505:
817:
853:
799:
325:
449:
493:
461:
428:
869:
440:
416:
917:
881:
905:
835:
893:
541:
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31:
40:
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areas in India, with a rich diversity of birds, mammals, and plants in particular. The lowlands holds mostly tropical forests, while the hills and mountains, that comprise most of the area, are covered in grasslands and several distinct types of forest habitats, including
636:
thrive in the moist conditions and are abundant throughout, both on land and in the water, As much as 223 species has been recorded by science, and many of the land-dwelling molluscs are endemic to
Meghalaya. Fresh water molluscs are generally considered a good
1068:
practise puts extra pressure on species that can only thrive in dense forests. The root motivation for the increase in these environmentally changing practises are thought to be a high population growth and increased industrial activity in
Meghalaya.
504:
687:
in the forests of
Meghalaya are globally endangered, and also threatened in this particular habitat, but they have a special place among the local tribes who cherish their song. Other large mammals important to conservation here includes the
852:
564:, are both in need of extra protection as critically endangered species near extinction. The Meghalaya forests are not only important as a wildlife refuge for birds, it is also important to migratory birds on their long-distance flights.
816:
1032:
are the only two regions of India, endowed with rainforest. For these, and other, reasons, protection and conservation of the
Meghalaya subtropical forests are important on a local, national, regional and even global level.
276:
are the only two regions of India endowed with rainforest. For these and other reasons, protection and conservation of the
Meghalaya subtropical forests are important on a local, national, regional and even global level.
798:
992:
The nature and wildlife of
Meghalaya, and the montane rainforests of the ecoregion in particular, is of interest to the tourist industry in the area, and to cater for these interests, an Eco Park has been created in
932:
The ecoregion has several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, but they are all of relatively small size. In addition, Meghalaya holds a total of 712.74 km2 reserved forest and 12.39 km2 protected forest.
401:. These are sacred spots within the forest where medicinal and other valued plants are grown and harvested sustainably, and they present a very high biodiversity. In Meghalaya these sacred groves are known as
460:
448:
1060:
are much less species-rich (both flora and fauna), than the original forest. In addition to these problematic issues, the dense forest habitats of
Meghalaya are also dwindling because of tree
1844:
1527:
1193:
Note: The
Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion was chosen by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to be almost identical to the previous biogeographical unit North-East Hills (19b) from
965:
949:
2053:
960:
2246:
904:
1504:
679:
The subtropical forests are home to 110 species of mammals, none of which are endemic. By far, most of these species comprise smaller mammals, in particular
552:
The montane ecoregion is home to a diverse mix of birds, with a total of 659 species recorded as of 2017. Some of the birds living here are endemic to the
664:
to the south, Meghalaya's many waterways are also home to a diverse range of fish species. 152 known species has been observed as of 2017. Two types of
916:
1249:
Upadhaya, K.; Pandey, H.N.; Law, P.S.; Tripathi, R.S. (2003). "Tree diversity in sacred groves of the
Jaintia hills in Meghalaya, northeast India".
2091:
1804:
1428:
72:
2112:
257:, and was once much more widespread in the region, and for these reasons chosen as the most suitable name. The scientific designation is IM0126.
1904:
415:
1894:
1834:
1776:
309:
95:
1692:
1914:
233:. The ecoregion covers an area of 41,700 square kilometers (16,100 sq mi), and despite its name, comprise not only the state of
2194:
2026:
2021:
1954:
1879:
1864:
1854:
1471:
Note: Narpuh
Wildlife Sanctuary was created in 2015 but is rarely presented as a wildlife sanctuary, perhaps because of local opposition.
305:
85:
253:. It also contains many other habitats than subtropical forests, but the montane subtropical forests found in Meghalaya is an important
2117:
2107:
1944:
1554:
1824:
1819:
301:
90:
1967:
1884:
1869:
427:
1829:
892:
595:
are among the more common snakes encountered in the forests, but there are several venomous and deadly serpents too, such as the
492:
289:
in some of the montane areas above 1,000 metres. The region is one of the wettest areas in the world, with some places, notably
1929:
1284:
Tiwari, BK; Tynsong, H.; Lynser, MB (2010). "Forest Management Practices of the Tribal People of Meghalaya, North-East India".
2086:
2061:
1990:
1206:
1424:
1934:
1749:
480:
366:) is now an endangered species. About 3,128 flowering plant species have been reported from the state, of which 1,236 are
2003:
1998:
1889:
972:
Some of the reserved forest is used by locals for voluntary wildlife reserves, in particular to help save the threatened
1399:
1962:
1919:
647:-snails in the hill streams. Several types of fresh water snails are part of the hill tribes diet, including the large
286:
2139:
2071:
1924:
1769:
556:, and quite a few species are threatened or near threatened on a global scale. Of these, two kinds of vultures, the
2241:
2162:
868:
2236:
2131:
1673:
834:
324:
2189:
1939:
1677:
1044:
for agriculture, industry, mining and infrastructure projects since the 1990s. Apart from the obvious loss of
603:, the longest venomous snake in the world. Many of the snake species here are elusive (and rare), such as the
1874:
1311:
1017:
261:
202:
2231:
2149:
2013:
1859:
1814:
1762:
1580:
880:
2210:
1839:
1785:
1122:
Effectiveness of the protected area network in biodiversity conservation: A case study of Meghalaya state
1078:
618:
The damp and moist environment of the Meghalaya forests also supports what is the most diverse range of
2157:
1668:
Saikia, Purabi; Khan, Mohammed (2017). "Floristic diversity of Northeast India and its conservation".
859:
1344:
937:
954:
596:
185:
1450:
1196:
1108:
Diversity of endemic and threatened ethnomedicinal plant species in Meghalaya, North-East India
858:
The woodlands are home to several kinds of snakes, including some large poisonous types. (here
684:
612:
533:
398:
1129:
571:, with as much as 56 species of known snakes, in addition to several lizards and turtles. The
390:
loss. A total of 131 RET (Rare, Endemic and Threatened) medicinal plant species, including 36
1376:. Government of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests. 7 October 2004. pp. 754–76
1053:
997:. Several waterfalls and caves of the region are also of interest to nature loving tourists.
981:
623:
592:
588:
1624:
397:
As in other rural areas of India, Meghalaya villages have an ancient tradition of nurturing
2199:
1057:
943:
824:
649:
622:
in North-east India, with a total of 33 recorded species living here. The two frog species
454:
In the seasonal streams, heavy rain flushes all soil away, leaving only rocks and boulders.
371:
1505:"Tribesmen in Sebalgre in Meghalaya declare their first notified Village Wildlife Reserve"
1366:
910:
Sloth bear. The forests are also home to several species of large (and dangerous) mammals.
8:
1172:
1131:
Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalayas: Status, Trends and Vulnerability to Climate Change
737:
439:
55:
1646:
1293:
1266:
977:
785:
683:
and small carnivores, and the population of large mammals is comparatively sparse. The
362:
1202:
1083:
638:
561:
60:
332:
The elevated and damp forest ecoregion is a center of diversity for the tree genera
1558:
1270:
1258:
1001:
806:
769:
753:
604:
575:, among the largest geckos in the world, are here, as are three different kinds of
557:
1720:
1168:
386:
species, but the natural occurrence of most medicinal plants has decreased due to
1532:
1528:"Meghalaya's community-managed forests protect endangered Western Hoolock Gibbon"
1029:
1021:
842:
761:
697:
641:
of clean waters, and Meghalaya's waterways are home to 35 species, with a lot of
627:
383:
273:
265:
230:
1696:
1100:
1045:
973:
705:
608:
576:
511:
394:
and 113 species under different threat categories, are found within Meghalaya.
345:
1262:
540:
2225:
1037:
1025:
474:), an undershrub species, is thriving in the wet conditions of the ecoregion.
375:
357:
269:
374:, a British botanist and explorer, made a huge taxonomic collection for the
297:
in the south of Meghalaya, receiving up to eleven meters of rain in a year.
1056:. The clearcut areas in Meghalaya are sometimes allowed to regrow, but the
1049:
1041:
994:
810:). Several species of butterflies and moths are living in the forests here.
777:
745:
382:
spots in India, perhaps in all of Asia as well. Meghalaya state is rich in
379:
349:
281:
189:
378:
from Khasi and Jaintia Hills and remarked the place as one of the richest
2167:
1602:
661:
657:
572:
524:
294:
1297:
922:
Asian elephants has found a refuge in the Meghalaya subtropical forests
828:, underside). This species can have a wingspan of more than 10 cm.
729:
600:
553:
313:
250:
145:
1754:
1732:
1481:
1095:
Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002).
528:
There is a rich diversity of birds in these forests. Several types of
1097:
Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment
643:
619:
529:
290:
234:
226:
161:
1158:
Note: The figure in parentheses also includes reserved forest areas.
2181:
1403:
1106:
Aabid Hussain Mir, Krishna Upadhaya and Hiranjit Choudhury (2014):
1065:
1061:
1005:
721:
633:
568:
514:
technique, is practised by the hill tribes as an ancient tradition.
467:
340:
334:
242:
171:
39:
30:
1742:
1016:
The Meghalaya subtropical forest ecoregion is part of the larger
665:
391:
387:
367:
246:
1138:
1040:
occurs on an alarming scale in Meghalaya too, with accelerated
980:, for elephants for example, and to safeguard against damaging
579:, all of them to be protected since 1972, and a new species of
353:
328:
Fog and mist are persistent in these continuously moist forests
1845:
Maldives–Lakshadweep–Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests
1425:"List of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks in Meghalaya"
1555:"Rewak-Emangre Corridor is declared a Village Reserve Forest"
713:
689:
580:
254:
238:
166:
140:
67:
1667:
1128:
Chettri N, Sharma E, Shakya B, Thapa R, et al. (2010).
680:
1721:"Meghalaya subtropical forests [IM0126] ecoregion"
1453:. Forest and Environment Department, Meghalaya Government
1397:
1248:
545:
260:
The Meghalaya subtropical forests are part of the larger
1482:"Villagers to move SC against Narpuh eco-sensitive zone"
1198:
Protected Areas Systems Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm
1127:
1024:
not found anywhere else in the world. Together with the
268:
not found anywhere else in the world. Together with the
976:. Other parts of the reserved forest are maintained as
1680:. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. pp. 1023–1036.
1400:"For India's imperiled apes, thinking locally matters"
587:) was discovered in the forests as late as 2013. Both
421:
The Meghalaya forests near the border with Bangladesh
1690:
567:
The subtropical forests presents a diverse range of
1283:
1000:The state of Meghalaya maintains a total of three
898:Clouded leopards are the state animal of Meghalaya
548:in India, and they are dependent on these forests.
486:Orchids (unidentified) growing wild in the forests
1502:
2247:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
2223:
1649:. Meghalaya Biodiversity Board. 18 December 2017
1627:. Meghalaya Biodiversity Board. 4 September 2012
73:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1347:. Meghalaya Biodiversity Board. 6 December 2017
1670:Plant Diversity in the Himalaya Hotspot Region
1895:Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
1835:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
1770:
1451:"Reserved and Protected Forests in Meghalaya"
1201:. The Asian Bureau for Conservation Limited.
310:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
96:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
1915:Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
1750:Flora of Meghalaya (Government of Meghalaya)
987:
1880:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
1865:North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
1738:Geographical ecoregion maps and basic info.
1124:, Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 853-868.
1120:Khan, M.L., Menon, S. and Bawa, K.S. 1997.
1048:, this has also caused local problems with
1036:As seen in other rainforests of the world,
940:, a large national park in south Garo Hills
630:are endemic, and both rare and threatened.
1945:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
1777:
1763:
1525:
1393:
1391:
1825:Eastern highlands moist deciduous forests
1820:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
1398:Bikash Kumar Bhattacharya (23 May 2019).
1194:
302:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
91:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
1885:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
1870:North Western Ghats montane rain forests
1345:"Threatened Faunal Species in Meghalaya"
539:
523:
323:
312:ecoregion lies to the west and south in
2195:Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves
1830:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
1784:
1388:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1146:
1117:, 7 vols. L. Reeva and Company, London.
544:The Western hoolock gibbon is the only
129:41,700 km (16,100 sq mi)
2224:
1011:
968:, a small sanctuary park of 2 hectares
1758:
1691:Anwaruddin Choudhury (October 2003).
1110:, Int. Res. J. Env. Sc. 3(12): 64-78.
356:are native to Meghalaya. The endemic
1968:Northeast India–Myanmar pine forests
1935:Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests
1326:
433:Streams and waterfalls are plentiful
308:ecoregion lies to the east, and the
1890:Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests
1855:Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests
1605:. Meghalaya Tourism. 5 October 2017
1503:Irina Ningthoujam (20 April 2007).
306:Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests
287:subtropical moist broadleaf forests
86:Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests
13:
2101:Himalayan Alpine shrub and Meadows
1963:Himalayan subtropical pine forests
1930:Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests
1920:Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests
1693:"Meghalaya's Vanishing Wilderness"
1286:Journal of Tropical Forest Science
1004:, all three are in the capital of
927:
370:. In the later half of the 1800s,
14:
2258:
2140:Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh
2062:Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands
1925:East Deccan dry evergreen forests
1713:
304:ecoregion lies to the north, the
280:The ecoregion is one of the most
2163:Northwestern thorn scrub forests
1625:"Botanical Gardens in Meghalaya"
1484:. Highland Post. 5 November 2018
966:Baghmara Pitcher Plant Sanctuary
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
851:
833:
815:
797:
503:
491:
479:
459:
447:
438:
426:
414:
38:
29:
1684:
1674:Central University of Jharkhand
1661:
1639:
1617:
1595:
1573:
1547:
1519:
1496:
1474:
1465:
1443:
1417:
1359:
498:A forest path near Cherrapunji.
44:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
1940:Northern dry deciduous forests
1743:"Meghalaya Biodiversity Board"
1678:Dr. Hari Singh Gour University
1304:
1277:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1187:
1169:"Southern Asia: Eastern India"
1161:
1152:
950:Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary
1:
2080:Tibetan Plateau Alpine Steppe
1875:Odisha semi-evergreen forests
1850:Meghalaya subtropical forests
1374:Important Bird Areas In India
1251:Biodiversity and Conservation
1018:Indo-Burma biological hotspot
558:Oriental White-backed Vulture
262:Indo-Burma biological hotspot
237:, but also parts of southern
223:Meghalaya subtropical forests
24:Meghalaya subtropical forests
1860:Nicobar Islands rain forests
1815:Andaman Islands rain forests
1526:Sibi Arasu (25 March 2019).
656:Situated between the mighty
7:
2014:Himalayan Subalpine conifer
1840:Malabar Coast moist forests
1647:"Biodiversity in Meghalaya"
1079:List of ecoregions in India
1072:
10:
2263:
2190:Godavari–Krishna mangroves
2158:Deccan thorn scrub forests
1745:. Government of Meghalaya.
1115:The Flora of British India
1089:
886:Asiatic wild dogs (dholes)
585:sphenomorphus apalpebratus
2208:
2180:
2148:
2130:
2100:
2079:
2070:
2052:
2039:
2012:
1989:
1980:
1953:
1903:
1803:
1792:
1054:fragmentation of habitats
988:Related parks and gardens
961:Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary
860:Yellow-speckled pit viper
211:
201:
196:
180:
154:
133:
125:
120:
112:
104:
78:
66:
54:
49:
37:
28:
23:
2054:Tropical and subtropical
1581:"Cherrapunji - Eco Park"
1314:. Flowers of India (FOI)
1195:MacKinnon (March 1997).
1113:Hooker, J.D. 1872-1897.
938:Balphakram National Park
804:Blue Peacock butterfly (
676:) are fished for sport.
519:
319:
188:and westward arm of the
2242:Subtropical rainforests
1312:"Spotted-Leaf Sonerila"
1263:10.1023/A:1022401012824
955:Siju Wildlife Sanctuary
742:Lutrogale perspicillata
685:Western hoolock gibbons
186:Karbi-Meghalaya plateau
2237:Indomalayan ecoregions
1727:. World Wildlife Fund.
1725:Terrestrial Ecoregions
822:Scarce vine hawkmoth (
790:Semnopithecus pileatus
562:Slender-billed Vulture
549:
537:
534:Rufous-necked hornbill
352:. Over 320 species of
329:
184:Limestone formations (
1583:. India Beacons. 2012
1058:second-growth forests
982:habitat fragmentation
716:or Asiatic wild dog (
660:in the north and the
543:
527:
327:
2200:Sundarbans mangroves
1147:Notes and references
946:, in east Garo Hills
944:Nokrek National Park
825:Ampelophaga khasiana
650:bellamya bengalensis
605:Cherrapunji keelback
589:Brahminy Blind snake
554:Indo-Burma ecoregion
510:Jhum cultivation, a
372:Joseph Dalton Hooker
241:, and a tiny bit of
2232:Ecoregions of India
2211:Ecoregions of India
1991:Himalayan Broadleaf
1786:Ecoregions of India
1173:World Wildlife Fund
1012:Conservation status
874:Capped leaf monkeys
766:Manis crassicaudata
738:smooth-coated otter
702:Pardofelis nebulosa
593:Copperhead Rat Head
344:, and the families
203:Conservation status
1561:. 19 December 2013
978:wildlife corridors
957:, a bird sanctuary
786:capped leaf monkey
758:Manis pentadactyla
624:Shillong bush frog
550:
538:
363:Nepenthes khasiana
330:
16:Ecoregion of India
2217:
2216:
2176:
2175:
2150:Deserts and Xeric
2126:
2125:
2035:
2034:
1976:
1975:
1733:"Ecoregions 2017"
1221:Khan et al., 1997
1208:978-962-85152-1-9
1084:Indomalayan realm
1002:botanical gardens
774:Macaca assamensis
639:indicator species
613:Khasi earth snake
472:Sonerila maculata
219:
218:
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1559:World Land Trust
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1239:Mir et al., 2014
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1191:
1185:
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1142:
1136:
1099:, Island Press;
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
855:
837:
819:
807:papilio arcturus
801:
782:Macaca arctoides
770:Assamese macaque
754:Chinese pangolin
734:Melursus ursinus
507:
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33:
21:
20:
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2008:
1982:
1972:
1949:
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1533:Hindustan Times
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1230:Hooker, 1872-97
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1022:endemic species
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930:
928:Protected areas
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838:
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811:
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762:Indian pangolin
750:Viverra zibetha
726:Ursus malayanus
710:Elephas maximus
698:clouded leopard
694:Panthera tigris
628:Khasi Hill toad
597:Green Pit viper
577:monitor lizards
522:
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384:medicinal plant
322:
274:Northeast India
266:endemic species
231:Northeast India
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17:
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1714:External links
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1697:Sanctuary Asia
1683:
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1429:Pin Code India
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1292:(3): 329–342.
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1257:(3): 583–597.
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706:Asian elephant
670:neolissochilus
609:Khasi keelback
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358:pitcher plant
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36:
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27:
22:
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2219:
2113:Northwestern
2042:Shrublands,
2040:Grasslands,
1849:
1795:subtropical
1724:
1700:. Retrieved
1686:
1669:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1531:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1378:. Retrieved
1373:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1316:. Retrieved
1306:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1197:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1096:
1050:soil erosion
1042:clearcutting
1035:
1015:
999:
995:Cherrapunjee
991:
971:
931:
841:
823:
805:
789:
781:
778:bear macaque
773:
765:
757:
749:
746:Indian civet
741:
733:
725:
718:Cuon alpinus
717:
709:
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693:
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617:
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566:
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471:
406:
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380:biodiversity
361:
350:Elaeagnaceae
339:
333:
331:
299:
282:species-rich
279:
259:
222:
220:
215:1.07 (2.78)%
197:Conservation
190:Patkai Range
105:Bird species
18:
2168:Thar desert
1603:"Wild Life"
1367:"Meghalaya"
662:Barak River
658:Brahmaputra
573:Tokay Gecko
407:Law Lyngdoh
403:Law Kyntang
295:Cherrapunji
61:Indomalayan
2226:Categories
1981:Temperate
1955:Coniferous
1735:. Resolve.
1020:with many
730:sloth bear
620:amphibians
601:King Cobra
532:are here (
314:Bangladesh
264:with many
251:Bangladesh
207:Vulnerable
146:Bangladesh
1907:broadleaf
1807:broadleaf
644:paludomus
530:Hornbills
291:Mawsynram
235:Meghalaya
227:ecoregion
212:Protected
162:Meghalaya
134:Countries
121:Geography
2182:Mangrove
2046:Savannas
1404:Mongabay
1298:23616662
1073:See also
1066:forestry
1062:thinning
1006:Shillong
722:sun bear
653:snails.
634:Molluscs
599:and the
569:reptiles
560:and the
468:Sonerila
341:Michelia
335:Magnolia
243:Nagaland
172:Nagaland
2132:Flooded
2118:Western
2108:Eastern
2087:Central
2072:Montane
2027:Western
2022:Eastern
2004:Western
1999:Eastern
1983:Forests
1797:Forests
1702:20 July
1653:20 July
1631:20 July
1609:20 July
1587:20 July
1565:21 July
1539:21 July
1511:21 July
1507:. E-Pao
1488:21 July
1457:20 July
1435:21 July
1409:21 July
1380:21 July
1351:21 July
1318:19 July
1271:9581334
1179:22 July
1090:Sources
1064:. This
784:), and
666:mahseer
392:endemic
388:habitat
368:endemic
354:orchids
247:Dimapur
245:around
181:Geology
79:Borders
50:Ecology
1805:Moist
1431:. 2018
1296:
1269:
1205:
1141:Books.
1139:ICIMOD
225:is an
155:States
1370:(PDF)
1294:JSTOR
1267:S2CID
1175:(WWF)
1135:(PDF)
714:dhole
690:tiger
581:skink
520:Fauna
320:Flora
255:biome
239:Assam
167:Assam
141:India
68:Biome
56:Realm
2044:and
1905:Dry
1704:2019
1655:2019
1633:2019
1611:2019
1589:2019
1567:2019
1541:2019
1513:2019
1490:2019
1459:2019
1437:2019
1411:2019
1382:2019
1353:2019
1320:2019
1203:ISBN
1181:2019
1052:and
681:bats
672:and
626:and
591:and
348:and
338:and
300:The
293:and
221:The
126:Area
1259:doi
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405:or
229:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
