1726:. A massive plate is advantageous. Since the strings vibrate from the plate at both ends, an insufficiently massive plate would absorb too much of the vibrational energy that should go through the bridge to the soundboard. While some manufacturers use cast steel in their plates, most prefer cast iron. Cast iron is easy to cast and machine, has flexibility sufficient for piano use, is much more resistant to deformation than steel, and is especially tolerant of compression. Plate casting is an art, since dimensions are crucial and the iron shrinks about one percent during cooling. Including an extremely large piece of metal in a piano is potentially an aesthetic handicap. Piano makers overcome this by polishing, painting, and decorating the plate. Plates often include the manufacturer's ornamental medallion.
1639:. Some electronic feature-equipped pianos such as the Yamaha Disklavier electronic player piano, introduced in 1987, are outfitted with electronic sensors for recording and electromechanical solenoids for player piano-style playback. Sensors record the movements of the keys, hammers, and pedals during a performance, and the system saves the performance data as a Standard MIDI File (SMF). On playback, the solenoids move the keys and pedals and thus reproduce the original performance. Modern Disklaviers typically include an array of electronic features, such as a built-in tone generator for playing back MIDI accompaniment tracks, speakers, MIDI connectivity that supports communication with computing devices and external MIDI instruments, additional ports for audio and
2183:). The hammer roller then lifts the lever carrying the hammer. The key also raises the damper; and immediately after the hammer strikes the wire it falls back, allowing the wire to resonate and thus produce sound. When the key is released the damper falls back onto the strings, stopping the wire from vibrating, and thus stopping the sound. The vibrating piano strings themselves are not very loud, but their vibrations are transmitted to a large soundboard that moves air and thus converts the energy to sound. The irregular shape and off-center placement of the bridge ensure that the soundboard vibrates strongly at all frequencies. The raised damper allows the note to sound until the key (or sustain pedal) is released.
1708:), which must endure years of extreme tension and hard blows, are made of high carbon steel. They are manufactured to vary as little as possible in diameter, since all deviations from uniformity introduce tonal distortion. The bass strings of a piano are made of a steel core wrapped with copper wire, to increase their mass whilst retaining flexibility. If all strings throughout the piano's compass were individual (monochord), the massive bass strings would overpower the upper ranges. Makers compensate for this with the use of double (bichord) strings in the tenor and triple (trichord) strings throughout the treble.
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tremolo feel by bouncing a set of small beads dangling against the strings, enabling the piano to mimic a mandolin, guitar, banjo, zither and harp, thus the name
Orchestral. The Mandolin pedal used a similar approach, lowering a set of felt strips with metal rings in between the hammers and the strings (aka rinky-tink effect). This extended the life of the hammers when the Orch pedal was used, a good idea for practicing, and created an echo-like sound that mimicked playing in an orchestral hall.
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2148:. There are two types of pedal piano. On one, the pedal board is an integral part of the instrument, using the same strings and mechanism as the manual keyboard. The other, rarer type, consists of two independent pianos (each with separate mechanics and strings) placed one above the otherâone for the hands and one for the feet. This was developed primarily as a practice instrument for organists, though there is a small repertoire written specifically for the instrument.
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pitch. The hammers of pianos are voiced to compensate for gradual hardening of the felt, and other parts also need periodic regulation. Pianos need regular maintenance to ensure the felt hammers and key mechanisms are functioning properly. Aged and worn pianos can be rebuilt or reconditioned by piano rebuilders. Strings eventually must be replaced. Often, by replacing a great number of their parts, and adjusting them, old instruments can perform as well as new pianos.
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1933:(19 February 1863 â 20 October 1931). The lower keyboard has the usual 88 keys, whilst the upper keyboard has 76 keys. When the upper keyboard is played, an internal mechanism pulls down the corresponding key on the lower keyboard, but an octave higher. This lets a pianist reach two octaves with one hand, impossible on a conventional piano. Due to its double keyboard, musical works that were originally created for double-manual harpsichord, such as the
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1646:(I/O), and Internet connectivity. Disklaviers have been manufactured in the form of upright, baby grand, and grand piano styles (including a nine-foot concert grand). Reproducing systems have ranged from relatively simple, playback-only models to professional models that can record performance data at resolutions that exceed the limits of normal MIDI data. The unit mounted under the keyboard of the piano can play MIDI or audio software on its CD.
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1162:, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. The action lies beneath the strings and uses gravity as its means of return to a state of rest. Grand pianos range in length from approximately 1.5â3 m (4 ft 11 in â 9 ft 10 in). Some of the lengths have been given more-or-less customary names, which vary from time to time and place to place, but might include:
1620:
1366:, present in some contemporary art music from the 20th and 21st century is a piano which has objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or has had its mechanism changed in some other way. The scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example, instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, paper, metal screws, or washers in between the strings. These objects mute the strings or alter their timbre.
1236:, and upright models became the most popular model for domestic use. Upright pianos took less space than a grand piano, and as such they were a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making and practice. The hammers move horizontally, and return to their resting position via springs, which are susceptible to degradation. Upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings were sometimes marketed as
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harpsichord produces a sufficiently loud sound, especially when a coupler joins each key to both manuals of a two-manual harpsichord, but it offers no dynamic or expressive control over individual notes. The piano in some sense offers the best of both of the older instruments, combining the ability to play at least as loudly as a harpsichord with the ability to continuously vary dynamics by touch.
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1688:, the Austrian manufacturer of high-quality pianos, constructs their inner rims from solid spruce, the same wood that the soundboard is made from, which is notched to allow it to bend; rather than isolating the rim from vibration, their "resonance case principle" allows the framework to resonate more freely with the soundboard, creating additional coloration and complexity of the overall sound.
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636:, which lifts all the dampers from the strings simultaneously. This innovation allows the pianist to sustain the notes that they have depressed even after their fingers are no longer pressing down the keys. As such, by holding a chord with the sustain pedal, pianists can relocate their hands to a different register of the keyboard in preparation for a subsequent section.
1943:, become much easier to play, since playing on a conventional single keyboard piano involves complex and hand-tangling cross-hand movements. The design also features a special fourth pedal that couples the lower and upper keyboard, so when playing on the lower keyboard the note one octave higher also plays. Only about 60 EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianofortes were made, mostly by
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contributed to this evolution and to the growth of distinct approaches or schools of piano playing. Although technique is often viewed as only the physical execution of a musical idea, many pedagogues and performers stress the interrelatedness of the physical and mental or emotional aspects of piano playing. Well-known approaches to piano technique include those by
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2007:(from left to right, respectively), while in Europe, the standard is two pedals: the soft pedal and the sustain pedal. Most modern upright pianos also have three pedals: soft pedal, practice pedal and sustain pedal, though older or cheaper models may lack the practice pedal. In Europe the standard for upright pianos is two pedals: the soft and the sustain pedals.
1675:, and its massiveness serves as an essentially immobile object from which the flexible soundboard can best vibrate. According to Harold A. Conklin, the purpose of a sturdy rim is so that, "... the vibrational energy will stay as much as possible in the soundboard instead of dissipating uselessly in the case parts, which are inefficient radiators of sound."
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1016:, which uses an additional fourth string in the upper two treble sections. While the hitchpins of these separately suspended Aliquot strings are raised slightly above the level of the usual tri-choir strings, they are not struck by the hammers but rather are damped by attachments of the usual dampers. Eager to copy these effects, Theodore Steinway invented
553:, as the Keeper of the Instruments. Cristofori was an expert harpsichord maker, and was well acquainted with the body of knowledge on stringed keyboard instruments. This knowledge of keyboard mechanisms and actions helped him to develop the first pianos. It is not known exactly when Cristofori first built a piano. An inventory made by his employers, the
1772:, for some parts of its Permafree grand action in place of cloth bushings, but abandoned the experiment in 1982 due to excessive friction and a "clicking" that developed over time; Teflon is "humidity stable" whereas the wood adjacent to the Teflon swells and shrinks with humidity changes, causing problems. More recently, the
828:, to design a piano in the harpsichord caseâthe origin of the "grand". This was achieved by about 1777. They quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with Broadwood constructing pianos that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. They sent pianos to both
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level creates an imbalance among all the instrument's intervallic relationships. In a concert grand, however, the octave "stretch" retains harmonic balance, even when aligning treble notes to a harmonic produced from three octaves below. This lets close and widespread octaves sound pure, and produces virtually beatless
2500:, which has the ratio 3:2) to satisfy another mathematical property; in equal temperament, a fifth is tempered by narrowing it slightly, achieved by flattening its upper pitch slightly, or raising its lower pitch slightly. A temperament system is also known as a set of "bearings". Tempering an interval causes it to
2403:. If two wires adjusted to the same pitch are struck at the same time, the sound produced by one reinforces the other, and a louder combined sound of shorter duration is produced. If one wire vibrates out of synchronization with the other, they subtract from each other and produce a softer tone of longer duration.
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under different conditions (e.g., there are samples of each note being struck softly, loudly, with a sharp attack, etc.). Additional samples emulate sympathetic resonance of the strings when the sustain pedal is depressed, key release, the drop of the dampers, and simulations of techniques such as re-pedalling.
1212:. This gives the concert grand a brilliant, singing and sustaining tone qualityâone of the principal reasons that full-size grands are used in the concert hall. Smaller grands satisfy the space and cost needs of domestic use; as well, they are used in some small teaching studios and smaller performance venues.
2942:, and many other Western musical genres. Pianos are used in soloing or melodic roles and as accompaniment instruments. As well, pianos can be played alone, with a voice or other instrument, in small groups (bands and chamber music ensembles) and large ensembles (big band or orchestra). A large number of
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in piano. Piano technique evolved during the transition from harpsichord and clavichord to fortepiano playing, and continued through the development of the modern piano. Changes in musical styles and audience preferences over the 19th and 20th century, as well as the emergence of virtuoso performers,
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The sustain pedal (or, damper pedal) is often simply called "the pedal", since it is the most frequently used. It is the rightmost pedal in the group. It lifts the dampers from all strings, sustaining played notes. In addition, it broadens the overall tone by allowing all strings, including those not
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The design of the piano hammers requires having the hammer felt be soft enough so that it will not create loud, very high harmonics that a hard hammer will cause. The hammer must be lightweight enough to move swiftly when a key is pressed; yet at the same time, it must be strong enough so that it can
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Starting in
Beethoven's later career, the fortepiano evolved into an instrument more like the modern piano of the 2000s. Modern pianos were in wide use by the late 19th century. They featured an octave range larger than the earlier fortepiano instrument, adding around 30 more keys to the instrument,
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There are also non-standard variants. On some pianos (grands and verticals), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal: that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. Players use this pedal to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while
2066:, or 'one string'. The effect is to soften the note as well as change the tone. In uprights this action is not possible; instead the pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings, allowing the hammers to strike with less kinetic energy. This produces a slightly softer sound, but no change in timbre.
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upright was manufactured from the mid-1930s until recent times. The low position of the hammers required the use of a "drop action" to preserve a reasonable keyboard height. Modern upright and grand pianos attained their present, 2000-era forms by the end of the 19th century. While improvements have
1072:" were arranged in a somewhat similar fashion, using evocatively shaped cases. The very tall cabinet piano was introduced about 1805 and was built through the 1840s. It had strings arranged vertically on a continuous frame with bridges extended nearly to the floor, behind the keyboard and very large
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one of his early instruments in the 1730s, but Bach did not like the instrument at that time, saying that the higher notes were too soft to allow a full dynamic range. Although this earned him some animosity from
Silbermann, the criticism was apparently heeded. Bach did approve of a later instrument
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were well developed. In a clavichord, the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord, they are mechanically plucked by quills when the performer depresses the key. Centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown instrument builders the most effective ways to
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Pianos are heavy and powerful, yet delicate instruments. Over the years, professional piano movers have developed special techniques for transporting both grands and uprights, which prevent damage to the case and to the piano's mechanical elements. Pianos need regular tuning to keep them on correct
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of strings is strongest among notes that are harmonically related to the sounded pitches, i.e., a played 440 Hz "A" note would evoke the higher octave "A" notes, but since piano strings vibrate with a great complexity of overtones, the harmonic and inharmonic interaction is among all notes is
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in the United States. Square pianos were built in great numbers through the 1840s in Europe and the 1890s in the United States, and saw the most visible change of any type of piano: the iron-framed, over-strung squares manufactured by
Steinway & Sons were more than two-and-a-half times the size
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in 1893. These systems were used to strengthen the tone of the highest register of notes on the piano, which up until this time were viewed as being too weak-sounding. Each used more distinctly ringing, undamped vibrations of sympathetically vibrating strings to add to the tone, except the BlĂŒthner
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Several important advances included changes to the way the piano was strung. The use of a "choir" of three strings, rather than two for all but the lowest notes, enhanced the richness and complexity of the treble. The use of a Capo dâAstro bar instead of agraffes in the uppermost treble allowed the
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pedal. This pedal keeps raised any damper already raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. This makes it possible to sustain selected notes (by depressing the sostenuto pedal before those notes are released) while the player's hands are free to play additional notes (which don't sustain). This
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while offering strength sufficient to withstand the downward force of the strings. The best piano makers use quarter-sawn, defect-free spruce of close annular grain, carefully seasoning it over a long period before fabricating the soundboards. This is the identical material that is used in quality
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The thick wooden posts on the underside (grands) or back (uprights) of the piano stabilize the rim structure, and are made of softwood for stability. The requirement of structural strength, fulfilled by stout hardwood and thick metal, makes a piano heavy. Even a small upright can weigh 136 kg
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of the other strings (such as when the sustain pedal is depressed) and full pedal sets can now be replicated. The processing power of digital pianos has enabled highly realistic pianos using multi-gigabyte piano sample sets with as many as ninety recordings, each lasting many seconds, for each key
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or tuned to a lower octave's corresponding sharp overtone rather than to a theoretically correct octave. If octaves are not stretched, single octaves sound in tune, but doubleâand notably tripleâoctaves are unacceptably narrow. Stretching a small piano's octaves to match its inherent inharmonicity
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relative to whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. This results from the piano's considerable string stiffness; as a struck string decays its harmonics vibrate, not from their termination, but from a point very slightly toward the center (or more flexible part) of the string. The higher the
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firm who patented the first full iron frame for grand pianos in 1843. Composite forged metal frames were preferred by many
European makers until the American system was fully adopted by the early 20th century. The increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser,
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the sound and stop the string from vibrating and making sound. This means that after striking the string, the hammer must quickly fall from (or rebound from) the strings. Moreover, the hammer must return to its rest position without bouncing violently (thus preventing notes from being re-played by
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has nine extra keys at the bass end, giving a total of 97 keys and an eight octave range. These extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can cover the keys to prevent visual disorientation for pianists unfamiliar with the extra keys, or the colours of the extra white keys are
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height, allowed greater length to the bass strings and optimized the transition from unwound tenor strings to the iron or copper-wound bass strings. Over-stringing was invented by Pape during the 1820s, and first patented for use in grand pianos in the United States by Henry
Steinway Jr. in 1859.
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during the 19th century, providing entertainment through a piano soloist, or in combination with a small dance band. Just as harpsichordists had accompanied singers or dancers performing on stage, or playing for dances, pianists took up this role in the late 1700s and in the following centuries.
2504:, which is a fluctuation in perceived sound intensity due to interference between close (but unequal) pitches. The rate of beating is equal to the frequency differences of any harmonics that are present for both pitches and that coincide or nearly coincide. Piano tuners have to use their ear to "
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Introduced to Burma during the mid-19th century, the piano was quickly indigenized by court musicians and uses a novel "technique of interlocked fingering with both hands extending a single melodic line allowed for agogic embellishment, fleeting grace notes in syncopated spirals around a steady
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Wing and Son of New York offered a five-pedal piano from approximately 1893 through the 1920s. There is no mention of the company past the 1930s. Labeled left to right, the pedals are
Mandolin, Orchestra, Expression, Soft, and Forte (Sustain). The Orchestral pedal produced a sound similar to a
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Pianos can have over 12,000 individual parts, supporting six functional features: keyboard, hammers, dampers, bridge, soundboard, and strings. Many parts of a piano are made of materials selected for strength and longevity. This is especially true of the outer rim. It is most commonly made of
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in comparison to the clavichordâthe only previous keyboard instrument capable of dynamic nuance responding to the player's touch, the velocity with which the keys are pressed. While the clavichord allows expressive control of volume and sustain, it is relatively quiet even at its loudest. The
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pedal is placed leftmost in the row of pedals. In grand pianos it shifts the entire action/keyboard assembly to the right (a very few instruments have shifted left) so that the hammers hit two of the three strings for each note. In the earliest pianos whose unisons were bichords rather than
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The extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings; that is, they vibrate sympathetically with other strings whenever the damper pedal is depressed and thus give a fuller tone. Only a very small number of works composed for piano actually use these notes.
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In the period from about 1790 to 1860, the Mozart-era piano underwent tremendous changes that led to the modern structure of the instrument. This revolution was in response to a preference by composers and pianists for a more powerful, sustained piano sound, and made possible by the ongoing
1658:(1) frame (2) lid, front part (3) capo bar (4) damper (5) lid, back part (6) damper mechanism (7) sostenuto rail (8) pedal mechanism, rods (9, 10, 11) pedals: right (sustain/damper), middle (sostenuto), left (soft/una-corda) (12) bridge (13) hitch pin (14) frame (15) sound board (16) string
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346:. The grand piano offers better sound and more precise key control, making it the preferred choice when space and budget allow. The grand piano is also considered a necessity in venues hosting skilled pianists. The upright piano is more commonly used due to its smaller size and lower cost.
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A vibrating wire subdivides itself into many parts vibrating at the same time. Each part produces a pitch of its own, called a partial. A vibrating string has one fundamental and a series of partials. The purest combination of two pitches is when one is double the frequency of the other.
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pianos, but that label is misleading. Some authors classify modern pianos according to their height and to modifications of the action that are necessary to accommodate the height. Upright pianos are generally less expensive than grand pianos. Upright pianos are widely used in churches,
879:, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced in the 2000s. Other improvements of the mechanism included the use of firm felt hammer coverings instead of layered leather or cotton. Felt, which
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Console pianos, which have a compact action (shorter hammers than a large upright has), but because the console's action is above the keys rather than below them as in a spinet, a console almost always plays better than a spinet does. Console pianos are a few inches shorter than studio
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of Zumpe's wood-framed instruments from a century before. Their overwhelming popularity was due to inexpensive construction and price, although their tone and performance were limited by narrow soundboards, simple actions and string spacing that made proper hammer alignment difficult.
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he saw in 1747, and even served as an agent in selling
Silbermann's pianos. "Instrument: piano et forte genandt"âa reference to the instrument's ability to play soft and loudâwas an expression that Bach used to help sell the instrument when he was acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749.
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is an instrument patented by the
Brasted brothers of the Eavestaff Ltd. piano company in 1934. This instrument has a braceless back and a soundboard positioned below the keysâlong metal rods pull on the levers to make the hammers strike the strings. The first model, known as the
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at the base, designed to be played by the feet. The pedals may play the existing bass strings on the piano, or rarely, the pedals may have their own set of bass strings and hammer mechanisms. While the typical intended use for pedal pianos is to enable a keyboardist to practice
1020:, which used short lengths of non-speaking wire bridged by the "aliquot" throughout much of the upper range of the piano, always in locations that caused them to vibrate sympathetically in conformity with their respective overtonesâtypically in doubled octaves and twelfths.
2508:" the tuning of a piano to make it sound in tune. This involves tuning the highest-pitched strings slightly higher and the lowest-pitched strings slightly lower than what a mathematical frequency table (in which octaves are derived by doubling the frequency) would suggest.
667:. Viennese-style pianos were built with wood frames, two strings per note, and leather-covered hammers. Some of these Viennese pianos had the opposite coloring of modern-day pianos; the natural keys were black and the accidental keys white. It was for such instruments that
4512:
contains a wealth of information. Main article: Edwin M. Ripin, Stewart
Pollens, Philip R. Belt, Maribel Meisel, Alfons Huber, Michael Cole, Gert Hecher, Beryl Kenyon de Pascual, Cynthia Adams Hoover, Cyril Ehrlich, Edwin M. Good, Robert Winter, and J. Bradford Robinson.
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1607:), similar in concept to a pianola. The MIDI file records the physics of a note rather than its resulting sound and recreates the sounds from its physical properties (e.g., which note was struck and with what velocity). Computer based software, such as Modartt's 2006
1850:. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, or are illegal in some countries, makers use plastics almost exclusively. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic. Legal ivory can still be obtained in limited quantities.
2451:. Fine piano tuning carefully assesses the interaction among all notes of the chromatic scale, different for every piano, and thus requires slightly different pitches from any theoretical standard. Pianos are usually tuned to a modified version of the system called
624:, wrote an enthusiastic article about it in 1711, including a diagram of the mechanism, that was translated into German and widely distributed. Most of the next generation of piano builders started their work based on reading this article. One of these builders was
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the acoustic energy to the air. When the key is released, a damper stops the string's vibration, ending the sound. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass, which graduates from one to two. Notes can be sustained when the keys are released by the use of
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piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. This fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings. The Crown and Schubert Piano Company also produced a four-pedal piano.
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2356:. Timbre is largely determined by the content of these harmonics. Different instruments have different harmonic content for the same pitch. A real string vibrates at harmonics that are not perfect multiples of the fundamental. This results in a little
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1780:, and the piano parts manufacturer Wessell, Nickel and Gross has launched a new line of carefully engineered composite parts. Thus far these parts have performed reasonably, but it will take decades to know if they equal the longevity of wood.
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that disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, so the player can move the keyboard to the left or right with a lever. This shifts the entire piano action so the pianist can play music written in one key so that it sounds in a different key.
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The pinblock, which holds the tuning pins in place, is another area where toughness is important. It is made of hardwood (typically hard maple or beech), and is laminated for strength, stability and longevity. Piano strings (also called
875:) that permitted repeating a note even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. This facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, a musical device exploited by Liszt. When the invention became public, as revised by
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firm of Martin Miller, and a period of innovation and intense competition ensued, with rival brands of piano wire being tested against one another at international competitions, leading ultimately to the modern form of piano wire.
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partial, the further sharp it runs. Pianos with shorter and thicker string (i.e., small pianos with short string scales) have more inharmonicity. The greater the inharmonicity, the more the ear perceives it as harshness of tone.
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and rehearsals. Despite its weight and cost, the piano's versatility, extensive training of musicians, and widespread availability in venues, schools, and rehearsal spaces have made it a familiar instrument in the Western world.
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Pianos have had pedals, or some close equivalent, since the earliest days. (In the 18th century, some pianos used levers pressed upward by the player's knee instead of pedals.) Most grand pianos in the US have three pedals: the
1760:; however, since World War II, makers have also incorporated plastics. Early plastics used in some pianos in the late 1940s and 1950s, proved disastrous when they lost strength after a few decades of use. Beginning in 1961, the
1611:, can be used to manipulate the MIDI stream in real time or subsequently to edit it. This type of software may use no samples but synthesize a sound based on aspects of the physics that went into the creation of a played note.
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in 1880 to reduce manufacturing time and costs. Previously, the rim was constructed from several pieces of solid wood, joined and veneered, and European makers used this method well into the 20th century. A modern exception,
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2546:, in Classical and jazz, there are well-established piano teaching systems and institutions, including pre-college graded examinations, university, college and music conservatory diplomas and degrees, ranging from the
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Cristofori's great success was designing a stringed keyboard instrument in which the notes are struck by a hammer. The hammer must strike the string, but not remain in contact with it, because continued contact would
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accidental rebound), and it must return to a position in which it is ready to play again almost immediately after its key is depressed, so the player can repeat the same note rapidly when desired. Cristofori's piano
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Upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact due to the vertical structure of the frame and strings. The mechanical action structure of the upright piano was invented in London, England in 1826 by
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Model 'A'. From lower left to upper right: main sounding length of strings, treble bridge, duplex string length, duplex bar (nickel-plated bar parallel to bridge), hitchpins, plate strut with bearing bolt, plate
2482:. Two different intervals are perceived as the same when the pairs of pitches involved share the same frequency ratio. The easiest intervals to identify, and the easiest intervals to tune, are those that are
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which extended the deep bass range and the high treble range. Factory mass production of upright pianos made them more affordable for a larger number of middle-class people. They appeared in music halls and
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Hardwood rims are commonly made by laminating thin, hence flexible, strips of hardwood, bending them to the desired shape immediately after the application of glue. The bent plywood system was developed by
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Anything taller than a studio piano is called an upright. (Technically, any piano with a vertically oriented soundboard could be called an upright, but that word is often reserved for the full-size models.)
948:, combining the metal hitch pin plate (1821, claimed by Broadwood on behalf of Samuel HervĂ©) and resisting bars (Thom and Allen, 1820, but also claimed by Broadwood and Ărard). Babcock later worked for the
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1563:, etc.), and MIDI interfaces. MIDI inputs and outputs connect a digital piano to other electronic instruments or musical devices. For example, a digital piano's MIDI out signal could be connected by a
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for the theoretical piano tuning). In all systems of tuning, each pitch is derived from its relationship to a chosen fixed pitch, usually the internationally recognized standard concert pitch of A
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in elementary and secondary schools, and universities and colleges. Most music classrooms and many practice rooms have a piano. Pianos are used to help teach music theory, music history and
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in 1801. This rare instrument has a lever under the keyboard to move the keyboard relative to the strings, so a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key.
616:, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.
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In the 2000s, some pianos include an acoustic grand piano or upright piano combined with MIDI electronic features. Such a piano can be played acoustically, or the keyboard can be used as a
1314:. A machine perforates a performance recording into rolls of paper, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. Modern equivalents of the player piano include the
2078:, in which a bass note is sustained while a series of chords changes over top of it, and other otherwise tricky parts. On many upright pianos, the middle pedal is called the "practice" or
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been made in manufacturing processes, and many individual details of the instrument continue to receive attention, and a small number of acoustic pianos in the 2010s are produced with
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makers similarly followed these trends; however the two schools used different piano actions: Broadwoods used a more robust action, whereas Viennese instruments were more sensitive.
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at the base of the instrument, which lift the dampers off the strings. The sustain pedal allows pianists to connect and overlay sound, and achieve expressive and colorful sonority.
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have been used since antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches. The first
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model barely rises above the keyboard. Unlike all other pianos, the spinet action is located below the keys, operated by vertical wires that are attached to the backs of the keys.
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manufactures grands and uprights with only 44 or 49 keys and a shorter distance between the keyboard and the pedals. These are true pianos with working mechanisms and strings.
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The minipiano 'Pianette' model viewed with its original matching stool: the wooden flap at the front of the instrument has been dropped revealing the tuning pins at the front.
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is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. They are designed for private silent practice, to avoid disturbing others.
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during the 1940s. Aluminum piano plates were not widely accepted, and were discontinued. Prior to this a piano made almost entirely of aluminum was placed aboard the airship
393:, and a richer tone. Later in the century, as the piano became more common, it allowed families to listen to a newly published musical piece by having a family member play a
1032:(not truly square, but rectangular) was cross strung at an extremely acute angle above the hammers, with the keyboard set along the long side. This design is attributed to
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to avoid disturbing others. Digital pianos can include sustain pedals, weighted or semi-weighted keys, multiple voice options (e.g., sampled or synthesized imitations of
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When the key is struck, a chain reaction occurs to produce the sound. First, the key raises the "wippen" mechanism, which forces the jack against the hammer roller (or
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Studio pianos are around 107 to 114 cm (42â45 in) tall. This is the shortest cabinet that can accommodate a full-sized action located above the keyboard.
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3274:"The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655â1731) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"
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Gives the basics of how pianos work, and a thorough evaluative survey of current pianos and their manufacturers. It also includes advice on buying and owning pianos.
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pedal. This drops a piece of felt between the hammers and strings, greatly muting the sounds. This pedal can be shifted while depressed, into a "locking" position.
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are proficient pianists because the piano keyboard offers an effective means of experimenting with complex melodic and harmonic interplay of chords and trying out
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was the first keyboard instrument to allow gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully or softly the player presses or strikes the keys, unlike the
505:(pressure on the keys): the greater the pressure, the greater the force of the hammer hitting the strings, and the louder the sound produced and the stronger the
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family, indicates the existence of a piano by the year 1700. The three Cristofori pianos that survive today date from the 1720s. Cristofori named the instrument
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Modern pianos have two basic configurations, the grand piano and the upright piano, with various styles of each. There are also specialized and novelty pianos,
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and television scoring, as the large range permits composers to try out melodies and bass lines, even if the music will be orchestrated for other instruments.
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involves adjusting the tensions of the piano's strings with a specialized wrench, thereby aligning the intervals among their tones so that the instrument is
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and speaker to produce sound (however, some electronic keyboards have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can play an electronic piano with
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The tall, vertically strung upright grand was arranged like a grand set on end, with the soundboard and bridges above the keys, and tuning pins below them. "
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was the first to use in pianos in 1826, was a more consistent material, permitting wider dynamic ranges as hammer weights and string tension increased. The
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builder. Silbermann's pianos were virtually direct copies of Cristofori's, with one important addition: Silbermann invented the forerunner of the modern
1295:, introduced in the 19th century, is a small piano-like instrument, that generally uses round metal rods to produce sound, rather than strings. The US
1245:, schools, music conservatories and university music programs as rehearsal and practice instruments, and they are popular models for in-home purchase.
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1495:. In classical music, electric pianos are mainly used as inexpensive rehearsal or practice instruments. However, electric pianos, particularly the
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Petersen, Sonja (2013). "Craftsmen-Turned-Scientists? The Circulation of Explicit and Working Knowledge in Musical-Instrument Making, 1880â1960".
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hammers to strike the strings in their optimal position, greatly increasing that area's power. The implementation of over-stringing (also called
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Cristofori's early instruments were made with thin strings, and were much quieter than the modern piano, but they were much louder and with more
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and choir conductors often learn the piano, as it is an excellent instrument for learning new pieces and songs to lead in performance. Many
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of his music. The pianos of Mozart's day had a softer tone than 21st century pianos or English pianos, with less sustaining power. The term
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is an authoritative work covering the ancestry of the piano, its invention by Cristofori, and the early stages of its subsequent evolution.
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961:; it was "so superior to the iron wire that the English firm soon had a monopoly." But a better steel wire was soon created in 1840 by the
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Digital, MIDI-equipped pianos can output a stream of MIDI data, or record and play MIDI format files on digital storage media (previously
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2387:) the hammer velocity changes by almost a factor of a hundred. The hammer contact time with the string shortens from 4 milliseconds at
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and speaker to produce sound (however, most digital pianos have a built-in amp and speaker). Alternatively, a person can practise with
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Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano
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that could withstand the tremendous tension of the strings. Over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five
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A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians â From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between
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In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pine. In the 2010s, they are usually made of spruce or
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The Yamaha Disklavier player piano. The unit mounted under the keyboard of the piano can play MIDI or audio software on its CD.
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The mechanism and strings in upright pianos are perpendicular to the keys. The cover for the strings is removed for this photo.
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or doing a reduction from the full score), so that they can develop their interpretation. The piano is an essential tool in
2839:" among other Queen songs, sold for ÂŁ1.7 million ($ 2.1 million), which Sotheby's state is a record for a composer's piano.
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was one of the first jazz composer-pianists to find mainstream popularity working with newer urban music techniques such as
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that can exceed 20 tons (180 kilonewtons) in a modern grand piano. The single piece cast iron frame was patented in 1825 in
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during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 (Beethoven used the extra notes in his later works), and seven octaves by 1820. The
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Giraffes, black dragons, and other pianos: a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand (2nd ed.)
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The Visible and Invisible in Pianoforte Technique : Being a Digest of the Author's Technical Teachings Up to Date
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During the 19th century, American musicians playing for working-class audiences in small pubs and bars, particularly
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from the 1600s to the 1800s to account for sound quality differences between old and new instruments or to changing
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concert grand (Model D) weighs 480 kg (1,060 lb). The largest piano available on the general market, the
1799:(that is, spruce boards glued together along the side grain). Spruce's high ratio of strength to weight minimizes
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Striking the piano key with greater velocity increases the amplitude of the waves and therefore the volume. From
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3362:. "Instrument: piano et forte genandt" an expression Bach also used when acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749."
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4175:
The New How Things Work. From Levers to Lasers, Windmills to Web Sites, A Visual guide to the World of Machines
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2443:, a specialized technician, to tune their pianos. The piano tuner uses special tools. The meaning of the term
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The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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technology to reproduce the acoustic sound of each piano note accurately. They also must be connected to a
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One innovation that helped create the powerful sound of the modern piano was the use of a massive, strong,
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are trained in piano, because it allows them to play parts of the symphonies they are conducting (using a
2607:, composed for the fortepiano, a rather different instrument than the modern piano. Even composers of the
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recognizes the toy piano as a unique instrument with the subject designation, Toy Piano Scores: M175 T69.
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1881:). Some piano manufacturers have extended the range further in one or both directions. For example, the
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construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and mechanical action for a keyboard intended to sound strings.
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Parlor grand or boudoir grand â 1.7 to 2.2 m (5 ft 7 in â 7 ft 3 in)
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David R. Peterson (1994), "Acoustics of the hammered dulcimer, its history, and recent developments",
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has double keyboards, one lying above the other. It was invented by Hungarian composer and pianist,
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classes, and even non-pianist music professors or instructors may have a piano in their office.
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with soft and loud"). Variations in volume (loudness) are produced in response to the pianist's
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styles of music have also appealed to composers writing for the modern grand piano, including
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whose hammers strike strings. Modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, tuned to a
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is the length of the string. Therefore, the only frequencies produced on a single string are
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Mass per unit length: All other factors the same, the thinner the wire, the higher the pitch.
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Some piano companies have included extra pedals other than the standard two or three. On the
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with struck strings. By the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the
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Piano Servicing, Tuning, and Rebuilding. For the Professional, the student, and the Hobbyist
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Piano Servicing, Tuning, and Rebuilding. For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist
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composed pieces combining classical techniques with his jazz experimentation. In the 1970s,
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Almost every modern piano has 52 white keys and 36 black keys for a total of 88 keys (seven
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All else being equal, longer pianos with longer strings have larger, richer sound and lower
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Piano Servicing, Tuning and Rebuilding: For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist
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Concert grand â between 2.2 and 3 m (7 ft 3 in â 9 ft 10 in))
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because of their prominent damper mechanism. The oblique upright, popularized in France by
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The piano was the centrepiece of social life in the 19th-century upper-middle-class home (
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inside are struck by felt-coated wooden hammers. The vibrations are transmitted through a
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1842:. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos. Black keys were traditionally made of
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music, featuring yet another style of piano rhythm, became popular during the same era.
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and filters that synthesize the sound of an acoustic piano. They must be connected to a
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was a model for the many approaches to piano actions that followed in the next century.
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hit strings hard when the player strikes the keys forcefully for fortissimo playing or
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are non-acoustic; they do not have strings, tines or hammers, but are a type of analog
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now distinguishes these early instruments (and modern re-creations) from later pianos.
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Wraight, Denzil (2006). "Recent Approaches in Understanding Cristofori's Fortepiano".
2439:. While guitar and violin players tune their own instruments, pianists usually hire a
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intended to mimic the look and feel of ivory; other manufacturers have done likewise.
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in Europe. During the Middle Ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed
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3038: â instrument to guide the hands and fingers of pupils in playing on the piano
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4364:"Freddie Mercury: Queen star's piano and other items fetch high prices at auction"
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trichords, the action shifted so that hammers hit a single string, hence the name
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4032:"World's first 108-key concert grand piano built by Australia's only piano maker"
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broke new musical ground by combining American jazz piano with symphonic sounds.
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of reflecting waves results in a standing wave pattern, but only for wavelengths
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Cristofori's new instrument remained relatively unknown until an Italian writer,
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Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano
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Tension: All other factors the same, the tighter the wire, the higher the pitch.
1976:
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music at home, a few players of pedal piano use it as a performance instrument.
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and QRS Pianomation, using solenoids and MIDI rather than pneumatics and rolls.
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Length: All other factors the same, the shorter the wire, the higher the pitch.
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30:"Pianoforte" redirects here. For earliest versions of the instrument only, see
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during the late 1820s, was diagonally strung throughout its compass. The tiny
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underlying beat found in the bell and clapper time keepers", adapted to play
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later constructed his quartertone "Oriental piano" with the help of Austrian
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Some piano makers added variations to enhance the tone of each note, such as
974:), in which the strings are placed in two separate planes, each with its own
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By the 1820s, the center of piano innovation had shifted to Paris, where the
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of Mozart's day to the seven octave (or more) range found on today's pianos.
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3311:
Badura-Skoda, Eva (2000). "Did J. S. Bach Compose "Pianoforte Concertos"?".
3020:, a height-adjustable bench used designed to be used while playing the piano
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worked with Winter and Company piano manufacturers to make pianos using an
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This article is about the musical instrument. For the musical dynamic, see
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reversed (black instead of white). More recently, Australian manufacturer
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firm built pianos with action parts made of more modern materials such as
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that produces sound when its keys are depressed, through engagement of an
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1487:. The resulting electrical, analogue signal can then be amplified with a
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around 1815, was built into the 20th century. They are informally called
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Some early pianos had shapes and designs that are no longer in use. The
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Early technological progress in the late 1700s owed much to the firm of
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The "resonance case principle" is described by Bösendorfer in terms of
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Local Music Scenes and Globalization: Transnational Platforms in Beirut
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in the context of piano tuning is not simply a particular fixed set of
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There are three factors that influence the pitch of a vibrating wire.
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and more numerous strings. In 1834, the Webster & Horsfal firm of
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A pianist playing Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B major (BWV 868) from
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techniques grew out of jazz, with leading composer-pianists such as
2703:. New techniques and rhythms were invented for the piano, including
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so players can use their feet to play bass register notes, as on an
1958:
Pianos have been built with alternative keyboard systems, e.g., the
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1220:
51:
5916:
5849:
5839:
5779:
5508:
5395:
5282:
4905:
4850:
4716:
3549:
3536:
Grafing, Keith (1974). "Alpheus Babcock's Cast-Iron Piano Frames".
3411:
2952:
multiple, independent melody lines that are played at the same time
2943:
2704:
2530:
As with any other musical instrument, the piano may be played from
2471:
refers to a widely accepted frequency of this pitch â 440 Hz.
2464:
2205:
1839:
1757:
1745:
1664:
1619:
1608:
1539:
are also non-acoustic and do not have strings or hammers. They use
1284:
1189:
1185:
656:
328:
5693:
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5332:
5327:
4937:
4855:
4096:
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2094:
1805:
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1697:
590:
562:
390:
332:
5722:
2089:
1722:
The plate (harp), or metal frame, of a piano is usually made of
936:, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string
679:, and replicas of them are built in the 21st century for use in
5523:
4964:
4900:
4429:
The Piano Book: Buying and Owning a New or Used Piano (4th ed.)
3764:"161 Facts About Steinway & Sons and the Pianos They Build"
3115:
2522:
2109:
2038:
2029:
1862:
1796:
1600:
1560:
1408:
1389:
1250:
1093:
1040:
in England, and it was improved by changes first introduced by
962:
941:
841:
810:
554:
4201:"Physics of the Piano : Piano Tuners Guild, June 5, 2000"
3205:
POLLENS, STEWART (2013). "Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence".
3124:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. lvi.
2417:
982:
441:
The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in
2931:
2738:
1847:
1843:
1753:
1749:
1744:
The numerous parts of a piano action are generally made from
1730:
1672:
1640:
1439:
became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of
932:
frame. Also called the "plate", the iron frame sits atop the
546:
245:
2779:
Pianos have also been used prominently in rock and roll and
1873:). Many older pianos only have 85 keys (seven octaves from A
1479:
use metal tines in place of strings and use electromagnetic
1200:
The inharmonicity of piano strings requires that octaves be
647:
Piano making flourished during the late 18th century in the
5921:
5581:
2927:
1500:
1098:
405:
2691:, developed new musical genres based on the modern piano.
2486:, meaning they have a simple whole-number ratio. The term
1575:
sounds. Early digital pianos tended to lack a full set of
824:
joined with another Scot, Robert Stodart, and a Dutchman,
3306:
3304:
2680:
1180:
of the strings. Inharmonicity is the degree to which the
5819:
3014: â Musical group of piano and two other instruments
1121:
that synthesize piano-like tones using oscillators, and
389:
which gave grand pianos a more powerful sound, a longer
385:
frame (which allowed much greater string tensions), and
4659:
Piano Roles: Three Hundred Years of Life with the Piano
2247:
On the piano string, waves reflect from both ends. The
1830:
1579:
but the synthesis software of later models such as the
4425:
3301:
2641:
adjust their interpretation of historical compositions
1804:
acoustic guitar soundboards. Cheap pianos often have
1166:
Baby grand â around 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
4821:
4627:
Van Piano tot Forte (The History of the Early Piano)
4468:
is a standard reference on the history of the piano.
4001:
Fletcher, Neville Horner; Thomas D. Rossing (1998).
3849:
3040:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2987:
1403:
4610:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
4591:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
4525:
3482:(in French). MédiathÚque de la Cité de la musique.
2047:
Notations used for the sustain pedal in sheet music
1036:, a pupil of Gottfried Silbermann, in Germany, and
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4635:
4449:
4195:
4193:
4191:
3117:
1467:. The electric pianos that became most popular in
1137:"Grand piano" redirects here. For other uses, see
4493:
4177:. Houghton Mifflin Company, United States. 1998.
3699:
2074:can be useful for musical passages with low bass
2011:directly played, to reverberate sympathetically.
1846:, and the white keys were covered with strips of
1023:
5977:
4759:of the Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
4317:
2474:The relationship between two pitches, called an
4497:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
4348:Boulanger, Nadia. "Sayings of Great Teachers".
4332:
4290:
4188:
3732:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
899:firm in 1874, allowed a wider range of effects.
565:with soft and loud"), abbreviated over time as
4500:(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers.
4297:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
4272:. Grove Music Online (Oxford University Press)
3581:Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments, Volume 2
3008: â Unconventional method of playing piano
1649:
1521:that simulates or imitates piano sounds using
1455:from the late 1920s used metal strings with a
855:and the Ărard firm manufactured those used by
551:Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
5738:
5208:
4807:
4478:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
3889:2007â2008 Annual Supplement to The Piano Book
3756:
3647:"History of the Eavestaff Pianette Minipiano"
3511:. New York, NY: Dover Publications. pp.
3271:
2922:The piano is a crucial instrument in Western
491:
483:
4347:
3746:"Disklavier Pianos - Yamaha - United States"
3726:
3310:
3276:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3091:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2854:
2835:baby grand piano, which he used to compose "
244:
4774:Five lectures on the Acoustics of the piano
4494:Sadie, Stanley; John Tyrrell, eds. (2001).
4456:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
3821:Five Lectures on the Acoustics of the Piano
3267:
3265:
2870:compositions. Many Burmese pianists (e.g.,
2492:refers to a tuning system that tempers the
1890:created a piano with 108 keys, going from C
957:brought out a form of piano wire made from
5745:
5731:
5462:Bowed string instrument extended technique
5215:
5201:
4814:
4800:
4734:Theory and Practice of Pianoforte-Building
4267:
3116:Scholes, Percy A.; John Owen Ward (1970).
2914:, 1868). The man at the piano is composer
2542:. While some folk and blues pianists were
2140:, is a rare type of piano that includes a
2086:playing the melody in the treble section.
1700:F308, weighs 570 kg (1,260 lb).
541:The invention of the piano is credited to
4764:The Frederick Historical Piano Collection
4698:
4656:
4567:
4532:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
3788:
2878:) adopt a title from the word for piano,
2108:) has a middle pedal that functions as a
1791:In all but the lowest quality pianos the
1764:branch of the Steinway firm incorporated
1080:with vertical stringing, made popular by
373:In the nineteenth century, influenced by
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
4638:Men, Women, and Pianos: A Social History
4605:
4570:Tone Moves: A History of Piano Technique
4426:Fine, Larry; Gilbert, Douglas R (2001).
3578:
3456:
3454:
3397:
3345:
3339:
3262:
3120:The Oxford Companion to Music (10th ed.)
2905:
2767:
2695:music, popularized by composers such as
2649:
2521:
2511:
2416:
2155:
2088:
1975:
1914:
1829:
1782:
1710:
1653:
1618:
1499:, became important instruments in 1970s
1407:
1341:
1271:
1219:
1143:
1051:
981:
607:
528:
5712:Category:Musical performance techniques
4751:, Association of Blind Piano Tuners, UK
4679:
4633:
4586:
4546:
4471:
4404:
4250:. Vestal Press, Lanham Maryland. 1993.
4229:. Vestal Press, Lanham Maryland. 1993.
3853:Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Wood Processing
3535:
3442:
3204:
3153:
2666:, Ravel (at piano), composer-conductor
2658:in 1928. From left to right: conductor
2654:Birthday party honoring French pianist
2069:On grand pianos, the middle pedal is a
1925:A rare variant of the piano called the
559:un cimbalo di cipresso di piano e forte
338:There are two main types of piano: the
5978:
5222:
4787:Gallery of Piano Plates and Medallions
4526:Banowetz, Joseph; Elder, Dean (1985).
4432:. Jamaica Plain, MA: Brookside Press.
4042:from the original on 15 September 2018
3365:
3239:
3138:
3032: â Internal part of a grand piano
2827:, to name a few. At a 2023 auction in
1388:had a microtone piano manufactured by
5726:
5196:
4795:
4731:
4624:
4393:
4123:"Piano with instrumental attachments"
4060:
3941:
3879:
3850:Navi, Parvis; Sandberg, Dick (2012).
3797:from the original on 24 November 2014
3766:. Steinway & Sons. Archived from
3734:(Second ed.). London: Macmillan.
3504:
3451:
3026: â Piano placed in a public area
2954:. Pianos are used by composers doing
2582:
2518:Piano history and musical performance
1947:. Other piano manufacturers, such as
1729:In an effort to make pianos lighter,
1614:
424:performances, accompaniment, and for
331:who specializes in piano is called a
4447:
4029:
3957:
3885:
3687:"Stéphane Tsapis, le piano oriental"
3606:Library of Congress Subject Headings
3280:from the original on 17 October 2013
1768:, a synthetic material developed by
1475:in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the
1117:based on electromechanical designs,
793:with resources such as high-quality
74:adding citations to reliable sources
45:
4335:The Science of Pianoforte Technique
4155:from the original on 1 October 2010
3653:from the original on 1 October 2014
1491:or electronically manipulated with
1373:is a rare type of piano that has a
659:, Germany) and the Viennese makers
597:
481:is a shortened form of the Italian
13:
4606:Giordano, Nicholas J. Sr. (2010).
4518:
4004:The Physics of Musical Instruments
3486:from the original on 19 April 2014
2104:(an example of which was owned by
779:Problems playing these files? See
705:
381:adopted changes such as using the
258:
14:
6047:
5752:
4742:
4337:. London: Macmillan. p. 162.
4129:from the original on 14 July 2011
4073:from the original on 28 June 2017
4030:King, Rosie (14 September 2018).
4011:from the original on 15 June 2015
3988:"The Hindenburg's Aluminum Piano"
3831:from the original on 19 July 2010
3627:from the original on 14 July 2014
2478:, is the ratio of their absolute
1435:(1980s) have been developed. The
1404:Electric, electronic, and digital
851:firm manufactured pianos used by
771:The same piece, on a modern piano
533:The 1726 Cristofori piano in the
5818:
5707:
5706:
4642:. New York: Dover Publications.
4322:. London: I. Pitman. p. 57.
4063:"Let's Play Two: Singular Piano"
3346:Palmieri, Bob & Meg (2003).
2990:
2037:
2028:
916:
904:
759:
726:
681:authentic-instrument performance
400:The piano is widely employed in
298:Problems playing this file? See
277:
175:
161:
50:
6006:European percussion instruments
4780:The Piano in Polish Collections
4550:The Piano Shop on the Left Bank
4529:The pianist's guide to pedaling
4356:
4341:
4326:
4311:
4284:
4261:
4240:
4219:
4167:
4141:
4115:
4085:
4054:
4023:
3994:
3980:
3954:, 2009. Accessed 12 April 2009.
3910:
3870:
3843:
3809:
3782:
3738:
3720:
3693:
3679:
3665:
3639:
3613:
3597:
3572:
3529:
3498:
3472:
3463:
3391:
1778:carbon fiber reinforced plastic
1076:. The short cottage upright or
863:invented the double escapement
692:
457:, which were introduced in the
200:HornbostelâSachs classification
61:needs additional citations for
4411:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
4203:. 9 March 2003. Archived from
3825:Royal Swedish Academy of Music
3579:Palmieri, Robert, ed. (2003).
3292:
3233:
3198:
3147:
3109:
3100:
3082:
2406:
2120:pianos as well as the largest
1267:
1024:Variations in shape and design
805:for the production of massive
493:clavicembalo col piano e forte
1:
4629:(in Dutch). Kampen: Kok-Lyra.
4572:. Catalonia: Musikeon Books.
4386:
4061:Baron, James (15 July 2007).
3689:(in French). 13 October 2019.
549:, Italy, who was employed by
509:. Invented in the 1700s, the
453:with struck strings were the
349:When a key is depressed, the
4684:. Vestal, NY: Vestal Press.
4400:. Covina Publishing Company.
4268:Edwin M. Ripin; et al.
3990:. AIRSHIPS.NET. 5 June 2010.
3609:. Library of Congress. 2003.
3050:List of films about pianists
2749:. In the late 20th century,
2151:
2003:(una corda), sostenuto, and
1412:Wurlitzer 210 electric piano
1310:, which plays itself from a
1139:Grand Piano (disambiguation)
612:Grand piano by Louis Bas of
573:, and later, simply, piano.
524:
361:that amplifies the sound by
343:
7:
6031:Italian musical instruments
4680:Reblitz, Arthur A. (1993).
3892:. Brookside Press. p.
3055:List of piano manufacturers
2983:
2902:Social history of the piano
1955:, also manufactured a few.
1854:developed a plastic called
1819:
1650:Construction and components
888:
10:
6052:
4749:History of the Piano Forte
4736:. New York: E. Lyman Bill.
4732:White, William H. (1909).
4705:. The Piano Encyclopedia.
4661:. New Haven, Connecticut:
4553:. New York: Random House.
3706:. Routledge. p. 262.
3700:Thomas Burkhalter (2014).
3623:. QRS Music Technologies.
3583:. Routledge. p. 437.
3538:The Galpin Society Journal
3348:The Piano: An Encyclopedia
3207:The Galpin Society Journal
3045:List of classical pianists
2899:
2858:
2797:Emerson, Lake & Palmer
2689:African-American composers
2515:
2410:
2395:to less than 2 ms at
2204:For a repeating wave, the
2093:An upright pedal piano by
1969:
1865:plus a minor third, from A
1823:
1215:
1136:
1129:of acoustic piano sounds.
1042:Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold
986:Duplex scaling of an 1883
696:
601:
436:
339:
29:
18:
5935:
5827:
5816:
5760:
5702:
5686:
5641:
5598:
5580:
5522:
5452:
5414:Piano extended techniques
5404:
5341:
5230:
5174:
5153:
5118:
5080:
5047:
5019:
4983:
4833:
4657:Parakilas, James (1999).
4634:Loesser, Arthur (1991) .
4472:Pollens, Stewart (1995).
4318:Harrison, Sidney (1953).
4007:. Springer. p. 374.
3856:. CRC Press. p. 46.
3060:List of piano brand names
2887:
2855:Traditional Burmese style
2172:The Well-Tempered Clavier
1965:
1834:Keyboard of a grand piano
1034:Christian Ernst Friderici
716:Comparison of piano sound
273:, first prelude of Book I
271:The Well-Tempered Clavier
243:
236:
228:
218:
198:
191:
155:
34:. For the 1984 film, see
5651:Extended vocal technique
5454:Bowed string instruments
4783:(historical instruments)
4568:Chiantore, Luca (2019).
4405:Isacoff, Stuart (2012).
4333:Fielden, Thomas (1934).
4291:Matthay, Tobias (1947).
3977:. Accessed 6 March 2015.
3975:Official Fazioli Website
3350:. Taylor & Francis.
3248:, USA; Revised edition.
3075:
3006:Piano extended technique
1787:Strings of a grand piano
1283:Player piano from 1920 (
1132:
1108:
950:Chickering & Mackays
722:19th century piano sound
699:Innovations in the piano
663:(daughter of Stein) and
535:Musikinstrumenten-Museum
289:Kimiko Douglass-Ishizaka
6026:17th-century inventions
5133:Piano Technicians Guild
4699:Schejtman, Rod (2008).
4625:Lelie, Christo (1995).
4587:Ehrlich, Cyril (1990).
4547:Carhart, Thad (2002) .
4448:Good, Edwin M. (2001).
4352:. Winter 1958â1959: 26.
3918:manufacturing technique
3673:Les Cahiers de l'Oronte
3246:Oxford University Press
3070:List of piano composers
2895:
1927:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianoforte
1920:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr Pianoforte
1692:(300 lb), and the
1483:similar to those on an
911:Broadwood square action
891:), invented in 1844 by
867:, which incorporated a
669:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
6011:Orchestral instruments
4757:Table of Music Pitches
4394:Dolge, Alfred (1911).
4151:. Antique Piano Shop.
3505:Dolge, Alfred (1972).
3272:Powers, Wendy (2003).
3240:Erlich, Cyril (1990).
2919:
2783:by performers such as
2776:
2675:
2556:Doctor of Musical Arts
2527:
2526:A Prague piano player.
2425:
2176:
2097:
1995:
1922:
1835:
1788:
1719:
1718:plate of a grand piano
1681:C.F. Theodore Steinway
1659:
1631:, which can trigger a
1624:
1541:digital audio sampling
1418:technological advances
1413:
1347:
1288:
1228:
1188:(known as partials or
1155:
1101:recording and digital
1057:
992:
710:
617:
614:Villeneuve-lĂšs-Avignon
538:
492:
484:
263:
249:
25:Piano (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
5828:Techniques and styles
4663:Yale University Press
3929:description of effect
3469:Dolge (1911, 125â126)
2909:
2831:in London, Mercury's
2771:
2653:
2591:composers, including
2525:
2516:Further information:
2512:Playing and technique
2457:Piano key frequencies
2420:
2164:
2092:
2015:Sympathetic vibration
1979:
1918:
1833:
1824:Further information:
1786:
1714:
1657:
1622:
1589:sympathetic vibration
1533:in quieter settings.
1411:
1345:
1282:
1223:
1147:
1090:Roller & Blanchet
1055:
1001:Collard & Collard
985:
791:Industrial Revolution
709:
697:Further information:
641:Johann Sebastian Bach
628:, better known as an
611:
543:Bartolomeo Cristofori
532:
375:Romantic music trends
262:
248:
223:Bartolomeo Cristofori
6001:Keyboard instruments
5608:Snare drum technique
5429:Three-hand technique
5154:Amplifiers, speakers
4996:Generalized keyboard
4827:keyboard instruments
4608:Physics of the Piano
4589:The Piano: A History
4475:The Early Pianoforte
3886:Fine, Larry (2007).
3649:. Piano-tuners.org.
3373:"The Viennese Piano"
3242:The Piano: A History
3106:Pollens (1995, Ch.1)
3065:List of piano makers
2668:Manoah Leide-Tedesco
2645:performance practice
1983:from left to right:
1883:Imperial Bösendorfer
893:Jean-Louis Boisselot
834:Ludwig van Beethoven
742:Ătude Op. 25, No. 12
653:Johann Andreas Stein
626:Gottfried Silbermann
463:keyboard instruments
443:keyboard instruments
70:improve this article
5762:Musical instruments
5376:Harmonica technique
5351:Saxophone technique
5268:Finger substitution
5001:Isomorphic keyboard
4991:Enharmonic keyboard
4881:Electronic keyboard
4350:The Piano Quarterly
4246:Reblitz, Arthur A.
4225:Reblitz, Arthur A.
3770:on 16 November 2014
3675:. 1969. p. 82.
3144:Pollens (1995, 238)
2573:Charles-Louis Hanon
1953:Steinway & Sons
1936:Goldberg Variations
1297:Library of Congress
1151:grand piano in the
1149:Steinway & Sons
923:Erard square action
313:keyboard instrument
214:sounded by hammers)
193:Keyboard instrument
152:
16:Keyboard instrument
6036:String instruments
5996:Italian inventions
5356:Circular breathing
5258:Extended technique
5224:Musical techniques
5161:Keyboard amplifier
5081:Piano construction
4702:Music Fundamentals
4370:. 6 September 2023
3969:2015-03-16 at the
3952:Grove Music Online
3934:2015-04-11 at the
3923:2015-04-02 at the
3448:Isacoff (2012, 74)
3379:on 11 October 2008
3298:Isacoff (2012, 23)
2978:music appreciation
2920:
2912:Moritz von Schwind
2777:
2676:
2583:Performance styles
2528:
2426:
2177:
2098:
1996:
1951:, Chickering, and
1923:
1836:
1801:acoustic impedance
1789:
1720:
1660:
1633:synthesizer module
1625:
1615:Hybrid instruments
1527:keyboard amplifier
1489:keyboard amplifier
1414:
1348:
1289:
1229:
1156:
1058:
993:
895:and copied by the
755:Modern piano sound
748:piano made in 1851
711:
661:Nannette Streicher
639:Silbermann showed
618:
539:
455:hammered dulcimers
451:string instruments
395:simplified version
264:
250:
232:Early 18th century
150:
5973:
5972:
5720:
5719:
5190:
5189:
4719:on 31 August 2018
4712:978-987-25216-2-2
4617:978-0-19-954602-2
4598:978-0-19-816171-4
4485:978-0-521-11155-3
4304:978-0-19-318412-1
4173:Macaulay, David.
3903:978-1-929145-21-8
3863:978-1-4398-6042-7
3590:978-0-415-93796-2
3460:Dolge (1911, 124)
3357:978-0-415-93796-2
3168:10.1093/em/cal050
3131:978-0-19-311306-0
2876:Sandayar Chit Swe
2872:Sandayar Hla Htut
2837:Bohemian Rhapsody
2633:Felix Mendelssohn
2609:Romantic movement
2453:equal temperament
2413:Piano maintenance
2162:
2102:transposing piano
1888:Stuart & Sons
1795:is made of solid
1515:Electronic pianos
1429:electronic pianos
1337:transposing piano
1320:Yamaha Disklavier
1280:
1243:community centers
1119:electronic pianos
1014:Aliquot stringing
1009:Aliquot stringing
871:(also called the
766:
732:
651:, which included
477:The English word
387:aliquot stringing
325:equal temperament
282:
254:
253:
146:
145:
138:
120:
6043:
5950:Musical ensemble
5822:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5724:
5723:
5710:
5709:
5687:Related articles
5666:Overtone singing
5467:Violin technique
5366:Flutter-tonguing
5343:Wind instruments
5217:
5210:
5203:
5194:
5193:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4737:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4715:. Archived from
4695:
4676:
4653:
4641:
4630:
4621:
4602:
4583:
4564:
4543:
4511:
4489:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4422:
4401:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4265:
4259:
4244:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4186:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4149:"Wing & Son"
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4103:on 16 April 2008
4099:. Archived from
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3978:
3961:
3955:
3948:"Fazioli, Paolo"
3945:
3939:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3817:"The Piano Case"
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3793:. HyperPhysics.
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3449:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3375:. Archived from
3369:
3363:
3361:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3308:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3086:
3041:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2891:
2722:Rhapsody in Blue
2713:Shearing voicing
2402:
2394:
2386:
2374:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2243:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2175:on a grand piano
2163:
2041:
2032:
1826:Musical keyboard
1605:USB flash drives
1581:Yamaha Clavinova
1394:Abdallah Chahine
1281:
1007:, who developed
920:
908:
869:repetition lever
826:Americus Backers
801:, and precision
768:
767:
734:
733:
708:
598:Early fortepiano
561:("a keyboard of
495:
487:
284:
283:
261:
179:
165:
153:
149:
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
119:
78:
54:
46:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6040:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5937:Music ensembles
5931:
5823:
5814:
5790:Electric guitar
5770:Acoustic guitar
5756:
5751:
5721:
5716:
5698:
5682:
5637:
5594:
5576:
5572:Prepared guitar
5518:
5472:Cello technique
5448:
5400:
5337:
5226:
5221:
5191:
5186:
5170:
5149:
5114:
5076:
5043:
5034:Manual keyboard
5015:
4979:
4960:Piano accordion
4829:
4820:
4745:
4740:
4722:
4720:
4713:
4692:
4673:
4650:
4618:
4599:
4580:
4561:
4540:
4521:
4519:Further reading
4516:
4508:
4486:
4464:
4440:
4419:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4346:
4342:
4331:
4327:
4320:Piano Technique
4316:
4312:
4305:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4266:
4262:
4245:
4241:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4207:on 9 March 2003
4199:
4198:
4189:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4125:. Musica Viva.
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:Wayback Machine
3962:
3958:
3946:
3942:
3936:Wayback Machine
3925:Wayback Machine
3915:
3911:
3904:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3577:
3573:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3480:"Piano Ă queue"
3478:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3344:
3340:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3238:
3234:
3203:
3199:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3039:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2974:music education
2970:piano reduction
2924:classical music
2904:
2898:
2863:
2857:
2821:Freddie Mercury
2785:Jerry Lee Lewis
2743:Thelonious Monk
2717:George Gershwin
2672:George Gershwin
2670:, and composer
2637:Johannes Brahms
2625:Robert Schumann
2617:Frédéric Chopin
2589:classical music
2585:
2561:Dorothy Taubman
2520:
2514:
2462:
2415:
2409:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2368:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2252:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2156:
2154:
2118:Stuart and Sons
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2021:
1974:
1968:
1897:
1893:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1828:
1822:
1652:
1629:MIDI controller
1617:
1545:power amplifier
1485:electric guitar
1457:magnetic pickup
1453:electric pianos
1425:electric pianos
1406:
1304:Henri Fourneaux
1272:
1270:
1218:
1142:
1135:
1127:digital samples
1115:electric pianos
1111:
1086:birdcage pianos
1046:Alpheus Babcock
1026:
1005:Julius BlĂŒthner
972:cross-stringing
946:Alpheus Babcock
924:
921:
912:
909:
885:sostenuto pedal
881:Jean-Henri Pape
861:SĂ©bastien Ărard
853:Frédéric Chopin
786:
785:
777:
775:
774:
773:
772:
769:
760:
757:
751:
750:
749:
738:Frédéric Chopin
735:
727:
724:
718:
712:
706:
701:
695:
655:(who worked in
649:Viennese school
622:Scipione Maffei
606:
600:
545:(1655â1731) of
527:
489:, derived from
439:
321:chromatic scale
305:
304:
296:
294:
293:
292:
291:
285:
278:
275:
265:
259:
205:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
180:
171:
170:
169:
166:
142:
131:
125:
122:
79:
77:
67:
55:
42:
28:
21:Piano (dynamic)
17:
12:
11:
5:
6049:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6016:Rhythm section
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5965:Rhythm section
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:Counter-melody
5879:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5855:Basso continuo
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Electric piano
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5750:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5557:String bending
5554:
5552:Hybrid picking
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5434:Prepared piano
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Finger tapping
5416:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5323:Thumb position
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5273:Finger vibrato
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5182:Prepared piano
5178:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5166:Leslie speaker
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5072:Pedal keyboard
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5006:JankĂł keyboard
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4953:Electric piano
4950:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4871:Clavicytherium
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4752:
4744:
4743:External links
4741:
4739:
4738:
4729:
4711:
4696:
4690:
4677:
4671:
4654:
4648:
4631:
4622:
4616:
4603:
4597:
4584:
4578:
4565:
4559:
4544:
4538:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4491:
4484:
4469:
4462:
4445:
4438:
4423:
4418:978-0307279330
4417:
4402:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4355:
4340:
4325:
4310:
4303:
4283:
4260:
4239:
4218:
4187:
4166:
4140:
4114:
4093:"Fourth pedal"
4084:
4067:New York Times
4053:
4022:
3993:
3979:
3956:
3940:
3909:
3902:
3878:
3869:
3862:
3842:
3808:
3789:Nave, Carl R.
3781:
3755:
3750:usa.yamaha.com
3737:
3719:
3712:
3692:
3678:
3664:
3638:
3621:"PNOmation II"
3612:
3596:
3589:
3571:
3550:10.2307/841758
3528:
3521:
3497:
3471:
3462:
3450:
3441:
3428:10.1086/671378
3412:10.1086/671378
3406:(1): 212â231.
3390:
3364:
3356:
3338:
3300:
3291:
3261:
3254:
3232:
3197:
3162:(4): 635â644.
3146:
3137:
3130:
3108:
3099:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2985:
2982:
2916:Franz Schubert
2897:
2894:
2859:Main article:
2856:
2853:
2789:Little Richard
2755:Herbie Hancock
2733:'s technique.
2731:Duke Ellington
2584:
2581:
2565:Edna Golandsky
2513:
2510:
2494:just intervals
2460:
2411:Main article:
2408:
2405:
2245:
2244:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2153:
2150:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
1970:Main article:
1967:
1964:
1960:JankĂł keyboard
1895:
1891:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1821:
1818:
1735:aluminum plate
1651:
1648:
1616:
1613:
1553:electric piano
1537:Digital pianos
1437:electric piano
1433:digital pianos
1405:
1402:
1375:pedal keyboard
1364:prepared piano
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1225:August Förster
1217:
1214:
1210:perfect fifths
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1134:
1131:
1123:digital pianos
1110:
1107:
1074:sticker action
1066:pyramid pianos
1062:Giraffe pianos
1044:in France and
1038:Johannes Zumpe
1025:
1022:
1018:duplex scaling
926:
925:
922:
915:
913:
910:
903:
822:John Broadwood
776:
770:
758:
753:
752:
736:
725:
720:
719:
714:
713:
704:
703:
702:
694:
691:
602:Main article:
599:
596:
526:
523:
438:
435:
295:
286:
276:
268:
267:
266:
257:
256:
255:
252:
251:
241:
240:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
202:
196:
195:
189:
188:
181:
174:
173:
172:
167:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
144:
143:
58:
56:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6048:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6021:C instruments
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Pit orchestra
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:Harmonization
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:Triadic chord
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5800:Hammond organ
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Electric bass
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5754:Accompaniment
5748:
5743:
5741:
5736:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5713:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5590:Prepared harp
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5386:Slap tonguing
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:Miscellaneous
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Digital piano
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4931:Theatre organ
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Hammond organ
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Bowed clavier
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4735:
4730:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4691:1-879511-03-7
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4672:0-300-08055-7
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4649:9780486265438
4645:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4579:9788494511738
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4560:0-375-75862-3
4556:
4552:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4539:0-253-34494-8
4535:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4513:"Pianoforte".
4509:
4507:0-19-517067-9
4503:
4499:
4498:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4465:
4463:0-8047-4549-8
4459:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4441:
4439:1-929145-01-2
4435:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4287:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4256:1-879511-03-7
4253:
4249:
4243:
4236:
4235:1-879511-03-7
4232:
4228:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4183:0-395-93847-3
4180:
4176:
4170:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4010:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3913:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3713:9781135073695
3709:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3522:0-486-22856-8
3518:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3295:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3255:0-19-816171-9
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3133:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3112:
3103:
3097:(5), p. 3002.
3096:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:Nicky Hopkins
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:Keith Emerson
2790:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:boogie-woogie
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:Maurice Ravel
2652:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:improvisation
2538:, or through
2537:
2533:
2532:written music
2524:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:perfect fifth
2496:(usually the
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:(the A above
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2358:inharmonicity
2350:
2341:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2309:
2290:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2249:superposition
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:Irving Berlin
2103:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:sustain pedal
2002:
1994:
1993:sustain pedal
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:soundboards.
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:music sampler
1634:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Hammond organ
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:Fender Rhodes
1494:
1493:effects units
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Fender Rhodes
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:(1970s), and
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:invented the
1334:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1306:invented the
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:The top of a
1248:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1238:upright grand
1235:
1234:Robert Wornum
1227:upright piano
1226:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:inharmonicity
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Robert Wornum
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Pascal Taskin
989:
984:
980:
977:
973:
967:
964:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
919:
914:
907:
902:
901:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
782:
756:
747:
743:
739:
723:
717:
700:
690:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
671:composed his
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
642:
637:
635:
634:sustain pedal
631:
627:
623:
615:
610:
605:
595:
592:
587:
585:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
531:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
494:
488:
486:
480:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
344:upright piano
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
303:
301:
290:
274:
272:
247:
242:
239:
238:Playing range
235:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
203:
201:
197:
194:
190:
182:Upright piano
178:
164:
154:
148:
140:
137:
129:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87: â
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
44:
40:
38:
33:
26:
22:
5991:Chordophones
5835:Alberti bass
5804:
5677:Sprechgesang
5675:
5628:Stevens grip
5618:Cymbal choke
5567:Third bridge
5487:BartĂłk pizz.
5439:String piano
5405:
5318:Stopped note
5238:Articulation
5011:Short octave
4942:
4891:Harmonichord
4778:
4756:
4733:
4721:. Retrieved
4717:the original
4701:
4681:
4658:
4637:
4626:
4607:
4588:
4569:
4549:
4528:
4496:
4474:
4451:
4428:
4407:
4396:
4374:23 September
4372:. Retrieved
4367:
4358:
4349:
4343:
4334:
4328:
4319:
4313:
4293:
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4270:"Pianoforte"
4263:
4258:pp. 203â215.
4247:
4242:
4237:pp. 203â215.
4226:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4205:the original
4185:. pp. 26â27.
4174:
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4143:
4131:. Retrieved
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4101:the original
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4066:
4056:
4046:15 September
4044:. Retrieved
4035:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4003:
3996:
3982:
3974:
3964:"Model F308"
3959:
3951:
3943:
3912:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3852:
3845:
3833:. Retrieved
3820:
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3784:
3774:30 September
3772:. Retrieved
3768:the original
3758:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3728:Davies, Hugh
3722:
3702:
3695:
3681:
3672:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3615:
3605:
3599:
3580:
3574:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3507:
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3474:
3465:
3444:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3381:. Retrieved
3377:the original
3367:
3347:
3341:
3316:
3312:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3241:
3235:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3140:
3119:
3111:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3024:Street piano
2998:Music portal
2960:
2921:
2918:(1797â1828).
2879:
2864:
2849:Philip Glass
2817:Rick Wakeman
2778:
2720:
2697:Scott Joplin
2686:
2677:
2664:Ăva Gauthier
2586:
2577:Otto Ortmann
2569:Fred Karpoff
2529:
2487:
2473:
2467:). The term
2444:
2433:Piano tuning
2431:
2427:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2348:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2315:
2307:
2288:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2115:
2099:
2084:
2079:
2076:pedal points
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2020:
2013:
2009:
1997:
1981:Piano pedals
1972:Piano pedals
1957:
1934:
1931:EmĂĄnuel MoĂłr
1926:
1924:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1860:
1855:
1837:
1810:
1790:
1743:
1728:
1721:
1702:
1690:
1677:
1667:, typically
1661:
1644:input/output
1626:
1603:, now often
1597:floppy disks
1594:
1569:synth module
1535:
1513:
1507:and in some
1451:. The first
1415:
1384:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1333:Edward Ryley
1331:
1327:silent piano
1324:
1308:player piano
1301:
1290:
1237:
1230:
1201:
1199:
1175:
1160:grand pianos
1159:
1157:
1112:
1103:sound module
1085:
1077:
1073:
1059:
1030:square piano
1027:
1017:
1003:(1821), and
994:
968:
927:
872:
868:
846:
830:Joseph Haydn
815:
787:
778:
715:
693:Modern piano
684:
665:Anton Walter
646:
638:
619:
588:
575:
570:
566:
558:
540:
506:
502:
490:
482:
478:
476:
440:
399:
372:
348:
337:
308:
306:
297:
270:
147:
132:
126:January 2024
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
43:
36:
5945:Backup band
5870:Power chord
5775:Double bass
5661:Death growl
5643:Human voice
5613:Burton grip
5542:Flatpicking
5537:Fingerstyle
5532:Downpicking
5499:Free bowing
5381:Overblowing
5293:Multiphonic
5253:Double stop
5120:Maintenance
5093:Innovations
5039:Split sharp
5029:Frequencies
4970:Synthesizer
4896:Harpsichord
4834:Instruments
4276:17 November
3801:19 November
3791:"The Piano"
3544:: 118â124.
3319:(1): 1â16.
3156:Early Music
3018:Piano stool
2962:Bandleaders
2948:songwriters
2775:grand piano
2660:Oskar Fried
2613:Franz Liszt
2544:self-taught
2489:temperament
2480:frequencies
2441:piano tuner
2423:piano tuner
2407:Maintenance
2213:equals the
2138:pedal piano
1945:Bösendorfer
1686:Bösendorfer
1585:synthesised
1573:synthesizer
1523:oscillators
1519:synthesizer
1505:jazz fusion
1465:loudspeaker
1441:jazz fusion
1386:Wadia Sabra
1371:pedal piano
1316:Bösendorfer
1268:Specialized
1182:frequencies
1153:White House
1070:lyre pianos
859:. In 1821,
857:Franz Liszt
807:iron frames
519:harpsichord
499:harpsichord
471:harpsichord
459:Middle Ages
447:Pipe organs
430:songwriting
410:traditional
340:grand piano
219:Inventor(s)
208:chordophone
204:314.122-4-8
168:Grand piano
5980:Categories
5892:Figuration
5845:Banjo roll
5810:Pipe organ
5656:Beatboxing
5600:Percussion
5444:Tack piano
5391:Split tone
5361:Embouchure
5288:Intonation
5057:Expression
4926:Reed organ
4921:Pipe organ
4886:Fortepiano
4866:Clavichord
4387:References
3657:27 January
3284:27 January
3036:Chiroplast
3012:Piano trio
2966:conductors
2940:folk music
2900:See also:
2809:Billy Joel
2801:Elton John
2781:rock music
2751:Bill Evans
2747:Bud Powell
2735:Honky-tonk
2701:Jazz piano
2377:fortissimo
2365:pianissimo
2222:times the
2215:wavelength
2142:pedalboard
2136:piano, or
2055:soft pedal
2018:enormous.
2001:soft pedal
1793:soundboard
1748:, such as
1739:Hindenburg
1706:piano wire
1669:hard maple
1565:patch cord
1549:headphones
1531:headphones
1509:rock music
1473:rock music
1449:rock music
1445:funk music
1380:pipe organ
1312:piano roll
959:cast steel
955:Birmingham
934:soundboard
877:Henri Herz
795:piano wire
781:media help
686:fortepiano
604:Fortepiano
571:fortepiano
567:pianoforte
537:in Leipzig
515:pipe organ
511:fortepiano
485:pianoforte
467:clavichord
416:music for
379:fortepiano
359:soundboard
300:media help
287:Played by
96:newspapers
37:Pianoforte
32:Fortepiano
5955:Orchestra
5912:Obbligato
5671:Screaming
5623:Drum roll
5494:Col legno
5482:Pizzicato
5477:Bariolage
5303:Pizzicato
5283:Harmonics
5278:Glissando
5263:Fingering
5088:Acoustics
4876:Claviharp
4159:27 August
4133:27 August
3835:30 August
3558:0072-0127
3436:143443333
3420:0369-7827
3383:9 October
3325:0005-3600
3219:0072-0127
3213:: 7â245.
3192:191481821
3176:0306-1078
2944:composers
2845:John Cage
2841:Modernist
2829:Sotheby's
2825:Tori Amos
2805:Ben Folds
2763:jazz-rock
2759:jazz-funk
2662:, singer
2605:Beethoven
2224:frequency
2152:Mechanics
2100:The rare
2071:sostenuto
2064:una corda
2059:una corda
1989:sostenuto
1985:una corda
1949:Bechstein
1910:Schoenhut
1906:Toy piano
1816:accents.
1814:sforzando
1724:cast iron
1716:Cast iron
1461:amplifier
1422:amplified
1392:in 1920.
1352:minipiano
1302:In 1863,
1293:toy piano
1203:stretched
1190:harmonics
1186:overtones
930:cast iron
889:see below
873:balancier
818:Broadwood
673:concertos
525:Invention
426:composing
402:classical
383:cast iron
229:Developed
5917:Ostinato
5850:Bassline
5840:Arpeggio
5780:Drum kit
5514:Two bows
5509:Spiccato
5396:Tonguing
5371:Growling
5313:Slapping
5308:Position
5298:Phrasing
4975:Virginal
4906:Melodica
4851:Carillon
4846:Calliope
4755:Section
4368:BBC News
4211:18 April
4153:Archived
4127:Archived
4107:21 April
4071:Archived
4040:Archived
4015:22 March
4009:Archived
3967:Archived
3932:Archived
3921:Archived
3829:Archived
3827:. 1990.
3795:Archived
3730:(2001).
3651:Archived
3625:Archived
3484:Archived
3333:41640462
3278:Archived
3227:44083109
2984:See also
2868:MahÄgÄ«ta
2705:ostinato
2601:Schubert
2476:interval
2465:middle C
2323:, where
2301:, ... =
2206:velocity
2134:pedalier
1908:company
1840:basswood
1820:Keyboard
1762:New York
1758:hornbeam
1746:hardwood
1694:Steinway
1665:hardwood
1609:Pianoteq
1511:genres.
1427:(1929),
1357:Pianette
1285:Steinway
1192:) sound
999:(1788),
988:Steinway
963:Viennese
897:Steinway
842:Viennese
744:, on an
657:Augsburg
469:and the
422:ensemble
363:coupling
342:and the
329:musician
212:keyboard
206:(Simple
5877:Comping
5633:Rimshot
5562:Tambour
5547:Picking
5504:Martelé
5424:Luthéal
5333:Vibrato
5328:Tremolo
5248:Damping
5231:General
5103:Aliquot
5067:Sustain
4984:Layouts
4938:Orphica
4856:Celesta
4823:Musical
4097:Fazioli
4077:3 March
3490:5 April
3184:4137311
3030:Agraffe
2889:á
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2884:Burmese
2880:sandaya
2861:Sandaya
2727:Comping
2693:Ragtime
2611:, like
2554:to the
2506:stretch
2449:pitches
2445:in tune
2437:in tune
2353:
2336:
2320:
2303:
2299:
2285:
2281:
2266:
2181:knuckle
2122:Fazioli
2095:Challen
2080:celeste
1863:octaves
1856:Ivorite
1806:plywood
1698:Fazioli
1601:CD ROMs
1583:series
1481:pickups
1398:Hofmann
1257:models.
1216:Upright
1078:pianino
1068:" and "
938:tension
811:octaves
803:casting
799:strings
677:sonatas
591:sustain
563:cypress
437:History
414:popular
391:sustain
351:strings
333:pianist
110:scholar
85:"Piano"
5902:Groove
5524:Guitar
5243:Bowing
5143:Wrench
5138:Tuning
5128:Action
5098:Wiring
5049:Pedals
4965:Spinet
4901:Keytar
4709:
4688:
4669:
4646:
4614:
4595:
4576:
4557:
4536:
4504:
4482:
4460:
4436:
4415:
4301:
4254:
4233:
4181:
3900:
3860:
3710:
3631:6 July
3587:
3566:841758
3564:
3556:
3519:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3400:Osiris
3354:
3331:
3323:
3252:
3225:
3217:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3128:
2833:Yamaha
2773:Yamaha
2711:, and
2635:, and
2597:Mozart
2552:M.Mus.
2548:B.Mus.
2536:by ear
2110:clutch
1966:Pedals
1852:Yamaha
1797:spruce
1770:DuPont
1766:Teflon
1756:, and
1577:pedals
1561:violin
1463:and a
1390:Pleyel
1318:CEUS,
1251:spinet
1125:using
1094:spinet
976:bridge
942:Boston
865:action
849:Pleyel
584:action
555:Medici
507:attack
497:("key
377:, the
368:pedals
355:bridge
317:action
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
39:(film)
5986:Piano
5887:Drone
5860:Chord
5805:Piano
5694:Ătude
5406:Piano
5108:Cross
4943:Piano
4911:Organ
4861:Chime
4723:6 May
3876:p. 65
3562:JSTOR
3432:S2CID
3424:JSTOR
3329:JSTOR
3223:JSTOR
3188:S2CID
3180:JSTOR
3076:Notes
2932:blues
2739:Bebop
2629:Fanny
2621:Clara
2593:Haydn
2587:Many
2455:(see
2375:) to
2146:organ
1848:ivory
1844:ebony
1774:Kawai
1754:beech
1750:maple
1731:Alcoa
1673:beech
1641:SMPTE
1567:to a
1459:, an
1416:With
1194:sharp
1133:Grand
1109:Types
838:fifth
746:Erard
630:organ
547:Padua
503:touch
479:piano
357:to a
311:is a
309:piano
210:with
151:Piano
117:JSTOR
103:books
5927:Vamp
5922:Riff
5897:Fill
5582:Harp
5062:Soft
5021:Keys
4825:and
4725:2020
4707:ISBN
4686:ISBN
4667:ISBN
4644:ISBN
4612:ISBN
4593:ISBN
4574:ISBN
4555:ISBN
4534:ISBN
4502:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4458:ISBN
4434:ISBN
4413:ISBN
4376:2023
4299:ISBN
4278:2014
4252:ISBN
4231:ISBN
4213:2021
4179:ISBN
4161:2010
4135:2010
4109:2008
4079:2015
4048:2018
4017:2015
3927:and
3898:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3837:2010
3803:2014
3776:2018
3708:ISBN
3659:2014
3633:2014
3585:ISBN
3554:ISSN
3517:ISBN
3492:2014
3416:ISSN
3385:2007
3352:ISBN
3321:ISSN
3313:Bach
3286:2014
3250:ISBN
3215:ISSN
3172:ISSN
3126:ISBN
2956:film
2946:and
2936:rock
2928:jazz
2896:Role
2874:and
2847:and
2823:and
2761:and
2745:and
2707:for
2681:pubs
2631:and
2623:and
2603:and
2575:and
2550:and
2502:beat
2484:just
2469:A440
2167:Bach
2132:The
2053:The
1991:and
1941:Bach
1894:to B
1877:to A
1869:to C
1587:the
1503:and
1501:funk
1471:and
1447:and
1369:The
1362:The
1350:The
1291:The
1099:MIDI
1064:", "
991:hole
832:and
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675:and
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420:and
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412:and
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