Microfluidics - Knowledge

186:, at least one boundary of the system is removed, exposing the fluid to air or another interface (i.e. liquid). Advantages of open microfluidics include accessibility to the flowing liquid for intervention, larger liquid-gas surface area, and minimized bubble formation. Another advantage of open microfluidics is the ability to integrate open systems with surface-tension driven fluid flow, which eliminates the need for external pumping methods such as peristaltic or syringe pumps. Open microfluidic devices are also easy and inexpensive to fabricate by milling, thermoforming, and hot embossing. In addition, open microfluidics eliminates the need to glue or bond a cover for devices, which could be detrimental to capillary flows. Examples of open microfluidics include open-channel microfluidics, rail-based microfluidics, 483:

fields. This causes the magnetic particles to be quickly pushed from side to side within the droplet and results in the mixing of the microdroplet contents. This eliminates the need for tedious engineering considerations that are necessary for traditional, channel-based droplet mixing. Other research has also shown that the label-free separation of cells may be possible by suspending cells in a paramagnetic fluid and taking advantage of the magneto-Archimedes effect. While this does eliminate the complexity of particle functionalization, more research is needed to fully understand the magneto-Archimedes phenomenon and how it can be used to this end. This is not an exhaustive list of the various applications of microfluidic-assisted magnetophoresis; the above examples merely highlight the versatility of this

874:

proteins. This reduction in reagent volumes allows for new experiments like single-cell protein analysis, which due to size limitations of prior devices, previously came with great difficulty. The coupling of HPLC-chip devices with other spectrometry methods like mass-spectrometry allow for enhanced confidence in identification of desired species, like proteins. Microfluidic chips have also been created with internal delay-lines that allow for gradient generation to further improve HPLC, which can reduce the need for further separations. Some other practical applications of integrated HPLC chips include the determination of drug presence in a person through their hair and the labeling of peptides through reverse phase liquid chromatography.

973:

droplets that is achievable. Using microfluidics for emulsions is also more energy efficient compared to homogenization in which “only 5% of the supplied energy is used to generate the emulsion, with the rest dissipated as heat” . Although these methods have benefits, they currently lack the ability to be produced at large scale that is needed for commercialization. Microfluidics are also used in research as they allow for innovation in food chemistry and food processing. An example in food engineering research is a novel micro-3D-printed device fabricated to research production of droplets for potential food processing industry use, particularly in work with enhancing emulsions.

325:

dimensions, the pore structure, wettability and geometry of the microfluidic devices can be controlled while the viscosity and evaporation rate of the liquid play a further significant role. Many such devices feature hydrophobic barriers on hydrophilic paper that passively transport aqueous solutions to outlets where biological reactions take place. Paper-based microfluidics are considered as portable point-of-care biosensors used in a remote setting where advanced medical diagnostic tools are not accessible. Current applications include portable glucose detection and environmental testing, with hopes of reaching areas that lack advanced medical diagnostic tools.

224:

separation, but they are less suitable for tasks requiring a high degree of flexibility or fluid manipulations. These closed-channel systems are inherently difficult to integrate and scale because the parameters that govern flow field vary along the flow path making the fluid flow at any one location dependent on the properties of the entire system. Permanently etched microstructures also lead to limited reconfigurability and poor fault tolerance capability. Computer-aided design automation approaches for continuous-flow microfluidics have been proposed in recent years to alleviate the design effort and to solve the scalability problems.

977:

as nitrate, preservatives, or antibiotics in meat by a colorimetric reaction that can be detected with a smartphone. These methods are being researched because they use less reactants, space, and time compared to traditional techniques such as liquid chromatography. μPADs also make home detection tests possible, which is of interest to those with allergies and intolerances. In addition to paper-based methods, research demonstrates droplet-based microfluidics shows promise in drastically shortening the time necessary to confirm viable bacterial contamination in agricultural waters in the domestic and international food industry.

289:. Le Pesant et al. pioneered the use of electrocapillary forces to move droplets on a digital track. The "fluid transistor" pioneered by Cytonix also played a role. The technology was subsequently commercialised by Duke University. By using discrete unit-volume droplets, a microfluidic function can be reduced to a set of repeated basic operations, i.e., moving one unit of fluid over one unit of distance. This "digitisation" method facilitates the use of a hierarchical and cell-based approach for microfluidic biochip design. Therefore, digital microfluidics offers a flexible and scalable system architecture as well as high 20: 848:

PMMA, and glass) is advantageous, although material integrity must be considered under specific harsh conditions. Through the usage of fiber optic coupling, the device can be isolated from instrumentation, preventing irradiative damage and minimizing the exposure of lab personnel to potentially harmful radiation, something not possible on the lab scale nor with the previous standard of analysis. The shrinkage of the device also allows for lower amounts of analyte to be used, decreasing the amount of waste generated and exposure to hazardous materials.

865:

detection from certain machines like those that measure fluorescence. More recent designs have fully integrated HPLC columns into microfluidic chips. The main advantage of integrating HPLC columns into microfluidic devices is the smaller form factor that can be achieved, which allows for additional features to be combined within one microfluidic chip. Integrated chips can also be fabricated from multiple different materials, including glass and polyimide which are quite different from the standard material of

893:(typically nanoliters or picoliters) without any physical contact. This technology focuses acoustic energy into a fluid sample to eject droplets as small as a millionth of a millionth of a litre (picoliter = 10 litre). ADE technology is a very gentle process, and it can be used to transfer proteins, high molecular weight DNA and live cells without damage or loss of viability. This feature makes the technology suitable for a wide variety of applications including 267:

growing substantially in past decades. Microdroplets allow for handling miniature volumes (μL to fL) of fluids conveniently, provide better mixing, encapsulation, sorting, and sensing, and suit high throughput experiments. Exploiting the benefits of droplet-based microfluidics efficiently requires a deep understanding of droplet generation to perform various logical operations such as droplet manipulation, droplet sorting, droplet merging, and droplet breakup.

9831: 228: 1273: 1259: 9819: 254: 9107: 108: 379:. Critical dimensions down to 1 μm are easily fabricated, and with a bit more effort and expense, feature sizes below 100 nm can be patterned reliably as well. This enables the inexpensive production of pores integrated in a microfluidic circuit where the pore diameters can reach sizes of order 100 nm, with a concomitant reduction in the minimum particle diameters by several orders of magnitude. 7209: 3038: 99:. Micropumps supply fluids in a continuous manner or are used for dosing. Microvalves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. Often, processes normally carried out in a lab are miniaturised on a single chip, which enhances efficiency and mobility, and reduces sample and reagent volumes. 87:, in the form of capillary flow modifying elements, akin to flow resistors and flow accelerators. In some applications, external actuation means are additionally used for a directed transport of the media. Examples are rotary drives applying centrifugal forces for the fluid transport on the passive chips. 972:

Food processing requires the ability to enable shelf stability in foods, such as emulsions or additions of preservatives. Techniques such as droplet microfluidics are used to create emulsions that are more controlled and complex than those created by traditional homogenization due to the precision of

838:

spectroscopy, which allows for the analysis of more complex mixtures which contain several actinides at different oxidation states. Measurements made with these methods have been validated at the bulk level for industrial tests, and are observed to have a much lower variance at the micro-scale. This

266:

Droplet-based microfluidics is a subcategory of microfluidics in contrast with continuous microfluidics; droplet-based microfluidics manipulates discrete volumes of fluids in immiscible phases with low Reynolds number and laminar flow regimes. Interest in droplet-based microfluidics systems has been

976:

Paper and droplet microfluidics allow for devices that can detect small amounts of unwanted bacteria or chemicals, making them useful in food safety and analysis. Paper-based microfluidic devices are often referred to as microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) and can detect such things

927:

are interested in measuring the chemical composition of extraplanetary bodies. Because of their small size and wide-ranging functionality, microfluidic devices are uniquely suited for these remote sample analyses. From an extraterrestrial sample, the organic content can be assessed using microchip

495:

Microfluidic structures include micropneumatic systems, i.e. microsystems for the handling of off-chip fluids (liquid pumps, gas valves, etc.), and microfluidic structures for the on-chip handling of nanoliter (nl) and picoliter (pl) volumes. To date, the most successful commercial application of

258: 869:

used in many different droplet-based microfluidic devices. This is an important feature because different applications of HPLC microfluidic chips may call for different pressures. PDMS fails in comparison for high-pressure uses compared to glass and polyimide. High versatility of HPLC integration

342:

is passed through a small (~100 μm diameter) pore, so that an electrical signal is generated that is directly proportional to the ratio of the particle volume to the pore volume. The physics behind this is relatively simple, described in a classic paper by DeBlois and Bean, and the implementation

1123:

sample with high accuracy. To improve this strategy, the microfluidic program with a sequential manner of drug cocktails, coupled with fluorescent barcodes, is more efficient. Another advanced strategy is detecting growth rates of single-cell by using suspended microchannel resonators, which can

847:

Through the application of the PhLOC, flexibility and safety of operational methods are increased. Since the analysis of spent nuclear fuel involves extremely harsh conditions, the application of disposable and rapidly produced devices (Based on castable and/or engravable materials such as PDMS,

173:

Microfluidic flows need only be constrained by geometrical length scale – the modalities and methods used to achieve such a geometrical constraint are highly dependent on the targeted application. Traditionally, microfluidic flows have been generated inside closed channels with the channel cross

873:

The potential applications surrounding integrated HPLC columns within microfluidic devices have proven expansive over the last 10–15 years. The integration of such columns allows for experiments to be run where materials were in low availability or very expensive, like in biological analysis of

843:

at the micro-scale for U(IV). Through the development of a spectrophotometric approach to analyzing spent fuel, an on-line method for measurement of reactant quantities is created, increasing the rate at which samples can be analyzed and thus decreasing the size of deviations detectable within

613:

Antibiotic resistance: microfluidic devices can be used as heterogeneous environments for microorganisms. In a heterogeneous environment, it is easier for a microorganism to evolve. This can be useful for testing the acceleration of evolution of a microorganism / for testing the development of

482:

Conversely, microfluidic-assisted magnetophoresis may be used to facilitate efficient mixing within microdroplets or plugs. To accomplish this, microdroplets are injected with paramagnetic nanoparticles and are flowed through a straight channel which passes through rapidly alternating magnetic

864:

HPLC in the field of microfluidics comes in two different forms. Early designs included running liquid through the HPLC column then transferring the eluted liquid to microfluidic chips and attaching HPLC columns to the microfluidic chip directly. The early methods had the advantage of easier

293:

capability. Moreover, because each droplet can be controlled independently, these systems also have dynamic reconfigurability, whereby groups of unit cells in a microfluidic array can be reconfigured to change their functionality during the concurrent execution of a set of bioassays. Although

223:

mechanisms. Continuous-flow microfluidic operation is the mainstream approach because it is easy to implement and less sensitive to protein fouling problems. Continuous-flow devices are adequate for many well-defined and simple biochemical applications, and for certain tasks such as chemical

255: 990:

Personalized cancer treatment is a tuned method based on the patient's diagnosis and background. Microfluidic technology offers sensitive detection with higher throughput, as well as reduced time and costs. For personalized cancer treatment, tumor composition and drug sensitivities are very

324:

Paper-based microfluidic devices fill a growing niche for portable, cheap, and user-friendly medical diagnostic systems. Paper based microfluidics rely on the phenomenon of capillary penetration in porous media. To tune fluid penetration in porous substrates such as paper in two and three

479:. Once the magnetic particles are functionalized, they are dispersed in a cell mixture where they bind to only the cells of interest. The resulting cell/particle mixture can then be flowed through a microfluidic device with a magnetic field to separate the targeted cells from the rest. 855:

process successfully being demonstrated at the micro-scale. Likewise, the microfluidic technology developed for the analysis of spent nuclear fuel is predicted to expand horizontally to analysis of other actinide, lanthanides, and transition metals with little to no modification.

6867: 257: 3556: 202:

through narrow channels or porous media predominantly by accelerating or hindering fluid flow in capillary elements. In paper based microfluidics, capillary elements can be achieved through the simple variation of section geometry. In general, the actuation of

3815:

Lewpiriyawong N, Kandaswamy K, Yang C, Ivanov V, Stocker R (December 2011). "Microfluidic characterization and continuous separation of cells and particles using conducting poly(dimethyl siloxane) electrode induced alternating current-dielectrophoresis".

568:

Microfluidic technology has led to the creation of powerful tools for biologists to control the complete cellular environment, leading to new questions and discoveries. Many diverse advantages of this technology for microbiology are listed below:

1246:

of glass, minimized Joule heating effects, making the system highly efficient and fast. Such innovations highlight the potential of microfluidic devices in analytical chemistry, particularly in applications requiring quick and precise analyses.

333:

One application area that has seen significant academic effort and some commercial effort is in the area of particle detection in fluids. Particle detection of small fluid-borne particles down to about 1 μm in diameter is typically done using a

1010:

technology in which droplets are transported in a reusable capillary and alternately flow through two areas maintained at different constant temperatures and fluorescence detection. It can be efficient with a low contamination risk to detect

4006:

Weiss AC, Krüger K, Besford QA, Schlenk M, Kempe K, Förster S, Caruso F (January 2019). "In Situ Characterization of Protein Corona Formation on Silica Microparticles Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Combined with Microfluidics".

366:

The limit on the pore size in traditional RPS Coulter counters is set by the method used to make the pores, which while a trade secret, most likely uses traditional mechanical methods. This is where microfluidics can have an impact: The

6655:

Zhu KY, Leung KW, Ting AK, Wong ZC, Ng WY, Choi RC, et al. (March 2012). "Microfluidic chip based nano liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of abused drugs and metabolites in human hair".

164:

High specificity of chemical and physical properties (concentration, pH, temperature, shear force, etc.) can also be ensured resulting in more uniform reaction conditions and higher grade products in single and multi-step reactions.

302:). Many lab-on-a-chip applications have been demonstrated within the digital microfluidics paradigm using electrowetting. However, recently other techniques for droplet manipulation have also been demonstrated using magnetic force, 411:

One major area of application for microfluidic devices is the separation and sorting of different fluids or cell types. Recent developments in the microfluidics field have seen the integration of microfluidic devices with

870:

ensures robustness by avoiding connections and fittings between the column and chip. The ability to build off said designs in the future allows the field of microfluidics to continue expanding its potential applications.

294:

droplets are manipulated in confined microfluidic channels, since the control on droplets is not independent, it should not be confused as "digital microfluidics". One common actuation method for digital microfluidics is

7123:

Stockton AM, Tjin CC, Huang GL, Benhabib M, Chiesl TN, Mathies RA (November 2010). "Analysis of carbonaceous biomarkers with the Mars Organic Analyzer microchip capillary electrophoresis system: aldehydes and ketones".

6987:

Chiesl TN, Chu WK, Stockton AM, Amashukeli X, Grunthaner F, Mathies RA (April 2009). "Enhanced amine and amino acid analysis using Pacific Blue and the Mars Organic Analyzer microchip capillary electrophoresis system".

839:

approach has been found to have molar extinction coefficients (UV-Vis) in line with known literature values over a comparatively large concentration span for 150 μL via elongation of the measurement channel, and obeys

794:

By rectifying the motion of individual swimming bacteria, microfluidic structures can be used to extract mechanical motion from a population of motile bacterial cells. This way, bacteria-powered rotors can be built.

23:

NIST researchers have combined a glass slide, plastic sheets and double-sided tape to create an inexpensive and simple-to-build microfluidic device for exposing an array of cells to different concentrations of a

7757:

Hajji I, Serra M, Geremie L, Ferrante I, Renault R, Viovy JL, Descroix S, Ferraro D (2020). "Droplet microfluidic platform for fast and continuous-flow RT-qPCR analysis devoted to cancer diagnosis application".

968:

are used in the realm of food science in a variety of categories. Research in nutrition, food processing, and food safety benefit from microfluidic technique because experiments can be done with less reagents.

7210:"The extraction of intracrystalline biomarkers and other organic compounds from sulphate minerals using a microfluidic format – a feasibility study for remote fossil-life detection using a microfluidic H-cell" 6916:

van Dinther AM, Schroën CG, Vergeldt FJ, van der Sman RG, Boom RM (May 2012). "Suspension flow in microfluidic devices--a review of experimental techniques focussing on concentration and velocity gradients".

9754: 1088:, which can be a method to capture more biological information in a single analysis. For example, it can be used to test the cell survival rate of 40 different drugs or drug combinations. Tumor‐derived 830:), the Photonics Lab on a Chip (PhLOC) is becoming an increasingly popular tool for the analysis of actinides and nitrates in spent nuclear waste. The PhLOC is based on the simultaneous application of 6378:

Kim JY, Cho SW, Kang DK, Edel JB, Chang SI, deMello AJ, O'Hare D (September 2012). "Lab-chip HPLC with integrated droplet-based microfluidics for separation and high frequency compartmentalisation".

394: 8489:

Grosselin K, Durand A, Marsolier J, Poitou A, Marangoni E, Nemati F, et al. (June 2019). "High-throughput single-cell ChIP-seq identifies heterogeneity of chromatin states in breast cancer".

1039:

patients is essential for determining post-surgery treatment. A simple microfluidic chamber, coated with a carefully formulated extracellular matrix mixture is used for cells obtained from tumor

2671:

Chokkalingam V, Tel J, Wimmers F, Liu X, Semenov S, Thiele J, et al. (December 2013). "Probing cellular heterogeneity in cytokine-secreting immune cells using droplet-based microfluidics".

733:, by generating a spatial mosaic of patches of opportunity distributed in space and time. The patchy nature of these fluidic landscapes allows for the study of adapting bacterial cells in a 256: 7080:

Stockton AM, Tjin CC, Chiesl TN, Mathies RA (July 2011). "Analysis of carbonaceous biomarkers with the Mars Organic Analyzer microchip capillary electrophoresis system: carboxylic acids".

130:, energy dissipation, and fluidic resistance start to dominate the system. Microfluidics studies how these behaviours change, and how they can be worked around, or exploited for new uses. 6699:

Polat AN, Kraiczek K, Heck AJ, Raijmakers R, Mohammed S (November 2012). "Fully automated isotopic dimethyl labeling and phosphopeptide enrichment using a microfluidic HPLC phosphochip".

6577:

Hardouin J, Duchateau M, Joubert-Caron R, Caron M (2006). "Usefulness of an integrated microfluidic device (HPLC-Chip-MS) to enhance confidence in protein identification by proteomics".

281:

Alternatives to the above closed-channel continuous-flow systems include novel open structures, where discrete, independently controllable droplets are manipulated on a substrate using

6448:

Gerhardt RF, Peretzki AJ, Piendl SK, Belder D (December 2017). "Seamless Combination of High-Pressure Chip-HPLC and Droplet Microfluidics on an Integrated Microfluidic Glass Chip".

8940: 4263:

Xia N, Hunt TP, Mayers BT, Alsberg E, Whitesides GM, Westervelt RM, Ingber DE (December 2006). "Combined microfluidic-micromagnetic separation of living cells in continuous flow".

1147:), and are essential for multiple anti-cancer drugs and toxicity tests. This strategy can be improved by increasing the throughput and production of spheroids. For example, one 6413:

Ochoa A, Álvarez-Bohórquez E, Castillero E, Olguin LF (May 2017). "Detection of Enzyme Inhibitors in Crude Natural Extracts Using Droplet-Based Microfluidics Coupled to HPLC".

6325:"Photonic Lab-on-a-Chip analytical systems for nuclear applications: optical performance and UV–Vis–IR material characterization after chemical exposure and gamma irradiation" 2340:

Bouaidat S, Hansen O, Bruus H, Berendsen C, Bau-Madsen NK, Thomsen P, et al. (August 2005). "Surface-directed capillary system; theory, experiments and applications".

915:

can use laminar flow to separate the fuel and its oxidant to control the interaction of the two fluids without the physical barrier that conventional fuel cells require.

174:

section being in the order of 10 μm x 10 μm. Each of these methods has its own associated techniques to maintain robust fluid flow which have matured over several years.

6807: 7573:

Harmon JB, Gray HK, Young CC, Schwab KJ (2020) Microfluidic droplet application for bacterial surveillance in fresh-cut produce wash waters. PLoS ONE 15(6): e0233239.

956:. These analyses coupled together could allow powerful detection of the key components of life, and hopefully inform our search for functioning extraterrestrial life. 8154:"An integrated double-filtration microfluidic device for isolation, enrichment and quantification of urinary extracellular vesicles for detection of bladder cancer" 7701:"Determination of norfloxacin residues in foods by exploiting the coffee-ring effect and paper-based microfluidics device coupling with smartphone-based detection" 6952:

Mora MF, Greer F, Stockton AM, Bryant S, Willis PA (November 2011). "Toward total automation of microfluidics for extraterrestial [sic] in situ analysis".

6507:

Vollmer M, Hörth P, Rozing G, Couté Y, Grimm R, Hochstrasser D, Sanchez JC (March 2006). "Multi-dimensional HPLC/MS of the nucleolar proteome using HPLC-chip/MS".

6105:

Mattio, Elodie; Caleyron, Audrey; Miguirditchian, Manuel; Lines, Amanda M.; Bryan, Samuel A.; Lackey, Hope E.; Rodriguez-Ruiz, Isaac; Lamadie, Fabrice (May 2022).

771:

and the ability to evolve / develop resistance to antibiotics in small populations of microorganisms and in a short period of time. These microorganisms including

3853:"A flow focusing microfluidic device with an integrated Coulter particle counter for production, counting and size characterization of monodisperse microbubbles" 3341: 827: 823: 6173:"Spectroscopic monitoring of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing streams: an evaluation of spent fuel solutions via Raman, visible, and near-infrared spectroscopy" 182:

The behavior of fluids and their control in open microchannels was pioneered around 2005 and applied in air-to-liquid sample collection and chromatography. In

5236:

Yetisen AK, Jiang L, Cooper JR, Qin Y, Palanivelu R, Zohar Y (May 2011). "A microsystem-based assay for studying pollen tube guidance in plant reproduction".

1599:

Chokkalingam V, Weidenhof B, Krämer M, Maier WF, Herminghaus S, Seemann R (July 2010). "Optimized droplet-based microfluidics scheme for sol-gel reactions".

6033:

Nelson, Gilbert L.; Lackey, Hope E.; Bello, Job M.; Felmy, Heather M.; Bryan, Hannah B.; Lamadie, Fabrice; Bryan, Samuel A.; Lines, Amanda M. (2021-01-26).

1155:

produces 500 spheroids per chip. These spheroids can be cultured longer in different surroundings to analyze and monitor. The other advanced technology is

500:. Additionally, microfluidic manufacturing advances mean that makers can produce the devices in low-cost plastics and automatically verify part quality. 1963:

Kaigala GV, Lovchik RD, Delamarche E (November 2012). "Microfluidics in the "open space" for performing localized chemistry on biological interfaces".

9368: 428:

active substances towards it, effectively separating the magnetic and non-magnetic components of the fluid. This technique can be readily utilized in

8781: 1092:

can be isolated from urine and detected by an integrated double‐filtration microfluidic device; they also can be isolated from blood and detected by

576:

Cellular aging: microfluidic devices such as the "mother machine" allow tracking of thousands of individual cells for many generations until they die

810:

Microfluidic flow enables fast sample throughput, automated imaging of large sample populations, as well as 3D capabilities. or superresolution.

359:

falls below the reliably detectable limit, set mostly by the size of the pore in which the analyte passes and the input noise of the first-stage

35:(10 to 10 liters) using small channels with sizes ten to hundreds micrometres. It is a multidisciplinary field that involves molecular analysis, 702:, cell separation, in particular, blood cell separation, protein analysis, cell manipulation and analysis including cell viability analysis and 5993:"Combination of optical spectroscopy and chemometric techniques—a possible way for on-line monitoring of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) reprocessing" 5304:

Bontoux N, Dauphinot L, Potier MC (2009). "Elaborating Lab-on-a-Chips for Single-cell Transcriptome Analysis". In Herold KE, Rasooly A (eds.).

448:. Therefore, before packaging, milk can be flowed through channels with magnetic gradients as a means of purifying out the metal contaminants. 83:

Typically microfluidic systems transport, mix, separate, or otherwise process fluids. Various applications rely on passive fluid control using

5498:

Seymour JR, Simó R, Ahmed T, Stocker R (July 2010). "Chemoattraction to dimethylsulfoniopropionate throughout the marine microbial food web".

190:, and thread-based microfluidics. Disadvantages to open systems include susceptibility to evaporation, contamination, and limited flow rate. 9306: 634:, which is a piece of glass, plastic or silicon substrate, on which pieces of DNA (probes) are affixed in a microscopic array. Similar to a 7364:"Enhancement of the stability of chlorophyll using chlorophyll-encapsulated polycaprolactone microparticles based on droplet microfluidics" 4786:

Jing G, Polaczyk A, Oerther DB, Papautsky I (2007). "Development of a microfluidic biosensor for detection of environmental mycobacteria".

3203:

Shemesh J, Bransky A, Khoury M, Levenberg S (October 2010). "Advanced microfluidic droplet manipulation based on piezoelectric actuation".

819: 7167:

Mora MF, Stockton AM, Willis PA (2015). "Analysis of thiols by microchip capillary electrophoresis for in situ planetary investigations".

4639:

Cheng JJ, Nicaise SM, Berggren KK, Gradečak S (January 2016). "Dimensional Tailoring of Hydrothermally Grown Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays".

3684:

Uram JD, Ke K, Hunt AJ, Mayer M (March 2006). "Label-free affinity assays by rapid detection of immune complexes in submicrometer pores".

9749: 8949: 3026: 585:

Force measurements of adherent cells or confined chromosomes: objects trapped in a microfluidic device can be directly manipulated using

5844:

Ferraro P, Miccio L, Grilli S, Finizio A, De Nicola S, Vespini V (2008). "Manipulating Thin Liquid Films for Tunable Microlens Arrays".

4930:

Yliperttula M, Chung BG, Navaladi A, Manbachi A, Urtti A (October 2008). "High-throughput screening of cell responses to biomaterials".

2913:

Xi HD, Zheng H, Guo W, Gañán-Calvo AM, Ai Y, Tsao CW, et al. (February 2017). "Active droplet sorting in microfluidics: a review".

8534:"Micromachining of capillary electrophoresis injectors and separators on glass chips and evaluation of flow at capillary intersections" 553:. In addition, microfluidics-based devices, capable of continuous sampling and real-time testing of air/water samples for biochemical 9153: 7477:"Microfluidic investigation of the coalescence susceptibility of pea protein-stabilised emulsions: Effect of protein oxidation level" 2645:"Data associated with 'Combined flow-focus and self-assembly routes for the formation of lipid stabilized oil-shelled microbubbles'" 451:

Other, more research-oriented applications of microfluidic-assisted magnetophoresis are numerous and are generally targeted towards

235:

Process monitoring capabilities in continuous-flow systems can be achieved with highly sensitive microfluidic flow sensors based on

420:. This can be accomplished by sending a fluid containing at least one magnetic component through a microfluidic channel that has a 371:-based production of microfluidic devices, or more likely the production of reusable molds for making microfluidic devices using a 7852:"Potential clinical significance of plasma-based KRAS mutation analysis using the COLD-PCR/TaqMan(®) -MGB probe genotyping method" 355:(RPS); Coulter counting is a trademark term. However, the RPS method does not work well for particles below 1 μm diameter, as the 9378: 149:) can become very low. A key consequence is co-flowing fluids do not necessarily mix in the traditional sense, as flow becomes 6743: 851:

Expansion of the PhLOC to miniaturize research of the full nuclear fuel cycle is currently being evaluated, with steps of the

9791: 9087: 9064: 9045: 9026: 9007: 6814: 5937: 5338: 5313: 5288: 4719: 4691: 2435: 2383:

Kachel S, Zhou Y, Scharfer P, Vrančić C, Petrich W, Schabel W (February 2014). "Evaporation from open microchannel grooves".

2191:

Truckenmüller R, Rummler Z, Schaller T, Schomburg WK (2002-06-13). "Low-cost thermoforming of micro fluidic analysis chips".

1583: 4163:

Alnaimat F, Dagher S, Mathew B, Hilal-Alnqbi A, Khashan S (November 2018). "Microfluidics Based Magnetophoresis: A Review".

4112:

Dibaji S, Rezai P (2020-06-01). "Triplex Inertia-Magneto-Elastic (TIME) sorting of microparticles in non-Newtonian fluids".

2524: 2470:

Konda A, Morin SA (June 2017). "Flow-directed synthesis of spatially variant arrays of branched zinc oxide mesostructures".

1031:, to enhance detection of the mutative gene ratio. In addition, accurate prediction of postoperative disease progression in 1321: 835: 9383: 7524:

Zhang, Jia; Xu, Wenhua; Xu, Fengying; Lu, Wangwang; Hu, Liuyun; Zhou, Jianlin; Zhang, Chen; Jiang, Zhuo (February 2021).

7362:

Hsiao, Ching-Ju; Lin, Jui-Fen; Wen, Hsin-Yi; Lin, Yu-Mei; Yang, Chih-Hui; Huang, Keng-Shiang; Shaw, Jei-Fu (2020-02-15).

3902:"AC-dielectrophoretic characterization and separation of submicron and micron particles using sidewall AgPDMS electrodes" 389: 3279:

Liu M, Suo S, Wu J, Gan Y, Ah Hanaor D, Chen CQ (March 2019). "Tailoring porous media for controllable capillary flow".

2418:

Ogawa M, Higashi K, Miki N (August 2015). "Development of hydrogel microtubes for microbe culture in open environment".

455:

separation. The general way this is accomplished involves several steps. First, a paramagnetic substance (usually micro/

9476: 9311: 8978: 7901:"Live-cell phenotypic-biomarker microfluidic assay for the risk stratification of cancer patients via machine learning" 2037:

Li C, Boban M, Tuteja A (April 2017). "Open-channel, water-in-oil emulsification in paper-based microfluidic devices".

1550: 6278:"Uranium(VI) On-Chip Microliter Concentration Measurements in a Highly Extended UV–Visible Absorbance Linearity Range" 4346:"The Fabrication and Application Mechanism of Microfluidic Systems for High Throughput Biomedical Screening: A Review" 424:

positioned along the length of the channel. This creates a magnetic field inside the microfluidic channel which draws

8097:"Cancer therapy. Ex vivo culture of circulating breast tumor cells for individualized testing of drug susceptibility" 7184: 4883:"Microcirculation within grooved substrates regulates cell positioning and cell docking inside microfluidic channels" 3351: 3263: 2600: 1900: 1222:

and D. Jed. Harrison. They created a planar glass chip incorporating a sample injector and separation channels using

1058: 8890:

Chossat JB, Park YL, Wood RJ, Duchaine V (September 2013). "A Soft Strain Sensor Based on Ionic and Metal Liquids".

2718: 1472: 1428:

Terry SC, Jerman JH, Angell JB (December 1979). "A gas chromatographic air analyzer fabricated on a silicon wafer".

998:, or the severity and progression of the disease can be predicted based on the atypical presence of specific cells. 6220:"Online Monitoring of Solutions Within Microfluidic Chips: Simultaneous Raman and UV–Vis Absorption Spectroscopies" 4442:

Akiyama Y, Morishima K (2011-04-18). "Label-free cell aggregate formation based on the magneto-Archimedes effect".

729:

and connecting them by dispersal corridors. The resulting landscapes can be used as physical implementations of an

1636:"Multi-step synthesis of nanoparticles performed on millisecond time scale in a microfluidic droplet-based system" 9823: 9769: 7268:

Neethirajan, Suresh; Kobayashi, Isao; Nakajima, Mitsutoshi; Wu, Dan; Nandagopal, Saravanan; Lin, Francis (2011).

2948:

Niu X, Gulati S, Edel JB, deMello AJ (November 2008). "Pillar-induced droplet merging in microfluidic circuits".

6035:"Enabling Microscale Processing: Combined Raman and Absorbance Spectroscopy for Microfluidic On-Line Monitoring" 9209: 9173: 3764:

Sen YH, Karnik R (May 2009). "Investigating the translocation of lambda-DNA molecules through PDMS nanopores".

1301: 471:

unique to the cell type of interest and subsequently functionalizing magnetic particles with the complementary

236: 6107:"Microfluidic In-Situ Spectrophotometric Approaches to Tackle Actinides Analysis in Multiple Oxidation States" 3554:, Wallace H. Coulter, "Means for counting particles suspended in a fluid", published Oct. 20, 1953 9797: 9373: 9146: 7475:

Hinderink, Emma B. A.; Kaade, Wael; Sagis, Leonard; Schroën, Karin; Berton-Carabin, Claire C. (2020-05-01).

1753:"A micromachined interface for airborne sample-to-liquid transfer and its application in a biosensor system" 3516:

DeBlois RW, Bean CP (1970). "Counting and sizing of submicron particles by the resistive pulse technique".

582:

Precise spatiotemporal concentration gradients by incorporating multiple chemical inputs to a single device

399: with the accompanying commercialization of this technology. This method has been termed microfluidic 382:

As a result, there has been some university-based development of microfluidic particle counting and sizing

343:

first described in Coulter's original patent. This is the method used to e.g. size and count erythrocytes (

126:

The behaviour of fluids at the microscale can differ from "macrofluidic" behaviour in that factors such as

9122: 8793: 7644:

Ko, Chien-Hsuan; Liu, Chan-Chiung; Chen, Kuan-Hong; Sheu, Fuu; Fu, Lung-Ming; Chen, Szu-Jui (2021-05-30).

5279:

Fan H, Das C, Chen H (2009). "Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in a Chip". In Herold KE, Rasooly A (eds.).

2083:

Casavant BP, Berthier E, Theberge AB, Berthier J, Montanez-Sauri SI, Bischel LL, et al. (June 2013).

592:

Confining cells and exerting controlled forces by coupling with external force-generation methods such as

432:

settings where the fluid at hand already contains magnetically active material. For example, a handful of

9713: 9204: 6789: 2291:

Young EW, Berthier E, Guckenberger DJ, Sackmann E, Lamers C, Meyvantsson I, et al. (February 2011).

1291: 1286: 1243: 1179: 1148: 1116: 1007: 999: 248: 8580:

Yetisen AK, Akram MS, Lowe CR (June 2013). "Paper-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices".

6323:

Mattio, Elodie; Lamadie, Fabrice; Rodriguez-Ruiz, Isaac; Cames, Beatrice; Charton, Sophie (2020-02-01).

2420:

2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

9424: 9280: 6620:

Brennen RA, Yin H, Killeen KP (December 2007). "Microfluidic gradient formation for nanoflow chip LC".

4397:"Label-free manipulation via the magneto-Archimedes effect: fundamentals, methodology and applications" 3050:

Lee J, Kim CJ (June 2000). "Surface-tension-driven microactuation based on continuous electrowetting".

2510: 1478: 1306: 1159:, and it can be used to simulate several organs to determine the drug metabolism and activity based on 43:. It has practical applications in the design of systems that process low volumes of fluids to achieve 7645: 7590: 7363: 6171:

Bryan, S. A.; Levitskaia, Tatiana G.; Johnsen, A. M.; Orton, C. R.; Peterson, J. M. (September 2011).

3551: 1917: 9877: 9803: 7317:"Microfluidics assisted tragacanth gum based sub-micron curcumin suspension and its characterization" 6172: 5992: 5598:

Angelani L, Di Leonardo R, Ruocco G (January 2009). "Self-starting micromotors in a bacterial bath".

2719:"Self-synchronizing Pairwise Production of Monodisperse Droplets by Microfluidic Step Emulsification" 1346: 1316: 1211: 1020: 929: 882: 758: 691: 523: 319: 187: 48: 8914: 8211:"Electrochemical Detection of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Nanointerdigitated Electrodes" 5066:

Pelletier J, Halvorsen K, Ha BY, Paparcone R, Sandler SJ, Woldringh CL, et al. (October 2012).

2825: 2629: 262:

High frame rate video showing microbubble pinch-off formation in a flow-focusing microfluidic device

9759: 9604: 9536: 9414: 9139: 7589:

Trofimchuk, Evan; Hu, Yaxi; Nilghaz, Azadeh; Hua, Marti Z.; Sun, Selina; Lu, Xiaonan (2020-06-30).

6866:

Theberge AB, Courtois F, Schaerli Y, Fischlechner M, Abell C, Hollfelder F, Huck WT (August 2010).

5659:

Di Leonardo R, Angelani L, Dell'arciprete D, Ruocco G, Iebba V, Schippa S, et al. (May 2010).

4735:

Barrett MP, Cooper JM, Regnault C, Holm SH, Beech JP, Tegenfeldt JO, Hochstetter A (October 2017).

3025:

Le Pesant et al., Electrodes for a device operating by electrically controlled fluid displacement,

429: 7700: 5415:"Microfluidics-based single cell analysis reveals drug-dependent motility changes in trypanosomes" 538:

operations such as detection, as well as sample pre-treatment and sample preparation on one chip.

9867: 9862: 9744: 9616: 9199: 1714:"Behaviour and design considerations for continuous flow closed-open-closed liquid microchannels" 1575: 1527: 400: 352: 6831:

Beebe DJ, Mensing GA, Walker GM (2002). "Physics and applications of microfluidics in biology".

4604:

Pawell RS, Taylor RA, Morris KV, Barber TJ (2015). "Automating microfluidic part verification".

4208:"Engineering magnetic nanoparticles and their integration with microfluidics for cell isolation" 413: 9872: 9857: 9785: 9701: 9504: 9469: 9358: 9326: 9257: 8942:

Columba S: a scalable co-layout design automation tool for microfluidic large-scale integration

8909: 7803:"Highly Parallel Genome-wide Expression Profiling of Individual Cells Using Nanoliter Droplets" 6868:"Microdroplets in microfluidics: an evolving platform for discoveries in chemistry and biology" 5199:"3-dimensional electrode patterning within a microfluidic channel using metal ion implantation" 4504:

DeMello AJ (July 2006). "Control and detection of chemical reactions in microfluidic systems".

2983:

Samie M, Salari A, Shafii MB (May 2013). "Breakup of microdroplets in asymmetric T junctions".

2820: 1132: 1125: 1119:

devices have the potential to screen different drugs or combinations of drugs, directly on the

1081: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1051: 1047: 642:

is a miniature array where a multitude of different capture agents, most frequently monoclonal

8662:

Seemann R, Brinkmann M, Pfohl T, Herminghaus S (January 2012). "Droplet based microfluidics".

8323:

Eduati F, Utharala R, Madhavan D, Neumann UP, Longerich T, Cramer T, et al. (June 2018).

1675:"Three-Dimensional–Printed Laboratory-on-a-Chip With Microelectronics and Silicon Integration" 9764: 9718: 9262: 8380:

Stevens MM, Maire CL, Chou N, Murakami MA, Knoff DS, Kikuchi Y, et al. (November 2016).

5789:"Liquid micro-lens array activated by selective electrowetting on lithium niobate substrates" 4881:

Manbachi A, Shrivastava S, Cioffi M, Chung BG, Moretti M, Demirci U, et al. (May 2008).

3951:"Simultaneous acoustic and photoacoustic microfluidic flow cytometry for label-free analysis" 1089: 1062: 1016: 695: 667: 356: 303: 286: 276: 91:

refers to the defined manipulation of the working fluid by active (micro) components such as

7171:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1274. New York, NY: Humana Press. pp. 43–52. 6484: 6106: 1829:

Jacksén J, Frisk T, Redeby T, Parmar V, van der Wijngaart W, Stemme G, Emmer A (July 2007).

1107:

for drugs, it is often necessary to distinguish cancerous cells from non-cancerous cells. A

807:. Examples of optofluidic devices are tunable microlens arrays and optofluidic microscopes. 722:, a nano/micro fabricated fluidic landscape can be constructed by building local patches of 646:, are deposited on a chip surface; they are used to determine the presence and/or amount of 9524: 9509: 9434: 8901: 8892: 8852: 8819: 8723: 8671: 8626: 8445: 8382:"Drug sensitivity of single cancer cells is predicted by changes in mass accumulation rate" 8336: 8279: 8222: 8165: 8108: 7899:

Manak MS, Varsanik JS, Hogan BJ, Whitfield MJ, Su WR, Joshi N, et al. (October 2018).

7767: 7221: 7089: 7036: 6844: 6586: 6336: 6118: 5962: 5800: 5741: 5682: 5617: 5507: 5367: 5245: 5148: 5079: 4837: 4795: 4648: 4513: 4451: 4219: 4121: 3962: 3738: 3642: 3583: 3525: 3482: 3298: 3159: 2992: 2812: 2730: 2200: 2096: 1437: 1378: 1191: 1103:

Tumor materials can directly be used for detection through microfluidic devices. To screen

866: 840: 746: 738: 601: 220: 8948:. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Design Automation Conference. p. 163. Archived from 6766: 6542:

Reichmuth DS, Shepodd TJ, Kirby BJ (May 2005). "Microchip HPLC of peptides and proteins".

5455:

Ahmed T, Shimizu TS, Stocker R (November 2010). "Microfluidics for bacterial chemotaxis".

3471:"Smartphone Detection of Escherichia coli From Field Water Samples on Paper Microfluidics" 111:

Silicone rubber and glass microfluidic devices. Top: a photograph of the devices. Bottom:

8: 9734: 9708: 9566: 9553: 9514: 9393: 9363: 8810: 8743:

Yetisen AK, Volpatti LR (July 2014). "Patent protection and licensing in microfluidics".

8708: 7591:"Development of paper-based microfluidic device for the determination of nitrite in meat" 6492:. 7th lnternatonal Conference on Miniaturized Chemical and Blochemlcal Analysts Systems. 5413:

Hochstetter A, Stellamanns E, Deshpande S, Uppaluri S, Engstler M, Pfohl T (April 2015).

4967:"Proliferation characteristics of cells cultured under periodic versus static conditions" 1791: 1752: 1713: 906: 9112: 8905: 8856: 8823: 8727: 8683: 8675: 8630: 8449: 8340: 8283: 8226: 8169: 8112: 7948:

Karabacak NM, Spuhler PS, Fachin F, Lim EJ, Pai V, Ozkumur E, et al. (March 2014).

7771: 7225: 7093: 7040: 6590: 6340: 6277: 6122: 6034: 5966: 5804: 5745: 5686: 5621: 5511: 5371: 5257: 5249: 5152: 5083: 4841: 4799: 4652: 4517: 4455: 4223: 4125: 3966: 3742: 3646: 3587: 3529: 3486: 3302: 3163: 2996: 2816: 2734: 2293:"Rapid prototyping of arrayed microfluidic systems in polystyrene for cell-based assays" 2204: 2100: 1831:"Off-line integration of CE and MALDI-MS using a closed-open-closed microchannel system" 1441: 1382: 51:. Microfluidics emerged in the beginning of the 1980s and is used in the development of 9688: 9499: 9076: 8989:

Hidden in Plain Sight: The History, Science, and Engineering of Microfluidic Technology

8927: 8873: 8840: 8768: 8695: 8650: 8605: 8514: 8466: 8433: 8406: 8381: 8357: 8324: 8300: 8267: 8243: 8210: 8186: 8153: 8129: 8096: 8072: 8047: 8023: 7998: 7974: 7949: 7925: 7900: 7876: 7851: 7827: 7802: 7783: 7736: 7681: 7626: 7553: 7506: 7454: 7399: 7344: 7245: 7149: 7062: 6898: 6724: 6681: 6360: 6255: 6200: 6150: 6078: 6012: 5897: 5872: 5826: 5764: 5729: 5705: 5672: 5660: 5641: 5607: 5575: 5550: 5531: 5390: 5355: 5261: 5171: 5138: 5126: 5102: 5067: 5040: 5015: 4991: 4966: 4907: 4882: 4858: 4825: 4763: 4736: 4621: 4581: 4556: 4537: 4424: 4372: 4345: 4288: 4240: 4207: 4188: 4145: 4086: 4062:"Recent advances and current challenges in magnetophoresis based micro magnetofluidics" 4061: 4042: 3983: 3950: 3926: 3901: 3877: 3852: 3797: 3666: 3498: 3446: 3421: 3402: 3322: 3288: 3228: 3180: 3147: 3128: 3075: 2895: 2846: 2785: 2696: 2617: 2563: 2449: 2365: 2317: 2292: 2268: 2243: 2224: 2168: 2143: 2119: 2084: 2062: 1860: 1694: 1568: 1453: 1410: 831: 818:

Due to the increase in safety concerns and operating costs of common analytic methods (

730: 579:

Microenvironmental control: ranging from mechanical environment to chemical environment

542: 484: 307: 183: 8831: 8209:

Mathew DG, Beekman P, Lemay SG, Zuilhof H, Le Gac S, van der Wiel WG (February 2020).

8095:

Yu M, Bardia A, Aceto N, Bersani F, Madden MW, Donaldson MC, et al. (July 2014).

7801:

Macosko EZ, Basu A, Satija R, Nemesh J, Shekhar K, Goldman M, et al. (May 2015).

7049: 7024: 6219: 5953:

Lu CH, Pégard NC, Fleischer JW (22 April 2013). "Flow-based structured illumination".

3630: 3148:"Nanoliter-droplet acoustic streaming via ultra high frequency surface acoustic waves" 1790:

Frisk T, Sandström N, Eng L, van der Wijngaart W, Månsson P, Stemme G (October 2008).

444:

products. Conveniently, in the case of milk, many of these metal contaminants exhibit

338:, in which electrical signals are generated when a weakly-conducting fluid such as in 9739: 9548: 9462: 9083: 9060: 9041: 9022: 9003: 8974: 8878: 8760: 8687: 8654: 8642: 8597: 8553: 8518: 8506: 8471: 8411: 8362: 8305: 8248: 8191: 8134: 8077: 8028: 7979: 7930: 7881: 7832: 7787: 7740: 7728: 7720: 7685: 7673: 7665: 7630: 7618: 7610: 7557: 7545: 7510: 7498: 7458: 7446: 7438: 7403: 7391: 7383: 7348: 7336: 7297: 7289: 7249: 7237: 7190: 7180: 7141: 7105: 7054: 7005: 6969: 6934: 6890: 6848: 6716: 6673: 6637: 6602: 6559: 6524: 6465: 6430: 6395: 6364: 6352: 6305: 6297: 6259: 6247: 6239: 6192: 6154: 6142: 6134: 6082: 6070: 6062: 6054: 6016: 5933: 5920:

Pégard NC, Fleischer JW (2012). "3D microfluidic microscopy using a tilted channel".

5902: 5818: 5769: 5710: 5633: 5580: 5523: 5480: 5437: 5395: 5334: 5309: 5284: 5218: 5176: 5107: 5045: 4996: 4947: 4912: 4863: 4768: 4715: 4687: 4664: 4586: 4529: 4467: 4428: 4416: 4377: 4326: 4280: 4245: 4180: 4149: 4137: 4091: 4034: 3988: 3931: 3882: 3833: 3789: 3711: 3658: 3611: 3606: 3571: 3470: 3451: 3406: 3394: 3347: 3314: 3259: 3220: 3185: 3120: 3067: 3008: 2965: 2930: 2887: 2838: 2777: 2688: 2596: 2542:

Tseng TM, Li M, Freitas DN, McAuley T, Li B, Ho TY, Araci IE, Schlichtmann U (2018).

2487: 2441: 2431: 2400: 2357: 2322: 2273: 2228: 2216: 2212: 2173: 2124: 2054: 2019: 1980: 1940: 1896: 1852: 1811: 1772: 1733: 1655: 1616: 1579: 1546: 1414: 1402: 1394: 1278: 1231: 715: 534:, and in chemical synthesis. The basic idea of microfluidic biochips is to integrate 504: 372: 285:. Following the analogy of digital microelectronics, this approach is referred to as 36: 8992: 8931: 8609: 7525: 7153: 7066: 6902: 6728: 6218:

Nelson, Gilbert L.; Lines, Amanda M.; Bello, Job M.; Bryan, Samuel A. (2019-09-27).

6204: 5830: 5645: 5535: 5265: 4625: 4292: 4192: 4046: 3502: 3367:

Loo J, Ho A, Turner A, Mak WC (2019). "Integrated Printed Microfluidic Biosensors".

3326: 3079: 2899: 2789: 2700: 2567: 2369: 2144:"Micromilling: a method for ultra-rapid prototyping of plastic microfluidic devices" 1864: 1698: 1457: 1111:

based on the capacity of cells to pass small constrictions can sort the cell types,

9663: 9658: 9429: 9301: 8919: 8868: 8860: 8827: 8772: 8752: 8731: 8699: 8679: 8634: 8589: 8545: 8533: 8498: 8461: 8453: 8401: 8393: 8352: 8344: 8295: 8287: 8268:"Microfluidic cytometric analysis of cancer cell transportability and invasiveness" 8238: 8230: 8181: 8173: 8124: 8116: 8067: 8059: 8018: 8010: 7969: 7961: 7950:"Microfluidic, marker-free isolation of circulating tumor cells from blood samples" 7920: 7912: 7871: 7863: 7822: 7814: 7775: 7712: 7661: 7657: 7606: 7602: 7541: 7537: 7526:"Microfluidic droplet formation in co-flow devices fabricated by micro 3D printing" 7488: 7430: 7379: 7375: 7328: 7281: 7229: 7172: 7133: 7097: 7044: 6997: 6961: 6926: 6882: 6840: 6751: 6708: 6685: 6665: 6629: 6594: 6551: 6516: 6457: 6422: 6387: 6344: 6289: 6231: 6184: 6126: 6046: 6004: 5991:

Kirsanov, D.; Babain, V.; Agafonova-Moroz, M.; Lumpov, A.; Legin, A. (2012-03-01).

5970: 5925: 5892: 5884: 5853: 5808: 5759: 5749: 5700: 5690: 5629: 5625: 5570: 5562: 5515: 5472: 5464: 5429: 5385: 5375: 5253: 5210: 5166: 5156: 5097: 5087: 5035: 5027: 4986: 4978: 4939: 4902: 4894: 4853: 4845: 4803: 4758: 4748: 4656: 4613: 4576: 4568: 4541: 4521: 4459: 4408: 4367: 4357: 4318: 4272: 4235: 4227: 4172: 4129: 4081: 4073: 4024: 4016: 3978: 3970: 3921: 3913: 3872: 3864: 3825: 3801: 3781: 3773: 3746: 3701: 3693: 3670: 3650: 3601: 3591: 3533: 3490: 3441: 3433: 3384: 3376: 3306: 3251: 3232: 3212: 3175: 3167: 3132: 3110: 3102: 3059: 3000: 2957: 2922: 2877: 2850: 2830: 2769: 2738: 2680: 2648: 2588: 2555: 2544:"Columba 2.0: A Co-Layout Synthesis Tool for Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Biochips" 2479: 2453: 2423: 2392: 2349: 2312: 2304: 2263: 2255: 2208: 2163: 2155: 2114: 2104: 2066: 2046: 2011: 1972: 1932: 1888: 1842: 1803: 1764: 1725: 1686: 1647: 1608: 1445: 1386: 1326: 586: 468: 464: 348: 141:) some interesting and sometimes unintuitive properties appear. In particular, the 40: 19: 7646:"Microfluidic colorimetric analysis system for sodium benzoate detection in foods" 7493: 7476: 5068:"Physical manipulation of the Escherichia coli chromosome reveals its soft nature" 3572:"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel" 3380: 9678: 9668: 9653: 9589: 9178: 9162: 8939:

Tseng TM, Li M, Freitas DN, Mongersun A, Araci IE, Ho TY, Schlichtmann U (2018).

8234: 7417:

He, Shan; Joseph, Nikita; Feng, Shilun; Jellicoe, Matt; Raston, Colin L. (2020).

6461: 6426: 6293: 6050: 4660: 2882: 2865: 2528: 2015: 1690: 1508: 1235: 1175: 1156: 1152: 1136: 1085: 1036: 764: 683: 597: 344: 335: 290: 142: 127: 84: 7176: 5414: 2644: 964:

Microfluidic techniques such as droplet microfluidics, paper microfluidics, and

9835: 9673: 9576: 9519: 9316: 9285: 9234: 9183: 8808:

Angell JB, Terry SC, Barth PW (April 1983). "Silicon Micromechanical Devices".

8457: 8348: 7818: 7574: 7316: 6348: 6235: 5929: 5734: