New York Coliseum - Knowledge

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postponement in signing the deal. In May 1994, Zuckerman proposed to buy the site for $ 80 million, less than a quarter of the original price. The MTA refused, saying that any price less than $ 100 million was unacceptable. The $ 80 million sale price was agreed-on in June. However, when the deadline for signing the contract passed in July 1994, Zuckerman still had not signed the contract, and negotiations between him and the MTA collapsed. By this time, the plans for Columbus Center had been reduced three times. Zuckerman lost $ 17 million as a result of the deal's cancellation, while the MTA was able to sever its strained relationship with Zuckerman. By October 1994, the MTA was deciding whether to keep using the Coliseum or to proceed with trying to find a buyer.

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late 1953, and due to the delays in building the Coliseum, it was anticipated that New York City would not have a convention space for the following three years. An appeals court gave the city the right to acquire the land for the project in October 1953, and the city obtained the land in November of that year. The Coliseum project, as well as the related development of housing, was approved in December 1953. It replaced the Gotham National Bank Building as well as smaller tenement and retail buildings. In the original plan, there would have been a separate office building and convention center, but the two structures were combined in a late revision to the plan. There would also be a 900-space parking lot under the Coliseum.

523:(who saw a tax break for a property that would not draw permanent jobs to the site as unnecessary), at which point Englander's Millennium Partners walked away from the project. By 1997, there were nine bids for the redevelopment of the Coliseum site. At this point, the entire area around Columbus Circle was being redeveloped, but six separate government agencies were handling different parts of the process. The president of the Municipal Art Society said, "This is the last time in our lifetime that such an important chunk of Manhattan is going to be up for redesign and rebuilding. 'This one has got to be done right. It can't be just another development." 483: 177: 305: 470:. After Zuckerman threatened to sue Salomon Brothers, they reached a settlement of between $ 55 million and $ 60 million. In December 1987, a state court ruled that the proposed building violated the city's own zoning ordinances and nullified the sale. New York City and Boston Properties renegotiated the deal to call for a 52-story structure with a reduced price of $ 357 million for the site. Boston Properties tapped 375:; the International Home Expo; the New York Coliseum Antiques Show; the National Photographic Show; and the Philatelic Exhibition. Until the 1970s, the Coliseum was usually hosting one show at any given time. However, the Coliseum had a limited amount of space, and exhibitions started to move to other cities with larger convention centers. A larger replacement, the 682:"COLISEUM OPENED; CROWDS FLOCK IN TO SEE 3 EXHIBITS; High Officials Snip Ribbon in Center That Was Built at Cost of $ 35,000,000 MAYOR HAILS PROJECT 125,000 View Stamp, Photo and Motor Car Shows in the First-Day Rush 'Unequaled on Face of Globe' COLISEUM OPENED; CROWDS FLOCK IN Box Offices Busy at Once Moses Tells of Difficulties City Gain in Taxes Noted" 953: 2336: 135:

entrances and could host up to six shows at the same time. Nine elevators and five escalators were installed in this part of the building, as was a two-lane truck ramp. Upon the Coliseum's opening, one of the freight elevators was said to be larger than any other elevator in existence, except for the airplane elevators present on

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cost of acquisition, which had jumped to $ 1.2 million. However, the plan for a Metropolitan Opera House at Columbus Circle was dropped in March 1952. Moses later said that the problems surrounding the site included internal conflicts among the Metropolitan Opera's directors regarding whether the opera should simply rebuild its

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described it as Moses's "new approach" toward the project. At this point, the land for the Coliseum had still not been acquired. By July 1951, more than half the $ 1 million cost for the proposed Metropolitan Opera House's site had been raised. By January 1952, the opera had achieved $ 900,000 of the

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signed a bill that authorized the MSG annex's construction. However, due to disagreements among the MSG Corporation's board of directors, the project was put on hold in April 1949. During this delay in the plans, several private interests purchased large tracts of land on the site of the proposed MSG

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The Coliseum contained four exhibition floors, including a 150-foot (46 m)-square, three-story void for exhibiting large items, such as sailboats and airplanes. The exhibition space did not contain any windows; its exterior was instead sheathed in plain white stone. The space had three separate

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U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD, Record Group 306 (USIA), entry 1050, box 7, hereafter NARA 306/1050/7; “Memorandum of Agreement between U.S.–U.S.S.R. Representatives Pertinent to the Staging of a U.S. Exhibit in Moscow,” NARA 306/1050/7; protocol agreement of 10

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the next month. Following interior demolition, the Coliseum and its attached office building were dismantled beginning in February 2000. The site was cleared by that June. During demolition of the Coliseum, two workers were injured in a partial collapse. The Time Warner/Related joint project (later

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if at least half the site were used for housing. Thus, housing took up the western 51% of the block, facing Ninth and Columbus Avenues, while the Coliseum took up the eastern 49%, facing Columbus Circle. By October 1952, Moses said that builders were ready to start construction on the Coliseum, but

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Show, and the International Philatelic Exhibition. One observer wrote of the new convention center, "The Coliseum is extraordinary in many ways. Its vastness must be seen—from the inside—to be believed". Ground was broken for the housing to the west of the Coliseum on May 1, 1956, three days after

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As part of the Coliseum project, Moses condemned the area from West 58th to West 60th Streets on the west side of Columbus Circle. However, the start of construction was delayed by a lawsuit from a taxpayer who wanted an injunction on the acquisition. The Grand Central Palace held its last show in

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By 1994, the sale had still not been finalized, and in April of that year, Giuliani requested a third-party appraisal of the site. If the contract was not signed that month, Zuckerman would lose his $ 33 million down payment. As a result, the real estate developer exercised an option for a 55-day

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The cornerstone for the Coliseum was laid on October 22, 1954. Seventy-five subcontractors from forty construction trades were hired to build the Coliseum. In May 1955, an accident occurred in which a 180-by-180-foot (55 by 55 m) component of the exhibition space collapsed while concrete was

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for $ 345 million. Time Warner would use the land to build its world headquarters. Time Warner's proposed headquarters consisted of twin towers, but they were clad with glass and stood only 55 stories tall. The Coliseum closed for good in January 1998, and the building's plaques were removed in

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By 1967, the Coliseum had hosted 247 major events with a total of 24 million visitors. The Coliseum had a tax agreement with the city, wherein the city government would collect a portion of the TBTA's revenue rather than collect taxes on the Coliseum property. Within the first ten years of the

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The failure to close the sale of the New York Coliseum was having negative effects on the MTA's finances. In August 1990, the agency announced that several improvement projects worth $ 500 million would need to be delayed if the coliseum was not sold by the end of 1991. Zuckerman continued to

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to redesign the building. In the interim, the MTA, seeking to make some use of the site once the future of the Boston Properties site became unclear, reopened the Coliseum on an interim basis in 1992 for smaller events, primarily a thrice-a-year antiques show. Some homeless individuals also

2302: 232:'s Ways and Means Committee failed to act on a bill that would have authorized the construction of the new MSG building. Supporters of the project stated that New York City had already lost the opportunity to host several large expositions due to the inadequate facilities at the 224:

to finance construction, and the city would take over the building after the bonds were paid off. In this original plan, the structure would have been located above 59th Street. The cost of construction was projected at $ 25 million; the land itself was said to cost $ 5 million.

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the center's official opening. It was complete by September 1957. The new housing development, called Coliseum Park, consisted of two 15-story buildings at 58th and 60th Streets with 590 units between them, as well as a 2-acre (0.81 ha) park separating the two buildings.

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advanced $ 40,000 toward slum clearing. Slightly more than half of the plot was to contain an apartment complex so Moses could receive two-thirds federal funding for clearing the slums on the site. The two-thirds federal funding for slum clearing could only be approved by the

1512:"MOSES SAYS WORK ON COLISEUM HERE WILL START SOON; Condemnation Proceedings for Columbus Circle Project to Begin Within 2 Weeks AUTHORITY TO ERECT HALL Private Builder Will Construct Apartments in Redevelopment -- Total Cost Is $ 40,000,000 MOSES ANNOUNCES PLAN FOR COLISEUM" 220:(MSG) ten blocks south. The nine-story MSG annex would include a 25,000- to 27,000-seat arena, a 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m) convention space, and a 2,000-car garage. The convention space would the world's largest. The TBTA would build the new MSG building and issue 916: 332:

By the first anniversary of the Coliseum's opening, over three million people had visited the convention center. Additionally, 70% of the attached office building had been leased. The opening of the Coliseum, as well as other nearby projects such as a new tube for the

399:(MTA), by now the parent of the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, announced that it was placing the property for sale. The MTA and the city jointly owned the property, and all proceeds would go to improving the MTA's transit systems. In 1985, the architect 130:

The 323,000-square-foot (30,000 m) Coliseum was located on the west side of Columbus Circle. It occupied the block from West 58th to West 60th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. One block of 59th Street was decommissioned to make way for the complex.

2193:"REALTY MEN MAP A NEW WEST SIDE; Area From 41 st Street to Columbus Circle Would Get Modern Dress OFFICE BUILDING SLATED Other Structures Proposed Are Bus Terminal and Store Headquarters Large Site Cleared Part of Area Rezoned REALTY MEN MAP A NEW WEST SIDE" 425:

The Coliseum was shuttered in 1986 with the expectation that it would be demolished as soon as an agreement with developers was finalized. Fourteen proposals for the redevelopment of the Coliseum site were submitted. Ultimately, there were two finalists: a

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criticized the complex as a "low point for New York's public buildings". He said that the visual relationship between the windowless convention space and the grid-shaped facade of the office building "was awkward at best". Gray quoted another magazine,

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House. After years of delays, the Coliseum was approved in 1953, and construction started in 1954. The Coliseum hosted its first exhibits on April 28, 1956, followed by hundreds of conventions over the next four decades. The Coliseum supplanted the

139:. The attached office building had 26 stories and was covered in white and gray brick. The complex was designed by Leon Levy and Lionel Levy. The complex cost $ 35 million to build, of which $ 26.5 million came from toll revenues collected by the 438:

in December 1986. In 1987, the MTA agreed to sell the Coliseum and its office building to Boston Properties for $ 477.5 million. Under Boston Properties' plan, the Coliseum would be demolished by 1988 and replaced by a headquarters for

884:"VAST SPORTS ARENA IN COLUMBUS CIRCLE MAPPED BY GARDEN; Center to Bridge 59th St, and Cover Two-Block Area Now Awaits City Approval 2,000-CAR GARAGE IN PLAN New York Would Share Profits --Project Would Supplement Eighth Ave. Structure" 172:

wrote, "What was always wrong about the Coliseum was its original conception. It was, as an exhibition hall, broad and impenetrable, a wall of blond brick. There it sat at the gateway to Central Park—an unblinking barrier."

1366:"PLAN IS ABANDONED FOR 'UPTOWN' OPERA; $ 15,000,000 House in Columbus Circle Development Blocked by 'Many Difficulties' BUT COLISEUM IS ASSURED Metropolitan 'Unhappy' Over Decision, but Hopes Another Chance Will Be Given" 1192:"NEW SPORTS ARENA SEEN RISING HERE; Columbus Circle Coliseum Fund Is Forecast by Mayor After Agreement With Garden WORK IN SPRING EXPECTED Center With a Convention Hall and Garage to Be Operated by the Old Corporation" 1578:"COLISEUM PROJECT ADOPTED BY BOARD; Apartments for 528 Families Are Part of $ 40,000,000 Columbus Circle Plan OTHER HOUSING APPROVED Action Taken to Prevent Delay Due to Impending Change in Federal Administration" 1125:"NEW GARDEN PLAN IS SHELVED IN ROW; Kilpatrick Says Project Has Been Deferred at Least Six Months but Isn't Dead WON'T REVEAL THE REASON Holdout Among Directors Said to Feel City Can't Support 2 Big Sports Arenas" 150:

was commissioned to design four plaques for the Coliseum. The four plaques depicted the federal, state, city, and TBTA seals. Just before the Coliseum was demolished, the MTA removed the plaques for restoration.

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The Javits Center effectively supplanted the Coliseum as the major exhibit space in New York City. By the time of the announcement of the Javits Center, the Coliseum had become dated and redundant. In 1984, the

292:. The Board of Estimate quickly voted to approve the Coliseum project because of an expected turnover in Housing and Home Finance Agency leadership, which in turn was occurring due to the election of President 716:"BRIDGE REVENUES BUILT NEW CENTER; Loan Held to $ 9,500,000-- Rest of Construction Paid by Tolls and Income COST PUT AT 35 MILLION Agency Will Liquidate Notes Next Year and Cancel Out All Its Debt by 1969" 503:

requested that a third party appraise the site, which Zuckerman wanted to purchase for $ 100 million. While the third party determined that the New York Coliseum site was worth $ 57 million, MTA chairman

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Due to continuing opposition from the community, Zuckerman downsized the proposal so that the towers were 58 and 68 stories high. In January 1988, Salomon Brothers withdrew from the project due to the

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The plan received opposition from the community. Many community members expressed concerns that the proposal did not fit in with the mostly residential character of the surrounding neighborhood of

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annex. Negotiations resumed in October of that year, with the expectation that construction would begin in spring 1950. By this time, the project was known as the "Columbus Circle Coliseum". In

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September 1958 on exchange of exhibitions, Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF) f. 9518, op. 1, d. 595, l. 131(correspondence relating to American exhibition, Moscow 1959).

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he emphasized that the MSG arena was no longer part of the plan. In December of that year, the plan to build a convention center and two 12-story residential towers was submitted to the

71:, and included both a low building with exhibition space and a 26-story office block. The project also included the construction of a housing development directly behind the complex. 519:, who proposed to build luxury apartments and a ballroom on the site. However, with the real estate market rebounding, a critical $ 50 million tax break was withdrawn by then-mayor 403:

revealed his plans for twin 70-story-high towers at the site. Representatives for over 100 developers and architectural firms showed interest in the redevelopment of the Coliseum.

1333:"$ 900,000 IS PLEDGED FOR NEW OPERA SITE; Metropolitan Needs $ 300,000 More to Get Columbus Circle Land Proposed by Moses OPERA HOUSE SITE $ 900,000 IS PLEDGED FOR NEW OPERA SITE" 1266:"CITY OFFERS LAND FOR MUSIC CENTER; Moses Invites the Metropolitan Opera and Philharmonic to Build at Columbus Circle 80,000 Square Feet Offered CITY OFFERS LAND FOR MUSIC CENTER" 3775: 1025:"Assembly Group Votes to Let City Issue Notes for Transit Pay Rise; Ways and Means Body Also Backs Bills for Pension Aid to GI Civil Servants Here and Extending Housing Powers" 2227:"NEW LOOK IS GIVEN TO COLISEUM AREA; Completion of 2 Apartments Will Mark End of 2-Phase Redevelopment Program Brings Area Improvement NEW LOOK IS GIVEN TO COLISEUM AREA" 2134:"NEW LOOK IS GIVEN TO COLISEUM AREA; Completion of 2 Apartments Will Mark End of 2-Phase Redevelopment Program Brings Area Improvement NEW LOOK IS GIVEN TO COLISEUM AREA" 451:

station for $ 40 million as part of the project. The new Salomon Brothers headquarters would have been called the "Columbus Center". The developer, Boston Properties CEO

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and Phibro-Salomon Inc., and another between New York Land Company and Kumagai Gumi. Boston Properties' plan was selected in July 1985 and unanimously approved by the

3859: 2889: 3432: 1791: 448: 786: 364:, the Soviet satellite launched in 1957, was a focal point amidst exhibits on Soviet industry and agriculture, as were musical and theatrical performances. 3854: 168:

as stating that the complex contained a "total lack of relation to its site". After the Coliseum's demolition was completed in 2000, Joyce Purnick of the

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was to be held in Moscow, and the Russians were to host the Soviet National Exhibition at the New York Coliseum from June 29, 1959, to late July 1959.

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Corporation proposed building a large sports arena along the western edge of Columbus Circle between 58th and 60th Streets, supplementing the existing

2590: 2369: 2226: 2133: 2099: 2067:"HOUSING IS BEGUN AT COLISEUM SITE; Moses, at Ground-Breaking, Retorts to Critics of His Slum-Clearing Policies Low Cost Housing Speakers at Ceremony" 1191: 1124: 1057: 2422: 2192: 2066: 1933: 1677: 1644: 1577: 1544: 1158: 1090: 1024: 1711: 1265: 681: 2926: 883: 535:

September 1999. A food market that had operated next to the Coliseum closed in October 1999, and the MTA began moving workers from the Coliseum to

2557: 2158: 1863: 608: 2032: 1511: 1365: 715: 2781: 414:, across the circle. Critics also expressed concern about the project's impact on traffic around Lincoln Square. Notable opponents included the 3874: 2486: 1999: 505: 1610: 3884: 2994: 371:

Up to the end of 1986, the Coliseum hosted 1,246 events. Conventions held at the Coliseum included the New York International Auto Show; the

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being poured into it. The accident injured 50 workers and killed one. A subsequent investigation found no evidence of criminal negligence.

3028: 3191: 2652: 1440: 1678:"City Wins Right to Coliseum Site; Appeals Court Ruling Speeds Work; City Wins Right to Coliseum Site; Appeals Court Ruling Speeds Work" 308:

Looking west from Columbus Circle toward the superblock once occupied by the New York Coliseum, now occupied by the Deutsche Bank Center

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The Columbus Circle Coliseum was included in the Columbus Circle Urban Renewal Plan, published in 1952. In April 1952, the Federal

2815: 2960: 3293: 2520: 1545:"Vast Coliseum Plan Goes to Mayor; Moses Estimates Cost of Columbus Circle Site at $ 9,500,000 MAYOR GETS PLAN FOR BIG COLISEUM" 268: 251:

states that the Coliseum's name "reveals Moses' preoccupation with achieving an immortality conferred on the Caesars of Rome".

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refused to call Zuckerman's letter of credit until just before leaving office in 1993. In early 1994, newly elected mayor

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plan for the Far West Side of Manhattan. This rezoning allowed for a series of new developments in the formerly blighted

3500: 3089: 2714: 1398: 3864: 3225: 68: 3398: 2469: 1475:"MIDTOWN PLANNING GETS U. S. FUND AID; $ 40,000 Is Granted to Group Headed by Moses for Area West of Columbus Circle" 583: 376: 28: 3259: 1058:"CONVENTION LOSS TO CITY DEPLORED; Ryan Report Puts Total at Five to Ten Millions Due to Lack of Suitable Buildings" 1825:"26-STORY BUILDING TO HOUSE COLISEUM; Plans for Separate Exhibition and Convention Hall at Columbus Circle Revised" 1091:"DEWEY SIGNS BILL FOR HUGE GARDEN; $ 25,000,000 Hall Will Make This the Greatest Convention City Again, Mayor Says" 321: 3062: 285: 275: 110:

attempted to negotiate a lease between 1987 and 1994. The site was ultimately bought by a joint venture between

3869: 1444: 280: 2159:"3 MILLION ATTEND COLISEUM IN YEAR; First Anniversary Will Be on Sunday--Tower Offices Achieve 70% Occupancy" 2100:"COLISEUM HOUSING WILL OPEN TODAY; Title I Apartments on West End of Block to Receive First of Their Tenants" 2396: 2033:"COLISEUM INQUIRY FINDS NONE GUILTY; But Hogan Lays Collapse to Faulty Methods and Calls for Changes in Law" 515:

In the late 1990s, another attempt to sell the Coliseum was made, this time to an investment firm headed by

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Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement

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as the city's main convention center until the 1980s, when the Coliseum was superseded in that role by the

644: 1645:"City Will Lack Show Hall 3 Years As Suit Delays Building Coliseum; CITY FACES 3 YEARS WITH NO SHOW HALL" 2260:"WEST SIDE SUITES ATTRACT RENTERS; Leases in New Houses Near Coliseum Called Sign of Return to the Area" 1896: 1824: 1745: 846: 2890:"How an Architectural Camel Shed Its Hump; Columbus Center: Introducing A New Version, In Angled Glass" 1159:"Group Snags Convention Hall Plan By Purchasing Large Part of Site; SYNDICATE SNAGS BIG CIRCLE PROJECT" 419: 345:

neighborhood. The number of renters in Hell's Kitchen also increased following the Coliseum's opening.

1299:"50% of the Cost for Met Opera Site In Columbus Circle Pledged Now; 50% OF LAND COST FOR OPERA RAISED" 407: 20: 1746:"City Planners Approve Coliseum And 2 Other Projects for Action; COLISEUM BACKED BY CITY PLANNERS" 992:"NEW SPORTS ARENA WILL SEAT 25,000; Project Proposed by Madison Square Garden for Columbus Circle" 1432: 289: 229: 3706: 2459: 482: 2697: 531: 435: 415: 259: 213: 115: 83: 3670: 262:

a chance to build a new opera house and operate it tax-free on part of the Coliseum's land.

212:, first envisioned a convention center for New York City in 1944. Separately, in 1946, the 1712:"City Gets Site of Coliseum; Clearing Starts Next Week; WRECKING TO BEGIN ON COLISEUM SITE" 847:"Coliseum Cornerstone Laid -- 10 Years Late, Says Moses; CORNERSTONE LAID FOR THE COLISEUM" 541: 444: 293: 233: 92: 8: 1934:"Coliseum Floor Collapses; 51 on Job Hurt, 1 Missing; COLISEUM'S FLOOR CAVES IN; 40 HURT" 467: 181: 787:"METRO MATTERS; As the Coliseum Comes Down, a Long-Missing City Vista Starts to Open Up" 86:

building at Columbus Circle. This plan was not successful, nor was another plan for the

1967:"300 Workmen Cut Through Steel, Concrete In Hunt for Victim of Coliseum Floor Collapse" 487: 452: 255: 159: 119: 87: 3637:"NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: COLUMBUS CIRCLE; A Final Sale That Means Goodbye to the Vendors" 3806: 3741: 3680: 3644: 3610: 3576: 3542: 3508: 3474: 3440: 3406: 3369: 3335: 3301: 3267: 3233: 3199: 3165: 3131: 3097: 3036: 3002: 2968: 2934: 2897: 2860: 2823: 2789: 2755: 2722: 2660: 2598: 2565: 2528: 2494: 2465: 2430: 2355: 2321: 2267: 2234: 2200: 2166: 2107: 2074: 2040: 2007: 1985: 1941: 1907: 1871: 1835: 1799: 1756: 1719: 1685: 1652: 1618: 1585: 1552: 1519: 1482: 1406: 1373: 1340: 1306: 1273: 1244: 1234: 1199: 1166: 1132: 1098: 1065: 1032: 999: 971: 935: 891: 857: 794: 757: 723: 689: 652: 616: 431: 107: 48: 1229: 520: 516: 463:

for his portion of the sale, while Salomon Brothers paid the other $ 39.8 million.

460: 440: 243: 136: 3433:"CUTTING THE LOSSES: A SPECIAL REPORT; Lessons in the Rubble of the Coliseum Deal" 1792:"Built, but Not Destined, to Last; A Robert Moses Legacy, Coliseum Is Coming Down" 443:, a subsidiary of Phibro-Salomon. Boston Properties would also have renovated the 3834: 2370:"THE FLOWER SHOW WILL OPEN TODAY; Displays at Coliseum Will Continue to March 15" 237: 52: 37: 1611:"SUIT DELAYS COLISEUM; Taxpayer's Bid for Injunction Holds Up Authority's Plans" 819: 383: 368:

Coliseum's opening, the city had collected almost $ 9.1 million from the TBTA.

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In 1998, the MTA finally agreed to sell the property to a joint venture of

471: 456: 411: 400: 353: 209: 147: 82:(TBTA). In 1946, it was proposed to build a convention center within a new 75: 33: 1248: 304: 1864:"Complex Control System Speeds Work On Construction of New York Coliseum" 1224: 527: 325: 248: 236:, the city's only convention center at the time. In April 1948, Governor 111: 3768:"Manhattan's Time Warner Center Officially Becomes Deutsche Bank Center" 455:, then entered negotiations with the MTA and the city. The MTA wanted a 536: 192: 64: 2558:"ARCHITECTURE VIEW; Why Columbus Circle Should Go Back to Square One" 476: 361: 118:

in 1998, and the Coliseum was demolished in 2000 to make way for the

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The Coliseum opened on April 28, 1956, with three exhibitions: the

2927:"At Deadline, Deal to Develop Site Of New York Coliseum Collapses" 422:, filed a lawsuit to try to stop the project from being approved. 2487:"M.t.a. Approves Agreement with City to Permit Sale of Coliseum" 410:. They stated that the twin towers would cast long shadows over 386:

played at the Coliseum in 1993 during the height of their fame.

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The Coliseum in April 1956, viewed from the southwest corner of

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Anderson Heller, Susan; Dunlap, David W. (July 11, 1985).

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Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (June 27, 1985).

2303:"City Collects $ 9,096,000 From Coliseum In Lieu Of Taxes" 3672:"Commercial Real Estate; M.T.A. Starts Big Move Downtown" 820:"Arago: 3-cent New York Coliseum & Columbus Monument" 3029:"Judge in New York Strikes Down Sale of Coliseum's Site" 2653:"METRO DATELINES; Panel Approves Plan For Coliseum Site" 3362:"Developer and M.T.A. Reach Agreement on Coliseum Site" 3192:"Homeless Living Outside Coliseum Face Removal Tonight" 2423:"Legislature Votes Convention Center for New York City" 1230:

The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York

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The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority's chairman,

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negotiate with the MTA, but faced problems when Mayor

3603:"The M.T.A. Removes 4 Huge Plaques From the Coliseum" 2779: 750:"The M.T.A. Removes 4 Huge Plaques From the Coliseum" 3569:"Time Warner Joins Bidding for Coliseum Development" 2853:"Site of Coliseum to Be Purchased for $ 455 Million" 2749:"14 Plans for Coliseum Site Sent to City and M.t.a." 348:

In 1959, a bilateral agreement was made between the

1431:Allee King Rosen & Fleming Inc. (March 1993). 228:The plans were delayed in February 1947, when the 3431:Kennedy, Shawn G.; Finder, Alan (July 23, 1994). 2521:"Coliseum Disposal Part of M.a.c. Surplus Accord" 954:"New Garden Sports Arena To Have 27,000 Capacity" 3860:Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan 3841: 3223: 2961:"Developer Says He Will Reduce 59th St. Project" 2814:Scardino, Albert; Finder, Alan (July 14, 1985). 2461:Guide to Contemporary New York City Architecture 3294:"Zuckerman to Sue Transit Agency and the City" 3020: 2813: 2622: 3430: 3328:"Coliseum: Its Worth Depends on Whom You Ask" 2816:"The Region; the Big Deal at Columbus Circle" 508:said that the site was worth $ 200 million. 3855:Buildings and structures demolished in 2000 3835:NYC-Architecture.com: The New York Coliseum 3662: 3635:Harrington, Shannon D. (October 24, 1999). 1441:New York State Department of Transportation 917:"Two-block Sports Arena and Hall Projected" 299: 78:, an urban planner and the chairman of the 3890:2000 disestablishments in New York (state) 3850:Buildings and structures completed in 1956 3634: 3121: 3063:"Judge Voids Sale of Columbus Circle Site" 3054: 2696:Kasindorf, Jeanie Russell (June 6, 1994). 2555: 1449:United States Department of Transportation 3704: 3535:"Sale of Coliseum Site Receives Approval" 3124:"New Architect To Redesign Coliseum Plan" 2695: 1744:Bennett, Charles G. (December 13, 1952). 1710:Ingraham, Joseph C. (November 19, 1953). 1643:Ingraham, Joseph C. (September 2, 1953). 826:. Smithsonian Institution. April 30, 1956 389: 63:, from 1956 to 2000. It was designed by 16:Former convention center in New York City 3257: 3158:"Potential Tenants Line Up for Coliseum" 2992: 2625:"NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; Public Discontent" 2224: 2191:Callahan, John P. (September 16, 1956). 2190: 2131: 2064: 1931: 1709: 1642: 1122: 481: 382:One particularly notable event was when 303: 175: 67:Leon Levy and Lionel Levy in a modified 27: 3734:"Two Injured in Demolition-Side Mishap" 3731: 3601:Dunlap, David W. (September 24, 1999). 3464: 3359: 3325: 3291: 2924: 2850: 2518: 2420: 2394: 2334: 1743: 1330: 881: 845:Freeman, Ira Henry (October 22, 1954). 844: 784: 748:Dunlap, David W. (September 24, 1999). 713: 679: 479:at the building when it was abandoned. 3842: 3796: 3600: 3501:"Squaring Off Over Future Of Coliseum" 3465:Kennedy, Shawn G. (October 20, 1994). 3155: 3122:Goldberger, Paul (December 16, 1987). 3090:"A New Plan Is Presented For Coliseum" 3087: 2887: 2715:"Suit Seeks to Block Coliseum Project" 2712: 2647: 2645: 1858: 1856: 1790:Dunlap, David W. (February 20, 2000). 1789: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1399:"Exclusion of Opera Defended by Moses" 1260: 1258: 1156: 1123:Ingraham, Joseph C. (April 23, 1949). 985: 983: 981: 947: 945: 747: 577: 459:, so Zuckerman placed a $ 5.7 million 141:Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority 80:Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority 3875:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 3799:"A Vertical Neighborhood Takes Shape" 3765: 3566: 3532: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3226:"Subway Improvements Will Be Delayed" 3027:Lueck, Thomas J. (December 8, 1987). 3026: 2959:Lueck, Thomas J. (October 14, 1987). 2958: 2920: 2918: 2883: 2881: 2846: 2844: 2746: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2551: 2549: 2484: 2453: 2451: 2337:"Auto makers showing off their wares" 2132:Callahan, John P. (January 6, 1957). 575: 573: 571: 569: 567: 565: 563: 561: 559: 557: 397:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 191:commemorates the Fifth International 104:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 3885:1956 establishments in New York City 3668: 3567:Bagli, Charles V. (April 30, 1998). 3499:Levy, Clifford J. (March 17, 1997). 3498: 3399:"A Deal Is Struck for Coliseum Site" 3292:Kennedy, Shawn G. (April 20, 1994). 3224:Andrew L. Yarrow (August 21, 1990). 3189: 3060: 2993:Scardino, Albert (January 4, 1988). 2485:Daley, Suzanne (December 21, 1984). 2457: 1223: 989: 951: 780: 778: 675: 673: 639: 637: 582:Gray, Christopher (April 26, 1987). 581: 195:Exhibition as well as the Coliseum. 3880:Convention centers in New York City 3533:Bagli, Charles V. (July 30, 1998). 3397:Bagli, Charles V. (July 28, 1998). 3258:Mitchell, Alison (April 16, 1994). 2925:Kennedy, Shawn G. (July 16, 1994). 2642: 2395:Geberer, Raanan (August 17, 2016). 1853: 1774: 1510:Kaplan, Morris (October 23, 1952). 1500: 1255: 978: 942: 882:Lissner, Will (November 14, 1946). 714:Knowles, Clayton (April 28, 1956). 680:Gossett, Carl T. (April 29, 1956). 13: 3705:Ingrassia, Robert (June 3, 2000). 3669:Oser, Alan S. (November 3, 1999). 3387: 3360:Kennedy, Shawn G. (June 2, 1994). 3326:Kennedy, Shawn G. (May 22, 1994). 3260:"Giuliani Seeks Delay On Coliseum" 3061:Moss, Michael (December 8, 1987). 2915: 2888:Dunlap, David W. (June 28, 2000). 2878: 2841: 2678: 2556:Goldberger, Paul (June 19, 1988). 2546: 2448: 2335:Fishman, Joel (January 27, 1983). 554: 418:, which, led by former First Lady 254:In May 1951, the city offered the 14: 3901: 3828: 3778:from the original on May 24, 2021 3156:Pinder, Jeanne B. (May 1, 1993). 2747:Blair, William G. (May 3, 1985). 2713:Dunlap, David W. (June 7, 1987). 2519:LeMOYNE, JAMES (March 31, 1984). 2397:"Moses Built New York's Coliseum" 2065:Grutzner, Charles (May 1, 1956). 1932:Schumach, Murray (May 10, 1955). 775: 670: 634: 377:Jacob K. Javits Convention Center 3766:Rizzi, Nicholas (May 24, 2021). 3088:Levine, Richard (June 3, 1988). 2851:Purnick, Joyce (July 12, 1985). 2421:Goldman, Aril (March 30, 1979). 785:Purnick, Joyce (June 12, 2000). 540:the Time Warner Center, now the 356:. As part of the agreement, the 322:New York International Auto Show 3790: 3759: 3732:Lambert, Bruce (June 3, 2000). 3725: 3698: 3628: 3594: 3560: 3526: 3492: 3458: 3424: 3353: 3319: 3285: 3251: 3217: 3183: 3149: 3115: 3081: 2986: 2952: 2807: 2773: 2740: 2706: 2616: 2583: 2512: 2478: 2414: 2388: 2362: 2328: 2295: 2285: 2252: 2218: 2184: 2151: 2125: 2092: 2058: 2025: 1992: 1959: 1925: 1889: 1817: 1737: 1703: 1670: 1636: 1603: 1570: 1537: 1467: 1424: 1391: 1358: 1324: 1291: 1217: 1184: 1150: 1116: 1083: 1050: 1017: 990:Egan, Leo (November 15, 1946). 909: 875: 468:October 1987 stock market crash 286:New York City Board of Estimate 276:Housing and Home Finance Agency 2464:. W. W. Norton & Company. 1445:Federal Highway Administration 1233:. New York: Knopf. p. 6. 1157:Cooper, Lee E. (May 1, 1949). 952:Buck, Al (November 14, 1946). 926:. November 14, 1946. p. 1 838: 812: 741: 707: 601: 281:Federal Housing Administration 125: 1: 547: 490:, which replaced the Coliseum 3190:Ravo, Nick (June 26, 1991). 358:American National Exhibition 74:The Coliseum was planned by 7: 449:59th Street–Columbus Circle 203: 10: 3906: 2312:. July 27, 1967. p. 9 2225:Callahan, John P. (1957). 420:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis 198: 102:The TBTA's successor, the 18: 3865:Event venues in Manhattan 3797:Dunlap, David W. (2003). 1976:. May 10, 1955. p. 1 379:, was announced in 1979. 373:International Flower Show 3067:Newsday (Nassau Edition) 2344:Yonkers Herald Statesman 1331:Taubman, Howard (1952). 645:"Our New Coliseum Opens" 300:Construction and opening 21:New York Coliseum (1928) 19:Not to be confused with 290:Vincent R. Impellitteri 230:New York State Assembly 2702:. New York Media, LLC. 2106:. September 16, 1957. 1897:"Coliseum Cornerstone" 1064:. September 21, 1947. 544:) stands on the site. 491: 390:Closure and demolition 309: 184: 40: 3870:Robert Moses projects 2659:. December 11, 1986. 1584:. December 19, 1952. 1031:. February 26, 1947. 532:The Related Companies 485: 436:New York City Council 416:Municipal Art Society 337:, gave rise to a new 307: 260:New York Philharmonic 218:Madison Square Garden 214:Madison Square Garden 179: 116:The Related Companies 84:Madison Square Garden 31: 1906:. October 22, 1954. 1684:. October 24, 1953. 1551:. December 1, 1952. 1198:. October 25, 1949. 542:Deutsche Bank Center 445:New York City Subway 294:Dwight D. Eisenhower 269:existing opera house 234:Grand Central Palace 93:Grand Central Palace 3772:Commercial Observer 3711:New York Daily News 3707:"Coliseum collapse" 2458:Hill, John (2011). 1451:). pp. B25–B26 247:, Moses biographer 182:commemorative stamp 69:International Style 3803:The New York Times 3738:The New York Times 3677:The New York Times 3641:The New York Times 3607:The New York Times 3573:The New York Times 3539:The New York Times 3505:The New York Times 3471:The New York Times 3437:The New York Times 3403:The New York Times 3366:The New York Times 3332:The New York Times 3298:The New York Times 3264:The New York Times 3230:The New York Times 3196:The New York Times 3162:The New York Times 3128:The New York Times 3094:The New York Times 3033:The New York Times 2999:The New York Times 2965:The New York Times 2931:The New York Times 2894:The New York Times 2857:The New York Times 2820:The New York Times 2786:The New York Times 2752:The New York Times 2719:The New York Times 2657:The New York Times 2629:The New York Times 2595:The New York Times 2562:The New York Times 2525:The New York Times 2491:The New York Times 2427:The New York Times 2374:The New York Times 2264:The New York Times 2231:The New York Times 2197:The New York Times 2165:. April 24, 1957. 2163:The New York Times 2138:The New York Times 2104:The New York Times 2071:The New York Times 2037:The New York Times 2004:The New York Times 1938:The New York Times 1904:The New York Times 1870:. March 27, 1955. 1868:The New York Times 1834:. March 10, 1954. 1832:The New York Times 1796:The New York Times 1753:The New York Times 1716:The New York Times 1682:The New York Times 1649:The New York Times 1617:. March 26, 1953. 1615:The New York Times 1582:The New York Times 1549:The New York Times 1516:The New York Times 1481:. April 16, 1952. 1479:The New York Times 1403:The New York Times 1372:. March 29, 1952. 1370:The New York Times 1337:The New York Times 1303:The New York Times 1270:The New York Times 1196:The New York Times 1163:The New York Times 1129:The New York Times 1097:. April 13, 1948. 1095:The New York Times 1062:The New York Times 1029:The New York Times 996:The New York Times 888:The New York Times 854:The New York Times 791:The New York Times 754:The New York Times 720:The New York Times 686:The New York Times 651:. April 29, 1956. 649:The New York Times 613:The New York Times 492: 488:Time Warner Center 453:Mortimer Zuckerman 310: 264:The New York Times 256:Metropolitan Opera 185: 160:The New York Times 120:Time Warner Center 88:Metropolitan Opera 41: 2699:Zuckerman Unbound 2597:. March 9, 1985. 2356:Fultonhistory.com 2322:Fultonhistory.com 2266:. April 7, 1957. 1986:Fultonhistory.com 1405:. April 1, 1952. 1305:. July 27, 1951. 1240:978-0-394-48076-3 972:Fultonhistory.com 936:Fultonhistory.com 432:Boston Properties 137:aircraft carriers 108:Boston Properties 49:convention center 45:New York Coliseum 3897: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3674: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2307: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2039:. July 6, 1955. 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2006:. May 12, 1955. 1996: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1971: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1901: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1860: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1829: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1787: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1750: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1262: 1253: 1252: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1010: 987: 976: 975: 969: 967: 958: 949: 940: 939: 933: 931: 921: 913: 907: 906: 904: 902: 879: 873: 872: 870: 868: 851: 842: 836: 835: 833: 831: 816: 810: 809: 807: 805: 782: 773: 772: 770: 768: 745: 739: 738: 736: 734: 711: 705: 704: 702: 700: 677: 668: 667: 665: 663: 641: 632: 631: 629: 627: 615:. May 14, 1954. 605: 599: 598: 596: 594: 579: 521:Rudolph Giuliani 517:Israel Englander 461:letter of credit 441:Salomon Brothers 244:The Power Broker 155:Christopher Gray 3905: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3395: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2923: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2886: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2849: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2711: 2707: 2694: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2554: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2456: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2376:. 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