History of British nationality law

692: 525: 1672:. Those who come to the UK under this scheme may claim state benefits if they can show that they intend to make the UK their permanent home. Commonwealth citizens who have the right of abode need to apply for a certificate of entitlement if they want to enter the UK. The certificate is a sticker which is placed inside a non-British passport. After five years living in the UK, a person who has moved to the UK under the Right of Abode can apply to naturalise as British citizen and obtain a British passport. 41: 323:). Blackstone describes how various statutes extended the rights of the children of subjects born abroad, until "all children, born out of the king's ligeance, whose fathers were natural-born subjects, are now natural-born subjects themselves, to all intents and purposes, without any exception; unless their said fathers were attainted, or banished beyond sea, for high treason; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain." 498:, some descendants can still claim citizenship based on their parent's rights under the law as it existed prior to 1949. However, the Home Office believes that the act does not generally give claimants a right of abode in the United Kingdom. Successful claims will normally be granted to only those with British Overseas Citizen status unless entitled to a right of abode in the UK under the 1205:, some of whom may both be registrable for Irish citizenship and have a claim to British citizenship, through either automatic citizenship or citizenship by registration. In some cases, their descendants may have a claim to British citizenship when the right to Irish citizenship has been lost because of the failure of previous generations to register births at the local Irish consulate. 1289:, which became an independent Commonwealth country on 19 September 1983. British Dependent Territories citizenship was withdrawn unless there was a connection with a remaining dependent territory. Those that had acquired British citizenship before independence and became also Saint Kitts and Nevis citizens upon independence, however, would no longer lose their British citizenship. 2029:, which moved the earliest date of birth covered from 1961 to 1 January 1949, and elaborated in "a dense and at times impenetrable piece of drafting" on the section 4C approach, while also covering numerous additional and less common situations, and adding a good character requirement. In 2018, the Supreme Court of the UK held that section 4C should be interpreted broadly.) 1747:. These were mainly in Asia and Africa. British Overseas Citizens, by contrast, are those who have such a relationship with former British colonies. (Protectorates, Protected States, Mandates and Trust Territories were never, legally speaking, British colonies.) A British Protected Person will lose that status upon acquiring any other nationality or citizenship. 409:). This reflects the rationale of natural-born citizenship: that citizenship was acquired because British-born subjects would have a 'natural allegiance' to the Crown as a 'debt of gratitude' to the Crown for protecting them through infancy. Therefore, citizenship by birth was perpetual and could not be, at common law, removed or revoked regardless of residency. 949:(CUKC), consisting of all those British subjects who had a close relationship (either through birth or descent) with the United Kingdom and its remaining colonies. Each other Commonwealth country did likewise, and also established its own citizenship (with the exception of Newfoundland which became part of Canada on 1 April 1949, Newfoundlanders hence becoming 1296:), citizenship statuses were created before independence was achieved. This resulted in unusual endorsements like "British subject: citizen of the State of Singapore" in British passports. Indeed, treaties signed by the United Kingdom around this time reveal the existence of at least the following citizenship statuses: 2171:

been married to the mother. However, the agreement of the mother is needed. If the mother refuses then policy is for the home office to enquire of her reasons for refusal. If her reasons are deemed unreasonable registration may still be granted. Also, the minor can apply in their own right on reaching the age of 17.

2182:

using form UKF. Such child must also meet character requirements, pay relevant processing fees and attend a citizenship ceremony. However, if the applicant has a claim to register as a British citizen under other clauses of the British Nationality Act 1981, or has already acquired British citizenship

1807:

In February 2006, British authorities announced that 600 British citizenship applications of ethnic minority children of Indian descent from Hong Kong were wrongly refused. The applications dated from the period July 1997 onwards. Where the applicant in such cases confirms that he or she still wishes

1618:

British Citizens are those former CUKCs who had a close relation with the United Kingdom and Islands (i.e. those who possessed right of abode under the Immigration Act 1971); BOTCs are those former CUKCs with a close relationship with one of the remaining colonies, renamed Overseas Territories; while

1197:

or the 1935 Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act (because he or she was no longer domiciled in the Republic on the day the constitution came into force and was not permanently resident there on the day of the 1935 law's enactment and was not otherwise registered as an Irish citizen) was deemed to be

1109:

1078:

On 8 February 1979 the Home Office announced that overseas-born children of British mothers would generally be eligible for registration as UK citizens provided application was made before the child reached age 18. Many eligible children were not registered before their 18th birthday due to the fact

2043:

Under amendments made by the Act, British nationals can be deprived of their citizenship if the Secretary of State is satisfied they are responsible for acts seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom or an Overseas Territory. This provision applied to only dual nationals-—it

1993:

the person was born to a mother who was a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies at the time and the person would have been a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies by descent if it had been possible for women to pass on citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies to their children in the

1019:

legitimate descent from a CUKC father for children born elsewhere. Only the first generation acquired British nationality automatically. Second and subsequent generations could do so only if born outside the Commonwealth (or Ireland) and registered within 12 months of birth or if the father was in

1942:

has also granted British Overseas Citizens, British Subjects and British Protected Persons the right to register as British citizens if they have no other citizenship or nationality and have not after 4 July 2002 renounced, voluntarily relinquished or lost through action or inaction any citizenship

1915:

would possibly have made the sole exclusion of the Sovereign Base Areas untenable, as they would become the only Cypriots (as well as the only British Overseas Territories citizens) not to have the right to live and work in the United Kingdom. However, in 2004, only the Greek part of the island was

1867:

A distinction of terminology is made between British Overseas Territories Citizens born before 1 January 1983, introduction of British Dependent Territories, Citizenship, who would previously have been Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies, and those born after, and therefore who had not ever

1528:

The reason for these limitations is that under the 1948 Act, High Commissioners in independent Commonwealth nations had the right to register persons as CUKC. This was treated for the purpose of the 1971 Act as "registration in the United Kingdom" and hence without the special limitations on Right

1129:

A person who was a British Subject on 31 December 1948, of United Kingdom & Colonies descent in the male line, and was resident in the UK & Colonies (or intending to be so resident) was entitled to acquire CUKC by declaration under s12(6) of the Act. The deadline for this was originally 31

981:

did not provide for citizenship for everyone who was born in their countries, the British Government refused to "declare" their nationality laws for the purposes of the Act, and therefore those British subjects from these countries who did not become Indian or Pakistani citizens were never absorbed

963:

It was originally envisaged that all British subjects would get one (or more) of the national citizenships being drawn up under the Act, and that the remainder would be absorbed as CUKCs by the British Government. Until they acquired one or other of the national citizenships, these people continued

442:

Generally then, there was no process by which a 'foreigner' not of British parents could become a British citizen. However, two procedures existed by which the individual could become a British subject with some of the rights of citizenship. Firstly, 'naturalisation' granted all the legal rights of

1765:

or BN(O). There were some 3.5 million residents of Hong Kong who held British Dependent Territories citizen (BDTC) status by virtue of their connection with Hong Kong. Another 2 million other Hong Kong residents are believed to have been eligible to apply to become BDTCs. Upon handover, they would

2170:

Children born to unmarried British fathers before 1 July 2006 are not included in this provision. However they can be registered as British citizens upon application to the Home Office (if not British some other way), provided the child is aged under 18 and would have been British had the father

1815:

provide that Indian citizenship by descent can no longer be acquired automatically at the time of birth. This amendment will also allow some children of Indian origin born in Hong Kong after 3 December 2004 who have a British National (Overseas) or British Overseas citizen parent to automatically

1512:

The Act did not specifically mention the status of former CUKCs who were holding right of abode in the UK and who lost their CUKC status solely because their own country's independence, although it was implied that if the person had no claim to right of abode as a Commonwealth citizen, then these

1494:

A citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies who was born to, or legally adopted by, a parent who, at the time of the birth, was a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies. That parent must have a parent who was a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies by birth, adoption, naturalisation or

1071:

Those born in non-Commonwealth countries of second and subsequent generations born overseas could be registered as British within 12 months of birth. However, many such children did not acquire a Right of Abode in the UK before 1983 and hence became British Overseas citizens in 1983 rather than

412:

By the same reasoning, an 'alien', or foreign-born resident, was seen as unable to revoke their relationship with their place of birth. Therefore, at English common law foreign-born individuals could not become citizens through any procedure or ceremony. Some exceptions to this general principle

1651:

Those Commonwealth citizens and British subject already entitled to Right of Abode under the Immigration Act 1971 retained this status provided they did not cease to be Commonwealth citizens or British subjects after 1983. However, countries that joined the Commonwealth after 1 January 1983 are

2067:

prior to 1 January 2004, British overseas territories citizens, British Overseas citizens, British subjects and British Nationals (Overseas), as well of citizens of countries sharing the Queen as Head of State (such as Australia and Canada) were exempt from taking the oath of allegiance. This

1417:

sharpened the distinction between citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs) who had close ties with the United Kingdom and were free to enter, and those citizens who had no such ties and were therefore subject to immigration control. Particularly in the newly independent Commonwealth

660:

The Naturalization Act 1870 also introduced the concept of renunciation of British nationality, and provided for the first time that British women who married foreign men should lose their British nationality. This was a radical break from the common law doctrine that citizenship could not be

1816:

acquire British Overseas citizenship at birth under the provisions for reducing statelessness in article 6(2) or 6(3) of the Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986. If they have acquired no other nationality after birth, they will be entitled to register for full British citizenship with

1770:. Uncertainty about the future of Hong Kong under Chinese rule led to the United Kingdom creating a new category of nationality for which Hong Kong BDTCs could apply. Any Hong Kong BDTC who wished to do so was able to acquire the (non-transmissible) status of British National (Overseas). 874:

descent through the legitimate male line (child born outside His Majesty's dominions to a British subject father). This was limited to one generation although further legislation in 1922 allowed subsequent generations born overseas to be registered as British subjects within one year of

1090:

then expanded the earliest date of birth covered from 1961 to 1 January 1949, and elaborated in "a dense and at times impenetrable piece of drafting" on the section's approach, while also covering numerous additional and less common situations, and adding a good character requirement.

1978:

The Act has also conferred a right to registration as a British citizen on persons born between 8 February 1961 and 31 December 1982 who, but for the inability (at that time) of women to pass on their citizenship, would have acquired British citizenship automatically when the

1223:

became independent between 1949 and 1983. Under the independence legislation passed in the United Kingdom, a person connected with a particular colony generally lost CUKC on a specified date (which was normally that particular colony's date of attaining independence) if:

1648:), most British overseas territories citizens also hold British citizenship. Additionally, a British Overseas citizen who acquires British citizenship will not lose British Overseas citizenship, although there is generally no added benefit from retaining this status. 1859:

also extends British citizenship to all British Overseas Territories Citizens the right to register as British Citizens, and thus acquire the right of abode, except those whose connection is solely with the military outposts known as the Sovereign Base Areas in

989:

from the Commonwealth (which took effect 18 April 1949), special arrangements were made in s.2 of the Act to allow British subjects from Ireland to apply to continue to hold British subject status independently of the citizenship of any Commonwealth country.

2869:"Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Finland regarding the Abolition of Visas for travel between the United Kingdom and certain British Territories, and Finland" 1868:

held right to freely enter and remain in the UK before 2002 (unless they also separately qualified as British Citizens or had "right to remain" stamped into their passports, to which they were entitled after five years legal residence in the UK).

2055:

All new applicants for British citizenship from 1 January 2004 who are aged 18 or over must attend a citizenship ceremony and take an Oath of Allegiance and a Pledge to the United Kingdom before their grant of British citizenship can take effect

2201:

allowing the Secretary of State to deprive a British national of his or her nationality on the basis of it being "conducive to the public good". This is a less stringent test than the requirement of the 2002 Act and came into force on 16 June

1490:

A citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies who was born to, or legally adopted by, a parent who, at the time of the birth or adoption, was a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies born, adopted, naturalised or registered in the United

2216:

requirements for all acquisitions of British citizenship, with the exception of section 4B registration, registration on the grounds of statelessness and cases where the applicant is under 10 years old. This came into force on 4 December

2157:

Note that passing the test is also required for anyone wishing to remain indefinitely in the UK, whether or not they apply for citizenship. E.g., a husband or wife of a British citizen will be deported if they do not pass the test in time.

1799:

the Hong Kong (War Wives and Widows) Act 1996 which gave certain women in Hong Kong the right to register as British citizens based on their husband's or former husband's war service in defence of Hong Kong during the Second World War;

1273:

CUKCs from Cyprus retained CUKC if habitually resident elsewhere in the Commonwealth (except Cyprus) immediately before 16 August 1960. These people would become British Overseas Citizens after 1983 if they did not acquire the right of

1045:

Citizens of Commonwealth countries, British subjects and Irish citizens were entitled to register as citizens of the UK and Colonies after one year's residence in the UK & Colonies. This period was increased to five years in 1973.

1852:. This change is supposed to reflect the no longer "dependent" status of these territories, but may create confusion due to the close similarity between the terms "British Overseas Citizen" and "British Overseas Territories Citizen". 1235:

Therefore, it was possible for CUKCs to lose the status even if they had migrated to the UK and acquired the right of abode. Only through naturalisation or registration could they regain CUKC (and the right of abode in some cases).

2166:

With effect from 1 July 2006, children may acquire British citizenship automatically from an unmarried British father (or a British permanent resident if the child is born in the United Kingdom). Proof of paternity must be shown.

2075:

It is unusual for adults to acquire British Overseas citizenship or British subject status (application must be made before age 18 and is very rarely granted); however, in such a case only an Oath of Allegiance would be required.

299:

between the subjects of the monarch and aliens: the monarch's subjects owed him allegiance, and included those born in his dominions (natural-born subjects) and those who later gave him their allegiance (naturalised subjects or

1464:). This placed the UK in the rare position of denying some of its nationals entry into their country of nationality. (One consequence of this has been the inability of the United Kingdom to ratify the Fourth Protocol to the 1347:(c. 22) provided for resumption of CUKC where it was renounced to obtain another Commonwealth citizenship. It was no longer possible for a renunciation of CUKC to take effect if the person did not have another nationality. 1715:

British subject status can be renounced, but cannot be resumed for any reason. British subjects (except those connected with Ireland) lose their British subject status automatically if they acquire any other nationality.

1154:

between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1982, a person adopted in the UK by a citizen of the UK & Colonies (CUKC) acquired CUKC automatically if the adopter, or in the case of a joint adoption, the male adopter, was a

881:

former British subjects who had lost British subject status on marriage or through a parent's loss of status could resume it in specific circumstances (e.g. if a woman became widowed, or children immediately upon turning

1498:

A citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies who by 1 January 1983 had been ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom for five years or more (all conditions of stay must have been removed prior to the end of the 5-year

1516:

The following people did not have the right of abode simply by virtue of registration as a CUKC (but could hold it through United Kingdom descent or residence, or if a woman, marriage to a man with Right of Abode):

621: 586: 1456:. CUKCs and other Commonwealth citizens had the right of abode in the UK only if they, their husband (if female), their parents, or their grandparents were connected to the United Kingdom and Islands (the UK, the 1997:

had the person been a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies, they would have had the right of abode in the United Kingdom under the Immigration Act 1971 and would have become a British citizen on 1 January

1732:(BPP), which is not a form of nationality as such (BPPs were never British subjects), but a status conferred on citizens of states under British protection. It has been argued that since BPPs are not considered 1409:

The 1962 Act also increased the residence period for Commonwealth citizens (plus British subjects and Irish citizens) applying for registration as Citizens of the UK and Colonies from one year to five years.

357:

came into existence, the reach of the crown expanded. British subjects included not only persons within the United Kingdom but also those throughout the British Empire. This included both the more dependent

644:

Denization remained the usual form by which foreign-born subjects swore allegiance to the Crown until general naturalisation acts were passed. Naturalisation Acts were passed in 1844, 1847 and 1870. The

1694:. British subjects are mainly people from the Indian sub-continent and Ireland. It ended the use of the term for those British subjects who had one of the various national citizenships, though the term 1540:

they were arriving in the United Kingdom in large numbers. A number of 'resettlement' options were looked at, including settling Indians on a suitable island in the dependent territories such as the

616: 2303: 934:

status. It was decided at that conference that the United Kingdom and the self-governing dominions would each adopt separate national citizenships, but retain the common status of British subject.

256: 1158:

children adopted in the Channel Islands and Isle of Man on or after 1 April 1959 acquired CUKC on the same basis as adoptees in the UK on 16 July 1964, or the date of the adoption order, if later.

2072:

Similar requirements are imposed on applicants for British overseas territories citizenship, with the exception that the Pledge is based on the relevant territory rather than the United Kingdom.

1502:

A Commonwealth citizen who was born to, or legally adopted by, a parent who, at the time of the birth or adoption, was a citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies by birth in the United Kingdom.

1559:

However, the concept of patriality was recognised as only a temporary solution, so the British government embarked on a major reform of the law, resulting in the British Nationality Act 1981.

668:. c. 17). This codified for the first time the law relating to British nationality. However, it did not mark a major change in the substantive content of the law. This was to wait until 1948. 1406:) subject to immigration control. Those with passports issued at a British High Commission in an independent Commonwealth country or British Consulate remained free from immigration control. 1351: 1231:

they did not have specified bloodline connections to the UK itself or a place which remained a colony (e.g., having a parent or a grandparent born in the UK or a place that remained a colony)

1634:

cannot automatically pass on British nationality to a child born outside the United Kingdom or its Overseas Territories (though in some situations the child can be registered as a citizen).

1521:

A woman who was registered under section 6(2) of the British Nationality Act 1948 on or after 28 October 1971, unless she got married before that date and her husband has the right of abode.

2448: 1951:, said on 3 July 2002 that this would "right a historic wrong" which had left stateless tens of thousands of Asian people who had worked closely with British colonial administrations. The 1255:, did not lose CUKC at independence on 31 August 1957, as the law only provided for "the Malay States" for nationality purposes, whereas Penang and Malacca, at the time, were parts of the 417:) subjects. The earliest exception was the children of the king's ambassadors, who became subjects of the king even if not born in England. A later, broader, exception was enacted by the 1524:

A minor child who was registered under section 7 of the British Nationality Act 1948 in an independent Commonwealth country by the British High Commissioner on or after 28 October 1971.

1354:(c. 54) provided for British mothers to transmit CUKC status in cases of statelessness of an overseas born child. It also repealed section 20(4) of the 1948 legislation which allowed 1214: 2293: 1270:

normally lost their CUKC status on 14 August 1968. However, those ordinarily residing in the UK, a colony or another protectorate on or before that date were exempted from the loss.

490:

c. 16). This act granted English nationality to the electress and to the Protestant "issue of her body", allowing all her future descendants a claim to English nationality. In 1957

3100: 657:

c. 14) preserved the process of denization. However, by introducing administrative procedures for naturalising non-British subjects naturalisation became the preferred process.

2328: 2047:

Prior to this law, British nationals who acquired that status by birth or descent (as opposed to registration or naturalisation) could not be deprived of British nationality.

1362: 1344: 1329: 793: 778: 788: 249: 945:. c. 56) marked the first time that married British women gained independent nationality, regardless of the citizenship of their spouses. It provided for a new status of 2010:

and hence those with permanent residence in the United Kingdom, or those with the right to take up permanent residence in the United Kingdom, may prefer to apply for

1402:(CUKCs) whose passports were not directly issued by the United Kingdom Government (i.e. passports issued by the Governor of a colony or by the Commander of a British 3321: 2774: 798: 611: 606: 893:

in the case of a woman, upon marriage to a foreign man. Prior to 1933, British subject status was lost even if the woman did not acquire her husband's nationality.

242: 2174:

As of 6 April 2015, a person over 18 years of age who was born out of wedlock before 1 July 2006 to a British father is entitled to register as a British citizen

1900: 1189:

In addition, under section 5 of the act, a person who was born in the territory of the future Republic of Ireland as a British subject, but who did not receive

2353: 3883: 401:

Individuals born in the dominion were citizens regardless of the status of their parents: children born to visitors or foreigners acquired citizenship (see

2901:"Notawisseling tussen de Nederlandse en de Britse Regering inzake de afschaffing van de visumplicht en de erkenning van reisdocumenten, Londen, 01-04-1960" 3575: 2371: 175: 2560: 3389: 2258: 626: 601: 591: 1956: 1872:

Those persons who held British Overseas Territories citizenship (BOTC) on 21 May 2002 (except those solely connected with the Sovereign Base Areas)

1556:, has written a detailed paper, "East African Asians versus The United Kingdom: The Inside Story", setting out the difficulties faced by the group. 993:

Until 1983 the status of British subjects without citizenship was not affected by the acquisition of the citizenship of a non-Commonwealth country.

3565: 1779: 1637:

British Overseas citizens cannot generally pass on British Overseas citizenship, except in limited cases to avoid statelessness or other hardship.

3543: 2444: 225: 1162:

In general a person acquiring CUKC by virtue of adoption in the UK, Channel Islands or Isle of Man, became a British citizen on 1 January 1983.

918:

decided in 1948 to embark on a major change in the law of nationality throughout the Commonwealth, following Canada's decision to enact its own

1808:

to receive British citizenship the decision will be reconsidered on request. No additional fee will be payable by the applicant in such cases.

3236: 3067: 2966: 2343: 2026: 1087: 773: 1505:

A female Commonwealth citizen or citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies who was, or had been, the wife of a man with the right of abode.

1083:

for those aged under 18 on the date of the original announcement, with the law adding a new section 4C to the British Nationality Act 1981.

3893: 3497: 2914: 2333: 2323: 2192: 1960: 1939: 1925: 1579:

The British Nationality Act 1981 abolished the status of CUKC, and replaced it with three new categories of citizenship on 1 January 1983:

1080: 1064:

Children born in Commonwealth countries or the Republic of Ireland could not normally access British nationality if the father was British

1398:, all Commonwealth citizens could enter and stay in the United Kingdom without any restriction. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 made 1201:

As such, the act has important implications for many of those emigrants who left Ireland before 1922 and some of their descendants in the

1061:

Prior to 1983, as a general rule, British nationality could be transmitted from only the father, and parents were required to be married.

1098:. Since 2010, there is no longer an application fee (of £540). Applicants do however still have to pay £80 for the citizenship ceremony. 1075:

In the face of various concerns over gender equality, human rights, and treaty obligations, Parliament moved to act on these situations.

425:) to allow children born abroad to two parents who were subjects to be subjects (extended to Scots born after the union of the crowns by 1970:, petitioning for full British citizenship. This was granted on the grounds that he had already given up his former Kenyan citizenship. 1508:

A citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies who was registered in an independent Commonwealth country by the British High Commissioner.

3727: 1896: 1549: 1399: 1252: 1002: 2842: 3659: 3212: 2983: 1912: 3098: 1259:. These persons, together with those born between 31 August 1957 and 31 December 1982 with a CUKC father, form the largest group of 1389: 1101:

From 6 April 2015, a child born out of wedlock before 1 July 2006 to a British father is entitled to register as a British citizen

915: 180: 3362: 2868: 2228: 494:

successfully claimed citizenship of the UK and Colonies under this act. Although the act was repealed from 1 January 1949 by the

17: 1803:

the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1997 which gave non-Chinese ethnic minorities in Hong Kong access to British citizenship

3767: 3621: 2718: 714: 547: 439:. c. 21) made general provision allowing natural-born allegiance (citizenship) to be assumed if the father alone were British. 3308: 3771: 3580: 3492: 3382: 2318: 1841: 1829: 1641: 1619:

BOCs are those former CUKCs who did not qualify for either British citizenship or British Dependent Territories citizenship.

491: 230: 170: 3361:

Statistics on persons granted British citizenship since 1984 are available on the Home Office website (in pdf format): e.g.

871:

naturalisation in the United Kingdom or a part of His Majesty's dominions which had adopted Imperial naturalisation criteria

664:

The loss of nationality at marriage was changed with the adoption of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 (

3601: 3424: 1835: 1793: 1597: 1437: 315:, who wrote about the law in 1765–1769. Natural-born subjects were originally those born within the dominion of the crown ( 133: 92: 2476:

Baldwin, M. Page (October 2001). "Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act".

3253: 1967: 1465: 1422:, the result was that there were now citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies who had no right of residence anywhere. 1281:

in the UK from loss of CUKC. Such persons would have become British citizens in 1983 due to their Right of abode status.

2534:

Shelley Elizabeth Romein v The Advocate General for Scotland on behalf of The Secretary of State for the Home Department

2100:

the language competency requirement was extended to those applying for naturalisation as the spouse of a British citizen

413:

existed in the common law, to recognise the situation of children born on foreign soil to English (or British after the

3732: 1943:

or nationality. Previously such persons would have not had the right of abode in any country, and would have thus been

1358:

CUKCs resident for more than seven years outside the UK & Colonies to be deprived of CUKC in certain circumstances.

636: 379: 1966:

Sanjay Shah, a British Overseas citizen passport holder, spent 13 months living in the duty-free section of Nairobi's

1182:

The Ireland Act 1949 clarified the citizenship status of the British subjects and citizens and former subjects on the

3616: 2386: 1756: 334:. In 1701, following some disagreement about the rules of succession to the crown, the English parliament passed the 3878: 3626: 3533: 3529: 3375: 2278: 2273: 1414: 1395: 1383: 1379: 1037:

Provisions for acquisition of CUKC by adoption were not included in the 1948 Act itself but were added soon after.

696: 529: 215: 211: 3888: 2609: 2391: 2313: 2308: 2206: 2123: 2113: 3513: 2828: 2238: 2233: 1904: 1744: 483: 3284: 2649: 1739:

British Protected Persons are those who had a connection with a former British Protectorate, Protected State,

1532:

The most notable group over whom control was sought were the Ugandan Indians who were expelled from Uganda by

1529:

of Abode, that status would have been held by some CUKCs with no other qualifying ties to the United Kingdom.

896:

a child of a father who lost British subject status, provided the child also had the father's new nationality.

3652: 919: 819: 286: 3812: 3518: 3487: 2999: 2288: 2268: 2263: 2243: 1980: 1709: 1568: 938: 909: 814: 783: 495: 432: 201: 197: 150: 2803: 1277:

In 1981 the Independence Acts dealing with Belize and Antigua/Barbuda exempted persons who had acquired a

1113:

Those with permanent resident status in the UK, or entitled to Right of Abode, may instead prefer to seek

1094:

Registration through this method is performed with Form UKM. After approval, the registrant must attend a

447:

allowed a person to gain the rights of citizenship other than political rights. Denization was granted by

3450: 2463: 2366: 2253: 1884:

already held full British citizenship under earlier legislation, or had the right to register as British.

1590: 836: 97: 1947:

stateless. Despite strong resistance from Senior Officials at the Home Office, the then Home Secretary,

709:

An Act to consolidate and amend the Enactments relating to British Nationality and the Status of Aliens.

3832: 3797: 3787: 3596: 2744: 2478: 1736:, they must hold some form of nationality, and that nationality must be a form of British nationality. 292: 138: 3237:"Case Comment: The Advocate General for Scotland v Romein (Scotland) [2018] UKSC 6, Part One" 2545: 1986:

In adding a section 4C to the British Nationality Act 1981, a person is entitled to registration if:

1887:

Persons who acquire BOTC after 21 May 2002 and do not already have British citizenship (mainly those

1740: 978: 3116: 1013:

or children of 'enemy aliens' and diplomats). The immigration status of the parents was irrelevant.

843: 3842: 3712: 3645: 3455: 3445: 1728: 1685: 1610: 1574: 1340:, Ghana independence and reinstating temporarily some lapsed transitional registration entitlements 1260: 395: 107: 102: 3074: 2964: 2142:

Those who attend combined citizenship and English (or Welsh) classes may be exempted from the test

1891:

as BOTCs after that date) may register as British citizens if they wish under s4A of the 1981 Act.

3722: 3419: 3398: 2585: 2416: 2381: 1767: 1708:

The status of British subject under the 1981 Act cannot be transmitted to children, although the

1194: 596: 383: 76: 55: 2537: 2197:

The Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 made a number of changes to the law including:

1876:

acquired British citizenship on that date if they did not already possess it. Most people from

1228:

they had acquired, or would acquire, citizenship of that country upon or after independence; and

3689: 1640:

It is possible to hold more than one of these citizenships simultaneously. In fact, since the

974: 760: 475: 391: 312: 3356: 1142:

Women married to CUKCs had the right to register as CUKCs under section 6(2) of the 1948 Act.

1812: 1785: 1286: 1190: 1177: 927: 704: 537: 387: 1079:

this policy concession was poorly publicised. Hence it was effectively reintroduced by the

864:. c. 17) came into force on 1 January 1915. British subject status was acquired as follows: 3538: 3460: 2396: 2348: 2283: 2179: 1513:

persons would no longer have right of abode unless they have reacquired their CUKC status.

1468:, which guarantees the right of abode for nationals, a right which is widely recognised in 1443: 1431: 1293: 1106: 499: 220: 123: 3266: 3186: 3140: 2981: 2631: 8: 3852: 3792: 3757: 3316: 2338: 1952: 1702: 1183: 1150:

Before 1950 there was generally no provision to acquire British citizenship by adoption:

986: 418: 331: 982:

as CUKCs by the British Government. They remained British subjects without citizenship.

3847: 3807: 3752: 3707: 3611: 2846: 2756: 2713: 2690: 2503: 2136:

Those who pass the test do not need to provide separate evidence of language competency

1553: 1256: 847: 542:

An Act to amend the Law relating to the legal condition of Aliens and British Subjects.

479: 471: 422: 3322:

Home Office Nationality Instructions (British nationality policy and background notes)

2875: 2708: 1622:

The law distinguishes between British citizen or British Overseas Territories citizen

2511: 2495: 2298: 1856: 1645: 1537: 1469: 950: 942: 742: 467: 463: 452: 414: 367: 363: 347: 1712:

to register a child as a British subject. This discretion is very rarely exercised.

970:. However, some British subjects never became citizens of any Commonwealth country. 956:

The Act also provided that British subjects could be known by the alternative title

3837: 3717: 3694: 3684: 3523: 3249: 2900: 2748: 2682: 2541: 2487: 2085: 2038: 1881: 1733: 1541: 1333: 1171: 923: 654: 552: 466:. An example of the latter is the granting of English nationality to the Electress 427: 206: 128: 2561:"U.S. woman wins appeal against 'unlawful' decision to refuse British citizenship" 1701:

Persons who held British subject status based on connections with what is now the

3817: 3762: 3606: 3570: 3440: 3104: 3023: 2987: 2970: 2452: 2376: 2248: 2093: 1720: 1681: 1545: 1457: 966: 861: 719: 665: 459: 282: 143: 81: 3163: 1186:, and the application of the British Nationality Act 1948 to people born there. 3747: 3742: 3668: 2670: 2089: 1948: 1817: 1484: 1452: 1278: 1202: 448: 371: 354: 335: 327: 3246:

The Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) v Romein (Respondent) (Scotland)

2752: 1719:

For further information on the present use of the term "British subject", see

1309:

British Subject, Citizen of the United Kingdom, Associated States and Colonies

3872: 3777: 2499: 1690:

The 1981 Act retained the category of British subject without citizenship as

1027:

incorporation of territory (no persons ever acquired CUKC this way from 1949)

846:

as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from

487: 339: 40: 3327: 3285:"Register as a British citizen: Born before 1 July 2006 to a British father" 2650:"Register as a British citizen: Born before 1 July 2006 to a British father" 1285:

The only British dependent territory that gained independence after 1982 is

326:

In 1603 the crowns of England and Scotland were united in the individual of

3857: 2515: 2044:

is not applicable if deprivation would result in a person's statelessness.

1908: 1653: 1403: 732: 565: 359: 3367: 3357:

report with an appendix summarizing the history of British nationality law

2735:

Daly, Mary E. (May 2001). "Irish Nationality and Citizenship since 1922".

1475:

Prior to 1983. the following people had the right of abode under the Act:

922:

in 1946. Until then all Commonwealth countries, with the exception of the

3822: 3782: 3737: 3679: 2131: 2025:(This right to registration under this measure was later amended by the 2018:

instead. Both of these registration categories give British citizenship

1461: 1419: 1267: 343: 296: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 2760: 1644:

granted British citizenship to all the Overseas Territories (except the

443:

citizenship and required an act of parliament be passed. Alternatively,

3312: 2694: 2507: 2464:

legislation.gov.uk: "British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914"

2122:

as a British citizen must (unless exempted) prove they have passed the

1669: 444: 308: 301: 2415:"Book 1, Chapter 10: Of People, Whether Aliens, Denizens or Natives". 2096:) language requirements for naturalisation applicants were increased: 3802: 3304: 2610:"Register as a British citizen: Born before 1983 to a British mother" 2060:

the requirement for a citizenship ceremony applies to applicants for

1877: 1324:

British Nationality Acts were passed in 1958, 1964 (twice) and 1965:

436: 2686: 1990:

the person was born after 7 February 1961 but before 1 January 1983;

1315:

British Subject, Citizen of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

1306:

British Subject, Citizen of the United Kingdom, Islands and Colonies

1016:

naturalisation or registration in the UK or a colony or protectorate

996: 671: 346:

status in the realm of England. However, this was superseded by the

3827: 3046:"British nationality – children of Indian origin born in Hong Kong" 2943: 2491: 1895:

Until their successful claim against the British Government in the

1665: 1657: 1533: 1480: 1337: 1117:

as a British citizen which gives transmissible British citizenship

1010: 404: 375: 318: 3233:

interpretation of section 4C of the British Nationality Act 1981.

3045: 1319: 1239:

Specific exceptions to the loss of CUKC on independence included:

1215:

Category:Independence acts in the Parliament of the United Kingdom

1040: 3637: 3000:"East African Asians Versus The United Kingdom: The Inside Story" 2829:"[Withdrawn] Nationality instructions: volume 2 - GOV.UK" 2221: 1661: 1248: 1009:

birth in the UK or a colony (which does not include birth in the

1792:

the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1990 and the associated

1773: 1705:

before 1949 remain entitled to resume that status if they wish.

2186: 1919: 1861: 1675: 1244: 3315:(1999), in which she urged the UK to include Hong Kong in its 2486:(4). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press: 553–554. 2329:

Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004

1933: 2810:, vol. 5 and 6 Eliz 2, pp. Schedule 1, 31 July 1957 2673:(January 1950). "British Nationality and Irish Citizenship". 1913:

accession of the whole island of Cyprus to the European Union

1973: 1761:

The Hong Kong handover resulted in yet another nationality:

276: 2540:, INLR 76, 2016 SCLR 789, Imm AR 909 (1 April 2016), 1957:

clarifications in respect of people with these citizenships

1930:

This Act created a number of changes to the law including:

1479:

A citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies who was born,

1303:

British Subject, Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies

1130:

December 1949, but was extended to 31 December 1962 by the

3213:"On Way to Life in Britain, With a Year's Airport Layover" 2183:

after being legitimised, the application will be refused.

2130:

The test must be passed before application is made to the

1110:

after being legitimised, the application will be refused.

3317:

offer to extend British citizenship to colonial citizens

2546:

http://www.bailii.org/scot/cases/ScotCS/2016/CSIH24.html

2161: 1823: 1536:

in 1972. As CUKCs who had passports issued by a British

1959:

to assist with consideration of applications under the

1911:

were to be excluded as well, but are now included. The

482:. c. 2). Naturalisation occurred by the passing of the 1446:

developed this distinction by creating the concept of

2154:(as opposed to naturalisation) as a British citizen. 2032: 1726:

The 1981 Act also retained another category, that of

1602:(BOTC) by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 ( 1193:

under the Ireland Act's interpretation of either the

2139:

Those aged 65 or over may be able to claim exemption

342:

c. 6), providing that Scottish nationals would have

3576:

British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland

2372:

British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland

1848:, and British Dependent Territories Citizenship to 1095: 451:, and was granted by the monarch as an exercise of 350:, which united the realms of England and Scotland. 2775:"Historical background information on nationality" 2107: 1312:British Subject, Citizen of the State of Singapore 3164:"Africa | UK waves in Kenya airport dweller" 1369:to acquire British subject status by registration 997:Acquisition of Citizenship of the UK and Colonies 858:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 680:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 672:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 3870: 2669: 2418:Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England 2079: 1907:which houses the United States military base of 1780:British Nationality (Hong Kong) Selection Scheme 622:Naturalization and Restoration of Blood Act 1825 587:Naturalisation and Restoration of Blood Act 1609 3544:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 2555: 2553: 1562: 1373: 1320:British Nationality Acts of 1958, 1964 and 1965 1041:Requirements for Naturalisation or Registration 903: 226:British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 2701: 2222:Laws concerning immigration and naturalisation 1750: 1198:a Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies. 3653: 3383: 2344:Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 2118:From 1 November 2005, all new applicants for 2027:Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 2006:these categories confers British citizenship 1844:changes the British Dependent Territories to 1774:British Citizenship Legislation for Hong Kong 1263:today. Most also hold Malaysian citizenship. 1124: 1088:Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 886:British subject status was normally lost by: 878:foreign women who married British subject men 774:Foreign Protestants (Naturalization) Act 1708 374:, as well as the self-governing colonies and 250: 3884:History of immigration to the United Kingdom 3498:Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 3024:"UK | UK 'did not want Ugandan Asians'" 2804:"Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957" 2550: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2334:Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 2324:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 2193:Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 2187:Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 1961:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 1940:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 1926:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 1920:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 1676:British Subject and British Protected Person 1365:(c. 34) made provision for women married to 1081:Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 462:, whereas naturalisation was an exercise of 3397: 3161: 3141:"UK | UK to right 'immigration wrong'" 2730: 2728: 2469: 1934:British Nationals with no other citizenship 1400:Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies 402: 316: 291:British nationality law has its origins in 287:History of citizenship § Great Britain 3660: 3646: 3571:Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies 3390: 3376: 2843:"History of Travel Documents & Passes" 2665: 2663: 2580: 2578: 1916:admitted, and the issue has not surfaced. 1253:Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 1145: 1137: 947:Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies 257: 243: 2522: 2150:test requirements apply to those seeking 2050: 1974:Overseas born children of British mothers 1056: 1049:Other persons were required to apply for 295:. There has always been a distinction in 277:Early English and British nationality law 2725: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2103:evidentiary requirements were increased. 1850:British Overseas Territories Citizenship 1390:Modern immigration to the United Kingdom 617:Natural-born Children of Aliens Act 1776 458:Denization was therefore an exercise of 87:(under the British Nationality Act 1981) 2660: 2575: 2563:. Scottish Legal News Ltd. 4 April 2016 2475: 2304:Immigration and Asylum Appeals Act 1993 2229:Status of Children Born Abroad Act 1350 1425: 419:Status of Children Born Abroad Act 1350 14: 3871: 3622:Home Office hostile environment policy 3223: 985:Due to the imminent withdrawal of the 3641: 3581:British nationality law and Hong Kong 3493:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 3371: 3210: 3073:. britishcitizen.info. Archived from 2808:Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament 2433: 2319:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 2162:Children of unmarried British fathers 1842:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 1830:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 1824:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 1698:continues to be used in that regard. 1642:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 844:Text of the Status of Aliens Act 1914 837:Text of statute as originally enacted 637:Text of statute as originally enacted 231:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 93:British Overseas Territories citizens 3566:British Nationality Selection Scheme 3425:British Overseas Territories citizen 3234: 2734: 1836:British Overseas Territories citizen 1794:British Nationality Selection Scheme 1487:or registered in the United Kingdom. 1438:Right of abode in the United Kingdom 1367:British subjects without citizenship 1352:British Nationality (No. 2) Act 1964 1208: 967:British subjects without citizenship 930:), had a single nationality status: 868:birth within His Majesty's dominions 3894:Legal history of the United Kingdom 3252:, A.C. 585 (8 February 2018), 3184: 1968:Jomo Kenyatta International Airport 1901:their eviction from their Territory 1766:lose this status and became solely 1652:exempt from this scheme. These are 1495:registration in the United Kingdom. 1466:European Convention on Human Rights 1243:persons from the Malayan states of 1165: 502:(c. 77) as in force prior to 1983. 24: 3667: 3229:Under the UK Supreme Court's 2018 2033:Deprivation of British nationality 1626:and those who hold those statuses 271:history of British nationality law 162:Law relating to former territories 25: 3905: 3617:History of UK immigration control 3298: 2387:Immigration to the United Kingdom 1757:British nationality and Hong Kong 1292:In some cases (Singapore and the 890:naturalisation in a foreign state 492:Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover 2279:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 2274:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 1415:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 1396:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 1384:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 1380:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 1336:. c. 10) legislation dealt with 916:Commonwealth Heads of Government 697:Parliament of the United Kingdom 690: 661:removed, renounced, or revoked. 530:Parliament of the United Kingdom 523: 212:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 39: 3528:Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 3277: 3259: 3235:Khan, Asad (23 February 2018). 3204: 3178: 3155: 3133: 3117:"PDF Viewing archiving 300 dpi" 3109: 3092: 3060: 3038: 3016: 2992: 2975: 2958: 2936: 2907: 2893: 2861: 2835: 2821: 2796: 2767: 2642: 2445:"Hanover (Electress Sophia of)" 2429:– via The Avalon Project. 2392:Life in the United Kingdom test 2314:Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 2309:Asylum and Immigration Act 1996 2209:to be revoked on the same basis 2124:Life in the United Kingdom test 2114:Life in the United Kingdom test 2108:Life in the United Kingdom test 1251:who, because of the wording of 3514:Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 2624: 2602: 2457: 2408: 2239:Jewish Naturalization Act 1753 2234:Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 1905:British Indian Ocean Territory 1745:United Nations trust territory 484:Sophia Naturalization Act 1705 13: 1: 3267:"S65 of Immigration Act 2014" 2915:"Nationality: right of abode" 2632:"S65 of Immigration Act 2014" 2402: 2080:English language requirements 1710:Home Secretary has discretion 1591:British Dependent Territories 820:Statute Law Revision Act 1927 3772:British Nationals (Overseas) 3519:British Nationality Act 1948 3488:British Nationality Act 1981 3311:to former Foreign Secretary 3211:Lacey, Marc (30 June 2005). 3191:International Herald Tribune 3162:Adam Mynott (29 June 2005). 2709:"Ireland Act: Section 5" 2294:Carriers' Liability Act 1987 2289:British Nationality Act 1981 2269:British Nationality Act 1948 2264:Polish Resettlement Act 1947 2244:British Nationality Act 1772 1981:British Nationality Act 1981 1846:British Overseas Territories 1611:British Overseas citizenship 1598:British Overseas Territories 1569:British Nationality Act 1981 1563:British Nationality Act 1981 1374:Commonwealth Immigrants Acts 1363:British Nationality Act 1965 1345:British Nationality Act 1964 1330:British Nationality Act 1958 1132:British Nationality Act 1958 1053:after five years residence. 939:British Nationality Act 1948 910:British Nationality Act 1948 904:British Nationality Act 1948 815:British Nationality Act 1948 794:Naturalization Oath Act 1870 784:British Nationality Act 1772 779:British Nationality Act 1730 496:British Nationality Act 1948 433:British Nationality Act 1772 198:British Nationality Act 1948 151:British Overseas Territories 98:British Nationals (Overseas) 7: 3451:British National (Overseas) 2367:Citizen Information Project 2360: 2254:Aliens Restriction Act 1914 1763:British National (Overseas) 1751:British National (Overseas) 1646:Cyprus Sovereign Base Areas 789:Naturalization Act Act 1870 307:A summary of early English 10: 3910: 3843:Turks and Caicos Islanders 3597:Indefinite leave to remain 3326:British Nationality Acts: 3026:. BBC News. 1 January 2003 2745:Cambridge University Press 2479:Journal of British Studies 2190: 2111: 2036: 1994:same way as men could; and 1923: 1833: 1827: 1811:Recent changes to India's 1777: 1754: 1679: 1595:(BDTC), which was renamed 1572: 1566: 1435: 1429: 1387: 1377: 1212: 1175: 1169: 1125:Citizenship by Declaration 907: 830:Status: Partially repealed 676:United Kingdom legislation 505:United Kingdom legislation 330:, in what is known as the 280: 269:This article concerns the 139:Indefinite leave to remain 3703: 3675: 3589: 3556: 3506: 3480: 3473: 3433: 3412: 3405: 2753:10.1017/S0021121400015078 2146:Neither the language nor 2064:as well as naturalisation 2020:otherwise than by descent 1903:, those connected to the 1741:League of Nations mandate 1628:otherwise than by descent 1550:Lord Lester of Herne Hill 1261:British Overseas citizens 1119:otherwise than by descent 975:nationality laws of India 842: 835: 828: 807: 766: 756: 751: 741: 731: 726: 713: 703: 689: 684: 635: 579: 574: 564: 559: 546: 536: 522: 517: 510: 108:British protected persons 103:British Overseas citizens 3728:British Virgin Islanders 3456:British protected person 3446:British Overseas citizen 3103:21 February 2006 at the 2969:2 September 2005 at the 2737:Irish Historical Studies 2721:, 1949 c. 41 (s. 5) 2451:5 September 2005 at the 2068:exemption was abolished. 1729:British protected person 1686:British protected person 1575:British Overseas citizen 1005:status was acquired by: 3879:British nationality law 3399:British nationality law 3143:. BBC News. 5 July 2002 2382:British nationality law 1195:1922 Irish constitution 1146:Citizenship by Adoption 1138:Citizenship by Marriage 799:Naturalization Act 1895 649:Naturalization Act 1870 612:Naturalization Act 1774 607:Naturalization Act 1772 597:Naturalization Act 1739 512:Naturalization Act 1870 56:British nationality law 32:British citizenship and 18:Naturalization Act 1870 3889:History of nationality 3690:English-speaking world 2946:. Asiansfromuganda.org 2538:[2016] CSOH 24 2299:Dublin Convention 1990 2051:Citizenship ceremonies 2016:section 4 registration 1057:Citizenship by Descent 761:Act of Settlement 1701 476:Act of Settlement 1701 403: 317: 313:Sir William Blackstone 3250:[2018] UKSC 6 3241:UK Supreme Court Blog 3068:"britishcitizen.info" 3048:. Britishcitizen.info 2986:15 April 2005 at the 2845:. ICA. Archived from 2719:The National Archives 2675:International Affairs 2466:(original as printed) 1834:Further information: 1786:handover of Hong Kong 1573:Further information: 1436:Further information: 1388:Further information: 1287:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1266:CUKCs connected with 1178:Irish nationality law 928:Irish nationality law 124:Commonwealth citizens 3793:New Forest Commoners 3627:EU Settlement Scheme 3539:Immigration Act 1971 3461:Commonwealth citizen 3187:"The New York Times" 2397:Multiple citizenship 2354:Immigration Act 2016 2349:Immigration Act 2014 2284:Immigration Act 1971 2180:Immigration Act 2014 1813:Citizenship Act 1955 1696:Commonwealth citizen 1444:Immigration Act 1971 1432:Immigration Act 1971 1426:Immigration Act 1971 1294:Federation of Malaya 1107:Immigration Act 2014 1096:citizenship ceremony 1001:Under the 1948 Act, 958:Commonwealth citizen 500:Immigration Act 1971 221:Immigration Act 1971 190:Relevant legislation 3738:Chagossians (Îlois) 3718:Ascension Islanders 3080:on 26 February 2008 2944:"Business Software" 2849:on 25 December 2013 2339:UK Borders Act 2007 2084:From 28 July 2004, 2002:Registration under 1953:Government of India 1703:Republic of Ireland 1584:British citizenship 1184:Republic of Ireland 987:Republic of Ireland 681: 480:12 & 13 Will. 3 380:Australian colonies 332:Union of the Crowns 69:Nationality classes 3848:Ulster Protestants 3808:Pitcairn Islanders 3753:Falkland Islanders 3612:Common Travel Area 3271:Legislation.gov.uk 3217:The New York Times 2881:on 8 February 2018 2714:legislation.gov.uk 2636:Legislation.gov.uk 1788:also resulted in: 1257:Straits Settlement 1072:British citizens. 943:11 & 12 Geo. 6 848:legislation.gov.uk 679: 472:heir to the throne 423:25 Edw. 3. Stat. 1 3866: 3865: 3838:Tristan Islanders 3635: 3634: 3552: 3551: 3469: 3468: 2747:: 395, 400, 406. 2421:. Yale Law School 1983:came into force. 1768:Chinese nationals 1538:High Commissioner 1470:international law 1334:6 & 7 Eliz. 2 1209:Independence Acts 1191:Irish citizenship 951:Canadian citizens 854: 853: 752:Other legislation 685:Act of Parliament 655:33 & 34 Vict. 642: 641: 575:Other legislation 553:33 & 34 Vict. 518:Act of Parliament 468:Sophia of Hanover 464:legislative power 453:royal prerogative 415:Act of Union 1707 348:Act of Union 1707 267: 266: 181:Thirteen Colonies 155: 129:British passports 89: 16:(Redirected from 3901: 3695:British diaspora 3685:English language 3662: 3655: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3524:Ireland Act 1949 3478: 3477: 3410: 3409: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3293: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3263: 3257: 3244: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3185:Brennan, Emily. 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3113: 3107: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3004: 2996: 2990: 2979: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2880: 2874:. 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