)
1289:C. c. magnirostris
893:
860:
748:At one week of age
600:
189:C. cardinalis
33:Northern cardinal
22:Erythrina herbacea
4779:
4778:
4712:Open Tree of Life
4704:northern-cardinal
4548:northern-cardinal
4335:Taxon identifiers
4280:
4279:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4013:(loons or divers)
3982:Phaethontiformes
3974:Phaethontimorphae
3924:Opisthocomiformes
3893:Caprimulgiformes
3833:
3832:
3822:Podicipediformes
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3459:
3458:
3242:
3241:
3199:Struthioniformes
3067:Waterfowl hunting
3000:Gastornithiformes
2995:Aepyornithiformes
2985:Lithornithiformes
2384:Northern Cardinal
1837:Carduelis tristis
1588:Bangor Daily News
1519:Northern Cardinal
1357:
1353:C. c. yucatanicus
1349:
1341:
1333:
1329:C. c. sinaloensis
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1260:J.L. Peters, 1913
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1194:Delaware Blue Hen
1082:Arizona Cardinals
977:eastern chipmunks
888:
615:
606:Northern cardinal
392:sexual dimorphism
286:northern cardinal
282:
281:
91:
4871:
4772:
4771:
4759:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4681:
4680:
4668:
4667:
4655:
4654:
4642:
4641:
4639:NHMSYS0001689438
4629:
4628:
4616:
4615:
4603:
4602:
4590:
4589:
4577:
4576:
4564:
4563:
4551:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4439:
4427:
4426:
4424:4E74AE2276258520
4414:
4413:
4401:
4400:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4330:
4329:
4321:
4320:
4309:
4308:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4268:
4267:
4256:
4244:
4243:
4232:
4231:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4157:Leptosomiformes
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4125:Accipitriformes
4120:
4099:
4098:(perching birds)
4091:
4083:
4075:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4019:Sphenisciformes
4014:
3993:
3985:
3964:
3956:
3953:Charadriiformes
3935:
3914:
3896:
3875:
3867:
3864:Musophagiformes
3859:
3844:
3843:
3825:
3817:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3720:
3707:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3474:
3387:
3380:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3248:
3247:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3035:Bird collections
2990:Dinornithiformes
2895:Darwin's finches
2885:Origin of flight
2825:Seabird breeding
2815:Sexual selection
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2503:(5): 1174–1184.
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2414:. Archived from
2404:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2358:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2203:Birds of Houston
2197:
2191:
2190:
2174:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1928:Dennis Pillion.
1926:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1513:
1488:
1487:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1379:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1281:C. c. littoralis
1276:S.F. Baird, 1860
1275:
1267:
1265:C. c. floridanus
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1225:C. c. canicaudus
1219:
1212:(Linnaeus, 1758)
1211:
1209:C. c. cardinalis
1192:but lost to the
1106:Lamar University
1026:
1010:
998:
889:
811:
799:
784:
769:
757:
745:
733:
682:, and drinks of
617:
616:
597:
423:10th edition of
276:
272:Loxia cardinalis
256: Year-round
255:
246:
209:
106:
105:
85:
80:
79:
56:
42:
30:
29:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4854:Symbols of Ohio
4819:Birds of Mexico
4784:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4754:
4749:
4741:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4710:
4702:
4697:
4689:
4684:
4676:
4673:Observation.org
4671:
4663:
4658:
4650:
4645:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4619:
4611:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4585:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4559:
4554:
4546:
4544:
4536:
4531:
4523:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4443:
4435:
4430:
4422:
4417:
4409:
4404:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4337:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4188:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4165:Bucerotiformes
4159:(cuckoo-roller)
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4117:Cathartiformes
4103:
4097:
4089:
4088:Psittaciformes
4081:
4073:
4058:
4052:
4051:Pelecaniformes
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3990:Eurypygiformes
3983:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3939:
3933:
3918:
3912:
3894:
3879:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3829:
3823:
3815:
3800:
3794:
3793:Pterocliformes
3786:
3778:
3729:
3718:
3705:
3690:
3614:
3573:
3511:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3435:
3408:
3385:
3378:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3238:
3232:
3231:Casuariiformes
3224:
3223:Apterygiformes
3216:
3208:
3200:
3177:
3162:
3133:Lists by region
3101:
3011:
3004:
2945:Chaoyangiformes
2930:Jeholornithidae
2904:
2868:Origin of birds
2854:
2835:Brood parasites
2781:
2711:
2698:
2688:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2380:
2376:
2359:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2290:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2162:
2155:
2139:10.2307/1369716
2118:
2114:
2107:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1888:
1884:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1768:
1761:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1671:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1600:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1524:Stackpole Books
1514:
1491:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1380:
1369:
1364:
1345:C. c. townsendi
1313:C. c. saturatus
1305:C. c. phillipsi
1257:C. c. flammiger
1249:C. c. coccineus
1202:
1154:
1152:U.S. state bird
1078:National League
1065:
1057:West Nile virus
1037:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1002:
999:
945:long-eared owls
915:
910:
901:
884:
882:
873:
827:
822:
815:
812:
803:
800:
791:
785:
776:
775:at a box feeder
770:
761:
758:
749:
746:
737:
734:
709:
696:
676:sunflower seeds
651:
635:
634:
626:
624:
623:
622:
621:
618:
611:
608:
601:
595:
586:
550:
537:
500:, and northern
466:
425:Systema Naturae
415:
296:common cardinal
274:
257:
253:
222:
211:
205:
192:
100:
92:
81:
77:
70:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4877:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4760:
4747:
4734:
4721:
4708:
4695:
4682:
4669:
4656:
4643:
4630:
4617:
4604:
4591:
4578:
4565:
4552:
4542:
4529:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4464:
4454:
4441:
4428:
4415:
4402:
4389:
4378:
4363:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4326:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4173:Coraciiformes
4170:
4162:
4154:
4149:Trogoniformes
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:Passeriformes
4093:
4085:
4080:Falconiformes
4077:
4072:Cariamiformes
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4035:Ciconiiformes
4032:
4024:
4016:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3958:
3949:
3947:
3945:Cursorimorphae
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3806:Mirandornithes
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3777:Columbiformes
3773:
3771:
3769:Columbimorphae
3762:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3714:
3709:
3704:Meleagridinae
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3622:
3620:Odontophoridae
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3399:Stictonettinae
3396:
3394:Dendrocygninae
3391:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3315:
3272:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3179:
3178:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:Notable birds
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3097:Egg collecting
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Hesperornithes
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Ambiortiformes
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Enantiornithes
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2623:External links
2621:
2618:
2617:
2587:
2559:
2552:
2532:
2483:
2453:
2428:
2399:
2392:
2374:
2350:
2333:
2330:on 2013-12-26.
2311:
2304:
2277:
2242:
2223:
2216:
2210:. p. 59.
2192:
2185:
2153:
2132:(3): 504–511.
2112:
2105:
2082:
2058:
2033:
2008:
1980:
1952:
1947:FOX 35 Orlando
1934:
1921:
1901:(3): 587–592,
1882:
1861:10.1086/323797
1823:
1816:
1796:
1759:
1756:. p. 161.
1735:
1699:
1660:
1653:
1631:
1598:
1573:
1566:
1560:. p. 59.
1539:
1532:
1526:. p. 82.
1489:
1464:
1453:Linnaeus, Carl
1444:
1420:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1337:C. c. superbus
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1241:C. c. clintoni
1238:
1236:(Lesson, 1842)
1230:
1222:
1214:
1201:
1198:
1174:North Carolina
1153:
1150:
1064:
1061:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1000:
993:
914:
911:
909:
906:
900:
897:
881:
878:
872:
869:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
816:
813:
806:
804:
801:
794:
792:
786:
779:
777:
771:
764:
762:
759:
752:
750:
747:
740:
738:
735:
728:
708:
705:
695:
694:Territoriality
692:
650:
647:
625:
619:
609:
604:
603:
602:
593:
592:
591:
585:
582:
578:flight feather
549:
546:
536:
533:
465:
462:
414:
411:
366:North Carolina
280:
279:
278:
277:
266:
265:
259:
258:
252:
248:
247:
239:
238:
229:
228:
224:
223:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4876:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4782:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4273:
4272:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:Strigiformes
4131:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3984:(tropicbirds)
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3906:Podargiformes
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:Cuculiformes
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:Macrocephalon
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3441:Anseranatidae
3438:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:Tinamiformes
3213:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3191:Palaeognathae
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Pigeon racing
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:Archaeopteryx
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
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2701:
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2692:
2685:
2680:
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2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
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2630:
2627:
2626:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2553:9781587291166
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2418:on 2007-10-10
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2393:0-8117-3100-6
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
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2305:0-618-16437-5
2301:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2239:(4): 436–449.
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2217:0-89263-303-4
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2186:0-394-46651-9
2182:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2165:Terres, J. K.
2160:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2106:0-395-91238-5
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2071:spectrum news
2068:
2062:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1914:
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1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1817:0-8247-5416-6
1813:
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1785:
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1667:
1665:
1656:
1654:9780849342585
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1617:
1616:"Find A Bird"
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1567:0-88192-600-0
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1533:0-8117-3100-6
1529:
1525:
1521:
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1512:
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1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1356:Ridgway, 1887
1354:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:Ridgway, 1885
1338:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1321:C. c. seftoni
1319:
1316:Ridgway, 1885
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:Ridgway, 1896
1266:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1252:Ridgway, 1873
1250:
1247:
1244:(Banks, 1963)
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:C. c. carneus
1231:
1228:Chapman, 1891
1226:
1223:
1218:
1217:C. c. affinis
1215:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:West Virginia
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
991:
990:
988:
984:
982:
981:domestic cats
978:
974:
973:fox squirrels
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:golden eagles
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
920:
905:
896:
880:Vocalizations
877:
868:
866:
865:brood patches
858:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
810:
805:
798:
793:
790:
783:
778:
774:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
736:Newly hatched
732:
727:
726:
725:
721:
719:
713:
704:
701:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
646:
642:
640:
633:
631:
607:
590:
581:
579:
575:
574:down feathers
570:
568:
564:
559:
554:
548:Adult plumage
545:
542:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:New Brunswick
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
427:
426:
420:
419:Carl Linnaeus
410:
408:
404:
403:territorially
400:
395:
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389:
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381:
379:
378:West Virginia
375:
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198:Binomial name
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185:
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155:Passeriformes
153:
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126:
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120:
119:
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83:Least Concern
73:
69:
64:
59:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
28:
24:
23:
4781:
4342:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4143:(mousebirds)
4141:Coliiformes
4011:Gaviiformes
4003:Aequornithes
3911:Apodiformes
3872:Otidiformes
3848:Otidimorphae
3795:(sandgrouse)
3717:Phasianinae
3683:
3676:
3669:
3664:Odontophorus
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3502:Oreophasinae
3448:
3428:
3421:
3326:(waterfowls)
3322:Anseriformes
3072:Cockfighting
3057:Conservation
3052:Bird feeding
3040:Birdwatching
3030:Ornithomancy
2970:Gansuiformes
2917:
2910:Fossil birds
2800:Intelligence
2608:. Retrieved
2603:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2572:
2562:
2542:
2535:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2440:
2431:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2402:
2383:
2377:
2363:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2328:the original
2314:
2294:
2269:. Retrieved
2257:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2202:
2195:
2170:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2095:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
2023:. 2012-12-27
2020:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1993:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1965:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1924:
1908:10.1650/7281
1898:
1892:
1885:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1806:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1773:
1748:
1727:. Retrieved
1712:
1691:. Retrieved
1676:
1640:
1634:
1623:. Retrieved
1620:Mass Audubon
1619:
1586:
1576:
1558:Timber Press
1552:
1518:
1474:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1423:
1411:. Retrieved
1397:
1391:
1385:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1332:Nelson, 1899
1328:
1324:(Huey, 1940)
1320:
1312:
1308:Parkes, 1997
1304:
1300:Nelson, 1898
1297:C. c. mariae
1296:
1288:
1284:Nelson, 1897
1280:
1273:C. c. igneus
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1220:Nelson, 1899
1216:
1208:
1203:
1155:
1066:
1054:
1050:
1041:Bird feeders
1038:
985:
926:
916:
902:
894:
874:
861:
832:
828:
722:
714:
710:
707:Reproduction
697:
664:grasshoppers
652:
643:
638:
636:
627:
587:
571:
563:yellow morph
555:
551:
538:
529:
516:
467:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
424:
421:in the 1758
416:
396:
382:
307:
303:
300:red cardinal
299:
295:
290:
289:
285:
283:
271:
232:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
165:Cardinalidae
27:
21:
4660:Neotropical
4621:NatureServe
4569:iNaturalist
4367:Wikispecies
4271:WikiProject
4181:Piciformes
4064:Australaves
4043:Suliformes
3961:Gruiformes
3816:(flamingos)
3725:Tetraoninae
3696:Phasianidae
3685:Rhynchortyx
3650:Dactylortyx
3517:Megapodidae
3507:Penelopinae
3465:Galliformes
3207:Rheiformes
3201:(ostriches)
3151:individuals
3025:Ornithology
3012:interaction
2767:Preen gland
2596:Gill, Frank
2577:. p. 4
2258:birdsna.org
2047:OnTheFeeder
1855:: 843–852.
1482:. pp.
1413:12 November
1292:Bangs, 1903
1015:beautyberry
953:milk snakes
937:bald eagles
789:house finch
700:territorial
496:, northern
490:Nova Scotia
399:granivorous
328:, southern
227:Subspecies
4799:Cardinalis
4788:Categories
4764:Xeno-canto
4021:(penguins)
3874:(bustards)
3712:Perdicinae
3657:Dendrortyx
3629:Callipepla
3561:Megapodius
3526:Aepypodius
3404:Tadorninae
3386:true geese
3217:(tinamous)
3176:Neornithes
3087:Pheasantry
3062:Aviculture
2830:Incubation
2820:Lek mating
2581:2015-02-23
2477:2015-02-23
2447:2007-10-14
2422:2007-10-14
2271:2020-03-06
2126:The Condor
2076:2024-04-20
2052:2021-06-17
2027:2016-02-05
1894:The Condor
1790:2007-08-24
1729:2007-11-08
1693:2007-08-24
1625:2023-06-12
1438:2023-09-05
1362:References
1200:Subspecies
1158:state bird
899:Defecation
688:sapsuckers
630:media help
558:carotenoid
506:allopatric
484:, Quebec,
435:cardinalis
326:New Mexico
309:Cardinalis
302:, or just
176:Cardinalis
4090:(parrots)
3934:(hoatzin)
3885:Strisores
3866:(turacos)
3858:(cuckoos)
3787:(mesites)
3706:(turkeys)
3678:Philortyx
3595:Agelastes
3588:Acryllium
3579:Numididae
3568:Talegalla
3478:gamebirds
3471:landfowls
3450:Anseranas
3414:Anhimidae
3373:Anserinae
3156:fictional
2878:dinosaurs
2873:Theropoda
2860:Evolution
2805:Migration
2787:Behaviour
1645:CRC Press
1045:safflower
961:blue jays
928:Accipiter
919:predators
913:Predators
871:Nestlings
842:incubates
773:Fledgling
680:elm trees
498:Guatemala
474:Minnesota
454:cardinals
342:Guatemala
318:Minnesota
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
4626:2.105565
4613:22723819
4587:11230818
4437:22723819
4432:BirdLife
4352:Wikidata
4235:Category
4109:Afroaves
4037:(storks)
3839:Passerea
3824:(grebes)
3760:Columbea
3671:Oreortyx
3643:Cyrtonyx
3533:Alectura
3497:Cracinae
3489:Cracidae
3366:Oxyurini
3356:Aythyini
3351:Anatinae
3335:Anatidae
3082:Falconry
3045:big year
2900:Seabirds
2810:Foraging
2757:Feathers
2527:27503511
2167:(1980).
1917:32164111
1877:10265039
1869:11731975
1784:Archived
1723:Archived
1687:Archived
1593:Archived
1455:(1758).
1433:Birdfact
1190:Delaware
1182:Virginia
1170:Kentucky
1162:Illinois
1080:and the
987:Cowbirds
718:cup nest
541:songbird
413:Taxonomy
388:songbird
385:perching
374:Virginia
362:Kentucky
354:Illinois
304:cardinal
263:Synonyms
215:Linnaeus
161:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
88:IUCN 3.1
4691:1484332
4538:2490384
4499:1052070
4419:Avibase
4358:Q726389
4323:Biology
4311:Animals
4285:Portals
4247:Commons
3751:Neoaves
3636:Colinus
3602:Guttera
3540:Eulipoa
3361:Mergini
3225:(kiwis)
3209:(rheas)
3020:Ringing
2845:Hybrids
2840:Nesting
2795:Singing
2772:Plumage
2747:Dactyly
2717:Anatomy
2707:Outline
2697:: Aves)
2610:26 June
2518:5094236
2148:1369716
2001:May 14,
1973:May 14,
1166:Indiana
1084:of the
933:shrikes
931:hawks,
923:falcons
908:Ecology
660:cicadas
525:habitat
521:Bermuda
510:Jalisco
482:Ontario
476:to the
456:of the
358:Indiana
346:Bermuda
330:Arizona
171:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
4743:289505
4730:368096
4717:307364
4665:norcar
4600:179124
4545:GNAB:
4520:EURING
4512:CRDNCA
4486:norcar
4460:norcar
4406:ARKive
4386:norcar
4259:Portal
4135:(owls)
3609:Numida
3547:Leipoa
3430:Chauna
3423:Anhima
3118:Genera
3092:Imping
3010:Human
2850:Colony
2777:Vision
2762:Flight
2550:
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1144:, and
1132:, the
1112:, the
1108:, the
1100:, the
1063:Mascot
979:, and
947:, and
925:, all
846:fledge
838:clutch
662:, and
656:snails
567:enzyme
561:rare "
535:Adults
514:Oaxaca
502:Belize
376:, and
350:Hawaii
340:, and
338:Belize
334:Mexico
254:
4678:19284
4652:98964
4582:IRMNG
4525:18880
4481:eBird
4457:BOW:
4450:11340
4299:Birds
3379:swans
3341:ducks
3311:fowls
3106:Lists
2730:Brain
2695:class
2691:Birds
2371:–400.
2144:JSTOR
1913:S2CID
1873:S2CID
1851:(6).
965:crows
820:Nests
684:maple
584:Songs
504:. An
478:Texas
470:Maine
431:Loxia
322:Texas
314:Maine
4756:3478
4699:ODNR
4686:OBIS
4647:NCBI
4608:IUCN
4595:ITIS
4574:9083
4533:GBIF
4507:EPPO
4473:R56G
4445:BOLD
2752:Eggs
2740:milk
2735:Crop
2725:Beak
2612:2019
2574:Life
2548:ISBN
2523:PMID
2388:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2003:2022
1975:2022
1865:PMID
1843:)".
1812:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1415:2021
1398:2018
1178:Ohio
834:Eggs
825:Eggs
672:oats
668:corn
649:Diet
639:chip
488:and
370:Ohio
284:The
235:text
219:1758
145:Aves
4751:TSA
4634:NBN
4556:IBC
4494:EoL
4468:CoL
4393:ADW
4382:ABA
2513:PMC
2505:doi
2369:399
2262:doi
2177:293
2134:doi
2130:100
1903:doi
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