2106:, p. 219. "Exposure from a cross is a punishment that the Qur'an authorizes for anyone who has ' war against God and His apostle' or 'spread disorder in the land.' ... Most classical jurists had construed their definition with commensurate care, establishing a thousand or so years ago that they referred specifically to banditry in open country: a uniquely destabilizing threat to civil order in a premodern society."
57:
1532:
terrorism and disruption of public safety (article 183), membership in groups conducting armed uprising (article 186), supporting groups planning to overthrow the government by force using weapons and explosives (article 187), accepting critical posts in a Coup d'etat government. Articles 190-191 state that judge can give a person convicted under one of these crimes
2217:, p. 218. "Exposure from a cross is a punishment that the Quran authorizes for anyone who has ' war against God and His apostle' or 'spread disorder in the land.' It served historically to humiliate rather than kill, but it could be combined with execution, because the holy book acknowledged those crimes -- uniquely -- as capital offenses."
1408:, subject to discretionary punishments such as fining, imprisonment, or lashes). Nonetheless, gang rape or public rape, such as the sort that occurs during war, is still traditionally considered ḥirāba as that is more in line with its classical definition as a war crime or crime against civilization and society.
1657:
According to journalist (Brian Murphy), the
Iranian Islamic regime's use of moharebeh against 2009 election protesters has "opened deep rifts between ruling clerics and Islamic scholars questioning how an idea about safeguarding Muslims can be transformed into a tool to punish political protesters."
1531:
law, and is "usually used against those who take up arms against the state," and usually carries the death penalty. The term is used in articles 183 to 196 of Iran's criminal law. The cases that fall under this term typically require involvement in armed criminal activities, e.g: taking up arms for
1326:
One who puts people in fear on the road, whether or not with a weapon, at night or day, in urban areas or in open spaces, in the palace of a caliph or a mosque, with or without accomplices, in the desert or in the village, in a large or small city, with one or more people… making people fear that
1519:
In 2022, dozens have been charged with moharabeh for their involvement in the Mahsa Amini protests and at least four people have been executed. Human rights organizations have condemned the use of "sham trials designed to intimidate protestors" and the "chilling use of the death penalty in rush
1445:) were originally punished either by exile or some combination of double amputation, beheading, and crucifixion (what Kadri calls "Islam's equivalent of the hanging, drawing and quartering that medieval Europeans inflicted on traitors"). This was the only capital penalty permitted rulers by the
1748:
In Saudi Arabia, Hirabah is defined as "Armed
Robbery". To prove hirabah, two witnesses must testify or there must be a confession. In addition, an offender can still escape the death penalty if he "repents before he is arrested and willingly places himself in the hands of the authorities."
1219:
The punishment of those who wage war against God and His
Messenger, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy
1653:
has argued that under
Articles 86 and 89 of the Islamic Punitive Laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the accused must "either have engaged in armed confrontation or he must have been a supporter or a member of an armed group and must have committed effective actions on behalf of that
1456:
The choice of crucifixion and its method is subject to "complex and contested rules" in classical jurisprudence. Most scholars required crucifixion for highway robbery combined with murder, while others allowed execution by other methods. The main methods of crucifixion are:
1391:
crime by the judge and prosecuted based on circumstantial evidence (medical evidence, any number of witnesses, and other forensic evidence). In other words, very similar to how it is treated in contemporary
Western law. It is fornication and adultery by mutual consent, or
1286:
traditionally referred to acts such as killing noncombatants ("the resident and wayfarer"), "assassinations, setting fires, or poisoning water wells," crimes "so serious and repugnant" that their perpetrators were "not to be given quarter or sanctuary anywhere."
1449:(in the case of murder the killer's fate was in the hands of the victim's next of kin not the judge) during the early years of Islam "when enemies of the faith and political rebels often looked frighteningly similar" the crime had broader application including
1735:
The penalty for hirabah in
Nigeria is death if a life is taken during the offense. Additionally, the Zamfara penal code (in effect in the North of Nigeria) provides that if life and property are taken during the commission of hirabah, the penalty is
1175:) has been translated by English-language Iranian media as "enemy of God". In English-language media sources, moḥarebeh in Iran has been translated variously as "waging war against God," "war against God and the state," "enmity against God." It is a
1243:
of the Banu Urayna feigned conversion to Islam to steal
Muslims' possessions and killed a young shepherd sent to teach them about the faith. Given the broad and strong language of the verse, however, various state representatives beginning with the
1503:
and is translated variously in
English-language media as "waging war against God," "war against God and the state," or "enmity against God." The charge is levied against people who commit acts against the government. Another related crime is
1536:. Peaceful and unarmed opposition to government does not fall under this term. Typical convicts under the term are members of armed ethnic separatist groups, members of armed drug trafficking groups, and people involved in armed robbery.
1472:
Crucifying the culprit alive, then executing him with a lance thrust or another method, ascribed to
Malikis, most Hanafis and most Twelver Shi'is; the majority of the Malikis; Malik, Abu Hanifa, and al-Awza'i; or Malikis, Hanafis, and
1672:
faces possible execution, according to reports; world footballers union expresses 'shock' and 'sadness'. Nasr-Azadani was accused of being a member of an "armed group" involved in the killing of three security officers during
1597:, known for preaching that religion is separate from politics, was reportedly charged with Moharebeh in 2007 by Iran's Special Court for the Clergy, but had his sentence reduced to 11 years in prison after an appeal.
1298:, "Most classical jurists" had established "a thousand or so years ago" that ḥirāba "referred specifically to banditry in open country: a uniquely destabilizing threat to civil order in a premodern society."
2665:"Iranian Quran Expert Bahrampur On National TV: Protesters Should Be Slaughtered Or Have Their Feet And Hands Chopped Off On Alternate Sides; If We Kill 10,000 Of Them, It Will Not Be An Exaggeration"
2891:
2203:... most classical jurists ... believe that the penalty for those who wage on God and His Apostle shall be that they are crucified, be subjected to cross-amputation or be banished from the earth.
2032:. "Neither the word hirabah nor the root verb haraba occurs in the Quran, although the verbal noun form (i.e. hirabah) is frequently used in classical and modern books of Islamic jurisprudence."
2650:
1684:
In the report, Jafari said Nasr-Azadani had been charged with Baghi, or rioting against the authorities, and has been in custody since
November 27, but no sentence has yet been issued.
2757:
1703:
after being convicted of moharebeh due to allegations that he was involved in two murders of two "volunteer" Basij militiamen during a protest. On 7 January 2023, Iran executed
1508:, which is "spreading corruption on the earth", which can be applied for political crimes such as treason. The Iran's judiciary system has also used another related crime,
2921:
1290:
Another source (Brian Murphy) states, "many Islamic scholars interpret the references to acts that defy universal codes such as intentionally killing civilians during
2514:
2488:
1612:, was charged with it for alleged "contact with unspecified foreign groups and working to undermine the Islamic system." He was later convicted of lesser charges.
3087:
1624:
and convicted in 2010 of “Moharebeh through ties with hostile groups the regime”. A request for pardon of the death sentence was rejected on 28 February 2012.
2859:
3026:
2881:
2664:
2429:
1228:) is frequently used in classical and modern books of Islamic jurisprudence, but neither the word ḥirāba nor the root verb ḥaraba occurs in the Quran. (
2692:
1604:
was sentenced to death for Moharebeh in 2009, a sentence overturned by an appeals court in March 2010. In March 2010, the 76-year-old former dean of
2621:
2162:
2088:
1351:, relates a story in which a group was attacked and a woman in their party raped. Responding to the argument that the crime did not constitute
987:
1687:
By late 2022, at least 43 Iranians had been sentenced to death for moharebeh or mofsed-e-filarz due to their purported involvement in the
3104:
2747:
2179:
1343:
Al-Dasuqi, for example, a Maliki jurist, held that if a person forced a woman to have sex, his actions would be deemed committing
2820:
2717:
1866:
878:
3119:
2913:
1817:
1236:
1914:
1554:, when scores of former officials of the Shah and others were arrested and executed for moharebeh, and the beginning of the
2748:"Exclusive: Iranian footballer is among dozens facing execution while the West is distracted by Christmas, supporters fear"
2518:
1896:
1643:
of Moharebeh as "leaders of sedition." This was not followed up with any charges against the two by the Iranian judiciary.
1512:, which is translated to "armed rebellion against the Islamic government", especially against protesters during the 2022
1307:"spreading corruption in the land", which is mentioned alongside waging "war against Allah and His Prophet" in 5:33-34.
866:
1778:
1704:
1650:
286:
2790:
3114:
3036:
3008:
2651:
Abdolfattah Soltani: “According to law and Sharia, throwing stones or breaking windows do not constitute ‘moharebeh’”
2189:
2127:
1654:
organization.", conditions that have not been met by defendants such as Valian, who threw stones at militia members.
851:
3047:
2843:
2455:
1665:
In 2019, an Iranian Quran interpreter has called for the punishment of those protesting, based on Quran Surah 5:33.
1719:
from those condemned to death for moharebeh or mofsed-e-filarz in connection with the protests, subjecting them to
1700:
1566:
1461:
Exposure of the culprit's body after execution by another method, ascribed to "most scholars" and in particular to
436:
1524:
2625:
1558:, executions for moharebeh were rare, and usually applied against members of armed opposition/terrorist groups,
493:
1708:
1555:
1074:
1008:
533:
34:
2260:
Vogel, F.E. (2012). "Ṣalb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
2117:
1969:
1662:
has reportedly sought to "rally clerics to oppose the use of moharebeh charges against political protesters."
2608:
2597:
Arbitrary arrest/ fear for safety/possible prisoners of conscience/medical concern/torture and ill-treatment
1594:
740:
695:
322:
2638:
2583:
More commonly theses offenders were sentenced to death for committing a related violation of Islamic law,
1711:
after they were convicted of mofsed-e-filarz, in connection to their alleged involvement in the protests.
3109:
2159:
1836:
1692:
1570:
1544:
1439:
the crimes of waging `war against God and His apostle` (Muḥāribah) and spreading `disorder in the land` (
1416:
In keeping with the Quranic verse 5:33 quoted above, "most classical jurists" held that the penalty for
808:
2290:
Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
1494:
1363:
involving the taking of money, and that anyone would rather be subjected to the latter than the former.
973:
251:
2886:
1476:
Crucifying the culprit alive and sparing his life if he survives for three days, ascribed to Shiites.
1039:
341:
17:
2570:
1315:
The inclusion of rape within the purview of ḥirāba has had support throughout history. The medieval
1574:
883:
717:
1942:
3124:
1768:
1677:
city of Esfahan, the city's Chief Justice Asadullah Jafari said, as reported by the state agency
1659:
465:
3077:
1426:), cross-amputation (amputation of right hand and left foot) or being banished from the earth (
978:
1669:
889:
514:
441:
2540:
2029:
1695:
was hanged after being convicted of moharebeh due to allegations that he nonfatally injured a
1204:
3048:"THE DEATH PENALTY IN TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC LAW AND AS INTERPRETED IN SAUDI ARABIA AND NIGERIA"
1724:
1712:
1348:
1258:
are to despoil someones wealth or property, and also fighting or committing sinful act. The
3082:
1688:
1674:
1621:
1601:
1513:
956:
2596:
8:
1800:
1646:
1636:
1279:
551:
500:
2718:"Who is Amir Nasr-Azadani, the Iranian footballer facing execution over hijab protests?"
2693:"Iran's footballer Amir Nasr-Azadani to face execution over anti-hijab protests: Report"
2558:
1613:
1551:
1540:
1533:
1379:
to indicate its forced and non-consensual nature, whereas fornication and adultery fit
1067:
712:
454:
258:
2812:
2402:
1987:
3032:
3028:
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...
3004:
2851:
2463:
2358:
2269:
2185:
2123:
1605:
1578:
1450:
1355:
because no money was taken and no weapons used, Ibn 'Arabi replied indignantly that "
1245:
731:
472:
393:
331:
229:
208:
2489:"Iran: Chilling use of the death penalty to further brutally quell popular uprising"
1453:
but was "gradually narrowed" to apply only to "highway robbery in the open county."
2882:"Urgent Action: 28 PEOPLE RISK EXECUTION IN RELATION TO UPRISING (Iran: UA 103.22)"
2265:
1832:
1716:
1586:
1387:, nonetheless, they are two categorically different crimes as rape is treated as a
1158:
398:
272:
3088:"Hirabah versus Jihad: Rescuing Jihad from The al Qaeda Blasphemy", by Jim Guirard
1809:
2998:
2584:
2166:
1821:
1773:
1609:
1590:
1505:
1252:
1122:
1106:
1098:
1050:
600:
379:
358:
2334:(in Arabic). Vol. 17. وزارة الأوقاف والشئون الإسلامية في دولة الكويت. 1988.
2313:(in Arabic). Vol. 12. وزارة الأوقاف والشئون الإسلامية في دولة الكويت. 1988.
2119:
Eradicating Terrorism from the Middle East: Policy and Administrative Approaches
1375:
is taken to refer to illegal sexual intercourse, where rape is distinguished as
1640:
1582:
1559:
372:
203:
2377:"۱۱ نماینده آلمانی کفالت سیاسی معترضان پرونده "خانه اصفهان" را بر عهده گرفتند"
1627:
In a February 2011 televised address before a group of clerics in the city of
1565:
In recent years, Iranians executed after being charged with Moharebeh include
3098:
2855:
2467:
2362:
2346:
1632:
1466:
1436:
1368:
1336:
1316:
1295:
1240:
1176:
1060:
122:
2782:
1589:, whose death sentence for Moharebeh was overturned in 2008 on appeal, and
1547:
for "their alleged ties to armed opposition groups" were executed in 2014.
1212:
1180:
689:
680:
657:
609:
486:
365:
307:
2042:
El Fadl, Khaled Abou (2006). "Rebellion". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
2008:
El Fadl, Khaled Abou (2006). "Rebellion". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
1737:
1109:(traditionally understood as aggravated robbery or grand larceny, unlike
798:
157:
2376:
2327:
2306:
1462:
427:
2813:"Majidreza Rahnavard: Iran carries out second execution over protests"
2430:"Iran carries out second execution linked to wave of popular protests"
1404:, provided there are four witnesses (absent which they too default to
3083:"Making Sense of Jihad vs. Hirabah (Terrorism)", by the Islam Project
1814:
1263:
1235:
According to early Islamic sources, the verse was revealed after the
1118:
1029:
293:
266:
2746:
Mahmood, Zahid; Alkhaldi, Celine; Elbagir, Nima (23 December 2022).
1943:"Iran, With Opposition Protests Continuing, Executes More Prisoners"
2641:, by ALI AKBAR DAREINI, AP, 16 February 2011, accessed 4 March 2011
1617:
1593:, whose death sentence was commuted to life in prison. Shia cleric
1319:
967:
924:
826:
138:
2160:
The Islamization of Laws in Pakistan: The Case of Hudud Ordinances
1585:(2009). Others accused, charged or convicted of Moharebeh include
2147:
Windows of Faith: Muslim Women Scholar-Activists in North America
1720:
1291:
945:
833:
781:
279:
131:
76:
2403:"Mohsen Shekari: Iran carries out first execution over protests"
1383:, which indicates consent. Though the terminology uses the term
1528:
1401:
1088:
931:
706:
699:
556:
479:
300:
111:
66:
1215:
and His Messenger and strive to spread disorder in the land":
1121:. Ḥirābah means piracy or unlawful warfare. It comes from the
2669:
2611:
By ALI AKBAR DAREINI (AP) 3 March 2010, accessed 4 March 2011
1804:
1763:
1758:
1696:
1691:. The first of their executions occurred on 8 December, when
1480:
Most scholars limit the period of crucifixion to three days.
1446:
1441:
1303:
1275:
1259:
1200:
1196:
1110:
1023:
1016:
938:
917:
910:
896:
840:
774:
767:
760:
748:
646:
635:
589:
545:
420:
411:
404:
224:
217:
198:
177:
104:
97:
85:
2345:
Rahiminejad, Esma’il; Safarkhani, Mohaddetheh (1 May 2014).
2072:, by Khaled Abou El Fadl, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p.242
1678:
1397:
1372:
1283:
1184:
1114:
903:
819:
787:
618:
567:
507:
347:
186:
168:
150:
42:
1915:"Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation"
2914:"Iran executes first known prisoner arrested in protests"
2752:
2091:
By BRIAN MURPHY (AP) 9 March 2010| accessed 14 March 2012
1628:
56:
1294:
or causing random destruction." According to the author
1211:), specifies punishment for "those who wage war against
2347:"Study of Baghy in Imami Jurisprudence and Iranian Law"
2050:
1843:(Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc., 2006)
2961:
2936:
2745:
1128:, which means “to become angry and enraged”. The noun
2783:"Iran Starts Executing Protesters With First Hanging"
2344:
1327:
they’ll be killed, or have money taken, or be raped (
2507:
2232:
2220:
2070:
The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists
2041:
2007:
1248:
have asserted that it applied to rebels in general.
2662:
1543:, "at least nine people" convicted of moharebeh by
1282:, ḥirāba means "waging war against society" and in
3000:Reclaiming Jihad: A Qur'anic Critique of Terrorism
1897:"Trial of 16 Ashura riot detainees begins in Iran"
1846:
3096:
2622:"Iran: Stop the execution of Abdolreza Ghanbari"
2609:Iran court upholds death for opposition activist
3052:William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law
2639:Iran opposition leader ready to 'pay any price'
2089:Iran calls political opponents enemies of Islam
1867:"Iran executes 2 alleged government opponents"
2322:
2320:
2301:
2299:
2292:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
2141:
2139:
1161:term that is treated as interchangeable with
1068:
2099:
2097:
1427:
1421:
1301:The crime is sometimes lumped together with
1170:
1142:
1133:
2590:
2259:
2014:Q 5:33 The verse (known as āyat al-hirāba)
1483:
1359:with the private parts" is much worse than
2844:"Iran Executes 2 Men Arrested in Protests"
2456:"Iran Executes 2 Men Arrested in Protests"
2317:
2296:
2181:Contemporary Interpretation of Islamic Law
2136:
1635:accused reformist presidential candidates
1331:)… whether the attackers are one or many.'
1075:
1061:
3078:"The War on the Word 'Jihad'", by Guy Raz
2283:
2281:
2279:
2208:
2184:. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 109.
2094:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1701:Majidreza Rahnavard was publicly executed
2533:
2177:
2171:
2116:Dawoody, Alexander R. (22 August 2016).
1864:
1668:In December 2022, Iranian soccer player
3045:
2967:
2942:
2841:
2663:Bahrampur, Abolfazl (2 December 2019).
2624:. labourstart.org. 2012. Archived from
2453:
2332:الموسوعة الفقهية (Encyclopedia of Fiqh)
2311:الموسوعة الفقهية (Encyclopedia of Fiqh)
2115:
1965:
1963:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1220:punishment is theirs in the Hereafter;
14:
3097:
2777:
2775:
2690:
2427:
2287:
2276:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2075:
1975:
1936:
1934:
3024:
2981:Offences and Penalties in Islamic Law
2894:from the original on 12 December 2022
2823:from the original on 13 December 2022
2741:
2739:
2587:, or "spreading corruption on earth".
2238:
2226:
2214:
2103:
1940:
1796:
1794:
1550:Between the end of early days of the
1237:expedition of Kurz bin Jabir Al-Fihri
1165:in Arabic lexicons. The related term
1113:, which has a different punishment),
1105:) is a legal category that comprises
2996:
2924:from the original on 8 December 2022
2862:from the original on 10 January 2023
2793:from the original on 8 December 2022
2760:from the original on 10 January 2023
2056:
2025:
1960:
1884:
1865:Daragahi, Borzou (29 January 2010).
1852:
1826:
1649:, an Iranian attorney and member of
1335:It had significant support from the
2906:
2772:
2691:Fatima, Sakina (14 December 2022).
2428:Hafezi, Parisa (12 December 2022).
2244:
2012:. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 364.
1931:
1428:
1422:
1232:is the form used in Quran 5:33-4.)
1190:
1171:
1143:
1134:
1102:
24:
3105:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
3071:
2842:Fassihi, Farnaz (7 January 2023).
2835:
2736:
2454:Fassihi, Farnaz (7 January 2023).
2178:Affi, Ahmed; Affi, Hassan (2014).
2046:. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 364.
2001:
1791:
1779:Muslim attitudes towards terrorism
1651:Center for Defense of Human Rights
1616:, a university lecturer living in
1562:separatists, or common criminals.
25:
3136:
2958:4 (2003), supra note 33, at 24. T
1941:Fathi, Nazila (2 February 2010).
1907:
1858:
2515:"Iranian Criminal Law (Persian)"
2270:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6530
1400:punishments from the Qur'an and
1347:. In addition, the Maliki judge
55:
2973:
2956:ISLAMIC CRIMINAL LAW IN NIGERIA
2948:
2874:
2805:
2710:
2684:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2614:
2602:
2577:
2481:
2447:
2421:
2395:
2369:
2338:
2152:
2109:
2062:
2035:
2019:
1970:Iran: Kurdish Activist Executed
1743:
1675:protests in the central Iranian
1396:, which retain their classical
584:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
1723:, and depriving them of their
1620:, was arrested in the wake of
13:
1:
2599:, amnesty.org, 10 August 2007
1784:
1699:militiaman. Four days later,
1411:
1266:2:279 and Al-Ma'ida 5:33-34.
1262:"refers to both meanings" in
1251:The original meanings of the
1203:al-Ma'idah 5:33, is known as
3120:Islam and capital punishment
2983:, 26 ISLAMIC Q., 1982, p.296
1595:Hossein Kazemeyni Boroujerdi
1545:Islamic Revolutionary Courts
1499:In Iran, hiraba is known as
7:
3046:PEIFFER, ELIZABETH (2005).
2044:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
2010:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
1752:
1715:accused Iran of extracting
1523:The term is widely used by
1469:; or Hanbalis and Shafi'is.
1224:The verbal noun form (i.e.
10:
3141:
1730:
1495:Capital punishment in Iran
1492:
2887:Amnesty International USA
1147:) means 'war' or 'wars'.
3115:Sharia legal terminology
2653:| ICHRI| 9 February 2010
2288:Peters, Rudolph (2006).
1709:Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini
1575:Mohammad-Reza Ali-Zamani
1525:Iran's Islamic Judiciary
1484:In current legal systems
1269:
605:("spreading corruption")
3025:Kadri, Sadakat (2012).
2542:World Report 2015: Iran
2264:(2nd ed.). Brill.
2158:Muhammad Taqi Usmani -
1769:Judicial system of Iran
1660:Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad
1552:1979 Islamic Revolution
1488:
1310:
2997:Amin, ElSayed (2014).
2262:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2068:Abou El Fadl, Khaled,
1810:The Penal Law of Islam
1556:2009 election protests
1365:
1333:
1239:: some members of the
1222:
27:Arabic term for piracy
2628:on 14 September 2012.
2493:Amnesty International
1725:right to a fair trial
1713:Amnesty International
1705:Mohammad Mehdi Karami
1600:Student demonstrator
1341:
1324:
1284:Islamic jurisprudence
1217:
43:Islamic jurisprudence
2819:. 12 December 2022.
1837:Hirabah versus Jihad
1689:Mahsa Amini protests
1631:, hard-liner cleric
1622:2009 Ashura protests
1602:Mohammad Amin Valian
1514:Mahsa Amini protests
3003:. Kube Publishing.
2890:. 2 December 2022.
2789:. 8 December 2022.
2059:, pp. 132–133.
1801:Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
1647:Abdolfattah Soltani
1637:Mir Hossein Mousavi
1567:Majidreza Rahnavard
1451:apostasy from Islam
1280:Khaled Abou El Fadl
3110:Islam and violence
2920:. 12 August 2022.
2918:Middle East Online
2848:The New York Times
2787:Iran International
2724:. 14 December 2022
2722:The Indian Express
2495:. 16 November 2022
2460:The New York Times
2165:2012-10-21 at the
1947:The New York Times
1903:. 31 January 2010.
1820:2007-01-27 at the
1614:Abdolreza Ghanbari
1541:Human Rights Watch
1534:capital punishment
1205:"the ḥirāba verse"
696:Gender segregation
259:Islamic leadership
2545:. 11 January 2015
2409:. 8 December 2022
1871:Los Angeles Times
1717:false confessions
1670:Amir Nasr-Azadani
1606:Tehran University
1579:Arash Rahmanipour
1420:was crucifixion (
1246:Umayyad Caliphate
1195:A verse from the
1085:
1084:
999:
998:
857:
856:
671:
670:
524:
523:
449:
448:
242:
241:
16:(Redirected from
3132:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3042:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2697:The Siasat Daily
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2517:. Archived from
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2381:ایران اینترنشنال
2373:
2367:
2366:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2274:
2273:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2175:
2169:
2156:
2150:
2145:Webb, Gisella -
2143:
2134:
2133:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1973:
1972:10 November 2009
1967:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1833:Crane, Robert D.
1830:
1824:
1798:
1587:Adnan Hassanpour
1431:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1322:defined ḥirāba:
1191:Scriptural basis
1174:
1173:
1159:Persian language
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1104:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1040:Prisoners of war
1035:
993:
988:Comparison with
872:
871:
737:
736:
664:
653:
642:
625:
615:
606:
596:
585:
574:
563:
539:
538:
451:
450:
328:
327:
287:Wilayat al-faqih
273:Majlis-ash-Shura
72:
71:
59:
30:
29:
21:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3095:
3094:
3074:
3072:Further reading
3061:
3059:
3039:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2744:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2585:mofsed-e-filarz
2582:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2521:on 4 March 2016
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2357:(40): 105–133.
2343:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2286:
2277:
2258:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2176:
2172:
2167:Wayback Machine
2157:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1822:Wayback Machine
1799:
1792:
1787:
1774:Mofsed-e-filarz
1755:
1746:
1733:
1610:Mohammad Maleki
1591:Zeynab Jalalian
1506:Mofsede-fel-arz
1497:
1491:
1486:
1414:
1313:
1272:
1253:triliteral root
1193:
1123:triliteral root
1107:highway robbery
1081:
1051:Islamic studies
1045:
1044:
1033:
1011:
1001:
1000:
986:
983:
951:
869:
859:
858:
846:
794:
734:
724:
723:
722:
683:
673:
672:
662:
651:
641:(discretionary)
640:
623:
613:
604:
601:Mofsed-e-filarz
594:
583:
572:
561:
536:
526:
525:
520:
433:
385:
353:
325:
315:
314:
313:
254:
244:
243:
238:
146:
145:
117:
69:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3125:Terrorism laws
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3043:
3037:
3022:
3009:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2979:Safia Safwat,
2972:
2970:, p. 509.
2968:PEIFFER (2005)
2960:
2947:
2945:, p. 532.
2943:PEIFFER (2005)
2935:
2905:
2873:
2834:
2804:
2771:
2735:
2709:
2683:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2576:
2567:|website=
2532:
2506:
2480:
2446:
2420:
2394:
2368:
2337:
2316:
2295:
2275:
2243:
2241:, p. 241.
2231:
2229:, p. 219.
2219:
2207:
2190:
2170:
2151:
2135:
2128:
2108:
2093:
2074:
2061:
2049:
2034:
2018:
2000:
1988:"Turkmenistan"
1974:
1959:
1930:
1906:
1883:
1857:
1855:, p. 133.
1845:
1825:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1732:
1729:
1693:Mohsen Shekari
1641:Mahdi Karroubi
1583:Ehsan Fatahian
1571:Mohsen Shekari
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1442:fasad fi-l-ard
1413:
1410:
1394:zina bil-ridha
1381:zina bil-ridha
1312:
1309:
1304:fasād fil-ʾarḍ
1271:
1268:
1209:āyat al-ḥirāba
1192:
1189:
1153:(also spelled
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
994:
982:
981:
976:
971:
963:
960:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
881:
875:
870:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
854:
848:
847:
845:
844:
837:
830:
823:
815:
812:
811:
805:
804:
803:
802:
793:
792:
778:
771:
764:
756:
753:
752:
744:
743:
735:
730:
729:
726:
725:
721:
720:
715:
710:
703:
693:
685:
684:
679:
678:
675:
674:
669:
668:
667:
666:
663:(compensation)
655:
644:
630:
629:
628:
627:
616:
607:
598:
587:
576:
565:
554:
549:
537:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
521:
519:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
461:
458:
457:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
432:
431:
424:
417:
416:
415:
408:
396:
390:
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
362:
354:
352:
351:
344:
338:
335:
334:
326:
321:
320:
317:
316:
312:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
263:
262:
261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
239:
237:
236:
221:
214:
206:
194:
191:
190:
182:
181:
173:
172:
164:
163:
162:
161:
154:
147:
144:
143:
135:
126:
120:
116:
115:
108:
101:
93:
90:
89:
81:
80:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3137:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3038:9780099523277
3034:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3012:
3010:9780860375982
3006:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2954:Ruud PETERS,
2951:
2944:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2572:
2560:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2193:
2191:9781783067596
2187:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2129:9783319310183
2125:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1916:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1681:this Sunday.
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:Ahmad Khatami
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1539:According to
1537:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:Sadakat Kadri
1435:According to
1433:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:zina bil-jabr
1374:
1370:
1369:Hanafi school
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1337:Maliki school
1332:
1330:
1329:hatk al ‘arad
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:Zahiri jurist
1308:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1296:Sadakat Kadri
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:According to
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1241:Arabian tribe
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:capital crime
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1004:
992:
991:
985:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:
965:
964:
962:
961:
958:
955:
954:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
936:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:
922:
920:
919:
915:
913:
912:
908:
906:
905:
901:
899:
898:
894:
892:
891:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
873:
868:
863:
862:
853:
850:
849:
843:
842:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
821:
817:
816:
814:
813:
810:
807:
806:
801:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
783:
779:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
757:
755:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
742:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:
704:
701:
697:
694:
692:
691:
687:
686:
682:
677:
676:
665:
660:
656:
654:
652:(retaliation)
649:
645:
643:
638:
634:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
617:
611:
608:
602:
599:
597:
592:
588:
586:
581:
577:
575:
573:(illicit sex)
570:
566:
564:
559:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
540:
535:
530:
529:
517:
516:
512:
510:
509:
505:
503:
502:
498:
496:
495:
491:
489:
488:
484:
482:
481:
477:
475:
474:
470:
468:
467:
463:
462:
460:
459:
456:
453:
452:
443:
442:Breastfeeding
440:
438:
435:
434:
430:
429:
425:
423:
422:
418:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:
402:
401:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
389:
388:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
368:
367:
363:
361:
360:
356:
355:
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
339:
337:
336:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
318:
310:
309:
305:
303:
302:
298:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:
284:
282:
281:
277:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
257:
256:
253:
248:
247:
234:
233:
227:
226:
222:
220:
219:
215:
212:
211:
207:
205:
201:
200:
196:
195:
193:
192:
189:
188:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
165:
160:
159:
155:
153:
152:
148:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:Sunnah prayer
119:
118:
114:
113:
109:
107:
106:
102:
100:
99:
95:
94:
92:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
74:
73:
68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
48:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3092:
3060:. Retrieved
3058:(3): 507–539
3055:
3051:
3027:
3014:. Retrieved
2999:
2980:
2975:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2917:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2847:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2816:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2786:
2762:. Retrieved
2751:
2726:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2668:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2626:the original
2616:
2604:
2592:
2579:
2547:. Retrieved
2541:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2459:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2383:(in Persian)
2380:
2371:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2331:
2310:
2289:
2261:
2239:Kadri (2012)
2234:
2227:Kadri (2012)
2222:
2215:Kadri (2012)
2210:
2202:
2195:. Retrieved
2180:
2173:
2154:
2146:
2122:. Springer.
2118:
2111:
2104:Kadri (2012)
2069:
2064:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1921:. Retrieved
1909:
1901:Tehran Times
1900:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:
1860:
1848:
1840:
1828:
1808:
1747:
1744:Saudi Arabia
1734:
1686:
1683:
1667:
1664:
1656:
1645:
1626:
1599:
1581:(2010), and
1564:
1549:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1479:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1273:
1255:
1250:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1194:
1181:Saudi Arabia
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1030:
1022:
1015:
989:
966:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
839:
832:
825:
818:
797:
786:
780:
773:
766:
759:
747:
705:
688:
658:
647:
636:
619:
614:("sedition")
595:("mischief")
590:
579:
578:
568:
557:
544:
515:Masturbation
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
426:
419:
410:
403:
378:
371:
364:
357:
346:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
231:
223:
216:
209:
197:
185:
176:
167:
156:
149:
137:
130:
121:
110:
103:
96:
84:
75:
46:
3031:Macmillan.
2898:12 December
2827:12 December
2728:15 December
2702:15 December
2676:26 December
2387:31 December
2351:Islamic Law
2057:Amin (2014)
2026:Amin (2014)
1993:11 December
1923:11 December
1853:Amin (2014)
1738:crucifixion
1371:, the term
1089:Islamic law
852:Inheritance
799:Bayt al-mal
158:Nafl prayer
3099:Categories
3062:9 November
3016:9 November
2928:8 December
2866:10 January
2797:8 December
2764:10 January
2549:9 November
2499:14 January
2473:14 January
2439:14 January
2413:14 January
2197:9 November
2028:, p.
1876:29 January
1785:References
1658:Ayatollah
1493:See also:
1467:Al-Shafi'i
1463:Ibn Hanbal
1412:Punishment
1349:Ibn 'Arabi
1230:Yuḥāribūna
713:Honorifics
562:(gambling)
2856:0362-4331
2569:ignored (
2559:cite book
2468:0362-4331
2363:1735-3270
1815:Al-Mawrid
1527:, citing
1520:trials."
1501:moharebeh
1473:Shafi'is.
1418:muḥāribah
1264:al-Baqara
1155:muharebeh
1151:Moharebeh
1119:terrorism
1031:Istijarah
681:Etiquette
624:(stoning)
552:Blasphemy
267:Caliphate
252:Political
18:Moharebeh
2922:Archived
2892:Archived
2860:Archived
2821:Archived
2817:BBC News
2791:Archived
2758:Archived
2407:BBC News
2163:Archived
1952:20 April
1841:IFRI.org
1818:Archived
1753:See also
1618:Pakdasht
1577:(2010),
1573:(2022),
1569:(2022),
1320:ibn Hazm
1278:scholar
1034:(asylum)
1009:Military
968:Dhabihah
925:Tayammum
827:Murabaha
732:Economic
534:Criminal
473:Abortion
437:Adoption
394:Polygyny
342:Contract
332:Marriage
204:clothing
139:Tahajjud
35:a series
33:Part of
2991:Sources
2434:Reuters
2328:"حرابة"
2307:"تصليب"
1731:Nigeria
1721:torture
1560:Kurdish
1367:In the
1357:hirabah
1292:warfare
1276:Islamic
1167:muḥārib
1163:ḥirabah
1157:) is a
1094:Ḥirābah
990:kashrut
974:Alcohol
957:Dietary
946:Istinja
890:Taharah
867:Hygiene
834:Takaful
809:Banking
785: (
782:Sadaqah
741:History
580:Hirabah
494:Hygiene
428:Kafa'ah
399:Divorce
280:Imamate
228: (
202: (
132:Tarawih
98:Raka'ah
77:Shahada
3035:
3007:
2854:
2525:20 May
2466:
2361:
2188:
2126:
1529:Sharia
1402:sunnah
1389:hirāba
1361:hiraba
1353:hiraba
1345:hiraba
1226:ḥirāba
1138:, pl.
1117:, and
1099:Arabic
932:Miswak
884:Toilet
879:Sexual
718:Toilet
707:Mahram
700:Purdah
661:
650:
639:
622:
612:
603:
593:
582:
571:
560:
558:Maisir
480:Baligh
455:Sexual
380:Mut‘ah
366:Halala
359:Misyar
323:Family
301:Dhimmi
294:Bay'ah
210:Mut'ah
112:Turbah
67:Ritual
2670:MEMRI
2149:p.130
1918:(PDF)
1805:Mizan
1764:Jihad
1759:Fasad
1697:Basij
1510:Baghy
1447:Quran
1423:تصليب
1406:tazir
1270:Crime
1260:Quran
1201:surah
1197:Quran
1172:محارب
1144:حُروب
1140:ḥurūb
1135:حَرْب
1111:theft
1103:حرابة
1024:Hudna
1017:Jihad
939:Najis
918:Ghusl
911:Masah
897:Ihram
841:Sukuk
775:Khums
768:Nisab
761:Jizya
749:Zakat
648:Qisas
637:Tazir
610:Fitna
591:Fasad
546:Hudud
466:Awrah
421:Iddah
412:Zihar
405:Khula
225:Umrah
218:Tawaf
199:Ihram
178:Zakat
105:Qibla
86:Salah
3064:2015
3033:ISBN
3018:2015
3005:ISBN
2930:2022
2900:2022
2868:2023
2852:ISSN
2829:2022
2799:2022
2766:2023
2730:2022
2704:2022
2678:2019
2571:help
2551:2015
2527:2017
2501:2023
2475:2023
2464:ISSN
2441:2023
2415:2023
2389:2022
2359:ISSN
2199:2015
2186:ISBN
2124:ISBN
1995:2017
1954:2022
1925:2017
1878:2010
1707:and
1679:IRNA
1639:and
1489:Iran
1465:and
1398:hadd
1385:zina
1373:zina
1311:Rape
1185:Iran
1183:and
1130:ḥarb
1115:rape
979:Pork
904:Wudu
820:Riba
788:Waqf
690:Adab
659:Diya
620:Rajm
569:Zina
508:Zina
501:Rape
487:Haya
373:Urfi
348:Mahr
308:Aman
232:Hajj
230:and
187:Hajj
169:Sawm
151:Witr
47:fiqh
2753:CNN
2266:doi
2030:133
1839:”,
1835:, “
1629:Qom
1432:).
1429:نفى
1256:ḥrb
1213:God
1179:in
1126:ḥrb
1087:In
3101::
3056:11
3054:.
3050:.
2916:.
2884:.
2858:.
2850:.
2846:.
2815:.
2785:.
2774:^
2756:.
2750:.
2738:^
2720:.
2695:.
2667:.
2563::
2561:}}
2557:{{
2491:.
2462:.
2458:.
2432:.
2405:.
2379:.
2355:11
2353:.
2349:.
2330:.
2319:^
2309:.
2298:^
2278:^
2246:^
2201:.
2138:^
2096:^
2077:^
1977:^
1962:^
1945:.
1933:^
1899:.
1886:^
1869:.
1813:,
1807:,
1803:,
1793:^
1740:.
1727:.
1608:,
1516:.
1339:.
1199:,
1187:.
1101::
1091:,
37:on
3066:.
3041:.
3020:.
2932:.
2902:.
2870:.
2831:.
2801:.
2768:.
2732:.
2706:.
2680:.
2573:)
2553:.
2529:.
2503:.
2477:.
2443:.
2417:.
2391:.
2365:.
2272:.
2268::
2132:.
1997:.
1956:.
1927:.
1880:.
1207:(
1169:(
1132:(
1097:(
1076:e
1069:t
1062:v
791:)
702:)
698:(
235:)
213:)
142:)
129:(
49:)
45:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
