1169:" is the English translation that comes closest to Islamic meaning of mahr, as "dower" refers to the payment from the husband or his family to the wife, especially to support her in the event of his death, although subsequent to marriage the wife also acquires inheritance rights. However, mahr is distinct from dower in two ways: 1) mahr is legally required for all Islamic marriages while dower is optional, and 2) mahr is required to be specified at the time of marriage (when a certain amount is promised, if not paid immediately), while dower is not paid until the death of the husband. Mahr also can be classified as a form of "bridewealth", described by anthropologists as payments made from the kin of the groom to the kin of the bride; however, mahr is paid directly to the bride and not her parents. In fact, as her legal property, mahr establishes the bride's financial independence from her parents and in many cases from her husband, who has no legal claims to his wife's mahr.
1359:) she cannot receive her mahr regardless of whether the husband is or is not at fault, while the Maliki School holds that when the husband is at fault for the divorce, the wife does not forfeit her right to the mahr even if she initiates the divorce. The schools also differ over the requisite number of witnesses to the contract. The Hanafi School requires two witnesses on the document for a mahr containing contract to be valid, while the Maliki School holds that witnesses are only needed at marriage's publication but not the document.
1344:), and the parties often draft mahr agreements by filling in the blanks of form contracts that employ standard boilerplate terms. The typical mahr containing marriage contract consists of the names of the parties, the amount of the mahr, a cleric's signature, the signature of two male witnesses, and a disclaimer that Islamic law will govern the marriage contract. In Islamic marriages, assets brought into the union by the wife may only be accepted by the husband after the mahr has been paid by him to her.
1322:, is a deferred and promised amount, payable at any agreed upon date following the consummation of the marriage. Often the deferred amount is larger than the amount paid at marriage. In theory, the deferred amount is supposed to provide the wife with a means of support, and is associated with the death or divorce of the husband, however this is a more traditional rather than Islamic stance on the matter. The
1769:
46:
1184:, but mahr differs from dowries in many other cultures. A dowry traditionally refers to money or possessions a woman brings forth to the marriage, usually provided by her parents or family; bride price refers to money or property paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman (but not to the woman herself) upon the marriage.
1428:
is a divorce without cause, by mutual consent. This divorce requires a husband's consent and it must be supported by consideration that passes from the wife to the husband. Often, this consideration consists of the wife relinquishing her claim to the deferred mahr. In contrast to allowable methods of
1400:
A divorce under
Islamic law does not require redistribution of property. Rather, each spouse walks away from the marriage with his or her individual property. Divorcing Muslim women who did not work outside their home after marriage, except for the deferred mahr, are left with little or no claim on
1396:
Under
Islamic law, there is no concept of marital property. In Islam, marriage is a contract between a man and his wife. A Muslim man and woman do not merge their legal identity upon marriage. The assets of the man before the marriage, and earned after the marriage, remain his during marriage, and
1438:
Western courts have treated mahr provisions in a manner similar to pre-marital contracts. However, in many cases the courts have considered the validity of the marriage contract in cases such as where proper disclosures were not made at the time of marriage, the bride and groom did not separately
1233:
word "Mahrā", meaning “bridal gift”, which originally meant “purchase-money”. The word implies a gift given voluntarily and not as a result of a contract, but in Muslim religious law it was declared a gift which the bridegroom has to give the bride when the contract of marriage is made and which
1474:
is the amount to be paid by the groom to the bride at the time of marriage, some of which may be delayed according to what is agreed upon by the spouses. The mahr is for her to spend as she wishes. It can be cash, jewellery or any other valuable gift. In some cases, per
1330:
The mahr in any
Islamic marriage contract is a fundamental religious right of the wife, and the husband may not reduce the mahr. Even upon the husband's death, the deferred mahr is paid from his estate before all other debts, because it is a religious requirement.
1264:, or at least a part of it, was already given to the bride. A few others regard its transformation into wife's property as a "revolutionary" Quranic innovation, however, this is pre-dated by a similar historical transition of the equivalent Jewish “mohar.”
1283:, violation of which was also punishable by death though not fully considering them as married. One view is that the betrothal was effected simply by purchasing the girl from her father (or guardian). This price paid for her is known by the Hebrew term
1326:
should be viewed as importantly as the initial dower payment as it is an obligation to be fulfilled by the husband and is considered debt if it is not given to the wife within the timeframe agreed upon between the couple.
1187:
In the event the marriage contract does not contain an exact, specified mahr, the husband must still pay the wife an equitable sum. The requirement of a mahr is mentioned several times in the Quran and hadith.
1161:
is often money, it can also be anything agreed upon by the bride such as jewelry, home goods, furniture, a dwelling or some land. Mahr is typically specified in the marriage contract signed upon marriage.
2048:
Teipen, A. H. (2007). Submission and dissent: Some observations on children’s rights within the
Islamic edifice’. The given child: The religions’ contribution to children’s citizenship, pages 51-70
1203:(غیر معجل) (which is paid after completion of marriage). A deferred promise to pay does not make the full amount of the mahr any less legally required. There are differences between the nature of
1424:, a religious judge. If a tafriq is granted, the marriage is dissolved and the husband is obligated to pay the wife the deferred mahr specified in their marriage contract. The second method,
1847:
Mona Rafeeq, Rethinking
Islamic Law Arbitration Tribunals: Are They Compatible with Traditional American Notions of Justice?, 28 WIS. INT‟L Law Journal, 108, 138–39 (2010)
1701:
Lindsey E. Blenkhorn, Note, "Islamic
Marriage Contracts in American Courts: Interpreting Mahr Agreements as Prenuptials and Their Effect on Muslim Women", 76
1338:
stated the mahr should be "one gold piece", but the mahr amount is often negotiated between the parents or guardians of the bride and groom (also called
1381:
was optional and voluntary, while mahr is mandatory and required for all Muslim marriages. Mahr is not an optional gift. The other difference was that
2032:
1435:, however, if he does it for no reason and no explanation, it is not allowed. However, upon talaq, the husband must pay the wife her deferred mahr.
2060:
1401:
the collective wealth of the couple. The deferred mahr is considered a debt owed by the man to the woman, and is owed even if he has no assets.
2595:
976:
2658:
2323:
1318:, or the prompt mahr, which the wife must receive at or immediately after the marriage ceremony. The second part of the mahr, called the
2104:
1894:
1153:
obligation, in the form of money, possessions or teaching of verses from the Quran by the groom, to the bride in connection with an
2154:
1938:
Sameena Nazir and Leigh
Tomppert, Ed., Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005)
867:
1680:
2679:
1856:
The
Personal Law of the Mahommedans: According to All the Schools, Syed Ameer Ali, WH Allen & Company, London, pp. 299-300
1989:
1832:
1553:
1463:, the mahr is an essential condition for the legality of the marriage: 'Every marriage without mahr is null and void'."
1253:) of the bride, such as her father, brother or another relative. In earlier times, the bride received no portion of the
855:
275:
1801:
Tracie
Rogalin Siddiqui, Interpretation of Islamic Marriage Contracts by American Courts, 41 FAM. L.Q. 639, 639 (2007)
2874:
2588:
1616:
840:
1404:
Divorce under
Islamic law may take many forms. If a woman wishes to divorce her husband she has two options: seek a
1199:(معجل) (which is paid at time of marriage (nikah), and the portion that is promised but deferred is called a ghaire
425:
1895:"Donatio propter Nuptias in William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875"
1385:
was a security the groom delivered to bride or registered in her name, at the time of marriage, in exchange for
1314:
A mahr is part of many Muslim marriage contracts. The mahr may be separated into two parts. First, there is the
482:
2879:
2328:
1351:
containing marriage contracts, highlighting the differences between Maliki, Hanbali, Hanafi, Shafi, and Jafari
1063:
997:
522:
23:
1517:
1576:
Spies, O. (2012). "Mahr". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
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2853:
2581:
2195:
2147:
1968:
Freeland, Richard (2000), Islamic Institution of Mahr and American Law, The. Gonz. Journal Int'l Law, 4, 31
729:
684:
311:
2637:
2185:
2029:
797:
2884:
2746:
2552:
2256:
2057:
1418:
is a divorce for certain allowable reasons, such as abuse or abandonment. This divorce is granted by a
962:
240:
2287:
2642:
2180:
1028:
330:
1957:
Bargaining in the Shadow of God's Law: Islamic Mahr Contracts and the Perils of Legal Specialization
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2200:
872:
706:
2562:
1482:
Sura 4.4, 4.19, 4.20, 4.24, 60.10 and 60.11 of Qur'an require a groom to give a dower to a bride.
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1665:
1879:
2390:
2302:
2077:
Mehdi, R (2014). "Danish law and the practice of mahr among Muslim Pakistanis in Denmark".
1374:
1302:. Gradually, as in Islam, it lost its original meaning, and the custom arose of giving the
1207:, definition of proper contract and conditions of enforceability depending on the regional
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8:
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1985:
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1549:
1497:
Mahr is a means of sustenance in case of a sudden death, divorce or other emergency.
1154:
720:
461:
382:
320:
218:
197:
1865:
Kecia Ali, "Marriage in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence: A Survey of Doctrines", in
2806:
2511:
2086:
1581:
1476:
1460:
1107:
1099:
1091:
387:
261:
1631:
David Pearl & Werner Menski, Muslim Family Law ¶ 7-10, at 178–81 (3d ed. 1998)
2526:
2440:
2420:
2415:
2307:
2241:
2064:
2036:
1543:
1522:
1230:
1226:
1081:
1039:
589:
368:
347:
1355:. For example, the Hanafi School holds that if the woman initiates the divorce (
2827:
2811:
2395:
2246:
2090:
2012:
1778:
1440:
1389:(dowry) that came with the bride. Mahr is a religious requirement according to
1295:
361:
192:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1715:
Harald Motzki (2006). "Marriage and divorce". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.).
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amount given to the bride at the signing of the marriage contract is called a
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2663:
2481:
2476:
2333:
2190:
1956:
1773:
1748:
1439:
consent without duress, and in case the bride or both spouses entered into a
1049:
111:
1916:
Ahmad v. Ahmad, No. L-00-1391, 2001 WL 1518116 (Ohio Ct. App. Nov. 30, 2001)
2531:
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1641:
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1150:
678:
669:
646:
598:
475:
354:
296:
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1177:
787:
146:
1947:
Wael B. Hallaq, Sharia: Theory, Practice, Transformations, p. 271 (2009)
1772: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2725:
2715:
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2410:
416:
2573:
2132:
1260:
Some scholars believe that in the period shortly before Muhammad, the
2684:
2516:
2445:
2430:
2425:
2385:
1018:
282:
255:
1927:
The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation
1429:
divorce to a woman, a husband may unilaterally divorce his wife, as
2801:
2756:
2710:
2521:
2435:
2400:
1907:
Ortolan, Explication Historique des Instituts, vol. I, page 478-480
1410:
1356:
1335:
1276:
956:
913:
815:
127:
1490:
In 2003, Rubya Mehdi published an article in which the culture of
2776:
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1867:
The Islamic Marriage Contract: Case Studies in Islamic Family Law
1352:
934:
822:
770:
567:
268:
120:
65:
2781:
2766:
2751:
2720:
2501:
2466:
2349:
2292:
1479:(Volume 7, Book 62, Number 72), even an iron ring can be mahr.
1467:
1390:
1280:
920:
695:
688:
545:
468:
289:
100:
55:
2786:
2771:
2761:
2506:
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2019:(2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 167.
1511:
1506:
1431:
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for the Jewish bride and her father to be given parts of the
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213:
206:
187:
166:
93:
86:
74:
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1420:
1340:
1275:, a betrothed couple became accountable to the law against
892:
808:
776:
607:
556:
496:
175:
157:
139:
31:
2297:
45:
1869:
11, 19 (Asifa Quraishi & Frank E. Vogel eds., 2008).
1690:
1347:
In Arabian world, there are varying interpretations of
1959:, Nathan B. Oman, William & Mary Law School (2010)
1815:
Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
1580:. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 78–79.
1245:
was an essential condition for a legal marriage. The
1981:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936
1191:The mahr is often paid to the bride in parts. The
2067:University of Southern California, AN-NISA (WOMEN)
1812:
1681:"The Islamic Institution of Mahr and American Law"
1600:
2039:University of Southern California, Hadith 7.62.72
2866:
1642:"Surah An-Nisa' Verse 4 | 4:4 النساء - Quran O"
1446:
1306:entirely to the bride rather than her father.
1180:" are sometimes incorrectly used to translate
2589:
2148:
2079:International Journal of the Sociology of Law
1977:
1714:
1057:
2659:Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent
1804:
1598:
1971:
1777:
1734:
1367:Mahr is similar in legal enforceability to
2596:
2582:
2155:
2141:
2107:. oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from
1810:
1334:According to a hadith, the Muslim Prophet
1064:
1050:
1761:
1666:"Islams Women - Fiqh of Marriage - Dowry"
1575:
1362:
16:Islamic marriage gift from groom to bride
2076:
1216:
2603:
2162:
2011:
1607:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1541:
1494:among Muslims was thoroughly reviewed.
2867:
1708:
1599:Goody, Jack; Tambiah, Stanley (1973).
1466:According to Islamic teachings in the
2577:
2136:
2121:L-Moriscos - Page 137, M. Th. Houtsma
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1459:states: "According to a tradition in
1213:and school of Islamic jurisprudence.
1678:
1377:, except some critical differences.
1309:
1095:
1085:
13:
1978:M. Th Houtsma (31 December 1987).
1719:. Vol. 3. Brill. p. 281.
1562:
1485:
1234:becomes the property of the wife.
14:
2901:
2128:
1781:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
2227:Arunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja)
1892:
1791:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1767:
1586:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4806
1353:schools of Islamic jurisprudence
44:
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2005:
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1941:
1932:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1886:
1872:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1795:
1723:
1443:prior to legal age of consent.
573:(unlawful warfare and banditry)
2017:An Introduction to Islamic Law
1811:DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004).
1672:
1658:
1634:
1625:
1592:
1542:Hussain, Jamila (2011-09-19).
1535:
1:
1528:
1518:Islamic marital jurisprudence
1882:. legaldictionary.lawin.org.
1819:(First ed.). New York:
7:
1717:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
1500:
1447:References in Islamic texts
1249:was given to the guardian (
1237:Among pre-Islamic Arabs, a
10:
2906:
2091:10.1016/j.ijsl.2003.02.002
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2820:
2734:
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2342:
2316:
2280:
2219:
2168:
1880:"Donatio Propter Nuptias"
1288:
2875:Arabic words and phrases
1514:(an overlapping concept)
594:("spreading corruption")
2680:Bengali wedding customs
2247:Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam)
1821:Oxford University Press
1788:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1470:(sayings of Muhammad),
1383:donatio propter nuptias
1379:Donatio propter nuptias
1370:donatio propter nuptias
2833:Polygamy in Bangladesh
1984:. BRILL. p. 137.
1578:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1453:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1397:in case of a divorce.
1363:Differences and issues
1119:
1111:
1103:
2880:Islamic jurisprudence
1686:. Gonzaga University.
1603:Bridewealth and Dowry
1279:, a concept known as
1229:word “Mohar” and the
1217:Etymology and history
32:Islamic jurisprudence
2610:Bangladeshi marriage
2411:Gaye holud (Bengali)
2391:Balle Mallarada Puje
2308:Sri Lanka (Buddhist)
2220:By region or culture
1548:. Federation Press.
1294:It was customary in
2890:Islamic terminology
2792:Lehenga-style saree
2604:Bangladeshi wedding
2163:South Asian wedding
1705:189, 210–11 (2002).
1679:Freeland, Richard.
1269:book of Deuteronomy
2631:In other religions
2063:2015-05-01 at the
2035:2012-10-13 at the
1929:, 3d edition, 2009
1668:. islamswomen.com.
1225:is related to the
685:Gender segregation
248:Islamic leadership
2885:Marriage in Islam
2862:
2861:
2571:
2570:
1991:978-90-04-08265-6
1834:978-0-19-516991-1
1753:Deuteronomy 22:29
1730:Deuteronomy 22:23
1555:978-1-86287-819-8
1375:Eastern Roman law
1310:Structure of mahr
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1073:
988:
987:
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845:
660:
659:
513:
512:
438:
437:
231:
230:
2897:
2735:Items and outfit
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2119:
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2101:
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2009:
2003:
2002:
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1948:
1945:
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1818:
1808:
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1749:Deuteronomy 20:7
1738:
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1629:
1623:
1622:
1606:
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1573:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1477:Sahih al-Bukhari
1290:
1097:
1089:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1029:Prisoners of war
1024:
982:
977:Comparison with
861:
860:
726:
725:
653:
642:
631:
614:
604:
595:
585:
574:
563:
552:
528:
527:
440:
439:
317:
316:
276:Wilayat al-faqih
262:Majlis-ash-Shura
61:
60:
48:
19:
18:
2905:
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2900:
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2816:
2730:
2699:
2668:
2647:
2626:
2605:
2602:
2572:
2567:
2536:
2527:Wedding mandapa
2450:
2441:Shakunamanojaya
2421:Mangala Ashtaka
2416:Kankana Dharane
2374:
2338:
2312:
2276:
2232:Bengal (Muslim)
2215:
2164:
2161:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2111:on May 4, 2013.
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2065:Wayback Machine
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2037:Wayback Machine
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2013:Schacht, Joseph
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1823:, USA. p.
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1779:Singer, Isidore
1768:
1766:
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1745:Exodus 22:16–17
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1709:
1703:S. CAL. L. REV.
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723:
713:
712:
711:
672:
662:
661:
651:
640:
630:(discretionary)
629:
612:
602:
593:
590:Mofsed-e-filarz
583:
572:
561:
550:
525:
515:
514:
509:
422:
374:
342:
314:
304:
303:
302:
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227:
135:
134:
106:
58:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2849:Wedding card
2767:Wedding shoe
2689:
2532:Wedding sari
2360:Mahr (dower)
2359:
2267:Tamil (Iyer)
2117:
2109:the original
2099:
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2016:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1980:
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1649:. Retrieved
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1471:
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1456:
1455:'s entry on
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1408:, or seek a
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1291:).
1284:
1273:Hebrew Bible
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1157:. While the
1151:bride wealth
1145:
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1132:
1127:
1126:
1077:
1076:In Islam, a
1075:
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603:("sedition")
584:("mischief")
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504:Masturbation
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2553:Photography
2329:Inter-caste
2298:Nepal (Ihi)
2211:Zoroastrian
2169:By religion
1239:bride price
1178:bride price
1172:The terms "
841:Inheritance
788:Bayt al-mal
147:Nafl prayer
2869:Categories
2726:Mala badal
2716:Gaye holud
2673:Traditions
2343:Traditions
2288:Bangladesh
2281:By country
1783:"marriage"
1651:2020-12-04
1646:qurano.com
1529:References
1116:Indonesian
702:Honorifics
551:(gambling)
2711:Bou Bhaat
2638:Christian
2517:Upanayana
2482:Nose ring
2446:Upanayana
2431:Saptapadi
2426:Parikrama
2401:Bou Bhaat
2386:Kanyadana
2186:Christian
1221:The word
1149:) is the
1020:Istijarah
670:Etiquette
613:(stoning)
541:Blasphemy
256:Caliphate
241:Political
2802:Sherwani
2757:Churidar
2643:Buddhist
2563:Websites
2522:Varamala
2436:Satphere
2324:Arranged
2303:Pakistan
2181:Buddhist
2061:Archived
2033:Archived
2015:(1982).
1501:See also
1336:Muhammad
1324:mu'akhar
1320:mu'akhar
1316:muqaddam
1277:adultery
1201:mu'ajjal
1146:mahriyeh
1023:(asylum)
998:Military
957:Dhabihah
914:Tayammum
816:Murabaha
721:Economic
523:Criminal
462:Abortion
426:Adoption
383:Polygyny
331:Contract
321:Marriage
193:clothing
128:Tahajjud
24:a series
22:Part of
2777:Lehenga
2752:Bangles
2742:Jamdani
2704:Rituals
2617:Islamic
2467:Bangles
2379:Rituals
2257:Punjabi
2196:Islamic
1776::
1461:Bukhari
1271:of the
1267:In the
1241:called
1197:muajjal
1176:" and "
1140:mehrieh
1122:; also
1108:Swahili
1100:Turkish
1092:Persian
979:kashrut
963:Alcohol
946:Dietary
935:Istinja
879:Taharah
856:Hygiene
823:Takaful
798:Banking
774: (
771:Sadaqah
730:History
569:Hirabah
483:Hygiene
417:Kafa'ah
388:Divorce
269:Imamate
217: (
191: (
121:Tarawih
87:Raka'ah
66:Shahada
2821:Family
2782:Mehndi
2721:Walima
2502:Sindur
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2272:Telugu
2242:Hajong
2201:Jewish
2176:Bahá'í
2105:"Mahr"
2058:Qur'an
1997:7 June
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1831:
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1468:hadith
1416:tafriq
1406:tafriq
1391:Sharia
1281:erusin
1231:Syriac
1227:Hebrew
1112:mahari
1082:Arabic
921:Miswak
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868:Sexual
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689:Purdah
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547:Maisir
469:Baligh
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348:Misyar
312:Family
290:Dhimmi
283:Bay'ah
199:Mut'ah
101:Turbah
56:Ritual
2842:Other
2807:Topor
2797:Sehra
2787:Kurta
2762:Henna
2747:Palki
2685:Dowry
2652:Types
2622:Hindu
2558:Songs
2541:Other
2512:Topor
2507:Tiara
2497:Sehra
2492:Pheta
2487:Palki
2472:Henna
2455:Items
2406:Gauna
2365:Nikah
2317:Types
2191:Hindu
1684:(PDF)
1545:Islam
1512:Dowry
1507:Dower
1432:talaq
1426:khulʿ
1411:khulʿ
1357:khulʿ
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1300:mohar
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1174:dowry
1167:Dower
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1120:mahar
1104:mehir
1096:مهريه
1013:Hudna
1006:Jihad
928:Najis
907:Ghusl
900:Masah
886:Ihram
830:Sukuk
764:Khums
757:Nisab
750:Jizya
738:Zakat
637:Qisas
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599:Fitna
580:Fasad
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75:Salah
2772:Jota
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2548:Card
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2334:Love
2252:Odia
2206:Sikh
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1986:ISBN
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