N1 (rocket) - Knowledge

2007:. The flight lasted only a few moments; as soon as it cleared the tower, there was a flash of light, and debris could be seen falling from the bottom of the first stage. All engines instantly shut down except engine #18. This caused the N-1 to lean over at a 45-degree angle and drop back onto the pad. The nearly 2300 tons of propellant on board triggered a massive blast and shock wave that shattered windows across the launch complex and sent debris flying as far as 10 kilometers (6 miles) from the center of the explosion. Launch crews were permitted outside half an hour after the accident and encountered droplets of unburnt fuel still raining down from the sky. The majority of the N-1's propellant load had not been consumed in the accident, and most of what had burned had been in the first stage of the rocket. However, the worst-case scenario, mixing of the fuel and LOX to form an explosive gel, had not occurred. The subsequent investigation revealed that up to 85% of the propellant on board the rocket had not detonated, reducing the force of the blast. The launch escape system had activated at the moment of engine shutdown (T+15 seconds) and pulled the L1S-2 capsule to safety 2.0 kilometers (1.2 miles) away. Impact with the pad occurred at T+23 seconds. Launch Complex 110 East was thoroughly leveled by the blast, with the concrete pad caved in and one of the lighting towers knocked over and twisted around itself. Despite the devastation, most of the telemetry tapes were found intact in the debris field and examined. 2019:

the NK-15 engines were entirely blameless and Mishin, who had defended the use of Kuznetsov's engines two years earlier, could not publicly come out and challenge him. Kuznetsov succeeded in getting the postflight investigative committee to rule the cause of the engine failure as "ingestion of foreign debris". After this flight, fuel filters were installed in later models. Vladimir Barmin, chief director of launch facilities at Baikonur, also argued that the KORD should be locked for the first 15–20 seconds of flight to prevent a shutdown command from being issued until the booster had cleared the pad area. The destroyed complex was photographed by American satellites, disclosing to the Western World that the Soviet Union had been constructing a Moon rocket. It took 18 months to rebuild the launch pad and delayed launches. The explosion had been visible that evening 35 kilometres (22 miles) away at

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seconds. The launch escape system activated and pulled the Soyuz 7K-LOK to safety. The upper stages were ejected from the stack and crashed into the steppe. An investigation revealed that the abrupt shutdown of the engines led to fluctuations in the fluid columns of the feeder pipes, which ruptured and spilled fuel and oxidizer onto the shut down, but still hot, engines. A failure of the #4 engine turbopump was also suspected. It was believed that the launch could have been salvaged had ground controllers sent a manual command to jettison the first stage and begin second stage burn early as the stage failed only 15 seconds before it was due to separate at T+125 seconds and it had reached the nominal burn time of 110 seconds according to the cyclogram.

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been caused by pyrotechnic devices opening a valve, which produced a high-frequency oscillation that went into adjacent wiring and was assumed by the KORD to be an overspeed condition in the engine's turbopump. The wiring in Engine #12 was believed to be particularly vulnerable to this effect due to its length; however, other engines had similar wiring and were unaffected. Also, the system's operating voltage increased to 25 V instead of the nominal 15 V. The control wiring was relocated and coated with asbestos for fireproofing and the operating frequency changed. The

6854: 975: 817:, or many warheads (up to 17) as further justification for the N1 design. Korolev was not inclined to use the rocket for military uses, but wanted to fulfill his space ambitions and saw military support as vital. The military response was lukewarm – they thought the N1 had little military usefulness and was worried it would divert funds away from pure military programs. Korolev's correspondence with military leaders continued until February 1962 with little progress. 2011:

components in the thrust section leading to the engines gradually being shut down between T+10 and T+12 seconds. The KORD had shut off engines #7, #19, #20, and #21 after detecting abnormal pressure and pump speeds. Telemetry did not provide any explanation as to what shut off the other engines. Engine #18, which had caused the booster to lean over 45 degrees, continued operating until impact, something engineers were never able to satisfactorily explain.

958:, a fairly small engine that would be delivered in several versions tuned to different altitudes. To achieve the required amount of thrust, it was proposed that 30 NK-15s would be used in a clustered configuration. An outer ring of 24 engines and an inner ring of six engines would be separated by an air gap, with airflow supplied via inlets near the top of the booster. The air would be mixed with the exhaust in order to provide some degree of 639: 1398: 1029:, who did not have Korolev's political astuteness or influence, and was reputed to be a heavy drinker. After a few years of setbacks and four failed launches, in May 1974 Mishin was fired and replaced by Glushko, who immediately ordered the cancellation of the N1 programme and the crewed lunar mission in general, despite Mishin's assertion that the rocket will be fully operational in under two years. 1969:

KORD responded by issuing a general command to shut down the entire first stage at T+68 seconds into launch. This signal was also transmitted up to the second and third stages, "locking" them and preventing a manual ground command from being sent to start their engines. Telemetry also showed that the power generators in the N-1 continued functioning until the impact with the ground at T+183 seconds.

1238:, was powered by 30 NK-15 engines arranged in two rings, the main ring of 24 at the outer edge of the booster and the core propulsion system consisting of the inner 6 engines at about half diameter. The control system was primarily based on differential throttling of the engines of the outer ring for pitch and yaw. The core propulsion system was not used for control. The Block A also included four 2064:

upper stages impacted about 7 kilometers (4 miles) from the launch complex. Despite the engine shutoff, the first and second stages still had enough momentum to travel for some distance before falling to earth about 15 kilometers (9 miles) from the launch complex and blasting a 15-meter-deep (50-foot) crater in the steppe. This N1 had dummy upper stages without the rescue system.

583:. However, each of the four attempts to launch an N1 failed in flight, with the second attempt resulting in the vehicle crashing back onto its launch pad shortly after liftoff. Adverse characteristics of the large cluster of thirty engines and its complex fuel and oxidizer feeder systems were not revealed earlier in development because static test firings had not been conducted. 1038: 1973:

and the recovery of the generators from the crash site. They had survived in good condition and were shipped back to the Istra plant, where they were refurbished and worked without any problems under bench testing. The investigative team did not speculate as to whether the burning first stage could have continued flying if the KORD system had not shut it down.

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required to assemble the complex before any of the components ran out of consumables on-orbit. Korolev subsequently proposed that the N1 be enlarged to allow a single-launch lunar mission. In November–December 1961, Korolev and others tried to further argue that a super heavy lift rocket could deliver ultra heavy nuclear weapons, such as the just tested

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performance at sea level. Further ideas wanted to forgo the NK-15Fs altogether and replace them with a radical annular combustion chamber. This chamber would surround the aerospike in its entirety. However, both ideas were thrown out as the calculated performance gains didn't outweigh the additional mass and complexities of the different engines.

757:. That knowledge influenced several key US decisions in the coming months. The satellite imagery appeared to show the USSR was close to a flight test of the N1, but did not reveal that this particular rocket was just a mockup and that the USSR was many months behind the US in the race to land a human on the Moon (though, at the very least, the 1189:

NK-33/AJ-26. Given Aerojet's previous problems with the NK-33/AJ-26 engine during the modification and test program (two engine failures in static test firings, one of which caused major damage to the test stand) and the later in-flight failure, Orbital decided that the NK-33/AJ-26 was not reliable enough for future use.

1447:. The N1 also wasted available propellant volume by using spherical propellant tanks under a roughly conical external skin, while the Saturn V used most of its available cylindrical skin volume to house capsule-shaped hydrogen and oxygen tanks, with common bulkheads between the tanks in the second and third stages. 2018:

blades had rubbed against the metal casing, creating a friction spark that had ignited the LOX. The #8 engine had operated erratically prior to shutdown and a pressure sensor detected "incredible force" in the pump. Vasily Mishin believed that a pump rotor had disintegrated, but Kuznetsov argued that

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It was found that the LOX turbopump in the #8 engine had exploded just before liftoff. (The pump was recovered from the debris and found to have signs of fire and melting). The resultant shock wave severed surrounding propellant lines and started a fire from leaking fuel. The fire had damaged various

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The KORD was found to have a number of serious design flaws and poorly programmed logic. One unforeseen flaw was that its operating frequency, 1000 Hz, happened to perfectly coincide with vibration generated by the propulsion system, and the shutdown of Engine #12 at liftoff was believed to have

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to spill into the aft section of the booster. When it came into contact with the leaking gas, a fire started. The fire then burned through wiring in the power supply, causing electrical arcing that was picked up by sensors and interpreted by the KORD as a pressurization problem in the turbopumps. The

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The NK-15 engines had a number of valves that were activated by pyrotechnics rather than hydraulic or mechanical means, this being a weight-saving measure. Once shut, the valves could not be re-opened. This meant that the engines for Block A were only test-fired individually and the entire cluster of

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was the first Soviet digital guidance and control system, and unlike the KORD, which was essentially just an analogue engine control system, the S-530 supervised all control tasks in the launch vehicle and spacecraft, of which the N1 carried two, one located in the Block V third stage that controlled

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launch vehicle. Antares used two of these modified AJ-26 engines for first stage propulsion. The first four launches of the Antares were successful, but on the fifth launch the rocket exploded shortly after launch. Preliminary failure analysis by Orbital pointed to a possible turbopump failure in one

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The two flight-ready N1Fs were scrapped and their remains could still be found around Baikonur years later used as shelters and storage sheds. The boosters were deliberately broken up in an effort to cover up the USSR's failed Moon attempts, which was publicly stated to be a paper project in order to

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in the 1930s and Glushko considering Korolev to be cavalier and autocratic towards things outside his competence. The difference of opinions led to a falling out between Korolev and Glushko. In 1962, a committee was appointed to resolve the dispute and agreed with Korolev. Glushko refused outright to

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Because the first stage was so big, the decision was made to forego building a separate test facility for it, and instead to try to discover any problems with a series of full-up launches. In hindsight, this would prove to be a mistake, because each of the four launch attempts of the N-1 resulted in

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Because of its technical difficulties and lack of funding for a comprehensive test campaign, the N1 never completed a test flight. Twelve test flights were planned, with only four flown. All four uncrewed launches ended in failure before first-stage separation. The longest flight lasted 107 seconds,

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The Strategic Missile Forces of the Soviet military were reluctant to support a politically motivated project with little military utility, but both Korolev and Chelomei pushed for a lunar mission. Between 1961 and 1964, Chelomei's less aggressive proposal was accepted, and development of his UR-500

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Investigators discovered the remains of the rocket 52 kilometers (32 miles) from the launch pad. Vasily Mishin had initially blamed the generators for the failure, as he could not think of any other reason why all 30 engines would shut down at once, but this was quickly disproven by telemetry data

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stated that only two out of every batch of six engines were tested, and not the units actually intended for use in the booster. As a result, the complex and destructive vibrational modes (which ripped apart propellant lines and turbines), as well as exhaust plume and fluid dynamic problems (causing

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and counter-currents at the base of Block A (the first stage), the N-1 experienced an uncontrolled roll beyond the capability of the control system to compensate. The KORD computer sensed an abnormal situation and sent a shutdown command to the first stage, but as noted above, the guidance program

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diametrically opposing engines in the outer ring would generate, thus maintaining symmetrical thrust. Block A could perform nominally with two pairs of opposing engines shut down (26/30 engines). Unfortunately the KORD system was unable to react to rapidly occurring processes such as the exploding

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The second N-1 vehicle was launched on 3 July 1969 and carried a modified L1 Zond spacecraft and live escape tower. Boris Chertok claimed that a mass model lunar module was also carried; however, most sources indicate that only the L1S-2 and boost stages were on board N-1 5L. Launch took place at

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and at T+48 seconds, the vehicle disintegrated from structural loads. The interstage truss between the second and third stages twisted apart and the latter separated from the stack and at T+50 seconds, the cutoff command to the first stage was unblocked and the engines immediately shut down. The

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17 meters (56 feet) wide at the base, while the L3 section was mostly cylindrical, carried inside a shroud an estimated 3.5 meters (11 feet) wide. The conical shaping of the lower stages was due to the arrangement of the tanks within, a smaller spherical kerosene tank on top of the larger liquid

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had successfully flown crew with similar hypergolic propellants. Korolev felt that the toxic nature of the fuels and their exhaust presented a safety risk for crewed space flight, and that kerosene/LOX was a better solution. The disagreement between Korolev and Glushko over the question of fuels

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when the six engines were shut down abruptly, lines for feeding fuel and oxidizer to the core propulsion system burst and a fire started in the boattail of the booster; in addition, the #4 engine exploded. The first stage broke up starting at T+107 seconds and all telemetry data ceased at T+110

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The next, last vehicle would have a much more powerful stabilization system with dedicated engines (in the previous versions stabilization was done by directing exhaust from the main engines). The engine control system would also be reworked, increasing the number of sensors from 700 to 13,000.

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rocket launches would be used to build up a complete Moon mission package, including one for the Soyuz spacecraft, another for the lunar lander, and a few with cislunar engines and fuel. This approach, driven by the limited capacity of the Soyuz rocket, meant that a rapid launch rate would be

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for "Z" and the numeral "3". Sometimes both forms are used within the same Russian website (or even the same article). English sources refer only to N1-L3. The correct designation is L3, representing one of the five branches of Soviet lunar exploration. Stage 1 (Л1) was planned as a crewed

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While trying to find ways for more performance, research was conducted on the feasibility of using an aerospike engine in the first stage. To achieve this, they would lower the initial 30 NK15-F engines to 24 engines around the rim, leaving the center free. Their goal was to achieve better

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worked on incorporating these engines into a new rocket design with the intention of offering commercial launch services, but the company eventually went into bankruptcy before seeing a single launch. Aerojet also modified the NK-33 to incorporate thrust vector control capability for

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know that the rocket was a mockup per the daily presidential briefing of 27 December 1967). The Soviets were hopeful that they could carry out a test flight of the N1 in the first half of 1968, but for a variety of technical reasons the attempt did not occur for more than a year.

1424:, with the fourth stage included in the L3 complex intended to place 23.5 t (52,000 lb) into translunar orbit. In comparison, the Saturn V placed the roughly 45 t (100,000 lb) Apollo spacecraft plus about 74.4 t (164,100 lb) of fuel remaining in the 1413:(111 meters, 363 ft). The N-1 had a smaller overall diameter but a greater maximum diameter (17 m/56 ft vs. 10 m/33 ft). The N1 produced more thrust in each of its first three stages than the corresponding stages of the Saturn V. The N1-L3 produced more 828:

proposed an alternate mission with much lower risk. Instead of a crewed landing, Chelomei proposed a series of circumlunar missions to beat the US to the vicinity of the Moon. He also proposed a new booster for the mission, clustering four of his existing UR-200s (known as the

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In Russia, N1 engines were not used again until 2004, when the remaining 70 or so engines were incorporated into a new rocket design, the Soyuz 3. As of 2005, the project was frozen due to the lack of funding. Instead, the NK-33 was incorporated into the first stage of a

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In total, the Block A produced 45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf) of thrust, the most powerful rocket stage flown to date. This exceeded the 33,700 kN (7,600,000 lbf) thrust of the Saturn V, and the record would stand for over half a century, until the

1307:, was powered by 8 NK-15V engines arranged in a single ring. The only major difference between the NK-15 and -15V was the engine bell and various tunings for air-start and high-altitude performance. The N1F Block B replaced the NK-15 engines with upgraded 1002:

When Khrushchev was overthrown later in 1964, infighting between the two teams started anew. In October 1965, the Soviet government ordered a compromise; the circumlunar mission would be launched on Chelomei's UR-500 using Korolev's Soyuz spacecraft

730:. This Facilities Systems Logistic Test and Training Vehicle, designated 1M1, was designed to give engineers valuable experience in the rollout, launch pad integration, and rollback activities, similar to the Saturn V Facilities Integration Vehicle 2055:

had since been modified to prevent this from happening until 50 seconds into launch. The roll, which had initially been 6° per second, began rapidly accelerating. At T+39 seconds, the booster was rolling at nearly 40° per second, causing the

1274:) was the automatic engine control system devised to throttle, shut down and monitor the large cluster of 30 engines in Block A (the first stage). The KORD system controlled the differential thrusting of the outer ring of 24 engines for 2730: 2090:

The start and lift-off went well. At T+90 seconds, a programmed shutdown of the core propulsion system (the six center engines) was performed to reduce structural stress on the booster. Because of excessive dynamic loads caused by a

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could not be reached by heavy barge. To allow transport by rail, all of the stages had to be shipped in pieces and assembled at the launch site. This led to difficulties in testing that contributed to the N1's lack of success.

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eventually solved the F-1 instability problems by adding copper dividers as baffles, but the RD-270 still had unsolved instability problems when the N1 program was cancelled in 1974, long after the F-1 problems were solved.

746:. On December 11, after completion of various tests, the N1 rocket was lowered and rolled back to the assembly building. The 1M1 mockup was used repeatedly in the following years for additional launchpad integration tests. 799:

set the first test launch of the N1 rocket for 1965. In June, Korolev was given a small amount of funding to start N1 development between 1961 and 1963. At the same time, Korolev proposed a lunar mission based on the new

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spacecraft already under development, and a lander developed by his design bureau. Korolev's proposal was selected as the winner in August 1964, but Chelomei was told to continue with his circumlunar UR-500/LK-1 work.

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During the N1's lifetime, a series of improved engines was introduced to replace those used in the original design. The resulting modified N1 was known as the N1F, but did not fly before the project's cancellation.

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This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future

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The N1 stood 105 meters (344 ft) tall with its L3 payload. The N1-L3 consisted of five stages in total: the first three (N1) for insertion into a low Earth parking orbit, and another two (L3) for

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in mid-1966. While the crawler transported the Saturn V to the pad vertically, the N1 made the trip horizontally and was then raised to the vertical position at the pad – a standard practice in the

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The Saturn V also never lost a payload in two development and eleven operational launches, while four N1 development launch attempts all resulted in catastrophic failure, with two payload losses.

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The N1-L3 started development in October 1965, almost four years after the Saturn V, during which it was underfunded and rushed. The project was badly derailed by the death of its chief designer

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The N-1 was assembled horizontally, then moved on a transporter to the launch pad, and erected. There was a service tower/gantry at the pad with umbilical connections for liquid fuelling.

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Why the #8 turbopump had exploded could not be determined exactly. Working theories were that either a piece of a pressure sensor had broken off and lodged in the pump, or that its

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and a regular LK module-spacecraft of the L3 lunar expedition complex. It was intended for a Moon flyby and uncrewed landing in preparation for a future crewed mission. As the

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In January 1966, Korolev died due to complications of surgery to remove intestinal polyps that also discovered a large tumor. His work on N1-L3 was taken over by his deputy,

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vehicle roll, vacuum cavitation, and other problems), in Block A were not discovered and worked out before flight. Blocks B and V were static test fired as complete units.

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The complex plumbing needed to feed fuel and oxidizer into the clustered arrangement of rocket engines was fragile and a major factor in 2 of the 4 launch failures. Unlike

7958: 7241: 3564: 1015:. Korolev, meanwhile, would continue with his original N1-L3 proposal. Korolev had clearly won the argument, but work on the LK-1 continued anyway, as well as the Zond. 598:

method. The basic N1 launch vehicle had three stages, which were to carry the L3 lunar payload into low Earth orbit with two cosmonauts. The L3 contained one stage for

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Raketno-kosmicheskii kompleks N1-L3, book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И. (Gudilin V., Slabkiy L.) "Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы)", М., 1996

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was activated and did its job properly, saving the mockup spacecraft. All subsequent flights had freon fire extinguishers installed next to every engine. According to

2850: 962:, as well as engine cooling. The arrangement of 30 rocket engine nozzles on the N1's first stage could have been an attempt at creating a crude version of a toroidal 833:

in the west) to produce a single larger booster, the UR-500. These plans were dropped when Glushko offered Chelomei the RD-270, which allowed the construction of the

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attitude control by throttling them appropriately and it also shut down malfunctioning engines situated opposite each other. This was to negate the pitch or yaw

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Although this test was carried out in secret, a US reconnaissance satellite photographed the N1 on the pad shortly before its rollback to the assembly building.

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and lunar orbit insertion. Fully loaded and fueled, the N1-L3 weighed 2,750 tonnes (6,060,000 lb). The lower three stages were shaped to produce a single

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propellants with lower potential impulse. The F-1 engine was five years into its development at the time and still experiencing combustion stability problems.

1985:, the logic of the command to shut down the entire cluster of 30 engines in Block A was incorrect in that instance, as the subsequent investigation revealed. 6797: 1964:

in the #2 engine tore several components off their mounts and started a propellant leak. At T+25 seconds, further vibrations ruptured a fuel line and caused

1111:. The program was terminated in 1974 when Mishin was replaced by Glushko. Two N1Fs were being readied for launch at the time, but these plans were canceled. 6766:

Symbol indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

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the engines for the first three stages. The second S-530 was located in the Soyuz LOK command module and provided control for the rest of the mission from

1454:(compared to 12.14% for the Saturn V), and only 3.1% of its four-stage total impulse into translunar payload momentum, compared to 6.2% for the Saturn V. 1107:

Mishin continued with the N1F project after the cancellation of plans for a crewed Moon landing in the hope that the booster would be used to build the

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N1 2L (1M1) – Facilities Systems Logistic Test and Training Vehicle (FSLT & TV); two first stages painted gray, third stage gray-white and L3 white.

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resolution titled "On work involving the study of the Moon and outer space", with the objective of landing a cosmonaut on the Moon in 1967 or '68.

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in a much simpler "monoblock" design. He also proposed adapting an existing spacecraft design for the circumlunar mission, the single-cosmonaut

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N1 4L – Block A LOX tank developed cracks; never launched, parts from Block A used for other launchers; rest of airframe structure scrapped.

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were to be launched by a single N1 to conduct a lunar landing. Chelomei responded with a clustered UR-500-derived vehicle, topped with the

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There is confusion among Russian online sources as to whether N1-L3 (Russian: Н1-Л3) or N1-LZ (Russian: Н1-ЛЗ) was intended, because of

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N1 1L – full scale dynamic test model, each stage was individually dynamically tested; the full N1 stack was only tested at 1/4 scale.

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propellants ignite on contact, reducing the complexity of the engine, and were widely used in Glushko's existing engines on various

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Korolev lobbied in 1964 for a crewed circumlunar mission, which was at first rejected, but was passed with the 3 August 1964

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to shut down Engine #12. After this happened, the KORD shut off Engine #24 to maintain symmetrical thrust. At T+6 seconds,

2571: 35: 8321: 5547: 5369: 4324:[On the 35th Anniversary of the Landing on the Moon of the First Rover "Lunokhod 1"] (in Russian). Archived from 3865: 3050: 74: 7502: 4207: 4007: 928:

work on LOX/kerosene engines, and with Korolev in general. Korolev eventually gave up and decided to enlist the help of

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About 150 of the upgraded engines for the N1F escaped destruction. Although the rocket as a whole was unreliable, the

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Personal issues between the two played a role, with Korolev holding Glushko responsible for his incarceration at the

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Due to the deficiencies of the KORD system, a new computer system was developed for the fourth and last launch. The

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just before first-stage separation. Two test launches occurred in 1969, one in 1971, and the final one in 1972.

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N1 8L and 9L – flight ready N1Fs with improved NK-33 engines in Block A, scrapped when the program was canceled.

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In May 1961, the US announced the goal of landing a man on the Moon by 1970. During the same month, the report

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had access to this and other similar intelligence that showed that the Russians were seriously planning crewed

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The N1-L3 would have been able to convert only 9.3% of its three-stage total impulse into Earth orbit payload

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engines are rugged and reliable when used as a standalone unit. In the mid-1990s, Russia sold 36 engines for

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A comparison of the US Saturn V rocket (left) with the Soviet N1/L3. Note: human at bottom illustrates scale

8450: 8440: 8423:) • Unknown/no details • Possible error • Unconfirmed 7219: 6806: 4165: 2490: 2004: 1921: 1892: 1855: 1826: 1181: 1071: 656: 622: 2274: 7274: 4126: 3724: 1982: 700: 5515: 5510: 5265: 4000:"The second launch of the N1 rocket (Largest explosion in space history rocks Tyuratam) – The aftermath" 3199: 2087:

Debut of the S-530 digital control system (in the third stage) which superseded the KORD analog system.

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to fuel its second and third stages, which yielded an overall performance advantage due to the higher

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and beyond, with studies beginning as early as 1959. Its first stage, Block A, was the most powerful

6853: 7533: 7416: 6407: 5183: 3854:) (Gudilin V., Slabkiy L.) "Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы)", М., 1996 3797: 3522: 2056: 621:

in 1966. The N1 program was suspended in 1974, and officially canceled in 1976. All details of the

7448: 8420: 7770: 7720: 7660: 7655: 7615: 7408: 7356: 7282: 5500: 4552: 3754: 1275: 933: 885: 649: 3596: 3590: 2937: 2273:. S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia" 4A Lenin Street, Korolev, Moscow area 141070 Russia. Archived from 7665: 7640: 7610: 7600: 7550: 7476: 6833: 6626: 6281: 6208: 5998: 5971: 5966: 5649: 5612: 4938: 4852: 4782: 4704: 4588: 4490: 4433: 3972: 940: 805: 595: 4060: 4054: 3896: 3081: 7984: 6670: 6537: 6303: 6156: 5748: 5666: 5374: 4804: 4652: 3720: 3225: 3207:. NASA Reference Publication 1357. Vol. 95. Houston TX: NASA. p. 23249 – via 2999: 2759: 2333: 2051: 1690: 1670: 1292: 944: 599: 140: 924: 7250: 7096: 7085: 7069: 7063: 6582: 6442: 5912: 4469: 2800: 2401: 1978: 1429: 1420:

The N1 was intended to place the approximately 95 t (209,000 lb) L3 payload into

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designer, while Glushko teamed up with other rocket designers to build the very successful

743: 735: 2545: 2180: 856:, who then held a near-monopoly on rocket engine design in the Soviet Union, proposed the 8: 7807: 7645: 7532: 6313: 6124: 5505: 5443: 5260: 4987: 4620: 3818: 3527: 2170: 1918: 1889: 1852: 1823: 1406: 1362: 893: 723: 176: 4030: 2804: 1945:

February 21, 1969: serial number 3L – Zond L1S-1 (Soyuz 7K-L1S (Zond-M) modification of

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On Reconsideration of the Plans for Space Vehicles in the Direction of Defense Purposes

3162: 714:

On 25 November 1967, less than three weeks after the first Saturn V flight during the

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Vehicle serial number 8L was prepared for August 1974. It included a regular 7K-LOK

1999:

for Moon orbit and flyby and intended photography of possible crewed landing sites.

1314:

Block B could withstand the shutdown of one pair of opposing engines (6/8 engines).

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1.1 million each and a license for the production of new engines to the US company

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fool the US into thinking there was a race going on. This cover story lasted until

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Block V could function with one engine shut down and three functioning correctly.

1081:, flown from the second pad 110 West, deficient roll control, destroyed after 51s. 606:

insertion, and the first part of the descent to the lunar surface; a single-pilot

7933: 7920: 7890: 7765: 7760: 7715: 7705: 7695: 7690: 7670: 7625: 7580: 7555: 7440: 7436: 7424: 7269: 7171: 6954: 6921: 6730: 6641: 6422: 6151: 6119: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5394: 5299: 5049: 4797: 4647: 4557: 4300: 3393: 3132: 2495: 2175: 2125: 2081: 2044: 1440: 1421: 1169: 1129:

The program was followed by the "Vulkan" concept for a huge launch vehicle using

1088:, all white, engine cutoff at 40 kilometres (22 nmi) caused propellant line 991: 982:

Korolev proposed a larger N1 combined with the new L3 lunar package based on the

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740,300,000 kilogram·meters per second (166,440,000 slug·feet per second)

1417:

in its first four stages than the Saturn V did in its three (see table below).

974: 896: 809: 766: 754: 704: 618: 591: 50: 5557: 4296: 4197: 3364:

Korolev: how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon

3095: 3013: 2491:"The Soviet Response to the Moon Landing? Denial There Was a Moon Race at All" 2343: 1767:

254,600,000 kilogram·meters per second (57,240,000 slug·feet per second)

1764:

495,000,000 kilogram·meters per second (111,290,000 slug·feet per second)

1662:

936,300,000 kilogram·meters per second (210,500,000 slug·feet per second)

1405:

At 105 meters (344 ft), the N1-L3 was slightly shorter than the American

1011:(literally "probe"), aiming for a launch in 1967, the 50th anniversary of the 8434: 8206: 8155: 7812: 7780: 7775: 7750: 7730: 7635: 7590: 7009: 6877: 6658: 6653: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6412: 6129: 6104: 6050: 6045: 6035: 6030: 6025: 5907: 5902: 5731: 5431: 5426: 5314: 5210: 5171: 5166: 5156: 5146: 5136: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5002: 4862: 4625: 4199: 3999: 3672: 2820: 2165: 2160: 2129: 1327: 1026: 750: 547: 7249: 4421: 4304: 3946: 3491: 3389: 2681: 1070:, partially painted gray; first night launch, launch failure demolished pad 8296: 8285: 8267: 8142: 8134: 8050: 7966: 7905: 7900: 7854: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7380: 7160: 7147: 7138: 7020: 6913: 6905: 6542: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6254: 6193: 6099: 6040: 6020: 5676: 5671: 5537: 5421: 5245: 5161: 5151: 5141: 5131: 4997: 4857: 4689: 3827:. Accessed February 19, 2008 Published by Government Reprints Press, 2001, 3397: 3259:. capcom espace, l'encyclopédie de l' espace – 2000–2012 Didier Capdevila. 2968: 2654: 2612: 2134: 2105: 2092: 2077: 2040: 2036: 1268: – literally "Control (of) Rocket Engines" – 1089: 1008: 954:

Kuznetsov, who had limited experience in rocket design, responded with the

916: 692: 611: 561: 17: 4407:

Video footage of N-1 vehicle 5L failure with launch abort system activated

2516:"50 Years Ago: Soviet's Moon Rocket's Rollout to Pad Affects Apollo Plans" 2302: 8277: 8167: 8150: 8013: 7995: 7840: 7799: 7745: 7740: 7024: 6889: 6513: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6237: 6010: 5961: 5738: 5726: 5716: 5711: 5409: 5404: 5389: 5193: 5079: 5074: 5027: 5022: 4875: 4733: 4401: 4319:"K 35-letiyu posadki na Lunu pervogo samokhodnogo apparata "Lunokhod 1"" 2872: 2449: 2060: 1946: 1042: 1004: 983: 603: 540: 6427: 4230: 4125:. 2000–2013 Official website of S.P. Korolev RSC Energia. Archived from 3559:[Monitoring the Functioning of the Elements of Rocket Engines]. 3468: 2375: 8172: 8160: 7650: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7128: 7091: 7040: 7035: 6944: 6897: 6862: 6695: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6508: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6343: 6323: 5919: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5721: 5532: 5458: 5384: 5364: 5304: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5069: 5059: 4982: 4943: 4824: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4495: 4411: 3847: 3208: 2906: 1996: 1194: 936: 908: 877: 814: 719: 703:

received formal approval in 1964, which required development of the N1

663: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8331: 4176: 888:

RD-270 was in testing before program cancellation, achieving a higher

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mission, the Soviets rolled out an N1 mockup to the newly constructed

520: 16:

This article is about the Soviet rocket. For the Japanese rocket, see

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Raketno-kosmicheskii kompleks N1-L3, book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И.

3220:

The Race: The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon

2121: 1734:

8,153,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,833,000,000 pound·seconds)

1632:

7,956,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,789,000,000 pound·seconds)

1239: 1731:

8,022,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,803,400,000 pound·seconds)

1629:

7,711,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,733,600,000 pound·seconds)

638: 8419:

Listed in contemporary sources • Bergander list (

8243: 8233: 8216: 8042: 8023: 7976: 7755: 7735: 6971: 6712: 6700: 6685: 6680: 6631: 6587: 6437: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6296: 6286: 6218: 6213: 6186: 6166: 5986: 5976: 5897: 5892: 5843: 5833: 5701: 5654: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5527: 5495: 5490: 5399: 5359: 5336: 5250: 5235: 5225: 5064: 4955: 4829: 4814: 4787: 4714: 4709: 4682: 4677: 4603: 4593: 4534: 4354: 4325: 4321:К 35-летию посадки на Луну первого самоходного аппарата "Луноход 1" 2024: 2020: 2015: 1451: 1410: 1392: 1117: 788: 715: 708: 565: 4288: 3973:"N1 (vehicle 5L) moon rocket Test – launch abort system activated" 3442: 3310: 3113: 3031: 1344: 8073: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6966: 6675: 6604: 6594: 6432: 6353: 6348: 6181: 6176: 6171: 5956: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5438: 5272: 4965: 4960: 4809: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4507: 1953: 1218: 739: 731: 455: 3523:"Delving Deeper: Super Heavy thrust and counting down to flight" 3381: 3051:"Orbital's Cygnus – on a SpaceX Falcon 9? – SpaceFlight Insider" 2335:

The Soyuz launch vehicle the two lives of an engineering triumph

2112:

program was canceled in May 1974, this launch never took place.

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Department of Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2756:"Sergei Korolev: Father of the Soviet Union's success in space" 1397: 1130: 966:

system; more conventional aerospike engines were also studied.

857: 834: 825: 4263:

Mirovaya pilotiruemaya kosmonavtika: istoriya, tekhnika, lyudi

625:

were kept secret until the USSR was nearing collapse in 1989.

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N-1: For the Moon and Mars A Guide to the Soviet Superbooster

2338:. Translated by Bowler, Tim. New York: Springer. p. 82. 2109: 1425: 1308: 1161: 1157: 955: 830: 576:

ever flown for over 50 years, with the record standing until

467: 300: 244: 64: 4228: 1121:, when the remaining hardware was seen publicly on display. 8310: 7196: 6871: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 5941: 5309: 5178: 3793: 3584: 3582: 3424: 3292: 2519: 1965: 1436: 995: 881: 876:) propellants to power the newly enlarged N1 design. These 838: 696: 569: 503: 443: 390: 337: 280: 3717:

S.P. Korlev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia – History

1145:

on the 2nd and 3rd stages. "Vulkan" was superseded by the

1037: 7400: 7351: 6087: 5936: 4427: 4266:Мировая пилотируемая космонавтика: история, техника, люди 2423: 2137:); stage 2 (Л2) was an uncrewed lunar rover (realized in 1439:

in all three of its main stages, while the Saturn V used

1165: 1142: 1138: 1134: 758: 507: 447: 394: 341: 284: 3625:"Computing in the Soviet Space Program: An Introduction" 3579: 2459:. The Perot Foundation & Moscow Aviation institute. 2296: 2294: 2292: 920:

ultimately became a major issue that hampered progress.

2332:

Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (12 March 2013) .

590:

version was designed to compete with the United States

4468: 2564:"Soviets mulled a colossal nuke on future Moon rocket" 4271:

World Manned Spaceflight: History, technology, people

4253: 3705: 3291:. NASA History Series. Vol. IV. Washington, DC: 2477:

failure due to various problems with the first stage.

2289: 782: 4191: 3776: 3423:. Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington D.C.: 2601:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Nevskiy Bastion. 1873:

largest accidental artificial non-nuclear explosions

1098:

N1 10L – uncompleted, scrapped along with 8L and 9L.

845:

and the LK-1 were given a relatively high priority.

4032:

Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures

2673: 4149:"Central Intelligence Bulletin: USSR 12 Sep 72, 7" 3786:Development of a bonded common bulkhead for Saturn 3282:Chertok, Boris E. (2011). Siddiqi, Asif A. (ed.). 3217: 3086:. Springer Praxis Books (1st ed.). New York: 2960: 2441: 2325: 2225:Neglects first stage thrust increase with altitude 1370:30 engines was never static test fired as a unit. 695:were in a race to be first to land a human on the 8481:Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union 4311: 4141: 4123:S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia 3748:"The Common Bulkhead for the Saturn S-II Vehicle" 2929: 2843:"N1: The Rise and Fall of the USSR's Moon Rocket" 2595:Otechestvennue Strategicheskie Raketnue Kompleksu 602:; another stage used for mid-course corrections, 8432: 6805: 4273:] (in Russian). РТСофт . pp. 169, 178. 4259: 3739: 3357: 3355: 2551:. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 December 1967. 2242: 2240: 1197:, which was first launched on 28 December 2013. 568:and was intended to enable crewed travel to the 401:Fourth stage (N1/L3) – Block G (Earth departure) 4430:the US company developing an NK-33 based rocket 4369: 4222: 3820:Apollo By The Numbers: A Statistical Reference. 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 2709: 2707: 2482: 2331: 1345:Assembly, transport, erection, on-pad-servicing 4402:Statistics and information. Interactive model. 3782: 3595:. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. pp. 3483: 2546:"The President's Daily Brief 27 December 1967" 2221: 2219: 2133:circumlunar flight (partially realized in the 2115: 2076:November 23, 1972: serial number 7L – regular 986:. The L3 combined rocket stages, the modified 848: 776: 614:lunar orbital spacecraft for return to Earth. 594:to land a person on the Moon, using a similar 40:Mockup at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in late 1967 7518: 7235: 6791: 4891: 4454: 3783:Robertson, A. C.; Brown, E. L. (March 1966). 2778: 2507: 2271:S.P. Korolev Rocket-Space Corporation Energia 2237: 2207:, but treated as a part of the launch vehicle 1269: 1263: 535: 7536:for Soviet and Chinese aircraft and missiles 4260:Baturin, I︠U︡. M.; Afanasʹev, I. B. (2005). 4113: 4111: 3514: 3332: 3275: 3042: 3001:The Politics and Perils of Space Exploration 2748: 2704: 2450:"The Mishin Diaries – A western perspective" 2424:"SpaceX Official Super Heavy Specifications" 2071: 1990: 1032: 4353:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 4092:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 3745: 3467:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 3456: 3133:"The history of the Soyuz-3 launch vehicle" 3124: 2634:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 2374:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 2216: 2030: 1940: 1386: 1045:reconnaissance satellite, 19 September 1968 7525: 7511: 7487:List of Russian human spaceflight missions 7242: 7228: 6798: 6784: 4905: 4898: 4884: 4461: 4447: 3932:"Die russische Mondrakete N-1 (in German)" 3547: 3073: 2991: 1957: 34: 8476:Space launch vehicles of the Soviet Union 7482:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions 4108: 3991: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3662: 3462: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2628:"A New View of the Rocketdyne F-1 Engine" 2586: 2555: 679:Learn how and when to remove this message 4052: 4028: 3843: 3841: 3695:"Identifying the different N-1 variants" 3658: 3656: 3654: 3215: 3083:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program 2873:"SL-X-15, N1-L3 (1M1) on the Launch Pad" 2713: 2626:Anderson, Colleen E. (2 November 2022). 2625: 2390: 2156:Comparison of orbital launchers families 2099: 2035:June 26, 1971: serial number 6L – dummy 1396: 1257: 1209:Scheme of the rocket stages (in Russian) 1204: 1124: 1036: 973: 780: 7208:The † sign designates failed missions. 4158: 4059:. San Diego, CA: Tahabi Books. p. 3618: 3616: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3361: 3281: 3191: 3120:from the original on 10 September 2023. 3038:from the original on 10 September 2023. 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2787:"The soviet manned lunar program N1-L3" 2784: 2360:from the original on 10 September 2023. 2050:Soon after lift-off, due to unexpected 1952:A few seconds into launch, a transient 1352: 1298: 8433: 4422:Interview with Vasily Pavlovich Mishin 3915: 3894: 3807:from the original on 23 February 2024. 3588: 3567:from the original on 21 September 2023 3535:from the original on 28 September 2023 3452:from the original on 13 February 2024. 3263:from the original on 10 September 2023 3079: 2997: 2935: 2840: 2827: 2488: 2398:"The N1 Moon Rocket - a brief History" 1359:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 1317: 1229: 1060:, engine fire, exploded at 12 km. 969: 23:Soviet super heavy-lift launch vehicle 7506: 7257:government human spaceflight programs 7223: 6779: 4879: 4442: 4241:from the original on 29 November 2023 4010:from the original on 23 February 2024 3838: 3764:from the original on 23 February 2024 3651: 3633:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3622: 3320:from the original on 23 February 2024 3250: 3143:from the original on 15 February 2024 3048: 2979:from the original on 14 February 2024 2853:from the original on 23 February 2024 2785:Lardier, Christian (1 January 2018). 2736:from the original on 23 February 2024 2727:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2692:from the original on 11 February 2024 2592: 2574:from the original on 15 February 2024 2503:from the original on 18 January 2024. 2313:from the original on 15 February 2024 2234:Includes mass of Earth departure fuel 1529:45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf) 1283:turbo-pump during the second launch. 707:, comparable in size to the American 4923:Comparison of orbital launch systems 4056:Apollo: The Epic Journey to the Moon 3898:Soviet and Russian lunar exploration 3639:from the original on 15 January 2024 3613: 3520: 3502:from the original on 7 February 2024 3404: 3155: 2948:from the original on 11 January 2024 2917:from the original on 7 February 2024 2887: 2526:from the original on 18 January 2024 2364: 2151:Comparison of orbital launch systems 1568:14,040 kN (3,160,000 lbf) 1432:into a similar Earth parking orbit. 1295:to lunar flyby and return to Earth. 661:adding citations to reliable sources 632: 556:intended to deliver payloads beyond 254:45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf) 4210:from the original on 1 October 2023 3997: 3417:Project Apollo: The Tough Decisions 2875:. Federation of American Scientists 2561: 2513: 2246:Assumed identical to Saturn V value 1756:10,834 m/s (35,540 ft/s) 1526:33,000 kN (7,500,000 lbf) 311:14,040 kN (3,160,000 lbf) 13: 7335:(incorporated into Salyut program) 4035:, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 4029:Williams, David (6 January 2005), 3192:Portree, David S.F. (March 1995). 3173:from the original on 22 April 2023 3080:Harvey, Brian (25 November 2007). 2998:Dawson, Linda (22 November 2016). 2841:Avilla, Aeryn (21 February 2020). 2599:National Strategic Missile Systems 2301:Zak, Anatoly. Zak, Anatoly (ed.). 2003:23:18 Moscow time from launch pad 1753:10,834 m/s (35,545 ft/s) 1654:7,793 m/s (25,570 ft/s) 1565:5,141 kN (1,155,800 lbf) 1242:, which were later used on Soviet 691:In 1967 the United States and the 14: 8492: 4389: 3901:. Berlin: Springer. p. 222. 3521:Beil, Adrian (22 February 2023). 3061:from the original on 3 March 2016 3049:Rhian, Jason (24 November 2014). 2716:"The Soviet Manned Lunar Program" 2205:Apollo Command and Service Module 2199:The "fifth stage" similar to the 2084:module-spacecraft for Moon flyby 1784: 1651:7,793 m/s (25,568 ft/s) 1643:95,000 kg (209,000 lb) 1640:120,200 kg (264,900 lb) 1607:1,610 kN (360,000 lbf) 1501:2,750 t (6,060,000 lb) 1195:light variant of the Soyuz rocket 6852: 4083: 3998:Zak, Anatoly (6 November 2014). 3863: 3489: 2966: 2904: 2766:from the original on 1 June 2023 2679: 2652: 2562:Zak, Anatoly (3 November 2018). 2447: 1745:23,500 kg (51,800 lb) 1742:45,690 kg (100,740 lb) 1498:2,938 t (6,478,000 lb) 915:Glushko pointed out that the US 637: 364:1,610 kN (360,000 lbf) 105:2,750 tonnes (6,060,000 lb) 6751:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle 4343: 4077: 4046: 4022: 3965: 3944: 3938: 3888: 3857: 3811: 3687: 3414:Seamans, Robert C. Jr. (2007). 3366:. New York; Chichester: Wiley. 3244: 3185: 3130: 2865: 2813:10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.10.007 2646: 2619: 2605: 2538: 2466:from the original on 3 May 2023 2300: 2228: 1709:446 kN (100,000 lbf) 1137:propellants, later replaced by 862:unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine 781: 648:needs additional citations for 554:super heavy-lift launch vehicle 477:83.36 kN (18,740 lbf) 55:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle 7212:designates cancelled missions. 4918:List of orbital launch systems 4841:Cancelled (no launch attempts) 2714:Lindroos, Marcus, ed. (2007). 2514:Uri, John (17 November 2017). 2489:Little, Becky (11 July 2019). 2416: 2259: 2193: 2080:(Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1) and dummy 1869:Destroyed launch pad 110 East 1706:895 kN (201,100 lbf) 1604:901 kN (202,600 lbf) 1334:being the third letter in the 1262:The KORD (Russian acronym for 1200: 545:, "Carrier Rocket"; Cyrillic: 417:446 kN (100,000 lbf) 1: 7492:Cosmonaut ranks and positions 4053:Reynolds, David West (2002). 3746:Cerquettini, C. Tony (1967). 2632:National Air and Space Museum 2253: 751:NASA Administrator James Webb 6807:Soviet crewed lunar programs 4374:. ARA Press; First edition. 4166:"Nositel N-1 Launch Vehicle" 3556:Контроль ракетных двигателей 1949:spacecraft) for Moon flyby. 1271:Контроль ракетных двигателей 1265:Kontrol Raketnykh Dvigateley 1092:, rupturing the fuel system. 978:N-1/L3 lunar mission profile 623:Soviet crewed lunar programs 610:spacecraft; and a two-pilot 581:first integrated flight test 487:349 seconds (3.42 km/s) 427:353 seconds (3.46 km/s) 374:353 seconds (3.46 km/s) 321:346 seconds (3.39 km/s) 150:23.5 t (52,000 lb) 7: 4086:"1969.07.03 – N1 5L launch" 3866:"1969.02.21 – N1 3L launch" 3563:(in Russian). 2014 RADIAN. 2682:"Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich" 2144: 2116:Confusion on L3 designation 1264: 849:Lunar N1 development starts 777:Early Soviet lunar concepts 541: 264:330 seconds (3.2 km/s) 134:95 t (209,000 lb) 10: 8497: 6741:Medium-lift launch vehicle 4119:"Complex N1-L3 – Launches" 3817:Orloff, Richard W (2001). 2267:"Complex N1-L3 Components" 1437:kerosene-based rocket fuel 1390: 628: 235:17.0 m (55.8 ft) 97:17.0 meters (55.8 ft) 89:105.3 meters (345 ft) 15: 8417: 8374: 8330: 8276: 8242: 8215: 8133: 8117: 8072: 8063: 8041: 8022: 8004: 7975: 7957: 7863: 7839: 7821: 7798: 7789: 7541: 7469: 7370: 7309: 7293: 7262: 7206: 7170: 7137: 7019: 6953: 6930: 6861: 6850: 6813: 6759: 6746:Heavy-lift launch vehicle 6736:Small-lift launch vehicle 6723: 5573: 5347: 4931: 4913: 4840: 4571: 4545: 4483: 3870:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3496:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3096:10.1007/978-0-387-71356-4 3014:10.1007/978-3-319-38813-7 2344:10.1007/978-1-4614-5459-5 2201:Service propulsion system 2072:Fourth failure, serial 7L 1991:Second failure, serial 5L 1490:105 m (344 ft) 1270: 1033:N1 vehicle serial numbers 899:despite the use of UDMH/N 536: 517: 513: 499: 491: 481: 473: 462: 453: 439: 431: 421: 413: 405: 400: 386: 378: 368: 360: 352: 347: 333: 325: 315: 307: 295: 290: 276: 268: 258: 250: 239: 231: 226: 222: 214: 206: 198: 190: 182: 171: 163: 158: 154: 146: 138: 130: 122: 117: 109: 101: 93: 85: 80: 70: 60: 45: 33: 8456:1971 in the Soviet Union 8446:1969 in the Soviet Union 7534:USAF/DoD reporting names 4370:Matthew Johnson (2014). 4320: 4265: 4170:myspacemuseum.com/n1.htm 3798:Douglas Aircraft Company 3665:"N1 7L State Commission" 3663:Wade, Mark (1997–2017). 3555: 3463:Wade, Mark (1997–2008). 3216:Schefter, James (1999). 2303:"Soviet N1 moon booster" 2186: 2057:inertial guidance system 2031:Third failure, serial 6L 1941:First failure, serial 3L 1487:111 m (363 ft) 1387:Comparison with Saturn V 8461:Exploration of the Moon 7409:Martian Piloted Complex 7283:Russian Orbital Segment 3755:North American Aviation 3713:"Complex N1-L3 – Tests" 3362:Harford, James (1997). 1585:Orbital insertion stage 1479:17 m (56 ft) 886:staged combustion cycle 7477:List of Soyuz missions 4907:Orbital launch systems 3895:Harvey, Brian (2007). 3589:Gainor, Chris (2001). 3195:"Part 1 - Soyuz" 1476:10 m (33 ft) 1402: 1254:surpassed it in 2023. 1210: 1102: 1046: 979: 806:Earth orbit rendezvous 792: 596:lunar orbit rendezvous 564:counterpart to the US 458:(Lunar descent assist) 454:Fifth stage (N1/L3) – 291:Second stage – Block B 4428:Kistler Space Systems 3699:Nick Stevens Graphics 3202:Mir Hardware Heritage 2936:Petrovitch, Vassili. 2847:Spaceflight Histories 2760:European Space Agency 2593:Utkin, V. F. (1999). 2100:Canceled fifth launch 1772:Propulsive efficiency 1684:Earth departure stage 1671:Propulsive efficiency 1400: 1391:Further information: 1258:Engine control system 1208: 1125:Aftermath and engines 1040: 977: 786: 600:trans-lunar injection 348:Third stage – Block V 227:First stage – Block A 8471:Soviet lunar program 8466:Missions to the Moon 7029:lunar flyby missions 3701:. 14 September 2016. 2938:"Vulkan Description" 2093:hydraulic shock wave 1979:launch escape system 1430:translunar injection 1353:Development problems 1299:Block B second stage 1215:translunar injection 1013:Bolshevik Revolution 744:Soviet space program 736:Kennedy Space Center 657:improve this article 8451:1971 in spaceflight 8441:1969 in spaceflight 7174:(T2K) test missions 4004:RussianSpaceWeb.com 3979:. 2015 YouTube, LLC 3951:RussianSpaceWeb.com 3800:. p. 1 (279). 3528:NASASpaceFlight.com 3253:"N1 Block A Motors" 3251:Capdevila, Didier. 3137:russianspaceweb.com 3055:Spaceflight Insider 2805:2018AcAau.142..184L 2307:russianspaceweb.com 2171:Space Launch System 1995:Serial number 5L – 1363:Baikonur Cosmodrome 1318:Block V third stage 1230:Block A first stage 1222:oxygen tank below. 970:N1-L3 lunar complex 960:thrust augmentation 894:gas-generator cycle 724:Baikonur Cosmodrome 30: 8064:Research/prototype 7790:Research/prototype 7010:Soyuz Kontakt 1, 2 5913:v1.2 "Full Thrust" 4096:on 24 October 2014 3947:"N1 No. 3L launch" 3675:on 18 October 2016 3623:Gerovitch, Slava. 3592:Arrows to the Moon 3285:Rockets and people 2723:MIT OpenCourseWare 2404:on 31 October 2016 2047:module-spacecraft 1947:Soyuz 7K-L1 "Zond" 1929:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 1900:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 1750:Injection velocity 1739:Translunar payload 1648:Injection velocity 1403: 1303:The second stage, 1252:SpaceX Super Heavy 1244:air-to-air missile 1211: 1047: 980: 866:nitrogen tetroxide 793: 28: 8428: 8427: 8413: 8412: 8059: 8058: 7500: 7499: 7361: 7348: 7336: 7279: 7217: 7216: 6917: 6909: 6901: 6893: 6773: 6772: 4873: 4872: 4398:history of the N1 4357:on 20 August 2016 3606:978-1-896522-83-8 3434:978-0-16-086710-1 3373:978-0-471-32721-9 3302:978-0-16-089559-3 3105:978-0-387-71356-4 3023:978-3-319-38813-7 2942:Buran-Energia.com 2792:Acta Astronautica 2568:Russian Space Web 2457:mishindiaries.com 2448:Vick, Charles P. 2353:978-1-4614-5459-5 1938: 1937: 1782: 1781: 1484:Height w/ payload 1473:Diameter, maximum 1372:Sergei Khrushchev 1322:The upper stage, 1234:The first stage, 1177:Kistler Aerospace 1153:program in 1976. 1020:Central Committee 930:Nikolai Kuznetsov 808:profile. Several 728:Soviet Kazakhstan 689: 688: 681: 560:. The N1 was the 528: 527: 71:Country of origin 8488: 8070: 8069: 7796: 7795: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7504: 7503: 7458:Space Stations: 7398:Interplanetary: 7359: 7346: 7334: 7277: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7139:LOK (7K-LOK/L1E) 7097:Zond-M 2 (L1S-2) 7092:Zond-M 1 (L1S-1) 6915: 6907: 6899: 6891: 6856: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6777: 6776: 6622:Universal Rocket 4993:Falcon 9 Block 5 4900: 4893: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4385: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4328:on 20 April 2009 4315: 4309: 4308: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4175:. Archived from 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3913: 3912: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3876:on 5 August 2014 3872:. Archived from 3861: 3855: 3845: 3836: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3791: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3723:. Archived from 3709: 3703: 3702: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3671:. Archived from 3660: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3620: 3611: 3610: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3445:. SP-2007-4537. 3422: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3359: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3313:. SP-2011-4110. 3290: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3257:CapcomEspace.com 3248: 3242: 3239: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3046: 3040: 3039: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2902: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2762:. 9 March 2007. 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2454: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2400:. Archived from 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2298: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2277:on 4 August 2019 2263: 2247: 2244: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2223: 2208: 2197: 2043:No.1) and dummy 1983:Sergei Afanasiev 1962:pogo oscillation 1913:23 November 1972 1818:21 February 1969 1789: 1788: 1761:Payload momentum 1659:Payload momentum 1465:Apollo-Saturn V 1460: 1459: 1445:specific impulse 1428:third stage for 1336:Russian alphabet 1273: 1272: 1267: 1041:N1 imaged by US 964:aerospike engine 890:specific impulse 884:. The full flow 854:Valentin Glushko 802:Soyuz spacecraft 785: 765:, and President 684: 677: 673: 670: 664: 641: 633: 544: 539: 538: 521:edit on Wikidata 483:Specific impulse 423:Specific impulse 370:Specific impulse 317:Specific impulse 260:Specific impulse 218:23 November 1972 210:21 February 1969 38: 31: 27: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8409: 8370: 8326: 8272: 8238: 8211: 8129: 8113: 8065: 8055: 8037: 8018: 8000: 7971: 7953: 7859: 7835: 7817: 7791: 7785: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7501: 7496: 7465: 7441:Tupolev Tu-2000 7366: 7305: 7289: 7258: 7248: 7218: 7213: 7202: 7166: 7133: 7028: 7015: 6949: 6926: 6922:LK (spacecraft) 6857: 6848: 6818: 6815:Launch vehicles 6809: 6804: 6774: 6769: 6755: 6731:Sounding rocket 6719: 5569: 5343: 4927: 4909: 4904: 4874: 4869: 4836: 4567: 4541: 4479: 4477:launch vehicles 4467: 4392: 4382: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4281: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4235:astronautix.com 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4204:astronautix.com 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4129:on 4 March 2016 4117: 4116: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4090:astronautix.com 4082: 4078: 4071: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3916: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3858: 3846: 3839: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3727:on 2 March 2021 3711: 3710: 3706: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3587: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3471:on 12 June 2002 3461: 3457: 3449: 3435: 3427:. p. 120. 3420: 3412: 3405: 3374: 3360: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3303: 3295:. p. 199. 3288: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3167:Spaceflight 101 3161: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3129: 3125: 3106: 3090:. p. 201. 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3047: 3043: 3024: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2973:Astronautix.com 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2911:astronautix.com 2903: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2839: 2828: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2512: 2508: 2496:History Channel 2487: 2483: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2378:on 12 June 2002 2370: 2369: 2365: 2354: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2299: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2176:SpaceX Starship 2147: 2118: 2102: 2074: 2033: 1993: 1943: 1914: 1885: 1848: 1819: 1787: 1637:Orbital payload 1441:liquid hydrogen 1422:low Earth orbit 1395: 1389: 1355: 1347: 1320: 1301: 1260: 1232: 1203: 1182:Orbital Science 1175:The US company 1170:Aerojet General 1127: 1109:Zvezda moonbase 1105: 1035: 992:LK lunar lander 972: 906: 902: 875: 871: 851: 779: 734:testing at the 685: 674: 668: 665: 654: 642: 631: 558:low Earth orbit 542:Raketa-nositel' 537:Ракета-носитель 524: 41: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 8494: 8484: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8426: 8425: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8145: 8139: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7981: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7931: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7530: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7455: 7443: 7411: 7395: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7349: 7341: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7297: 7295: 7294:In development 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7259: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7215: 7214: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7006: 6993: 6984: 6975: 6963: 6961: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6934: 6932: 6931:Other hardware 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6911: 6908:(Soyuz 7K-L1E) 6903: 6900:(Soyuz 7K-L1S) 6895: 6887: 6880: 6875: 6867: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6450: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6132: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5348:In development 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5327:Vulcan Centaur 5324: 5323: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4903: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4628: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4546:In development 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4466: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4418:) (in Russian) 4409: 4404: 4399: 4391: 4390:External links 4388: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4367: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4310: 4279: 4252: 4221: 4190: 4179:on 24 May 2012 4157: 4140: 4107: 4076: 4069: 4045: 4021: 3990: 3964: 3945:Zak, Anatoly. 3937: 3914: 3908:978-0387739762 3907: 3887: 3856: 3837: 3810: 3775: 3738: 3704: 3686: 3650: 3612: 3605: 3578: 3546: 3513: 3482: 3455: 3433: 3403: 3372: 3331: 3301: 3274: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3184: 3154: 3131:Zak, Anatoly. 3123: 3104: 3072: 3041: 3022: 3008:. p. 14. 2990: 2959: 2928: 2886: 2864: 2826: 2777: 2747: 2703: 2672: 2645: 2618: 2604: 2585: 2554: 2537: 2506: 2481: 2440: 2415: 2389: 2363: 2352: 2324: 2288: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2236: 2227: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2146: 2143: 2122:the similarity 2117: 2114: 2101: 2098: 2073: 2070: 2032: 2029: 1992: 1989: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792:Flight number 1786: 1785:Launch history 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1590:S-IVB (burn 1) 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1388: 1385: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1319: 1316: 1300: 1297: 1259: 1256: 1231: 1228: 1202: 1199: 1126: 1123: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1082: 1075: 1064: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1034: 1031: 990:, and the new 971: 968: 904: 900: 897:Rocketdyne F-1 873: 869: 850: 847: 778: 775: 767:Lyndon Johnson 755:lunar missions 705:launch vehicle 687: 686: 645: 643: 636: 630: 627: 619:Sergei Korolev 592:Apollo program 526: 525: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 501: 497: 496: 493: 489: 488: 485: 479: 478: 475: 474:Maximum thrust 471: 470: 464: 460: 459: 451: 450: 441: 437: 436: 433: 429: 428: 425: 419: 418: 415: 414:Maximum thrust 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 398: 397: 388: 384: 383: 380: 376: 375: 372: 366: 365: 362: 361:Maximum thrust 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 345: 344: 335: 331: 330: 327: 323: 322: 319: 313: 312: 309: 308:Maximum thrust 305: 304: 297: 293: 292: 288: 287: 278: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 262: 256: 255: 252: 251:Maximum thrust 248: 247: 241: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183:Total launches 180: 179: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 159:Launch history 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 120: 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 51:launch vehicle 47: 43: 42: 39: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8493: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8422: 8416: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8376:Vladimirovska 8373: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 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7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7540: 7535: 7528: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7414:Spaceplanes: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7238: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141:test missions 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6916:(Soyuz 7K-L3) 6912: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6892:(Soyuz 7K-L1) 6888: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6879: 6878:VA spacecraft 6876: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6834:Proton rocket 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6796: 6794: 6789: 6787: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6627:UR-500 Proton 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Space Shuttle 6411: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314:Blue Scout II 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5003:Firefly Alpha 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4381:9780989991407 4377: 4373: 4368: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4280:5-9900271-2-5 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4150: 4144: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4070:0-15-100964-3 4066: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4034: 4033: 4025: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3953:. Anatoly Zak 3952: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3891: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3834: 3833:1-931641-00-5 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3814: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3583: 3566: 3562: 3561:radian-spb.ru 3558: 3550: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3286: 3278: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3237: 3235:0-385-49253-7 3231: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907:"N1 (rocket)" 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2874: 2868: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2243: 2241: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2161:Nova (rocket) 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1415:total impulse 1412: 1408: 1399: 1394: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276:pitch and yaw 1266: 1255: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1110: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086:fourth launch 1083: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1068:second launch 1065: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1030: 1028: 1027:Vasily Mishin 1023: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 985: 976: 967: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 935: 931: 926: 921: 918: 913: 910: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 867: 863: 860:engine using 859: 855: 846: 842: 840: 836: 832: 827: 823: 818: 816: 811: 807: 803: 798: 791:of the rocket 790: 784: 774: 771: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 701:N1/L3 program 698: 694: 683: 680: 672: 662: 658: 652: 651: 646:This section 644: 640: 635: 634: 626: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 549: 543: 533: 522: 516: 512: 509: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 449: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 396: 392: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 343: 339: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 286: 282: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 153: 149: 145: 142: 137: 133: 129: 126: 121: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 76: 73: 69: 66: 63: 59: 56: 52: 49:Crewed lunar 48: 44: 37: 32: 26: 19: 8351: 8135:Kapustin Yar 7542:Type numbers 7457: 7445: 7413: 7397: 7381:Zond (7K-L1) 7377: 7344:Apollo–Soyuz 7209: 7195: 7159: 7119: 7112: 7008: 6970: 6937: 6882: 6870: 6828: 6821:upper stages 6521:Thorad-Agena 6194:Soyuz/Vostok 6094: 4998:Falcon Heavy 4690:Soyuz/Vostok 4615: 4424:(in Russian) 4416:Слабкий Л.И. 4371: 4359:. Retrieved 4355:the original 4344:Bibliography 4330:. Retrieved 4326:the original 4313: 4270: 4262: 4255: 4243:. Retrieved 4234: 4229:Wade, Mark. 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4203: 4198:Wade, Mark. 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4177:the original 4169: 4160: 4154:. CIA. 1972. 4143: 4131:. Retrieved 4127:the original 4122: 4098:. Retrieved 4094:the original 4089: 4084:Wade, Mark. 4079: 4055: 4048: 4037:, retrieved 4031: 4024: 4012:. Retrieved 4003: 3993: 3981:. Retrieved 3976: 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3950: 3940: 3897: 3890: 3878:. Retrieved 3874:the original 3869: 3864:Wade, Mark. 3859: 3852:Слабкий Л.И. 3819: 3813: 3785: 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3725:the original 3716: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3677:. Retrieved 3673:the original 3668: 3641:. Retrieved 3628: 3591: 3569:. Retrieved 3560: 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3526: 3516: 3504:. Retrieved 3495: 3490:Wade, Mark. 3485: 3473:. Retrieved 3469:the original 3458: 3416: 3363: 3322:. Retrieved 3284: 3277: 3265:. Retrieved 3256: 3246: 3224:. New York: 3219: 3201: 3187: 3175:. Retrieved 3166: 3163:"Soyuz 2-1v" 3157: 3145:. Retrieved 3136: 3126: 3082: 3075: 3063:. Retrieved 3054: 3044: 3000: 2993: 2981:. Retrieved 2972: 2967:Wade, Mark. 2962: 2950:. Retrieved 2941: 2931: 2919:. Retrieved 2910: 2905:Wade, Mark. 2877:. Retrieved 2867: 2855:. Retrieved 2846: 2796: 2790: 2780: 2768:. Retrieved 2750: 2738:. Retrieved 2722: 2694:. Retrieved 2685: 2680:Wade, Mark. 2675: 2663:. Retrieved 2658: 2653:Wade, Mark. 2648: 2636:. Retrieved 2631: 2621: 2607: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2576:. Retrieved 2567: 2557: 2540: 2528:. Retrieved 2509: 2494: 2484: 2475: 2468:. Retrieved 2456: 2443: 2431:. Retrieved 2427: 2418: 2406:. Retrieved 2402:the original 2392: 2380:. Retrieved 2376:the original 2366: 2334: 2327: 2315:. Retrieved 2306: 2279:. Retrieved 2275:the original 2270: 2261: 2230: 2195: 2135:Zond program 2119: 2106:Soyuz 7K-LOK 2103: 2089: 2086: 2078:Soyuz 7K-LOK 2075: 2066: 2049: 2041:Soyuz 7K-L1E 2037:Soyuz 7K-LOK 2034: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1975: 1971: 1951: 1944: 1884:26 June 1971 1875:in history. 1870: 1798:Launch site 1720:443 seconds 1696: 1688: 1683: 1618:370 seconds 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579:120 seconds 1555: 1550: 1546:Second stage 1545: 1540:125 seconds 1516: 1511: 1506: 1495:Gross weight 1456: 1449: 1435:The N1 used 1434: 1419: 1404: 1381: 1377: 1368: 1356: 1348: 1340: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1313: 1304: 1302: 1287: 1285: 1261: 1248: 1235: 1233: 1224: 1212: 1191: 1174: 1155: 1128: 1116: 1113: 1106: 1085: 1079:third launch 1078: 1067: 1058:first launch 1057: 1024: 1017: 1001: 981: 953: 947:, and later 925:Kolyma Gulag 922: 917:Titan II GLV 914: 852: 843: 819: 796: 794: 769: 748: 722:110R at the 713: 693:Soviet Union 690: 675: 666: 655:Please help 650:verification 647: 616: 612:Soyuz 7K-LOK 587: 585: 574:rocket stage 546: 531: 529: 207:First flight 172:Launch sites 61:Manufacturer 25: 18:N-I (rocket) 8278:Sary Shagan 7841:Novosibirsk 7800:Caspian Sea 7544:(1947–1955) 7357:Shuttle-Mir 6939:Lunokhod-LK 6011:LauncherOne 5962:Kaituozhe-1 5739:Black Arrow 5491:Orbex Prime 5390:Hyperbola-2 5355:Antares 330 5055:Kaituozhe 2 5028:Hyperbola-1 4396:Astronautix 4332:24 December 4183:20 November 4133:21 February 3977:YouTube.com 3823:NASA. Also 3768:23 February 3721:RSC Energia 3669:astronuatix 3267:18 February 3177:28 December 3065:13 February 2799:: 184–192. 2686:astronautix 2661:. Mark Wade 2659:Astronautix 2382:7 September 2061:gimbal lock 2059:to go into 1956:caused the 1922:Site 110/37 1893:Site 110/37 1871:One of the 1863:Zond L1S-2 1856:Site 110/38 1847:3 July 1969 1834:Zond L1S-1 1827:Site 110/38 1801:Serial no. 1795:Date (UTC) 1717:347 seconds 1703:Thrust, vac 1615:147 seconds 1601:Thrust, vac 1576:384 seconds 1562:Thrust, vac 1537:168 seconds 1507:First stage 1361:, the N1's 1201:Description 1043:KH-8 Gambit 1005:Soyuz 7K-L1 984:Soyuz 7K-L3 864:(UDMH) and 820:Meanwhile, 604:lunar orbit 215:Last flight 191:Success(es) 139:Payload to 123:Payload to 8435:Categories 7446:Capsules: 7191:Kosmos 434 7186:Kosmos 398 7181:Kosmos 379 7148:Zond-LOK 1 7129:Kosmos 382 7086:Zond 1969A 7070:Zond 1968B 7064:Zond 1968A 7053:Zond 1967B 7047:Zond 1967A 7041:Kosmos 154 7036:Kosmos 146 6945:Krechet-94 6863:Spacecraft 6016:Long March 5920:Feng Bao 1 5533:Tianlong-3 5459:New Line 1 5417:Long March 5365:Cyclone-4M 5305:Tianlong-2 5283:2.1b / STB 5278:2.1a / STA 5221:Pegasus XL 5087:Long March 5060:Kinetica 1 4983:Chollima-1 4297:1256536142 4289:2010419839 4245:18 October 4214:18 October 4200:"L3M-1972" 4100:2 February 3983:12 January 3957:5 February 3880:5 February 3825:PDF format 3731:30 January 3679:21 October 3643:21 October 3571:3 February 3492:"Saturn V" 3443:2005003682 3324:21 January 3311:2004020825 3209:Wikisource 3147:27 January 3114:2007922812 3032:2016948726 2983:31 January 2952:31 January 2740:19 January 2696:19 January 2470:23 October 2317:24 January 2254:References 1997:Zond L1S-2 1523:Thrust, SL 1246:designs. 937:jet engine 909:Rocketdyne 878:hypergolic 815:Tsar Bomba 720:launch pad 578:Starship's 500:Propellant 463:Powered by 440:Propellant 406:Powered by 387:Propellant 353:Powered by 334:Propellant 296:Powered by 277:Propellant 240:Powered by 199:Failure(s) 7371:Cancelled 7172:LK Lander 7025:7K-L1/L1S 6906:Zond-LOK 6829:N1 rocket 6115:Paektusan 5744:Conestoga 5501:Red Dwarf 5454:New Glenn 5385:Gravity-2 5375:Epsilon S 5008:Gravity-1 4848:Tsyklon-4 4305:30460496M 3226:Doubleday 2821:0094-5765 2408:1 January 1915:06:11:55 1886:23:15:08 1849:20:18:32 1820:09:18:07 1714:Burn time 1612:Burn time 1573:Burn time 1534:Burn time 1311:engines. 1240:grid fins 1090:hammering 951:rockets. 892:than the 804:using an 669:July 2018 608:LK Lander 492:Burn time 432:Burn time 379:Burn time 326:Burn time 269:Burn time 167:Cancelled 118:Capacity 8244:Plesetsk 8217:Nyonoksa 8066:missiles 8024:Nanchang 7977:Taganrog 7792:aircraft 7360:(joint) 7347:(joint) 7278:(joint) 6972:Soyuz 2A 6659:original 6649:Vanguard 6632:Proton-K 6605:original 6453:Ablestar 6438:Terran 1 6396:original 6255:Rocket 3 6162:original 5972:original 5898:Falcon 9 5893:Falcon 1 5849:IV Heavy 5565:Zuljanah 5528:Terran R 5511:Block 1B 5496:Pallas-1 5400:Kuaizhou 5360:Bloostar 5300:Starship 5251:Shavit 2 5236:Qaem 100 5226:Proton-M 5184:Minotaur 5065:Kuaizhou 4988:Electron 4956:Ariane 6 4788:Proton-K 4761:original 4658:original 4535:Proton-M 4239:Archived 4208:Archived 4008:Archived 3802:Archived 3759:Archived 3637:Archived 3565:Archived 3539:10 March 3533:Archived 3506:25 April 3500:Archived 3475:25 April 3447:Archived 3398:7612528M 3390:35567023 3382:96035311 3315:Archived 3261:Archived 3171:Archived 3141:Archived 3118:Archived 3088:Springer 3059:Archived 3036:Archived 3006:Springer 2977:Archived 2969:"Vulkan" 2946:Archived 2921:30 April 2915:Archived 2879:30 April 2857:30 April 2851:Archived 2770:30 April 2764:Archived 2731:Archived 2690:Archived 2655:"RD-270" 2613:"Proton" 2572:Archived 2530:30 April 2524:Archived 2501:Archived 2461:Archived 2433:22 April 2358:Archived 2311:Archived 2145:See also 2139:Lunokhod 2126:Cyrillic 2025:Tyuratam 2016:impeller 2005:110 East 1932:Failure 1919:Baikonur 1903:Failure 1890:Baikonur 1866:Failure 1853:Baikonur 1837:Failure 1824:Baikonur 1810:Remarks 1807:Outcome 1804:Payload 1691:(burn 2) 1452:momentum 1411:Saturn V 1393:Saturn V 1118:glasnost 1084:N1 7L – 1077:N1 6L – 1072:110 East 1066:N1 5L – 1056:N1 3L – 822:Chelomey 789:3D model 716:Apollo 4 709:Saturn V 566:Saturn V 552:) was a 232:Diameter 177:Baikonur 175:LC-110, 94:Diameter 46:Function 8421:details 8332:Töretam 8074:Barnaul 7470:Related 7421:Energia 7322:Voskhod 7255:Russian 7210:Italics 7121:Zond 10 7004:Soyuz 8 7000:Soyuz 7 6996:Soyuz 6 6991:Soyuz 5 6987:Soyuz 4 6982:Soyuz 3 6978:Soyuz 2 6967:Soyuz 1 6958:docking 6898:Zond-M 6819:ascent/ 6724:Classes 6595:Tsyklon 6433:Start-1 6204:Voskhod 6199:Sputnik 6135:Molniya 6120:Pilot-2 5957:Juno II 5871:Epsilon 5866:Energia 5856:Diamant 5732:Centaur 5581:Antares 5574:Retired 5523:Soyuz-7 5516:Block 2 5449:Neutron 5439:Miura 5 5273:Soyuz-2 5266:Block 1 5256:Simorgh 5033:Jielong 4961:Atlas V 4932:Current 4756:Tsyklon 4751:Start-1 4700:Voskhod 4695:Sputnik 4631:Molniya 4584:Energia 4572:Retired 4563:Yenisei 4508:Soyuz-2 4474:Russian 4434:Drawing 3597:155ñ156 2801:Bibcode 2578:2 March 2281:13 June 2203:on the 2128:letter 2124:of the 2021:Leninsk 1954:voltage 1727:impulse 1697:Block G 1625:impulse 1595:Block V 1556:Block B 1517:Block A 1324:Block V 1305:Block B 1236:Block A 1219:frustum 1186:Antares 1147:Energia 949:Energia 934:OKB-276 787:Static 740:Florida 732:SA-500F 629:History 456:Block D 409:1 NK-19 356:4 NK-21 8147:KY-02 8119:Embi-5 8051:XIAN-A 8014:HARB-A 8006:Harbin 7959:SibNIA 7855:NOVO-C 7851:NOVO-B 7848:NOVO-A 7813:CASP-B 7808:CASP-A 7449:Zvezda 7433:Kliper 7417:Spiral 7405:Aelita 7393:Zvezda 7389:LK-700 7378:Moon: 7327:Salyut 7317:Vostok 7263:Active 7251:Soviet 7114:Zond 9 7108:Zond 8 7103:Zond 7 7081:Zond 6 7076:Zond 5 7059:Zond 4 6884:LK-700 6844:Blok D 6839:Blok E 6708:Zhuque 6642:Strela 6600:R-36-O 6543:II GLV 6531:SLV-2H 6526:SLV-2G 6514:DSV-2U 6492:Burner 6428:SS-520 6423:Sparta 6391:Shavit 6282:Saturn 6243:Shtil' 6209:Vostok 6152:Polyot 6110:Naro-1 5999:Lambda 5967:Kosmos 5952:Juno I 5876:Europa 5650:Athena 5613:Ariane 5553:Zhuque 5543:Vega E 5395:Irtysh 5332:Zhuque 5050:KAIROS 4939:Angara 4863:Medium 4853:Proton 4798:Strela 4783:UR-500 4739:Shtil' 4705:Vostok 4648:Polyot 4589:Kosmos 4558:Irtysh 4491:Angara 4484:Active 4470:Soviet 4378: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4277: 4067: 4039:17 May 4014:24 May 3905: 3831: 3796:& 3603: 3441: 3431: 3396: 3388: 3380: 3370: 3309: 3299: 3232: 3204: 3112: 3102: 3030: 3020: 2819: 2665:30 May 2638:30 May 2428:SpaceX 2350: 2181:UR-700 2052:eddies 1778:3.12% 1725:Total 1689:S-IVB 1678:9.31% 1675:12.14% 1623:Total 1468:N1-L3 1407:Apollo 1280:moment 1131:Syntin 1007:, aka 941:Proton 932:, the 858:RD-270 835:UR-500 826:OKB-52 761:, the 699:. 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