137:
agents, (3) agents and patients can intersect, (4) agents and patients can be equal, or (5) agents can be a proper subset of patients. Medical ethics, bioethics, and environmental ethics “typify” agents and patients when the patient is specified as any form of life. Animals, for example, can be moral patients but not moral agents. Also, there are ethics that typify moral agenthood to include legal entities (especially human-based entities) such as companies, agencies, and artificial agents, in addition to humans.
1879:
127:
as "all entities that can in principle qualify as sources of moral action", and defines moral patients, in accordance with the common usage, as "all entities that can in principle qualify as receivers of moral action". However, they note that besides inclusion of agents within patients, other
136:
How can we characterize the relationship between ethical agents and patients? According to
Floridi and Sanders (2004), there are five logical relationships between the class of ethical agents and the class of patients: (1) agents and patients are disjoint, (2) patients can be a proper subset of
68:
says: "A moral agent is someone who can bring about events in ways that are praiseworthy or subject to blame. A moral patient is someone who can be morally mistreated. All moral agents are moral patients, but not all moral patients (human babies, some nonhuman animals) are moral agents."
405:
Lan T, Sinhababu N, Carrasco LR (2022) Recognition of intrinsic values of sentient beings explains the sense of moral duty towards global nature conservation. PLoS ONE 17(10): e0276614.
64:
Most authors define moral patients as "beings that are appropriate objects of direct moral concern". This category may include moral agents, and usually does include them. For instance,
1672:
429:
Balle, S.N. Empathic responses and moral status for social robots: an argument in favor of robot patienthood based on K. E. Løgstrup. AI & Soc 37, 535–548 (2022).
144:
notes that
Floridi and Sanders, in their paper, spoke of "damage" instead of "harm", and that in doing so, they "avoid the usual assumption that an entity must be
417:
MĂĽller, N.D. (2022). Kantian Moral
Concern, Love, and Respect. In: Kantianism for Animals. The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
77:
Some authors use the term in a more narrow sense, according to which moral patients are "beings who are appropriate objects of direct moral concern but are
1648:
347:
669:
91:
used the term in this narrow sense. This usage was shared by other authors who cited Regan, such as
Nicholas Bunnin and Jiyuan Yu's
1680:
649:
616:
516:
491:
463:
365:
279:
532:
441:
Harris, J., Anthis, J.R. The Moral
Consideration of Artificial Entities: A Literature Review. Sci Eng Ethics 27, 53 (2021).
1696:
796:
708:
1664:
1481:
898:
189:
382:
258:
Zhou, Xinyue; Guo, Siyuan; Huang, Rong; Ye, Weiling (2020), Wu, Shuang; Pantoja, Felipe; Krey, Nina (eds.),
1728:
1688:
1601:
179:
56:
Notions of moral patienthood in non-human animals and artificial entities have been academically explored.
17:
1903:
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1656:
87:
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recommended a grant of $ 315,500 to "support research related to moral patienthood and moral weight."
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458:(2nd ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic, An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Inc.
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relationships of moral patienthood with moral agency are possible. Marian
Quigley's
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169:
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997:
853:
838:
124:
260:"Think versus Feel: Two Dimensions of Brand Anthropomorphism: An Abstract"
1516:
1320:
1097:
758:
46:
107:, they simply had a different view on how a "moral patient" is defined.
53:
of an action can depend on how it affects or relates to moral patients.
1576:
1546:
1541:
1521:
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908:
831:
264:
Marketing
Opportunities and Challenges in a Changing Global Marketplace
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220:
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1704:
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1198:
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389:(Spring 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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82:
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50:
670:"Rethink Priorities — Moral Patienthood and Moral Weight Research"
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717:
45:) is the state of being eligible for moral consideration by a
1411:
1401:
266:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 351–352,
1673:
1451:
1367:
1213:
1208:
1168:
221:"On Moral Considerability: An Essay on Who Morally Matters"
644:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 523.
1377:
686:
302:"The rise of the robots and the crisis of moral patiency"
611:. Hershey: Information Science Reference. p. 516.
219:
Haji, Ishtiyaque; Bernstein, Mark H. (November 2001).
352:(3 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
105:
moral agents are not eligible for moral consideration
511:. Critical animal studies. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
454:Taliaferro, Charles; Marty, Elsa J., eds. (2018).
380:
664:
110:
1895:
608:Encyclopedia of information ethics and security
556:Floridi, Luciano; Sanders, J.W. (August 2004).
453:
381:Jaworska, Agnieszka; Tannenbaum, Julie (2023),
130:Encyclopedia of Information Ethics and Security
555:
484:The Blackwell dictionary of Western philosophy
257:
702:
640:Duff, Antony; Green, Stuart P., eds. (2011).
385:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.),
218:
1649:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
407:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276614
132:summarizes the possibilities that they gave:
419:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01930-2_2
709:
695:
443:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-021-00331-8
431:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01211-2
93:Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy
642:Philosophical foundations of criminal law
639:
581:
481:
225:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
1681:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
604:
506:
387:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
299:
14:
1896:
558:"On the Morality of Artificial Agents"
456:A dictionary of philosophy of religion
349:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
690:
482:Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2004).
477:
475:
345:
341:
339:
337:
335:
121:On the Morality of Artificial Agents
1697:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
24:
574:10.1023/B:MIND.0000035461.63578.9d
533:"Animal Rights | Encyclopedia.com"
472:
25:
1915:
332:
103:These authors did not think that
1878:
1877:
658:
633:
598:
549:
525:
507:Wadiwel, Dinesh Joseph (2015).
500:
447:
72:
1665:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
1035:Value monism – Value pluralism
435:
423:
411:
399:
374:
293:
251:
212:
111:Relationship with moral agency
13:
1:
605:Quigley, Marian, ed. (2008).
486:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
383:"The Grounds of Moral Status"
272:10.1007/978-3-030-39165-2_138
205:
190:Ethics of uncertain sentience
59:
1729:On the Genealogy of Morality
1689:Critique of Practical Reason
300:Danaher, John (March 2019).
180:Argument from marginal cases
7:
163:
101:Encyclopedia of Population.
10:
1920:
1657:A Treatise of Human Nature
716:
346:Audi, Robert, ed. (2015).
151:
88:The Case for Animal Rights
27:State of mattering morally
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1780:
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907:
782:
724:
318:10.1007/s00146-017-0773-9
1008:Universal prescriptivism
358:10.1017/cbo9781139057509
148:to count as a patient."
797:Artificial intelligence
509:The war against animals
200:Precautionary principle
97:The War Against Animals
195:Moral circle expansion
139:
81:(also) moral agents".
49:. In other words, the
1721:The Methods of Ethics
959:Divine command theory
954:Ideal observer theory
134:
1838:Political philosophy
537:www.encyclopedia.com
185:Artificial sentience
142:Mireille Hildebrandt
1808:Evolutionary ethics
1769:Reasons and Persons
1745:A Theory of Justice
899:Uncertain sentience
95:, Dinesh Wadiwel's
1904:Concepts in ethics
1803:Ethics in religion
1798:Descriptive ethics
1633:Nicomachean Ethics
562:Minds and Machines
119:and J.W. Sanders,
66:Charles Taliaferro
1891:
1890:
1858:Social philosophy
1843:Population ethics
1833:Philosophy of law
1813:History of ethics
1296:Political freedom
973:Euthyphro dilemma
764:Suffering-focused
666:Open Philanthropy
651:978-0-19-955915-2
618:978-1-59140-987-8
518:978-90-04-30041-5
493:978-1-4051-0679-5
465:978-1-5013-2523-6
367:978-1-139-05750-9
281:978-3-030-39164-5
158:Open Philanthropy
31:Moral patienthood
16:(Redirected from
1911:
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1828:Moral psychology
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1753:Practical Ethics
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1276:Moral imperative
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1311:Self-discipline
1271:Moral hierarchy
1219:Problem of evil
1164:Double standard
1154:Culture of life
1112:
1041:
988:Non-cognitivism
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1713:Utilitarianism
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1073:Existentialist
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968:Constructivism
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942:Non-naturalism
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769:Utilitarianism
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668:(March 2021).
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568:(3): 349–379.
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312:(1): 129–136.
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175:Animal welfare
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39:moral patiency
35:moral patience
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1269:
1267:
1266:Moral courage
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1204:Good and evil
1202:
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1190:
1189:Family values
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1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:Quasi-realism
1001:
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991:
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989:
986:
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923:
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918:
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897:
895:
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857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
833:
830:
829:
828:
827:Environmental
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
787:
785:
781:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:Particularism
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
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689:
671:
667:
661:
653:
647:
643:
636:
628:
624:
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609:
601:
593:
589:
584:
579:
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571:
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563:
559:
552:
538:
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489:
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327:
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315:
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307:
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296:
283:
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254:
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215:
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201:
198:
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183:
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178:
176:
173:
171:
170:Animal rights
168:
167:
161:
159:
149:
147:
143:
138:
133:
131:
126:
122:
118:
115:The paper by
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
70:
67:
57:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:(also called
32:
19:
1862:
1818:Human rights
1761:After Virtue
1487:Schopenhauer
1261:Moral agency
1134:Common sense
1030:Universalism
998:Expressivism
978:Intuitionism
949:Subjectivism
894:Terraforming
869:Professional
673:. Retrieved
660:
641:
635:
607:
600:
565:
561:
551:
540:. Retrieved
536:
527:
508:
502:
483:
455:
449:
437:
425:
413:
401:
391:, retrieved
386:
376:
348:
309:
305:
295:
285:, retrieved
263:
253:
228:
224:
214:
155:
140:
135:
129:
125:moral agents
120:
114:
104:
100:
96:
92:
86:
78:
76:
73:Narrow usage
63:
55:
43:moral status
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
18:Moral status
1636:(c. 322 BC)
1502:Kierkegaard
1321:Stewardship
1098:Rousseauian
1015:Rationalism
927:Cognitivism
874:Programming
849:Meat eating
822:Engineering
675:December 1,
47:moral agent
1532:Bonhoeffer
1241:Immorality
1184:Eudaimonia
1144:Conscience
1139:Compassion
1025:Skepticism
1020:Relativism
937:Naturalism
917:Absolutism
889:Technology
739:Deontology
542:2024-04-16
393:2024-04-16
287:2024-04-16
231:(3): 730.
206:References
123:, defines
99:, and the
60:Definition
1793:Casuistry
1705:Either/Or
1612:Korsgaard
1607:Azurmendi
1572:MacIntyre
1512:Nietzsche
1442:Augustine
1437:Confucius
1417:Aristotle
1393:Ethicists
1351:Intrinsic
1316:Suffering
1226:Happiness
1199:Free will
1179:Etiquette
1124:Authority
1068:Epicurean
1063:Confucian
1058:Christian
993:Emotivism
817:Discourse
754:Pragmatic
726:Normative
592:0924-6495
583:2299/1822
326:0951-5666
156:In 2021,
83:Tom Regan
1898:Category
1883:Category
1823:Ideology
1788:Axiology
1617:Nussbaum
1567:Frankena
1562:Anscombe
1552:Williams
1507:Sidgwick
1427:Valluvar
1422:Diogenes
1407:Socrates
1331:Theodicy
1326:Sympathy
1291:Pacifism
1281:Morality
1194:Fidelity
1174:Equality
1129:Autonomy
1117:Concepts
1078:Feminist
1053:Buddhist
983:Nihilism
922:Axiology
879:Research
812:Computer
807:Business
627:85444168
164:See also
146:sentient
51:morality
1781:Related
1527:Tillich
1492:Bentham
1467:Spinoza
1462:Aquinas
1447:Mencius
1361:Western
1336:Torture
1301:Precept
1256:Loyalty
1251:Liberty
1246:Justice
1159:Dignity
1149:Consent
1093:Kantian
1083:Islamic
1046:Schools
932:Realism
864:Nursing
859:Medical
844:Machine
784:Applied
245:3071172
152:History
1772:(1984)
1764:(1981)
1756:(1979)
1748:(1971)
1740:(1903)
1732:(1887)
1724:(1874)
1716:(1861)
1708:(1843)
1700:(1820)
1692:(1788)
1684:(1785)
1676:(1780)
1668:(1759)
1660:(1740)
1652:(1726)
1644:(1677)
1602:Taylor
1587:Parfit
1582:Singer
1557:Mackie
1432:Cicero
1373:Virtue
1306:Rights
1231:Honour
1088:Jewish
884:Sexual
792:Animal
774:Virtue
718:Ethics
648:
625:
615:
590:
515:
490:
462:
364:
324:
278:
243:
41:, and
1864:Index
1626:Works
1597:Adams
1592:Nagel
1547:Dewey
1542:Rawls
1522:Barth
1517:Moore
1482:Hegel
1457:Xunzi
1412:Plato
1402:Laozi
1383:Wrong
1356:Japan
1346:Value
1341:Trust
1236:Ideal
1103:Stoic
854:Media
839:Legal
241:JSTOR
1577:Hare
1537:Foot
1497:Mill
1477:Kant
1472:Hume
1452:Mozi
1368:Vice
1286:Norm
1214:Evil
1209:Good
1169:Duty
909:Meta
832:Land
759:Role
744:Care
677:2023
646:ISBN
623:OCLC
613:ISBN
588:ISSN
513:ISBN
488:ISBN
460:ISBN
362:ISBN
322:ISSN
276:ISBN
1378:Vow
1108:Tao
802:Bio
578:hdl
570:doi
354:doi
314:doi
268:doi
233:doi
85:'s
79:not
1900::
621:.
586:.
576:.
566:14
564:.
560:.
535:.
474:^
360:.
334:^
320:.
310:34
308:.
304:.
274:,
262:,
239:.
229:63
227:.
223:.
37:,
710:e
703:t
696:v
679:.
654:.
629:.
594:.
580::
572::
545:.
521:.
496:.
468:.
370:.
356::
328:.
316::
270::
247:.
235::
20:)
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