20:
148:
mitoribosome includes additional proteins in both its large and small subunits. In function, mitoribosomes are much more limited in the proteins they translate, only producing a few proteins, used mostly in the mitochondrial membrane. Below is a table showing some properties of different ribosomes:
147:
Like mitochondria itself is descended from bacteria, mitochondrial ribosomes are descended from bacterial ribosomes. As mitochondria evolved however, the mitoribosome has significantly diverged from its bacterial cousins leading to differences in configuration and function. In configuration, the
277:
as these proteins are encoded in the nucleus. On the other hand, because mitochondrial rRNA is encoded in the mitochondria, mutations in rRNA are maternally inherited. Examples of diseases in humans caused by these mutations include
302:
The mitochondrial ribosomal protein nomenclature generally follows that of bacteria, with extra numbers used for mitochondrion-specific proteins. (For more information on the nomenclature, see
2766:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2681:
2656:
2646:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2586:
117:
mitoribosomes have small 28S and large 39S subunits, together forming a 55S mitoribosome. Plant mitoribosomes have small 33S and large 50S subunits, together forming a 78S mitoribosome.
74:, consist of two subunits — large (mt-LSU) and small (mt-SSU). Mitoribosomes consist of several specific proteins and fewer rRNAs. While mitochondrial rRNAs are encoded in the
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
927:
Greber BJ, Bieri P, Leibundgut M, Leitner A, Aebersold R, Boehringer D, Ban N (April 2015). "Ribosome. The complete structure of the 55S mammalian mitochondrial ribosome".
2334:
139:
being the exceptions. A variety of methods have evolved to fill in the gap left by a missing 5S, with animals co-opting a Mt-tRNA (Val in vertebrates).
1985:
249:, malfunctions in the mitoribosome can result in metabolic disease. In humans, disease particularly manifests in energy-reliant organs such as the
1809:
102:
in yeast and humans respectively. Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized via cytoplasmic ribosomes. Proteins that are key components in the
1396:
123:
mitoribosomes only have two rRNAs, 12S (SSU) and 16S (LSU), both highly minimized compared to their larger homologues. Most eukaryotoes use
3057:
2364:
2967:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2912:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2847:
2374:
2111:
1995:
599:
591:
587:
583:
571:
563:
555:
551:
547:
531:
511:
503:
442:
434:
430:
422:
414:
398:
386:
382:
378:
366:
362:
358:
346:
2837:
2817:
2812:
2802:
1492:
1482:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
455:
338:
322:
318:
310:
2411:
2407:
1000:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2403:
2596:
2591:
2581:
1464:
1374:
1389:
124:
983:
Spremulli LL (2016-01-01). "The
Protein Biosynthetic Machinery of Mitochondria". In Bradshaw RA, Stahl PD (eds.).
3396:
3050:
2354:
2349:
2344:
1459:
1454:
303:
2169:
858:"Evolutionary Inference across Eukaryotes Identifies Specific Pressures Favoring Mitochondrial Gene Retention"
1535:
1382:
64:
3391:
1502:
1446:
3043:
2532:
2472:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2259:
2239:
2214:
2189:
2164:
3000:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2397:
2339:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2159:
2144:
176:
3024:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2392:
2387:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
246:
103:
3020:
3307:
1421:
3353:
3335:
3330:
3282:
3125:
3107:
1413:
1409:
1065:
Brown A, Amunts A, Bai XC, Sugimoto Y, Edwards PC, Murshudov G, et al. (November 2014).
629:
283:
274:
52:
3325:
3102:
2422:
2382:
1417:
1405:
1078:
294:, mutation in mitoribosomal proteins can result in stunted size and distorted leaf growth.
1358:
1341:
684:
667:
8:
3202:
1947:
1018:"Widespread occurrence of organelle genome-encoded 5S rRNAs including permuted molecules"
1082:
3229:
1404:
1313:
1286:
1262:
1237:
1206:
1179:
1155:
1130:
1099:
1066:
1042:
1017:
992:
962:
797:
784:
767:
736:
711:
82:
and assembled by cytoplasmic ribosomes before being implanted into the mitochondria.
3368:
3252:
3234:
3182:
3164:
2093:
1910:
1437:
1363:
1318:
1267:
1211:
1160:
1104:
1047:
996:
966:
954:
879:
838:
789:
741:
689:
245:
As the mitoribosome is responsible for the manufacture of proteins necessary for the
99:
75:
48:
40:
3035:
801:
269:
encoding the mitoribosomal proteins. In the case of mitoribosomal protein mutation,
3224:
3159:
1353:
1308:
1298:
1257:
1249:
1201:
1191:
1150:
1142:
1094:
1086:
1037:
1029:
988:
944:
936:
902:
869:
828:
779:
731:
723:
679:
1253:
1146:
833:
816:
258:
2055:
949:
874:
857:
287:
279:
3385:
3066:
3005:
768:"Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins: candidate genes for mitochondrial disease"
1090:
940:
906:
727:
1607:
1474:
1367:
1322:
1271:
1215:
1164:
1108:
1051:
958:
883:
842:
793:
745:
693:
79:
44:
1033:
765:
27:(circular) and mitochondrial ribosomes among other mitochondria structures
19:
3010:
1303:
1287:"Emerging Roles of Mitochondrial Ribosomal Proteins in Plant Development"
1196:
1180:"Emerging Roles of Mitochondrial Ribosomal Proteins in Plant Development"
3015:
897:
Hamers L (2016). "Why do our cell's power plants have their own DNA?".
136:
766:
Sylvester JE, Fischel-Ghodsian N, Mougey EB, O'Brien TW (March 2003).
3193:
2102:
1236:
De Silva D, Tu YT, Amunts A, Fontanesi F, Barrientos A (2015-07-18).
1129:
De Silva D, Tu YT, Amunts A, Fontanesi F, Barrientos A (2015-07-18).
817:"Cooperation of protein machineries in mitochondrial protein sorting"
710:
Amunts A, Brown A, Toots J, Scheres SH, Ramakrishnan V (April 2015).
132:
68:
3342:
3314:
3289:
3270:
3241:
3213:
3206:
3171:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3114:
3091:
3084:
3070:
2017:
2012:
2007:
270:
262:
71:
1067:"Structure of the large ribosomal subunit from human mitochondria"
3346:
3318:
3296:
3277:
3118:
3095:
3079:
1738:
625:
621:
114:
2972:
2962:
2947:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2882:
2877:
2857:
2852:
2029:
2002:
1990:
1863:
1819:
1814:
1797:
1792:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1703:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1619:
1614:
1602:
1578:
1573:
615:
611:
607:
603:
595:
579:
575:
567:
559:
543:
539:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
499:
495:
491:
487:
446:
438:
426:
418:
410:
406:
402:
394:
390:
374:
370:
354:
350:
128:
120:
2842:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2807:
2552:
2359:
2081:
2076:
2034:
2024:
1980:
1932:
1927:
1870:
1858:
1831:
1826:
1804:
1787:
1765:
1743:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1629:
1624:
1561:
1487:
821:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
712:"Ribosome. The structure of the human mitochondrial ribosome"
463:
459:
451:
342:
334:
330:
326:
314:
291:
254:
250:
95:
91:
78:, the proteins that make up mitoribosomes are encoded in the
60:
24:
926:
814:
2066:
2041:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1892:
1882:
1853:
1843:
1755:
1673:
1661:
1592:
1566:
1556:
1546:
266:
56:
3245:
3217:
3175:
3152:
1235:
1128:
815:
Wenz LS, Opaliński Ł, Wiedemann N, Becker T (May 2015).
1238:"Mitochondrial ribosome assembly in health and disease"
1131:"Mitochondrial ribosome assembly in health and disease"
709:
1342:"Structure and Function of the Mitochondrial Ribosome"
1064:
1016:
Valach M, Burger G, Gray MW, Lang BF (December 2014).
668:"Structure and Function of the Mitochondrial Ribosome"
3065:
1015:
304:
Ribosomal protein § Table of ribosomal proteins
849:
98:. However, only 8 and 13 proteins are encoded in
922:
920:
918:
916:
705:
703:
3383:
855:
808:
142:
913:
700:
3051:
1390:
1284:
1177:
987:. Waltham: Academic Press. pp. 545–554.
90:Mitochondria contain around 1000 proteins in
1291:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1184:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3058:
3044:
1397:
1383:
1009:
856:Johnston IG, Williams BP (February 2016).
1357:
1339:
1312:
1302:
1261:
1205:
1195:
1154:
1098:
1041:
982:
948:
890:
873:
832:
783:
735:
683:
665:
18:
3384:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
896:
63:. The mitoribosome is attached to the
3039:
1378:
1359:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014343
1285:Robles P, Quesada V (December 2017).
1178:Robles P, Quesada V (December 2017).
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
685:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014343
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
978:
976:
761:
759:
757:
755:
1222:
13:
1333:
1278:
1115:
993:10.1016/b978-0-12-394447-4.10066-5
785:10.1097/01.GIM.0000117333.21213.17
642:
14:
3408:
973:
752:
261:. Disease either originates from
106:are translated in mitochondria.
1171:
1058:
1340:Greber BJ, Ban N (June 2016).
666:Greber BJ, Ban N (June 2016).
1:
1346:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1254:10.1080/15384101.2015.1053672
1147:10.1080/15384101.2015.1053672
672:Annual Review of Biochemistry
635:
199:Number of proteins (LSU/SSU)
143:Comparison to other ribosomes
985:Encyclopedia of Cell Biology
834:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.012
152:Properties of mitoribosomes
109:
65:inner mitochondrial membrane
7:
240:
85:
10:
3413:
875:10.1016/j.cels.2016.01.013
219:Number of rRNAs (LSU/SSU)
3367:
3306:
3262:
3201:
3192:
3135:
3078:
3001:Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
2993:
2795:
2574:
2565:
2373:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2054:
1971:
1918:
1909:
1879:
1840:
1752:
1670:
1589:
1543:
1534:
1501:
1473:
1445:
1436:
1429:
265:in mitochondrial rRNA or
177:Sedimentation Coefficient
3025:Kozak consensus sequence
297:
247:electron transport chain
104:electron transport chain
3021:Shine-Dalgarno sequence
1091:10.1126/science.1258026
941:10.1126/science.aaa3872
907:10.1126/science.aaf4083
728:10.1126/science.aaa1193
165:Mammalian mitochondria
3397:Mitochondrial genetics
1022:Nucleic Acids Research
284:neurological disorders
162:Cytosolic (Eukaryote)
67:. Mitoribosomes, like
33:mitochondrial ribosome
28:
630:MT-TV (mitochondrial)
275:Mendelian inheritance
94:and 1500 proteins in
22:
1921:Mitochondrial
1406:Protein biosynthesis
1304:10.3390/ijms18122595
1197:10.3390/ijms18122595
772:Genetics in Medicine
171:Plant Mitochondria
125:5S mitoribosomal RNA
76:mitochondrial genome
3374:(See article table)
1083:2014Sci...346..718B
1034:10.1093/nar/gku1266
1028:(22): 13764–13777.
950:20.500.11850/100390
273:of disease follows
168:Yeast Mitochondria
153:
47:and functions as a
3392:Ribosomal proteins
3369:Ribosomal proteins
2094:Ribosomal Proteins
151:
43:that is active in
29:
23:A diagram showing
3379:
3378:
3363:
3362:
3033:
3032:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2561:
2560:
2050:
2049:
1974:Eukaryotic
1911:Elongation factor
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1438:Initiation factor
1248:(14): 2226–2250.
1141:(14): 2226–2250.
1077:(6210): 718–722.
1002:978-0-12-394796-3
935:(6232): 303–308.
238:
237:
205:79-80 (46-47/33)
100:mitochondrial DNA
3404:
3199:
3198:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3036:
2572:
2571:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2098:
1973:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1886:
1847:
1759:
1677:
1596:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1306:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1013:
1007:
1006:
980:
971:
970:
952:
924:
911:
910:
894:
888:
887:
877:
853:
847:
846:
836:
827:(5): 1119–1129.
812:
806:
805:
787:
763:
750:
749:
739:
707:
698:
697:
687:
663:
288:cardiomyopathies
154:
150:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3359:
3358:
3341:
3340:
3302:
3301:
3288:
3287:
3258:
3257:
3240:
3239:
3188:
3187:
3170:
3169:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3113:
3112:
3082:
3074:
3064:
3034:
3029:
2977:
2791:
2557:
2369:
2088:
2046:
1967:
1897:
1880:
1875:
1841:
1836:
1753:
1748:
1671:
1666:
1590:
1585:
1544:
1530:
1497:
1469:
1425:
1403:
1336:
1334:Further reading
1331:
1330:
1283:
1279:
1234:
1223:
1176:
1172:
1127:
1116:
1063:
1059:
1014:
1010:
1003:
981:
974:
925:
914:
895:
891:
854:
850:
813:
809:
764:
753:
722:(6230): 95–98.
708:
701:
664:
643:
638:
300:
243:
145:
112:
88:
41:protein complex
17:
16:Protein complex
12:
11:
5:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2994:Other concepts
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2056:Release factor
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1599:
1597:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1553:
1551:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1277:
1221:
1170:
1114:
1057:
1008:
1001:
972:
912:
889:
868:(2): 101–111.
848:
807:
751:
699:
678:(1): 103–132.
640:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
618:
449:
299:
296:
286:, and various
280:Leigh syndrome
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
191:74S (54S/37S)
189:
188:55S (39S/28S)
186:
185:80S (60S/40S)
183:
182:70S (50S/30S)
180:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
144:
141:
111:
108:
87:
84:
55:mitochondrial
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3409:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:Mitochondrial
3261:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3067:Ribosomal RNA
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Reading frame
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Mitochondrial
2564:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1475:Mitochondrial
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
921:
919:
917:
908:
904:
900:
893:
885:
881:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
844:
840:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
760:
758:
756:
747:
743:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
704:
695:
691:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
641:
631:
627:
623:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
308:
307:
305:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
156:
155:
149:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
83:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
3297:MT-RNR1, 12S
3278:MT-RNR2, 16S
3263:
2566:
2073:Class 2/RF3
1881:
1842:
1754:
1672:
1591:
1545:
1349:
1345:
1297:(12): 2595.
1294:
1290:
1280:
1245:
1241:
1190:(12): 2595.
1187:
1183:
1173:
1138:
1134:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1025:
1021:
1011:
984:
932:
928:
898:
892:
865:
862:Cell Systems
861:
851:
824:
820:
810:
778:(2): 73–80.
775:
771:
719:
715:
675:
671:
301:
282:, deafness,
244:
146:
137:euglenozoans
119:
113:
89:
45:mitochondria
37:mitoribosome
36:
32:
30:
3308:Chloroplast
3203:Cytoplasmic
3011:Start codon
2796:28S subunit
2575:39S subunit
2375:40S subunit
2112:60S subunit
2103:Cytoplasmic
1567:SUI1 family
1410:translation
1352:: 103–132.
211:84 (46/38)
208:80 (50/30)
202:54 (33/21)
127:, animals,
69:cytoplasmic
59:encoded in
53:translating
49:riboprotein
3386:Categories
3194:Eukaryotes
3016:Stop codon
2360:RRP15-like
2170:RPL10-like
1919:Bacterial/
1536:Eukaryotic
1422:eukaryotic
1242:Cell Cycle
1135:Cell Cycle
636:References
179:(LSU/SSU)
133:alveolates
1972:Archaeal/
1447:Bacterial
1414:bacterial
967:206634178
263:mutations
159:Bacteria
115:Mammalian
110:Structure
72:ribosomes
3137:Bacteria
3073:subunits
3071:ribosome
2063:Class 1
1503:Archaeal
1430:Proteins
1418:archaeal
1368:27023846
1323:29207474
1272:26030272
1216:29207474
1165:26030272
1109:25278503
1052:25429974
959:25837512
884:27135164
843:25633533
802:22169585
794:15017329
746:25838379
694:27023846
271:heredity
241:Diseases
234:3 (2/1)
231:2 (1/1)
228:3 (2/1)
225:4 (3/1)
222:3 (2/1)
86:Function
3292:(39S):
3283:MT-tRNA
3273:(28S):
3080:Archaea
2365:RSL24D1
2042:a/eEF-2
1981:a/eEF-1
1314:5751198
1263:4615001
1207:5751198
1156:4615001
1100:4246062
1079:Bibcode
1071:Science
1043:4267664
929:Science
899:Science
737:4501431
716:Science
626:MT-RNR2
622:MT-RNR1
80:nucleus
39:, is a
2533:RPS27A
2473:RPS15A
2412:RPS4Y2
2408:RPS4Y1
2402:RPS4 (
2320:RPL37A
2310:RPL36A
2300:RPL35A
2260:RPL27A
2240:RPL23A
2215:RPL18A
2190:RPL13A
2165:RPL10A
1620:γ
1615:β
1608:kinase
1603:α
1366:
1321:
1311:
1270:
1260:
1214:
1204:
1163:
1153:
1107:
1097:
1050:
1040:
999:
965:
957:
882:
841:
800:
792:
744:
734:
692:
620:rRNA:
616:MRPL42
612:MRPL41
608:MRPL40
604:MRPL39
600:MRPL38
596:MRPL37
592:MRPL36
588:MRPL35
584:MRPL34
580:MRPL33
576:MRPL32
572:MRPL31
568:MRPL30
564:MRPL29
560:MRPL28
556:MRPL27
552:MRPL26
548:MRPL25
544:MRPL24
540:MRPL23
536:MRPL22
532:MRPL21
528:MRPL20
524:MRPL19
520:MRPL18
516:MRPL17
512:MRPL16
508:MRPL15
504:MRPL14
500:MRPL13
496:MRPL12
492:MRPL11
488:MRPL10
447:MRPS35
443:MRPS34
439:MRPS33
435:MRPS32
431:MRPS31
427:MRPS30
423:MRPS29
419:MRPS28
415:MRPS27
411:MRPS26
407:MRPS25
403:MRPS24
399:MRPS23
395:MRPS22
391:MRPS21
387:MRPS20
383:MRPS19
379:MRPS18
375:MRPS17
371:MRPS16
367:MRPS15
363:MRPS14
359:MRPS13
355:MRPS12
351:MRPS11
347:MRPS10
292:plants
259:muscle
257:, and
214:68-80
121:Animal
96:humans
3343:Small
3315:Large
3310:(70S)
3290:Small
3271:Large
3266:(55S)
3242:Small
3214:Large
3172:Small
3149:Large
3115:Small
3092:Large
2803:MRPS1
2582:MRPL1
2553:RACK1
2548:RPS30
2543:RPS29
2538:RPS28
2528:RPS27
2523:RPS26
2518:RPS25
2513:RPS24
2508:RPS23
2503:RPS21
2498:RPS20
2493:RPS19
2488:RPS18
2483:RPS17
2478:RPS16
2468:RPS15
2463:RPS14
2458:RPS13
2453:RPS12
2448:RPS11
2443:RPS10
2404:RPS4X
2398:RPS3A
2355:RPLP2
2350:RPLP1
2345:RPLP0
2340:RPL41
2335:RPL40
2330:RPL39
2325:RPL38
2315:RPL37
2305:RPL36
2295:RPL35
2290:RPL34
2285:RPL32
2280:RPL31
2275:RPL30
2270:RPL29
2265:RPL28
2255:RPL27
2250:RPL26
2245:RPL24
2235:RPL23
2230:RPL22
2225:RPL21
2220:RPL19
2210:RPL18
2205:RPL17
2200:RPL15
2195:RPL14
2185:RPL13
2180:RPL12
2175:RPL11
2160:RPL10
2145:RPL7A
2082:GSPT2
2077:GSPT1
1933:EF-Ts
1928:EF-Tu
1859:EIF5A
1662:eIF2D
1630:eIF2B
1625:eIF2A
1574:eIF1A
1493:MTIF3
1488:MTIF2
1483:MTIF1
963:S2CID
798:S2CID
484:MRPL9
480:MRPL8
476:MRPL7
472:MRPL6
468:MRPL5
464:MRPL4
460:MRPL3
456:MRPL2
452:MRPL1
343:MRPS9
339:MRPS8
335:MRPS7
331:MRPS6
327:MRPS5
323:MRPS4
319:MRPS3
315:MRPS2
311:MRPS1
298:Genes
290:. In
267:genes
255:brain
251:heart
194:~80S
129:fungi
92:yeast
61:mtDNA
57:mRNAs
35:, or
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3230:5.8S
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2393:RPS3
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2150:RPL8
2140:RPL7
2135:RPL6
2130:RPL5
2125:RPL4
2120:RPL3
2067:eRF1
1963:GFM2
1958:GFM1
1953:TSFM
1948:EF-P
1943:EF-4
1938:EF-G
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1048:PMID
997:ISBN
955:PMID
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