Hormone replacement therapy

1862:

recovered. Some of their articles in response promoted themes such as the following: "the WHI was flawed; the WHI was a controversial trial; the population studied in the WHI was inappropriate or was not representative of the general population of menopausal women; results of clinical trials should not guide treatment for individuals; observational studies are as good as or better than randomized clinical trials; animal studies can guide clinical decision-making; the risks associated with hormone therapy have been exaggerated; the benefits of hormone therapy have been or will be proven, and the recent studies are an aberration." Similar findings were observed in a 2010 analysis of 114 editorials, reviews, guidelines, and letters by five industry-paid authors. These publications promoted positive themes and challenged and criticized unfavorable trials such as the WHI and MWS. In 2009, Wyeth was acquired by Pfizer in a deal valued at US$ 68 billion. Pfizer, a company that produces Provera and Depo-Provera (MPA) and has also engaged in medical ghostwriting, continues to market Premarin and Prempro, which remain best-selling medications.

739: 269: 380: 626: 822: 1301:. The WHI also found a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer when estrogen and a progestogen were used together, and most importantly, a reduced incidence of bone fractures. Ultimately, the study found disparate results for all cause mortality with HRT, finding it to be lower when HRT was begun during ages 50–59, but higher when begun after age 60. The authors of the study recommended that women with non-surgical menopause take the lowest feasible dose of hormones for the shortest time to minimize risk. 415:

advised. Testosterone patches have been found to restore sexual desire in post menopausal women. There is insufficient data to evaluate the impact of testosterone replacement on heart disease, breast cancer, with most trials having included women taking concomitant estrogen and progesterone and with testosterone therapy itself being relatively short in duration. In the setting of this limited data, testosterone therapy has not been associated with adverse events.

1339:. "A year after the study was stopped in 2002, an article was published indicating that estrogen plus progestin also increases the risks of dementia." The conclusion of the study was that the HRT combination presented risks that outweighed its measured benefits. The results were almost universally reported as risks and problems associated with HRT in general, rather than with Prempro, the specific proprietary combination of CEEs and MPA studied. 1539: 1668:

Estradiol injectables are generally well-tolerated and convenient, requiring infrequent administration. However, this form of estradiol does not release estradiol at a constant rate and there are very high circulating estradiol levels soon after injection followed by a rapid decline in levels. Injections may also be painful. Examples of estradiol injectables that may be used in menopausal hormone therapy include

442:, a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, androgenic, and progestogenic properties that is available in Europe, has the ability to improve mood, libido, and physical symptomatology. In various placebo-controlled studies, improvements in vasomotor symptoms, emotional response, sleep disturbances, physical symptoms, and sexual desire have been seen, though it also carries a similar risk profile to conventional HRT. 1866:

on medical literature." As many as 50% of physicians have expressed skepticism about large trials like the WHI and HERS in a 2011 survey. The positive perceptions of many physicians of HRT in spite of large trials showing risks that potentially outweigh any benefits may be due to the efforts of pharmaceutical companies like Wyeth, according to May and May (2012) and Fugh-Berman (2015).

1072:. Clinical trials have also shown testosterone replacement to be associated with small statistically significant improvements in verbal learning and memory in postmenopausal women. DHEA has not been found to improve cognitive performance after menopause. Pre-clinical studies indicate that endogenous estrogen and testosterone are neuroprotective and can prevent brain amyloid deposition. 902:) is linked to a small risk of breast cancer. This risk is lower for women in their 50s and higher for older women. The risk increases with the duration of HRT. When HRT is taken for a year or less, there is no increased risk of breast cancer. HRT taken for more than 5 years comes with an increased risk but the risk reduces after the therapy is stopped. 1205:, eventually causing sales of Premarin to plummet. It was recognized in the early 1980s that the addition of a progestogen to estrogen reduced this risk to the endometrium. This led to the development of combined estrogen–progestogen therapy, most commonly with a combination of conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin) and medroxyprogesterone (Provera). 1767:, authorizing creation by the FDA of a voluntary registration for facilities that manufactured compounded drugs, and reinforcing FDCA regulations for traditional compounding. The DQSA and its reinforcement of provision §503A of the FDCA solidifies FDA authority to enforce FDCA regulation of against compounders of bioidentical hormone therapy. 1693:(BHT) is the usage of hormones that are chemically identical to those produced in the body. Although proponents of BHT claim advantages over non-bioidentical or conventional hormone therapy, the FDA does not recognize the term 'bioidentical hormone', stating there is no scientific evidence that these hormones are identical to their 1269:, while the other half took a combination of CEEs and MPA (Prempro). This WHI estrogen-plus-progestin trial was stopped prematurely in 2002 because preliminary results suggested risks of combined CEEs and progestins exceeded their benefits. The first report on the halted WHI estrogen-plus-progestin study came out in July 2002. 1261:(DMC) due to perceived health risks, though this occurred a full year after the data suggesting increased risk became manifest. In 2004, the arm of the WHI in which post-hysterectomy patients were being treated with estrogen alone was also closed by the DMC. Clinical medical practice changed based upon two parallel 1316:, while the impact on cardiovascular disease was mixed. These results were later supported in trials from the United Kingdom, but not in more recent studies from France and China. Genetic polymorphism appears to be associated with inter-individual variability in metabolic response to HRT in postmenopausal women. 1858:

efforts to spread the notion that the unique risks of CEEs and MPA were a class effect of all forms of menopausal HRT: "Overall, these data indicate that the benefit/risk analysis that was reported in the Women's Health Initiative can be generalized to all postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy products."

1201:, one of the earlier forms of estrogen to be introduced. From that time until the mid-1970s, estrogen was administered without a supplemental progestogen. Beginning in 1975, studies began to show that without a progestogen, unopposed estrogen therapy with Premarin resulted in an eight-fold increased risk of 1875:

has a potentially higher thrombosis risk and is now not commonly used in the UK, replaced by estradiol based compounds with lower thrombosis risk. Oral progestogen combinations such as medroxyprogesterone acetate have changed to dyhydrogesterone, due to a lack of association of the latter with venous clot.

3612:

Manson, JE; Chlebowski, RT; Stefanick, ML; Aragaki, AK; Rossouw, JE; Prentice, RL; Anderson, G; Howard, BV; Thomson, CA; LaCroix, AZ; Wactawski-Wende, J; Jackson, RD; Limacher, M; Margolis, KL; Wassertheil-Smoller, S; Beresford, SA; Cauley, JA; Eaton, CB; Gass, M; Hsia, J; Johnson, KC; Kooperberg, C;

3075:

989:

mutation carriers, HRT does not appear to impact breast cancer risk. The relative number of women using HRT who also obtain regular screening mammograms is higher than that in women who do not use HRT, a factor which has been suggested as contributing to different breast cancer detection rates in the

932:

The most recent follow up of the Women's Health Initiative participants demonstrated a lower incidence of breast cancer in post-hysterectomy participants taking equine estrogen alone, though the relative risk was increased if estrogen was taken with medroxyprogesterone. Estrogen is usually only given

725:

Studies on cardiovascular disease with testosterone therapy have been mixed, with some suggesting no effect or a mild negative effect, though others have shown an improvement in surrogate markers such as cholesterol, triglycerides and weight. Testosterone has a positive effect on vascular endothelial

1343:

decrease in breast cancer rates has continued in subsequent years. An unknown number of women started taking alternatives to Prempro, such as compounded bioidentical hormones, though researchers have asserted that compounded hormones are not significantly different from conventional hormone therapy.

1067:

With regards to treatment, randomized trials have shown that HRT improves executive and attention processes outside of the context of dementia in postmenopausal women, both in those that are asymptomatic and those with mild cognitive impairment. Estrogen replacement appears to improve motor symptoms

465:

Hormone replacement therapy in the form of estrogen and androgen can be effective at reversing the effects of aging on muscle. Lower testosterone is associated with lower bone density and higher free testosterone is associated with lower hip fracture rates in older women. Testosterone therapy, which

1865:

According to Fugh-Berman (2010), "Today, despite definitive scientific data to the contrary, many gynecologists still believe that the benefits of outweigh the risks in asymptomatic women. This non-evidence–based perception may be the result of decades of carefully orchestrated corporate influence

1857:

for osteoporosis, instructed writers to stress the fact that "alternative therapies have increased in usage since the WHI even though there is little evidence that they are effective or safe...", called into question the quality and therapeutic equivalence of approved generic CEE products, and made

1786:

guideline 1.4.8 states: "consider testosterone supplementation for menopausal women with low sexual desire if HRT alone is not effective". The footnote adds: "at the time of publication (November 2015), testosterone did not have a United Kingdom marketing authorisation for this indication in women.

1358:

Though research thus far has been substantial, further investigation is needed to fully understand differences in effect for different types of HRT and lengths of time since menopause. As of 2023, for example, no trial has studied women who begin taking HRT around age 50 and continue taking it for

1350:

and so received either placebo progestogen or CEEs alone. This group did not show the risks demonstrated in the combination hormone study, and the estrogen-only study was not halted in 2002. However, in February 2004 it, too, was halted. While there was a 23% decreased incidence of breast cancer in

1296:

In 2002 when the first WHI follow up study was published, with HRT in post menopausal women, both older and younger age groups had a slightly higher incidence of breast cancer, and both heart attack and stroke were increased in older patients, although not in younger participants. Breast cancer was

1249:

with HRT in women over 65, though at younger ages it appears to be neuroprotective. After the cessation of HRT, the WHI continued to observe its participants, and found that most of these risks and benefits dissipated, though some elevation in breast cancer risk did persist. Other studies have also

1990:

Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin SP, Archer DF, Boyd N, Braunstein GD, Burger HG, Colditz GA, Davis SR, Gambacciani M, Gower BA, Henderson VW, Jarjour WN, Karas RH, Kleerekoper M, Lobo RA, Manson JE, Marsden J, Martin KA, Martin L, Pinkerton JV, Rubinow DR, Teede H, Thiboutot DM, Utian WH (July 2010).

1874:

The 1990s showed a dramatic decline in prescription rates, though more recently they have begun to rise again. Transdermal therapy, in part due to its lack of increase in venous thromboembolism, is now often the first choice for HRT in the United Kingdom. Conjugate equine estrogen, in distinction,

1708:

preparations, with the latter generally not recommended by regulatory bodies due to their lack of standardization and regulatory oversight. Most classifications of bioidentical hormones do not take into account manufacturing, source, or delivery method of the products, and so describe both non-FDA

766:

may vary with different estrogen and progestogen therapies, and with different doses or method of use. Comparisons between routes of administration suggest that when estrogens are applied to the skin or vagina, there is a lower risk of blood clots, whereas when used orally, the risk of blood clots

414:

A global consensus position statement has advised that postmenopausal testosterone replacement to premenopausal levels can be effective for HSDD. Safety information for testosterone treatment is not available beyond two years of continuous therapy however and dosing above physiologic levels is not

387:

HRT can help with the lack of sexual desire and sexual dysfunction that can occur with menopause. Epidemiological surveys of women between 40 and 69 years suggest that 75% of women remain sexually active after menopause. With increasing life spans, women today are living one third or more of their

5037:

Anderson, G. L.; Limacher, M.; Assaf, A. R.; Bassford, T.; Beresford, S. A.; Black, H.; Bonds, D.; Brunner, R.; Brzyski, R.; Caan, B.; Chlebowski, R.; Curb, D.; Gass, M.; Hays, J.; Heiss, G.; Hendrix, S.; Howard, B. V.; Hsia, J.; Hubbell, A.; Jackson, R.; Johnson, K. C.; Judd, H.; Kotchen, J. M.;

1836:

These favorable publications emphasized the benefits and downplayed the risks of its HRT products, especially the "misconception" of the association of its products with breast cancer. The publications defended unsupported cardiovascular "benefits" of its products, downplayed risks such as breast

1529:

Dosage is often varied cyclically to more closely mimic the ovarian hormone cycle, with estrogens taken daily and progestogens taken for about two weeks every month or every other month, a schedule referred to as 'cyclic' or 'sequentially combined'. Alternatively, 'continuous combined' HRT can be

1342:

After the increased clotting found in the first WHI results was reported in 2002, the number of Prempro prescriptions filled reduced by almost half. Following the WHI results, a large percentage of HRT users opted out of them, which was quickly followed by a sharp drop in breast cancer rates. The

786:

While a 2018 review found that taking progesterone and estrogen together can decrease this risk, other reviews reported an increased risk of blood clots and pulmonary embolism when estrogen and progestogen were combined, particularly when treatment was started 10 years or more after menopause and

637:

The effect of HRT in menopause appears to be divergent, with lower risk of heart disease when started within five years, but no impact after ten. For women who are in early menopause and have no issues with their cardiovascular health, HRT comes with a low risk of adverse cardiovascular events.

244:

resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity, defined as beginning twelve months after the final natural menstrual cycle. This twelve month time point divides menopause into early and late transition periods known as 'perimenopause' and 'postmenopause'. Premature menopause can occur if the

6892:

Anderson, G. L.; Chlebowski, R. T.; Rossouw, J. E.; Rodabough, R. J.; McTiernan, A.; Margolis, K. L.; Aggerwal, A.; David Curb, J. D.; Hendrix, S. L.; Allan Hubbell, F. A.; Khandekar, J.; Lane, D. S.; Lasser, N.; Lopez, A. M.; Potter, J.; Ritenbaugh, C. (2006). "Prior hormone therapy and breast

1861:

Following the publication of the WHI data in 2002, the stock prices for the pharmaceutical industry plummeted, and huge numbers of women stopped using HRT. The stocks of Wyeth, which supplied the Premarin and Prempro that were used in the WHI trials, decreased by more than 50%, and never fully

1832:

to promote unproven benefits of its HRT products, downplay their harms and risks, and cast competing therapies in a negative light. Starting in the mid-1990s and continuing for over a decade, Wyeth pursued an aggressive "publication plan" strategy to promote its HRT products through the use of

1667:

Injectable forms of estradiol exist and have been used occasionally in the past. However, they are rarely used in menopausal hormone therapy in modern times and are no longer recommended. Instead, other non-oral forms of estradiol such as transdermal estradiol are recommended and may be used.

803:

risk was increased during the time of intervention in the WHI, with no significant effect after the cessation of therapy and no difference in mortality at long term follow up. When oral synthetic estrogen or combined estrogen-progestogen treatment is delayed until five years from menopause,

1063:

For prevention, the WHI suggested that HRT may increase risk of dementia if initiated after 65 years of age, but have a neutral outcome or be neuroprotective for those between 50 and 55 years. Other studies in perimenopause have shown HRT to be consistently associated with a lower risk of

1297:

increased in women treated with estrogen and a progestin, but not with estrogen and progesterone or estrogen alone. Treatment with unopposed estrogen (i.e., an estrogen alone without a progestogen) is contraindicated if the uterus is still present, due to its proliferative effect on the

3711:

Manson, JE; Aragaki, AK; Rossouw, JE; Anderson, GL; Prentice, RL; LaCroix, AZ; Chlebowski, RT; Howard, BV; Thomson, CA; Margolis, KL; Lewis, CE; Stefanick, ML; Jackson, RD; Johnson, KC; Martin, LW; Shumaker, SA; Espeland, MA; Wactawski-Wende, J; WHI, Investigators. (12 September 2017).

2210:

840:

Endometrial cancer has been grouped into two forms in the context of hormone replacement. Type 1 is the most common, can be associated with estrogen therapy, and is usually low grade. Type 2 is not related to estrogen stimulation and usually higher grade and poorer in prognosis. The

1285:. At the time, The WHI recommended that women with non-surgical menopause take the lowest feasible dose of HRT for the shortest possible time to minimize associated risks. Some of the WHI findings were again found in a larger national study done in the United Kingdom, known as the 812:

and ischemic stroke. Another large cohort of Danish women suggested that the specific route of administration was important, finding that although oral estrogen increased risk of stroke, absorption through the skin had no impact, and vaginal estrogen actually had a decreased risk.

1506:

but less effective than combination hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. It may have a decreased risk of breast and colorectal cancer, though conversely it can be associated with vaginal bleeding, endometrial cancer, and increase the risk of stroke in women over age 60 years.

1005:, with women using HRT having about one additional case of ovarian cancer per 1,000 users. This risk is decreased when progestogen therapy is given concomitantly, as opposed to estrogen alone, and also decreases with increasing time since stopping HRT. Regarding the specific 980:

for local symptoms. Observational studies of systemic HRT after breast cancer are generally reassuring. If HRT is necessary after breast cancer, estrogen-only therapy or estrogen therapy with a progestogen may be safer options than combined systemic therapy. In women who are

7341:

Cummings, SR; Ettinger, B; Delmas, PD; Kenemans, P; Stathopoulos, V; Verweij, P; Mol-Arts, M; Kloosterboer, L; Mosca, L; Christiansen, C; Bilezikian, J; Kerzberg, EM; Johnson, S; Zanchetta, J; Grobbee, DE; Seifert, W; Eastell, R; LIFT Trial, Investigators. (14 August 2008).

5859:

Nicoletti, A; Nicoletti, G; Arabia, G; Annesi, G; De Mari, M; Lamberti, P; Grasso, L; Marconi, R; Epifanio, A; Morgante, L; Cozzolino, A; Barone, P; Quattrone, A; Zappia, M (December 2011). "Reproductive factors and Parkinson's disease: a multicenter case-control study".

7765:

Not recommended. Depot estrogen—Estrogen is also available in some, but not all, countries as long-acting (three to four weeks) injections of either estradiol cypionate or estradiol valerate. Given the other effective estrogen options, we do not use this approach (table

1054:

There appears to be a significantly decreased risk of cervical squamous cell cancer in post menopausal women treated with HRT and a weak increase in adenocarcinoma. No studies have reported an increased risk of recurrence when HRT is used with cervical cancer survivors.

1718:

and form the basis of most clinical trials. Some practitioners recommending compounded bioidentical HRT also use salivary or serum hormonal testing to monitor response to therapy, a practice not endorsed by current clinical guidelines in the United States and Europe.

1713:

endorsing the distinction between "compounded" forms (cBHRT), described as unregulated, custom made by specialty pharmacies and subject to heavy marketing and "regulated" pharmaceutical grade forms (rBHRT), which undergo formal oversight by entities such as the

1676:. In terms of injectable progestogens, injectable progesterone is associated with pain and injection site reactions as well as a short duration of action requiring very frequent injections, and is similarly not recommended in menopausal hormone therapy. 10544: 940:(BMIs). No breast cancer association has been found with BMIs of over 25. It has been suggested by some that the absence of significant effect in some of these studies could be due to selective prescription to overweight women who have higher baseline 6219:

Diamanti-Kandarakis, E; Dattilo, M; Macut, D; Duntas, L; Gonos, ES; Goulis, DG; Gantenbein, CK; Kapetanou, M; Koukkou, E; Lambrinoudaki, I; Michalaki, M; Eftekhari-Nader, S; Pasquali, R; Peppa, M; Tzanela, M; Vassilatou, E; Vryonidou, A (June 2017).

1064:

Alzheimer's. With Parkinson's the majority of clinical and epidemiological studies show have demonstrated either no association or inconclusive results. A Danish study suggested an increased risk of Parkinson's with HRT in cyclical dosing schedules.

148:

and risks of coronary disease, osteoporosis, and dementia; after 10 years the beneficial effects on mortality and coronary heart disease are no longer apparent, though there are decreased risks of hip and vertebral fractures and an increased risk of

5374:

Gordhandas, S; Norquist, BM; Pennington, KP; Yung, RL; Laya, MB; Swisher, EM (April 2019). "Hormone replacement therapy after risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations; a systematic review of risks and benefits".

1272:

Initial data from the WHI in 2002 suggested mortality to be lower when HRT was begun earlier, between age 50 to 59, but higher when begun after age 60. In older patients, there was an apparent increased incidence of breast cancer, heart attacks,

1722:

Bioidentical hormones in pharmaceuticals may have very limited clinical data, with no randomized controlled prospective trials to date comparing them to their animal derived counterparts. Some pre-clinical data has suggested a decreased risk of

437:

The effectiveness of hormone replacement can decline in some women after long-term use. A number of studies have also found that the combined effects of estrogen/androgen replacement therapy can increase libido and arousal over estrogen alone.

3309:

Deleruyelle, LJ (2017). "Menopausal Symptom Relief and Side Effects Experienced by Women Using Compounded Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy and Synthetic Conjugated Equine Estrogen and/or Progestin Hormone Replacement Therapy, Part 3".

1658:

More recently developed forms of drug delivery are alleged to have increased local effect lower dosing, fewer side effects, and constant rather than cyclical serum hormone levels. Transdermal and vaginal estrogen, in particular, avoid

411:(A and B) also occur. Testosterone is present in women at a lower level than men, peaking at age 30 and declining gradually with age; there is less variation during the menopausal transition relative to estrogen and progesterone. 156:"Bioidentical" hormone replacement is a development in the 21st century and uses manufactured compounds with "exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body." These are mainly 4987:

Chlebowski, RT; Anderson, GL; Aragaki, AK; Manson, JE; Stefanick, ML; Pan, K; Barrington, W; Kuller, LH; Simon, MS; Lane, D; Johnson, KC; Rohan, TE; Gass, MLS; Cauley, JA; Paskett, ED; Sattari, M; Prentice, RL (28 July 2020).

1663:

through the liver. This in turn prevents an increase in clotting factors and accumulation of anti-estrogenic metabolites, resulting in fewer adverse side effects, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease and stroke.

1217:, placebo-controlled clinical trials of HRT in healthy women. Their results were both positive and negative, suggesting that during the time of hormone therapy itself, there are increases in invasive breast cancer, stroke and 1265:(WHI) studies of HRT. Prior studies were smaller, and many were of women who electively took hormonal therapy. One portion of the parallel studies followed over 16,000 women for an average of 5.2 years, half of whom took 1763:(FDCA), but they have encountered obstacles in this role since that time. After 64 patient deaths and 750 harmed patients from a 2012 meningitis outbreak due to contaminated steroid injections, Congress passed the 2013 798:

Multiple studies suggest that the possibility of HRT related stroke is absent if therapy is started within five years of menopause, and that the association is absent or even preventive when given by non-oral routes.

718:. Atherosclerosis imaging trials show that HRT decreases the formation of new vascular lesions, but does not reverse the progression of existing lesions. HRT also results in a large reduction in the pro-thrombotic 1354:

Several other large studies and meta-analyses have reported reduced mortality for HRT in women younger than age 60 or within 10 years of menopause, and a debatable or absent effect on mortality in women over 60.

6829:

Many women seeking natural remedies have turned to compounding pharmacies, which use bioidentical hormones that are chemically synthesized but with the same molecular structure as hormones produced by a woman's

6140:

Schmidt R, Fazekas F, Reinhart B, Kapeller P, Fazekas G, Offenbacher H, Eber B, Schumacher M, Freidl W (November 1996). "Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: a neuropsychological and brain MRI study".

1530:

given with a constant daily hormonal dosage. Continuous combined HRT is associated with less complex endometrial hyerplasia than cyclic. Impact on breast density appears to be similar in both regimen timings.

6688:

Darabi M, Ani M, Panjehpour M, Rabbani M, Movahedian A, Zarean E (2011). "Effect of estrogen receptor β A1730G polymorphism on ABCA1 gene expression response to postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy".

726:

function and tone with observational studies suggesting that women with lower testosterone may be at greater risk for heart disease. Available studies are limited by small sample size and study design. Low

4280:

Carrasquilla GD, Frumento P, Berglund A, Borgfeldt C, Bottai M, Chiavenna C, Eliasson M, Engström G, Hallmans G, Jansson JH, Magnusson PK, Nilsson PM, Pedersen NL, Wolk A, Leander K (November 2017).

2156:

Ziaei S., Moghasemi M., Faghihzadeh S. (2010). "Comparative effects of conventional hormone replacement therapy and tibolone on climacteric symptoms and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women".

5721:

Vargiu, V; Amar, ID; Rosati, A; Dinoi, G; Turco, LC; Capozzi, VA; Scambia, G; Villa, P (25 November 2020). "Hormone replacement therapy and cervical cancer: a systematic review of the literature".

1833:

ghostwritten publications. It worked mainly with DesignWrite, a medical writing firm. Between 1998 and 2005, Wyeth had 26 papers promoting its HRT products published in scientific journals.

657:. Those starting therapy more than 10 years after menopause showed little effect on mortality and coronary heart disease, but an increased risk of stroke. Both therapies had an association with 5364:, from The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. College Statement C-Gyn 15. 1st Endorsed: February 2003. Current: November 2011. Review: November 2014 6930:"Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group" 1821:

involving Wyeth resulted in the release of 1,500 documents that revealed practices concerning its promotion of these medications. The documents showed that Wyeth commissioned dozens of

7778:

Unfer V, Casini ML, Marelli G, Costabile L, Gerli S, Di Renzo GC (August 2005). "Different routes of progesterone administration and polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of the literature".

4331:

Chlebowski, RT; Anderson, GL; Sarto, GE; Haque, R; Runowicz, CD; Aragaki, AK; Thomson, CA; Howard, BV; Wactawski-Wende, J; Chen, C; Rohan, TE; Simon, MS; Reed, SD; Manson, JE (March 2016).

3464:

Hodis, HN; Mack, WJ; Henderson, VW; Shoupe, D; Budoff, MJ; Hwang-Levine, J; Li, Y; Feng, M; Dustin, L; Kono, N; Stanczyk, FZ; Selzer, RH; Azen, SP; ELITE Research, Group. (31 March 2016).

109:

into a drug that is used in menopausal hormone therapy. Although both classes of hormones can have symptomatic benefit, progestogen is specifically added to estrogen regimens, unless the

6038:

Yoon, BK; Chin, J; Kim, JW; Shin, MH; Ahn, S; Lee, DY; Seo, SW; Na, DL (August 2018). "Menopausal hormone therapy and mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial".

3761:

Darabi, M.; Rabbani, M.; Ani, M.; Zarean, E.; Panjehpour, M.; Movahedian, A. (2011). "Increased leukocyte ABCA1 gene expression in post-menopausal women on hormone replacement therapy".

221:

stated that when taken during perimenopause or the initial years of menopause, HRT carries fewer risks than previously published, and reduces all cause mortality in most scenarios. The

947:

Evaluating the response of breast tissue density to HRT using mammography appears to help assessing the degree of breast cancer risk associated with therapy; women with dense or mixed-

168:

preparations, with the latter generally not recommended by regulatory bodies due to their lack of standardization and formal oversight. Bioidentical hormone replacement has inadequate

957:

progesterone does not appear to be associated with breast cancer risk when used for less than five years with limited data suggesting an increased risk when used for longer duration.

1046:

or distant sites than colorectal cancer in women not taking hormones. In colorectal cancer survivors, usage of HRT is thought to lead to lower recurrence risk and overall mortality.

426:

appears to be the most responsive component to estrogen. It also has been shown to have positive effects on the urinary tract. Estrogen can also reduce vaginal atrophy and increase

144:(WHI) is an ongoing study of over 27,000 women that began in 1991, with the most recent analyses suggesting that, when initiated within 10 years of menopause, HRT reduces all-cause 2861:

Sarrel, P.M. (2000). Effects of hormone replacement therapy on sexual psychophysiology and behavior in postmenopause. Journal of Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, 9, 25–32

3125:

Zhu, L; Jiang, X; Sun, Y; Shu, W (April 2016). "Effect of hormone therapy on the risk of bone fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

2593: 1372: 993:

With androgen therapy, pre-clinical studies have suggested an inhibitory effect on breast tissue though the majority of epidemiological studies suggest a positive association.

4990:"Association of Menopausal Hormone Therapy With Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality During Long-term Follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials" 6857:

Salpeter, S. R.; Cheng, J.; Thabane, L.; Buckley, N. S.; Salpeter, E. E. (2009). "Bayesian Meta-analysis of Hormone Therapy and Mortality in Younger Postmenopausal Women".

6184:

Parkinson Study Group POETRY, Investigators. (December 2011). "A randomized pilot trial of estrogen replacement therapy in post-menopausal women with Parkinson's disease".

6003:

Rugbjerg, K; Christensen, J; Tjønneland, A; Olsen, JH (April 2013). "Exposure to estrogen and women's risk for Parkinson's disease: a prospective cohort study in Denmark".

638:

There may be an increase in heart disease if HRT is given twenty years post-menopause. This variability has led some reviews to suggest an absence of significant effect on

206:

Approved uses of HRT in the United States include short-term treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal atrophy, and prevention of osteoporosis. The

9786: 6455: 399:(HSDD); its signs and symptoms can both be improved by HRT. Several hormonal changes take place during this period, including a decrease in estrogen and an increase in 3513:

Writing Group on Behalf of Workshop Consensus (October 2009). "Aging, menopause, cardiovascular disease and HRT. International Menopause Society Consensus Statement".

4846:"Conjugated equine estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate are associated with decreased risk of breast cancer relative to bioidentical hormone therapy and controls" 260:

Demographically, the vast majority of data available is in postmenopausal American women with concurrent pre-existing conditions and an average age of over 60 years.

7112:

Harman SM, Brinton EA, Cedars M, Lobo R, Manson JE, Merriam GR, Miller VM, Naftolin F, Santoro N (March 2005). "KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study".

7018:

Grodstein, F.; Stampfer, M. J.; Colditz, G. A.; Willett, W. C.; Manson, J. E.; Joffe, M.; Rosner, B.; Fuchs, C.; Hankinson, S. E.; Hunter, D. J.; Hennekens, C. H.;

6620:"Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: A systematic review to update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations" 3904:

Spoletini, I; Vitale, C; Pelliccia, F; Fossati, C; Rosano, GM (December 2014). "Androgens and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: a systematic review".

7442:

North American Menopause, Society. (2005). "The role of testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society".

1517:

and dryness, with fewer systemic effects than estrogens delivered by other routes. Sometimes an androgen, generally testosterone, can be added to treat diminished

1351:

the estrogen-only study participants, risks of stroke and pulmonary embolism were increased slightly, predominantly in patients who began HRT over the age of 60.

6490:"Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial" 929:

as of 2018. The relative risk of breast cancer also varies depending on the interval between menopause and HRT and route of synthetic progestin administration.

871:

Androgens do not stimulate endometrial proliferation in post menopausal women, and appear to inhibit the proliferation induced by estrogen to a certain extent.

8328:

Davies, M; Hamoda, H; British Menopause Society Medical Advisory, Council. (11 February 2019). "Hormone replacement therapy: changes in prescribing practice".

1389:. Estrogens and progestogens are the two most often used in menopause. They are available in a wide variety of FDA approved and non–FDA-approved formulations. 1396:, estrogens are almost always given in combination with progestogens, as long-term unopposed estrogen therapy is associated with a markedly increased risk of 10392: 8794: 5648: 3615:"Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials" 3078:"Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials" 5357: 1755:

Compounding for HRT is generally discouraged by the FDA and medical industry in the United States due to a lack of regulation and standardized dosing. The

2540: 4183:

Olié, V. R.; Canonico, M.; Scarabin, P. Y. (2010). "Risk of venous thrombosis with oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy among postmenopausal women".

4054:

Scarabin, P.-Y. (August 2018). "Progestogens and venous thromboembolism in menopausal women: an updated oral versus transdermal estrogen meta-analysis".

1771: 11479: 3613:

Kuller, LH; Lewis, CE; Liu, S; Martin, LW; Ockene, JK; O'Sullivan, MJ; Powell, LH; Simon, MS; Van Horn, L; Vitolins, MZ; Wallace, RB (2 October 2013).

3076:

Kuller, LH; Lewis, CE; Liu, S; Martin, LW; Ockene, JK; O'Sullivan, MJ; Powell, LH; Simon, MS; Van Horn, L; Vitolins, MZ; Wallace, RB (2 October 2013).

7284:

Formoso, G; Perrone, E; Maltoni, S; Balduzzi, S; Wilkinson, J; Basevi, V; Marata, AM; Magrini, N; D'Amico, R; Bassi, C; Maestri, E (12 October 2016).

4580:"Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence" 6456:

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; World Health Organization; International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007).

1783: 222: 1778:

regulates compounding performed within a pharmacy. All testosterone prescribed in the United Kingdom is bioidentical, with its use supported by the

2191: 5562:

Shi, LF; Wu, Y; Li, CY (April 2016). "Hormone therapy and risk of ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1293:(USPSTF) concluded that the harmful effects of combined estrogen and progestin therapy likely exceeded their chronic disease prevention benefits. 9779: 6083:"Prospective randomized trial to assess effects of continuing hormone therapy on cerebral function in postmenopausal women at risk for dementia" 3947:

Davis, SR; Baber, R; Panay, N; Bitzer, J; Perez, SC; Islam, RM; Kaunitz, AM; Kingsberg, SA; Lambrinoudaki, I; Liu, J; Parish, SJ; Pinkerton, J;

3853:

Gregersen, I; Høibraaten, E; Holven, KB; Løvdahl, L; Ueland, T; Mowinckel, MC; Dahl, TB; Aukrust, P; Halvorsen, B; Sandset, PM (December 2019).

2954:

Davis, SR; Baber, R; Panay, N; Bitzer, J; Perez, SC; Islam, RM; Kaunitz, AM; Kingsberg, SA; Lambrinoudaki, I; Liu, J; Parish, SJ; Pinkerton, J;

210:(ACOG) approves of HRT for symptomatic relief of menopausal symptoms, and advocates its use beyond the age of 65 in appropriate scenarios. The 207: 5040:"Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women with Hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial" 874:

There is insufficient high‐quality evidence to inform women considering hormone replacement therapy after treatment for endometrial cancer.

7828: 6586:"Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 3216:"Benefits of estrogen replacement for skeletal muscle mass and function in post-menopausal females: evidence from human and animal studies" 3005: 2481: 5121:"Association between hormone replacement therapy use and breast cancer risk varies by race/ethnicity, body mass index, and breast density" 140:

exposure to hormones, and there can be large differences in individual regimens, factors which have made analyzing effects difficult. The

6494: 1069: 6820: 11438: 10244: 9772: 9748: 9330: 4709: 4630: 1025:. Hormonal therapy in ovarian cancer survivors after surgical removal of the ovaries is generally thought to improval survival rates. 10385: 10344: 8787: 3806:"Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Reduction of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease: It Is About Time and Timing" 1744: 418:

Not all women are responsive, especially those with preexisting sexual difficulties. Estrogen replacement can restore vaginal cells,

960:

For women who previously have had breast cancer, it is recommended to first consider other options for menopausal effects, such as

8253:"Knowledge, perceptions and information about hormone therapy (HT) among menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-synthesis" 7850:

Panay, N; Medical Advisory Council of the British Menopause, Society. (June 2019). "BMS – Consensus statement: Bioidentical HRT".

7607:

Beck, KL; Anderson, MC; Kirk, JK (August 2017). "Transdermal estrogens in the changing landscape of hormone replacement therapy".

7569:

Junkermann, H; von Holst, T; Lang, E; Rakov, V (14 February 2005). "Influence of different HRT regimens on mammographic density".

6421:

Fugh-Berman, Adriane (2015). "The Science of Marketing: How Pharmaceutical Companies Manipulated Medical Discourse on Menopause".

4740:"Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases" 4661:"Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases" 4380:

Archer, DF (2001). "The effect of the duration of progestin use on the occurrence of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women".

4108:

Boardman, HM; Hartley, L; Eisinga, A; Main, C; Roqué i Figuls, M; Bonfill Cosp, X; Gabriel Sanchez, R; Knight, B (10 March 2015).

3714:"Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials" 3389:

Boardman, HM; Hartley, L; Eisinga, A; Main, C; Roqué i Figuls, M; Bonfill Cosp, X; Gabriel Sanchez, R; Knight, B (10 March 2015).

2213:"Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials" 8482: 933:

alone in the setting of a hysterectomy due to the increased risk of vaginal bleeding and uterine cancer with unopposed estrogen.

5672:"Association of hormone replacement therapy with mortality in colorectal cancer survivor: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 9321: 790:

The risk of venous thromboembolism may be reduced with bioidentical preparations, though research on this is only preliminary.

11428: 11395: 10311: 9738: 9705: 8535: 8144: 7928:

Simon JA (July 2014). "What if the Women's Health Initiative had used transdermal estradiol and oral progesterone instead?".

6672: 6467: 5081:"Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy" 4486: 965: 10564: 4797:"Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: Results from the E3N cohort study" 2914:

Gonzalez, M.; Viagara, G.; Caba, F.; Molina, E. (2004). "Sexual function, menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT)".

1709:

approved compounded products and FDA approved pharmaceuticals as 'bioidentical'. The British Menopause Society has issued a

11433: 10378: 10354: 10349: 9743: 9144: 8780: 5257:

Azam, S; Lange, T; Huynh, S; Aro, AR; von Euler-Chelpin, M; Vejborg, I; Tjønneland, A; Lynge, E; Andersen, ZJ (June 2018).

1760: 5420:"Self-selection for mammography screening according to use of hormone replacement therapy: A systematic literature review" 11443: 10653: 8419: 7156: 1290: 7235:"Role of androgens, progestins and tibolone in the treatment of menopausal symptoms: a review of the clinical evidence" 403:. For most women, the majority of change occurs during the late perimenopausal and postmenopausal stages. Decreases in 5354: 11484: 10512: 9530: 8859: 8660: 8487: 7705:

Kuhl H (August 2005). "Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration".

6801: 396: 8136:

Case Studies in Organizational Communication: Ethical Perspectives and Practices: Ethical Perspectives and Practices

7976:"Update on medical and regulatory issues pertaining to compounded and FDA-approved drugs, including hormone therapy" 5510:"Menopausal hormone use and ovarian cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of 52 epidemiological studies" 4333:"Continuous Combined Estrogen Plus Progestin and Endometrial Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial" 1697:

occurring counterparts. There are, however, FDA approved products containing hormones classified as 'bioidentical'.

944:, or to the very low progesterone serum levels after oral administration leading to a high tumor inactivation rate. 837:

incidence. The duration of progestogen therapy should be at least 14 days per cycle to prevent endometrial disease.

11412: 10718: 10698: 10619: 10328: 9722: 9534: 8871: 4282:"Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of stroke: A pooled analysis of data from population-based cohort studies" 1894: 1732: 211: 22: 11290: 9176: 8945: 7403:

Somboonporn, W; Davis, S; Seif, MW; Bell, R (19 October 2005). "Testosterone for peri- and postmenopausal women".

2871:

Miller M.M.; Franklin K.B.J. (1999). "Theoretical basis for the benefit of postmenopausal estrogen substitution".

857:

in the 1970s is thought to have resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of type 1 endometrial cancer.

11469: 10673: 10418: 10196: 1740: 9021: 8997: 7824: 7749: 5954:"Hormone replacement therapy and Parkinson's disease risk in women: a meta-analysis of 14 observational studies" 1787:

Bioidentical progesterone is used in IVF treatment and for pregnant women who are at risk of premature labour."

10909: 10359: 9929: 9255: 5903:

Noyce, AJ; Bestwick, JP; Silveira-Moriyama, L; Hawkes, CH; Giovannoni, G; Lees, AJ; Schrag, A (December 2012).

2544: 1775: 898:, comes with an extremely low level of breast cancer risk. The most commonly taken combined HRT (oestrogen and 890:. The level of risk also depends on the type of HRT, the duration of the treatment and the age of the person. 214:(NAMS) 2016 annual meeting mentioned that HRT may have more benefits than risks in women before the age of 60. 11464: 11171: 10983: 8457: 8452: 2771:

Raine-Fenning NJ, Brincat MP, Muscat-Baron Y (2003). "Skin aging and menopause: implications for treatment".

2419: 1764: 708: 746:; oral estrogen is associated with increased risk of venous blood clots due to increased liver formation of 11340: 10932: 9924: 9639: 9272: 9026: 8756: 8550: 2040:

Shuster, Lynne T.; Rhodes, Deborah J.; Gostout, Bobbie S.; Grossardt, Brandon R.; Rocca, Walter A. (2010).

1884: 1715: 1690: 1685: 1262: 1257:

The arm of the WHI receiving combined estrogen and progestin therapy was closed prematurely in 2002 by its

1014: 926: 868:

can be performed before beginning HRT to make sure there are no underlying uterine or endometrial lesions.

727: 404: 400: 374: 176: 141: 6359:

MacLennan, AH (August 2011). "HRT in difficult circumstances: are there any absolute contraindications?".

1068:

and activities of daily living in post menopausal women with Parkinson's, with significant improvement of

730:, which occurs with menopause, is associated with increased body mass index and risk for type 2 diabetes. 11348: 10873: 10627: 10452: 9934: 9919: 9894: 9753: 9643: 8625: 8530: 3171:

Studd J (March 2010). "Ten reasons to be happy about hormone replacement therapy: a guide for patients".

1460: 1289:(MWS). As a result of these findings, the number of women taking HRT dropped precipitously. In 2012, the 395:

Decreased libido and sexual dysfunction are common issues in postmenopausal women, an entity referred to

113:

has been removed, to avoid the increased risk of endometrial cancer. Unopposed estrogen therapy promotes

5157:"Hormone Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer: Heterogeneous Risks by Race, Weight, and Breast Density" 11298: 10532: 9043: 8645: 8520: 8497: 8477: 1571: 1547: 1408:

or do not have a uterus, a progestogen is not required, and estrogen can be used alone. There are many

1214: 969: 536: 8374: 3338: 11113: 10507: 10482: 9841: 8855: 6658: 3662:

Saeaib, N; Peeyananjarassri, K; Liabsuetrakul, T; Buhachat, R; Myriokefalitaki, E (28 January 2020).

1644: 1636: 1477: 1452: 1258: 126: 11124: 5214:

Kuhl, H.; Schneider, H. P. G. (2013). "Progesterone – promoter or inhibitor of breast cancer".

2692:

Marjoribanks, Jane; Farquhar, Cindy; Roberts, Helen; Lethaby, Anne; Lee, Jasmine (17 January 2017).

1213:

The Women's Health Initiative trials were conducted between 1991 and 2006 and were the first large,

10703: 10528: 10094: 9807: 9795: 9050: 8630: 8600: 8545: 1551: 1320: 910: 906: 899: 767:

and pulmonary embolism is increased. Skin and vaginal routes of hormone therapy are not subject to

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can be used for decreased sexual function, can also increase bone mineral density and muscle mass.

130: 8031: 7393:

from Mayo Clinic / Thomson Healthcare Inc. Portions of this document last updated: 1 November 2011

7180:

No research has yet followed women who start in their 50s and stay on continuously into their 60s.

5038:

Kuller, L.; Lacroix, A. Z.; Lane, D.; Langer, R. D.; Lasser, N.; Lewis, C. E.; Manson, J. (2004).

1747:

endorsed the reduced risk of bioidentical pharmaceuticals for those with increased clotting risk.

422:

levels, and blood flow to the vagina, all of which tend to deteriorate at the onset of menopause.

388:

lives in a postmenopausal state, a period during which healthy sexuality can be integral to their

21:

This article is about hormone replacement therapy in menopause. For transgender applications, see

11400: 10574: 10524: 10316: 9710: 9215: 9193: 8977: 8973: 8710: 8620: 8412: 8310: 6928:

Hulley, S.; Grady, D.; Bush, T.; Furberg, C.; Herrington, D.; Riggs, B.; Vittinghoff, E. (1998).

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Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy

4543:"Endometrial cancer risk was lower in women who used continuous combined HRT than in non-users". 4476: 1779: 1601: 1397: 1106: 842: 673: 338: 329: 114: 5507: 2512: 1931:

Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, Lumsden MA, Murad MH, Pinkerton JV, Santen RJ (November 2015).

1759:

did grant the FDA explicit but limited oversight of compounded drugs in a 1997 amendment to the

10708: 10614: 10520: 10516: 10457: 10089: 9949: 9879: 9210: 8987: 8940: 8700: 8690: 8595: 8580: 8525: 8447: 8386: 6664: 4905:"Breast cancer risk in relation to the interval between menopause and starting hormone therapy" 4430:"Progesterone action in endometrial cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer" 1842: 1814: 1728: 1724: 1605: 1588: 1502:– a synthetic medication available in Europe but not the United States– is more effective than 1481: 1427: 1324: 1022: 650: 8134: 6457: 2642:"Executive Summary: Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement" 2480:

Cobin, RH; Goodman, NF; AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific, Committee. (1 July 2017).

1038:

In the WHI, women who took combined estrogen-progesterone therapy had a lower risk of getting

738: 11332: 10993: 10272: 9959: 9889: 9822: 9627: 9011: 9005: 8935: 8905: 8815: 8803: 8736: 8615: 8467: 7390: 2185: 1660: 1648: 1640: 1419: 1010: 768: 649:

suggested that women starting HRT less than 10 years after menopause had lower mortality and

218: 94: 6782: 6636: 6619: 3855:"Effect of hormone replacement therapy on atherogenic lipid profile in postmenopausal women" 2316:"Risk of Stroke With Various Types of Menopausal Hormone Therapies: A National Cohort Study" 11344: 11152: 11043: 10638: 10623: 10599: 10492: 10477: 10129: 9991: 9944: 9914: 9635: 9132: 9080: 9016: 8992: 8965: 8930: 8915: 8751: 8746: 8731: 8726: 8685: 8665: 8585: 8575: 8570: 8264: 8165:"An update on hormone therapy in postmenopausal women: mini-review for the basic scientist" 6893:

cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin".

6585: 6094: 5259:"Hormone replacement therapy, mammographic density, and breast cancer risk: a cohort study" 4857: 1622: 1609: 1493: 1435: 1431: 1305: 1230: 1184:– once treatment for the malignancy is complete, is no longer an absolute contraindication. 759: 743: 658: 454:

risk during treatment that to a lesser degree persists after HRT is stopped. It also helps

312: 290: 8213: 1933:"Treatment of Symptoms of the Menopause: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline" 642:. Importantly, there is no difference in long-term mortality from HRT, regardless of age. 8: 11377: 11336: 11240: 11186: 11168: 11028: 11003: 10998: 10980: 10969: 10923: 10643: 10280: 10074: 10006: 9996: 9904: 9899: 9687: 9631: 9555: 9449: 9281: 8961: 8957: 8890: 8675: 8650: 8640: 8590: 8565: 8560: 8555: 4735: 1801: 1673: 1652: 1558: 1286: 948: 459: 303: 180: 52: 8268: 6969:

Salpeter, S. R.; Walsh, J. M. E.; Greyber, E.; Ormiston, T. M.; Salpeter, E. E. (2004).

6098: 4861: 4577: 4504:"Effects of testosterone treatment on endometrial proliferation in postmenopausal women" 4152: 4109: 3433: 3390: 11474: 11282: 11244: 10713: 10648: 10604: 10594: 10569: 10497: 10472: 10262: 9909: 9884: 9139: 9085: 8969: 8953: 8910: 8863: 8695: 8670: 8655: 8605: 8540: 8492: 8405: 8353: 8287: 8252: 8189: 8164: 8097: 8070: 8036: 8000: 7975: 7953: 7875: 7803: 7730: 7632: 7546: 7521: 7467: 7455: 7424: 7368: 7343: 7318: 7285: 7261: 7234: 7137: 7089: 7064: 6995: 6970: 6758: 6725: 6561: 6536: 6384: 6336: 6311: 6287: 6262: 6166: 6154: 6117: 6082: 6063: 5980: 5953: 5929: 5904: 5885: 5795: 5768: 5746: 5698: 5671: 5630: 5587: 5534: 5509: 5490: 5447: 5400: 5337: 5283: 5258: 5239: 5189: 5156: 5014: 4989: 4929: 4904: 4880: 4845: 4821: 4796: 4772: 4685: 4660: 4604: 4579: 4454: 4429: 4405: 4357: 4332: 4308: 4281: 4254: 4227: 4208: 4165: 4087: 4033: 3990: 3929: 3830: 3805: 3786: 3738: 3713: 3688: 3663: 3639: 3614: 3594: 3573: 3538: 3490: 3465: 3446: 3366: 3291: 3240: 3215: 3196: 3150: 3102: 3077: 3050: 2997: 2896: 2796: 2726: 2693: 2662: 2641: 2396: 2371: 2345: 2291: 2237: 2212: 2076: 2041: 2017: 1992: 1669: 1566: 1489: 1439: 1401: 1382: 1368: 1328: 1222: 1218: 1202: 1181: 1018: 918: 846: 834: 809: 763: 654: 358: 136:

The long-term effects of HRT on most organ systems vary by age and time since the last

118: 106: 76: 8327: 7849: 5525: 5419: 4595: 2884: 2479: 11352: 11176: 11033: 11023: 10961: 10467: 10433: 9954: 9939: 9647: 9460: 9310: 9001: 8949: 8824: 8680: 8635: 8610: 8515: 8345: 8292: 8194: 8140: 8102: 8005: 7945: 7910: 7893:

Cirigliano, M (June 2007). "Bioidentical hormone therapy: a review of the evidence".

7879: 7867: 7795: 7722: 7680: 7636: 7624: 7586: 7551: 7502: 7459: 7416: 7373: 7323: 7305: 7266: 7215: 7164: 7129: 7094: 7045: 7000: 6986: 6951: 6910: 6874: 6763: 6745: 6706: 6668: 6641: 6600: 6566: 6513: 6463: 6438: 6376: 6341: 6292: 6243: 6201: 6197: 6158: 6122: 6055: 6020: 6016: 5985: 5934: 5877: 5841: 5800: 5750: 5738: 5703: 5622: 5579: 5539: 5508:

Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer (12 February 2015).

5482: 5451: 5439: 5392: 5329: 5288: 5231: 5194: 5176: 5142: 5102: 5061: 5019: 4969: 4934: 4885: 4826: 4777: 4759: 4690: 4609: 4560: 4525: 4482: 4459: 4397: 4393: 4362: 4313: 4259: 4228:"Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism during HRT: current perspectives" 4212: 4200: 4157: 4139: 4079: 4071: 4025: 4008:

Shifren, JL; Davis, SR (August 2017). "Androgens in postmenopausal women: a review".

3994: 3982: 3921: 3886: 3835: 3778: 3743: 3693: 3644: 3586: 3578: 3542: 3530: 3495: 3438: 3420: 3358: 3319: 3283: 3266:

Shifren, JL; Davis, SR (August 2017). "Androgens in postmenopausal women: a review".

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HRT has been more strongly associated with risk of breast cancer in women with lower

865: 689: 685: 625: 379: 347: 169: 150: 9764: 8357: 7957: 7807: 7734: 7582: 7428: 7141: 6906: 6659:

George, James L.; Colman, Robert W.; Goldhaber, Samuel Z.; Victor J. Marder (2006).

6388: 6170: 6067: 5889: 5634: 5591: 5494: 5404: 5243: 4409: 4169: 4037: 3933: 3598: 3556: 3450: 3370: 3295: 3200: 3154: 2927: 2900: 2800: 2169: 2059: 11294: 11225: 10548: 10212: 10204: 9978: 9522: 9510: 9122: 9038: 8851: 8741: 8337: 8282: 8272: 8184: 8176: 8092: 8082: 7995: 7987: 7937: 7902: 7859: 7787: 7714: 7672: 7616: 7578: 7541: 7533: 7494: 7471: 7451: 7412: 7408: 7363: 7355: 7313: 7301: 7297: 7256: 7246: 7205: 7121: 7084: 7076: 7035: 7019: 6990: 6982: 6941: 6902: 6866: 6753: 6737: 6698: 6631: 6556: 6548: 6503: 6430: 6368: 6331: 6323: 6282: 6274: 6233: 6222:"Mechanisms in Endocrinology: Aging and anti-aging: a Combo-Endocrinology overview" 6193: 6150: 6112: 6102: 6081:

Rasgon, NL; Geist, CL; Kenna, HA; Wroolie, TE; Williams, KE; Silverman, DH (2014).

6047: 6012: 5975: 5965: 5924: 5916: 5869: 5831: 5790: 5780: 5730: 5693: 5683: 5614: 5605:

Guidozzi, F (December 2013). "Estrogen therapy in gynecological cancer survivors".

5571: 5529: 5521: 5478: 5474: 5431: 5384: 5341: 5319: 5278: 5270: 5223: 5184: 5168: 5132: 5092: 5051: 5009: 5001: 4961: 4924: 4916: 4875: 4865: 4816: 4808: 4767: 4751: 4680: 4672: 4638: 4599: 4591: 4552: 4515: 4449: 4441: 4389: 4352: 4344: 4303: 4293: 4249: 4239: 4192: 4147: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4091: 4063: 4017: 3972: 3964: 3952: 3913: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3854: 3825: 3817: 3770: 3733: 3725: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3634: 3626: 3568: 3522: 3485: 3477: 3428: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3350: 3275: 3235: 3227: 3180: 3134: 3097: 3089: 3032: 2979: 2971: 2959: 2923: 2880: 2823: 2780: 2721: 2709: 2705: 2657: 2649: 2496: 2391: 2383: 2327: 2273: 2232: 2224: 2165: 2123: 2071: 2055: 2012: 2004: 1947: 1770:

In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, compounding is a regulated activity. The

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have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than those with low density tissue.

861: 715: 630: 607: 7676: 7620: 6971:"Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women" 6434: 5734: 5324: 5308:"The impact of micronized progesterone on breast cancer risk: a systematic review" 5307: 4556: 4067: 3953:"Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women" 3790: 2960:"Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women" 2278: 2261: 1817:

that marketed the HRT products Premarin (CEEs) and Prempro (CEEs + MPA). In 2009,

825:

Endometrial cancer can be associated with HRT, particularly in those not taking a

11318: 10883: 10793: 10678: 10235: 10220: 9874: 9799: 9606: 9542: 9230: 9183: 9060: 8311:"Hormone therapy for brain performance: No effect, whether started early or late" 8277: 8087: 7991: 7941: 7498: 6870: 6372: 6107: 6051: 5905:"Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease" 5618: 5575: 5227: 4870: 4298: 4196: 4021: 3917: 3821: 3774: 3279: 3138: 3021:"The role of testosterone in menopausal hormone treatment. What is the evidence?" 2814:

Zouboulis CC, Makrantonaki E (June 2012). "Hormonal therapy of intrinsic aging".

2445: 2332: 2315: 1889: 1846: 1829: 1579: 1386: 937: 821: 805: 800: 780: 704: 646: 389: 362: 294: 268: 191: 80: 64: 48: 26: 8180: 7040: 7023: 6327: 6278: 5435: 5388: 4502:

Zang, H; Sahlin, L; Masironi, B; Eriksson, E; Lindén Hirschberg, A (June 2007).

4477:

Young, Robert; Arlan F., Jr Fuller; Fuller, Arlan F.; Michael V. Seiden (2004).

4110:"Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women" 3391:"Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women" 1304:

The data published by the WHI suggested supplemental estrogen increased risk of

225:(AACE) has also released position statements approving of HRT when appropriate. 11406: 11302: 11264: 11252: 11211: 11048: 10857: 10849: 10841: 10813: 10798: 10743: 10559: 10322: 10166: 10161: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10084: 10041: 9856: 9716: 9579: 9567: 9200: 8882: 8705: 8507: 7210: 7193: 6726:"Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer mortality: clinical implications" 4965: 3968: 3466:"Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol" 2975: 1932: 1774:

regulates compounding performed under a Manufacturing Specials license and the

1756: 1630: 1468: 1464: 1251: 1120: 1116: 1002: 961: 909:

increased rate of breast cancer for hormone replacement therapy with synthetic

833:

In postmenopausal women, continuous combined estrogen plus progestin decreases

571: 551: 542: 427: 334: 254: 250: 10370: 8772: 7791: 7718: 7125: 6843: 5836: 5819: 5688: 5274: 4812: 3526: 2567: 11458: 10783: 10216: 10059: 9166: 7863: 7309: 7168: 7065:"MPA: Medroxy-Progesterone Acetate Contributes to Much Poor Advice for Women" 6749: 6741: 6532: 6442: 5361: 5180: 5146: 5097: 5080: 5056: 5039: 4763: 4564: 4143: 4134: 4075: 3630: 3582: 3512: 3424: 3415: 3093: 2717: 2619: 2067: 1282: 1174: 1112: 1097: 954: 887: 854: 719: 681: 665: 565: 495: 491: 431: 324: 277: 233: 6537:"Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women" 5155:

Hou, N.; Hong, S.; Wang, W.; Olopade, O. I.; Dignam, J. J.; Huo, D. (2013).

4739: 3729: 2446:"Bioidentical hormones: an evidence-based review for primary care providers" 2228: 129:

are sometimes used as well. HRT is available through a variety of different

11308: 11196: 11103: 11088: 11078: 11073: 11063: 11018: 11013: 10952: 10919: 10905: 10891: 10803: 10768: 10733: 10723: 10688: 10633: 10584: 10579: 10405: 10293: 10288: 10257: 10186: 10171: 10146: 10104: 10099: 10023: 10018: 9971: 9964: 9846: 9589: 9526: 9465: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9359: 9354: 9301: 9268: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9097: 9092: 8886: 8867: 8807: 8349: 8296: 8198: 8106: 8009: 7949: 7914: 7871: 7799: 7726: 7684: 7628: 7590: 7555: 7506: 7463: 7420: 7377: 7327: 7270: 7219: 7133: 7098: 7004: 6946: 6929: 6914: 6878: 6767: 6710: 6702: 6645: 6604: 6570: 6517: 6508: 6489: 6380: 6345: 6296: 6247: 6205: 6126: 6059: 6024: 5989: 5938: 5881: 5845: 5804: 5742: 5707: 5626: 5583: 5543: 5486: 5443: 5396: 5333: 5292: 5235: 5198: 5106: 5065: 5023: 5005: 4973: 4938: 4889: 4830: 4781: 4694: 4613: 4578:

Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (September 2019).

4529: 4463: 4401: 4366: 4317: 4263: 4204: 4161: 4083: 4029: 3986: 3948: 3925: 3890: 3839: 3782: 3747: 3697: 3661: 3648: 3590: 3534: 3499: 3442: 3362: 3323: 3287: 3249: 3192: 3184: 3146: 3111: 3046: 2993: 2955: 2935: 2892: 2835: 2792: 2735: 2671: 2508: 2461: 2405: 2341: 2287: 2246: 2177: 2137: 2085: 2026: 1993:"Postmenopausal hormone therapy: an Endocrine Society scientific statement" 1961: 1822: 1596: 1546:

The medications used in menopausal HRT are available in numerous different

1423: 1405: 1347: 1332: 1309: 1234: 922: 914: 895: 693: 677: 474: 451: 320: 308: 246: 241: 237: 195: 157: 102: 72: 10654:

Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate)

7906: 7359: 7049: 6955: 6552: 6162: 5785: 5172: 5137: 5120: 4920: 4348: 3481: 2827: 2387: 783:, possibly explaining why oral therapy may increase blood clot formation. 276:

HRT is often given as a short-term relief from menopausal symptoms during

11328: 11312: 11260: 11256: 11248: 11233: 11206: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11098: 11058: 10913: 10853: 10837: 10763: 10758: 10728: 10693: 10683: 10668: 10663: 10589: 10536: 10141: 10079: 10064: 10046: 10013: 10001: 9861: 9623: 9596: 9575: 9571: 9563: 9548: 9538: 9490: 9429: 9424: 9374: 9262: 9205: 9031: 8981: 8900: 8841: 8761: 7537: 7080: 5465:

Kotsopoulos, J; Narod, SA (January 2012). "Androgens and breast cancer".

4520: 4503: 4445: 3664:"Hormone replacement therapy after surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer" 3354: 3231: 3008:

from the original on 2 July 2022 – via INFN Open Access Repository.

2653: 2008: 1952: 1592: 1448: 1298: 1226: 1170: 1166: 1156: 1043: 850: 826: 751: 712: 684:

increase, patterns that reverse with estrogen. Beyond this, HRT improves

423: 299: 98: 84: 68: 7748:

Martin, K. A.; Barbieri, R. L.; Crowley, W. F. Jr. (24 September 2021).

7663:

Yoo JW, Lee CH (May 2006). "Drug delivery systems for hormone therapy".

6238: 6221: 4952:

Letendre, I.; Lopes, P. (2012). "Ménopause et risques carcinologiques".

4642: 4244: 3977: 2984: 2500: 1782:. There is also marketing authorisation for male testosterone products. 1042:. However, the cancers they did have were more likely to have spread to 917:

progesterone, though the only prospective study that suggested this was

849:

with estrogen therapy can be prevented by concomitant administration of

11322: 11278: 11201: 11181: 11093: 11068: 11038: 10845: 10828: 10788: 10773: 10753: 10502: 10487: 10208: 10200: 10176: 10156: 10124: 9821: 9672: 9613: 9495: 9480: 9439: 9414: 9404: 9399: 9369: 9344: 9188: 9154: 9127: 9117: 9112: 9102: 9075: 9070: 8925: 8920: 5970: 3881: 3037: 3020: 2694:"Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women" 2042:"Premature menopause or early menopause: Long-term health consequences" 1854: 1818: 1694: 1346:

The other portion of the parallel studies featured women who were post

1331:. The study also found statistically significant decreases in rates of 696: 351: 342: 316: 137: 7286:"Short-term and long-term effects of tibolone in postmenopausal women" 7251: 6488:

Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002).

5920: 5873: 4755: 4676: 2155: 2128: 2111: 1377:

There are five major human steroid hormones: estrogens, progestogens,

11286: 11268: 11191: 11083: 11008: 10988: 10899: 10895: 10833: 10748: 10462: 10151: 10069: 9812: 9600: 9583: 9559: 9500: 9475: 9409: 9364: 9171: 9159: 9149: 9065: 9055: 8878: 8442: 8428: 8341: 7825:"FDA Takes Action Against Compounded Menopause Hormone Therapy Drugs" 6218: 5820:"Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease: environmental risk factors" 5769:"Hormone replacement therapy and risk for neurodegenerative diseases" 4637:. National Institute for Health and Care Research. 20 December 2021. 4631:"Risk of breast cancer with HRT depends on therapy type and duration" 4279: 2046: 1838: 1456: 1378: 1242: 1006: 883: 776: 747: 639: 593: 588: 284: 229: 187: 184: 60: 56: 5902: 3655: 11372: 11274: 10863: 10540: 10413: 10401: 10134: 9682: 9617: 9518: 9349: 8894: 8847: 8462: 8231: 6312:"Protective actions of sex steroid hormones in Alzheimer's disease" 4837: 1853:. In addition, Wyeth emphasized negative messages against the SERM 1538: 1499: 1473: 1246: 1198: 1132: 891: 772: 700: 509: 504: 499: 455: 439: 122: 88: 10245: 9331: 6891: 6002: 5078: 4844:

Zeng, Z; Jiang, X; Li, X; Wells, A; Luo, Y; Neapolitan, R (2018).

4710:"HRT and breast cancer risk: varies with type and duration of HRT" 2691: 10823: 10441: 10036: 9830: 9667: 9220: 6661:

Hemostasis and thrombosis: basic principles and clinical practice

6530: 4954:

Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction

1850: 1626: 1617: 1514: 1503: 1266: 973: 941: 522: 408: 105:

is the main female sex hormone that occurs naturally and is also

6535:, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Gass M, et al. (February 2009). 5373: 4733: 4658: 3852: 3611: 3074: 2770: 302:– painful sexual intercourse due to vaginal atrophy and lack of 8071:"The haunting of medical journals: how ghostwriting sold "HRT"" 7017: 4986: 3903: 1810: 1518: 1393: 1373:

List of sex-hormonal medications available in the United States

1160: 516: 110: 9322: 8214:"Pfizer Agrees to Pay $ 68 Billion for Rival Drug Maker Wyeth" 7484: 7340: 6663:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 6139: 5858: 4794: 4788: 3557:"Committee Opinion No. 565: Hormone Therapy and Heart Disease" 2949: 2947: 2945: 2260:

Langer, RD; Hodis, HN; Lobo, RA; Allison, MA (February 2021).

7485:

Drapier-Faure, E; Azoulay, C; Abramovici, Y (July 2005). "".

7283: 5036: 4795:

Fournier, A. S.; Berrino, F.; Clavel-Chapelon, F. O. (2007).

3018: 2039: 1806: 1194: 986: 982: 145: 8397: 8380: 7568: 6968: 6618:

Nelson, H. D.; Walker, M.; Zakher, B.; Mitchell, J. (2012).

6310:

Pike, CJ; Carroll, JC; Rosario, ER; Barron, AM (July 2009).

6183: 5079:

Stefanick ML; Anderson GL; Margolis KL; et al. (2006).

4330: 3940: 3710: 2209: 9880:

Algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide)

8236: 7777: 6856: 4903:

Beral, V; Reeves, G; Bull, D; Green, J (16 February 2011).

4659:

Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J (October 2020).

3019:

Johansen, N; Lindén Hirschberg, A; Moen, MH (August 2020).

2942: 1613: 530: 9869:

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (and closely related) derivatives:

6781:

Mazzucco AE, Santoro E, DeSoto M, Lee JH (December 2010).

6687: 6617: 4501: 4107: 3388: 2870: 1930: 8392: 2913: 7441: 7402: 6780: 6309: 3951:; Simon, JA; Vignozzi, L; Wierman, ME (September 2019). 3463: 3261: 3259: 2958:; Simon, JA; Vignozzi, L; Wierman, ME (September 2019). 2568:"ACOG Revises Guidelines on Treating Menopause Symptoms" 2313: 1989: 633:

with HRT vary depending on age and time since menopause.

8701:

Estramustine phosphate (estradiol normustine phosphate)

8132: 7344:"The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women" 7111: 6717: 6263:"Gender, sex steroid hormones, and Alzheimer's disease" 6080: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3336: 2205: 2203: 2201: 419: 175:

The current indications for use from the United States

9607: 9590: 9256: 9249: 6927: 6844:"New WHI Estrogen Analysis Shows Lower Breast Ca Risk" 6449: 4103: 4101: 4001: 3760: 3704: 2314:

Løkkegaard, E; Nielsen, LH; Keiding, N (August 2017).

2259: 653:, without any strong effect on the risk of stroke and 9794: 8212:

Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Wilson, Duff (25 January 2009).

7747: 6934:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

5766: 5720: 5044:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

3946: 3256: 2953: 2813: 1731:, and breast cancer. As of 2012, guidelines from the 860:

Paradoxically, progestogens do promote the growth of

10933: 10560:

Androstanolone (stanolone, dihydrotestosterone, DHT)

9273: 9194:

Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate)

5767:

Dye, RV; Miller, KJ; Singer, EJ; Levine, AJ (2012).

4902: 4508:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

4275: 4273: 4182: 3377: 2198: 808:

in Swedish women have suggested an association with

775:

effects that oral therapy has on liver synthesis of

383:

Atrophy of vaginal mucosa that occurs with menopause

59:. Effects of menopause can include symptoms such as 10799:

Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)

10575:

Drostanolone propionate (dromostanolone propionate)

10419: 7741: 5418:Heinig, M; Schwarz, S; Haug, U (16 February 2021). 4098: 4049: 4047: 3312:

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding

1772:

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

18:

Hormone therapy used to treat symptoms of menopause

10250:Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators 9336:Tooltip selective estrogen receptor downregulators 6723: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 5762: 5760: 5670:Jang, YC; Huang, HL; Leung, CY (9 December 2019). 5154: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 1542:An intrauterine device can be used to receive HRT. 1193:The extraction of CEEs from the urine of pregnant 886:is associated with only a small increased risk of 8205: 7522:"Hormone replacement therapy and the endometrium" 7232: 7194:"Androgens and women at the menopause and beyond" 5417: 5256: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4270: 2262:"Hormone replacement therapy – where are we now?" 1784:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 882:In general, hormone replacement therapy to treat 664:HRT with estrogen and progesterone also improves 477:in HRT occur with varying frequency and include: 223:American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 172:to determine its safety and efficacy as of 2017. 83:. They are mostly caused by low levels of female 11456: 10689:Metandienone (methandienone, methandrostenolone) 8158: 8156: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8054: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7606: 6818: 6583: 5464: 5305: 4843: 4044: 3605: 2309: 2307: 2305: 10400: 9160:Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether) 8802: 8377:, Hormone Health Network, The Endocrine Society 8032:"Medical Papers by Ghostwriters Pushed Therapy" 7973: 6787:National Research Center for Women and Families 6395: 6037: 5757: 5355:Management of the menopause after breast cancer 4428:Kim, JJ; Kurita, T; Bulun, SE (February 2013). 3337:Suchowersky O, Muthipeedika J (December 2005). 3061: 2752:. National Health Service, United Kingdom. 2019 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2482:"Position Statement on Menopause – 2017 Update" 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 1841:and unproven uses like prevention of dementia, 1679: 1415:Specific types of hormone replacement include: 853:. The extensive use of high-dose estrogens for 10741:17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 9327:Tooltip selective estrogen receptor modulators 8251:Tao M, Teng Y, Shao H, Wu P, Mills EJ (2011). 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8019: 7602: 7600: 7024:"Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality" 5952:Wang, P; Li, J; Qiu, S; Wen, H; Du, J (2015). 5669: 4427: 4416: 3124: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1277:, and stroke, although a reduced incidence of 1058: 535:Swelling of hands, feet, or lower legs due to 10781:17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: 10386: 10273: 9823: 9780: 9150:Dimestrol (diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether) 8788: 8413: 8250: 8244: 8153: 8133:Steve Kent May; Steve May (20 January 2012). 8051: 7921: 7771: 7750:"Preparations for menopausal hormone therapy" 7691: 7643: 7226: 7185: 6681: 6524: 5213: 5161:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 5125:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 4951: 3754: 3025:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2369: 2302: 1412:which include both estrogen and progestogen. 1308:and breast cancer but was protective against 1245:symptoms. There is also an increased risk of 1126: 1087: 208:American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology 10600:Metenolone enanthate (methenolone enanthate) 10007:Segesterone acetate (nestorone, elcometrine) 8211: 8162: 6802:"Sharp Drop in Rates of Breast Cancer Holds" 6462:. World Health Organization. pp. 205–. 5951: 5817: 5773:International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 5649:"Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cancer Risk" 5306:Stute, P; Wildt, L; Neulen, J (April 2018). 5207: 4007: 3265: 2807: 2764: 2678: 2635: 2633: 2426: 2190:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1700:Bioidentical hormones can be used in either 1404:. Conversely, in women who have undergone a 1001:HRT is associated with an increased risk of 547:Breast tenderness, enlargement, or discharge 160:and can be a component of either registered 10924: 9282: 9155:Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate) 8224: 8113: 8068: 8016: 7974:Pinkerton, JV; Pickar, JH (February 2016). 7819: 7817: 7597: 7519: 7405:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7290:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7191: 6799: 6724:Chlebowski, R. T.; Anderson, G. L. (2015). 6611: 6420: 6133: 5557: 5555: 5553: 4114:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3668:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3395:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3308: 2698:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2639: 1968: 1907: 1524: 228:Women receiving this treatment are usually 10393: 10379: 9992:Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate) 9787: 9773: 8795: 8781: 8420: 8406: 8232:"Pfizer Sizes Up: Closes $ 68B Wyeth Deal" 7892: 6841: 6143:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 5641: 5030: 4545:Evidence-based Obstetrics & Gynecology 2594:"Hormone Therapy and Heart Disease – ACOG" 2370:Files, JA; Ko, MG; Pruthi, S (July 2011). 1533: 921:due to the rarity of breast cancer in the 758:Effects of hormone replacement therapy on 240:. Menopause is the permanent cessation of 11480:Obstetrical and gynaecological procedures 10962: 10644:Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate) 10488:Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) 10434: 9910:Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate) 9311: 9076:Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA) 8825: 8286: 8276: 8188: 8096: 8086: 7999: 7545: 7384: 7367: 7317: 7260: 7250: 7209: 7088: 7062: 7039: 6994: 6945: 6757: 6635: 6577: 6560: 6507: 6358: 6335: 6286: 6237: 6116: 6106: 5979: 5969: 5928: 5835: 5794: 5784: 5697: 5687: 5533: 5323: 5282: 5188: 5136: 5096: 5055: 5013: 4928: 4879: 4869: 4820: 4771: 4684: 4603: 4519: 4453: 4356: 4307: 4297: 4253: 4243: 4232:International Journal of General Medicine 4151: 4133: 3976: 3880: 3870: 3829: 3803: 3737: 3687: 3638: 3572: 3489: 3432: 3414: 3239: 3101: 3036: 2983: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2725: 2661: 2630: 2395: 2331: 2277: 2236: 2127: 2109: 2075: 2016: 1951: 1745:European Menopause and Andropause Society 787:when the women were older than 60 years. 280:. Potential menopausal symptoms include: 10595:Metenolone acetate (methenolone acetate) 9032:Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate) 8762:Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate) 7969: 7967: 7814: 7487:Gynécologie, obstétrique & fertilité 7277: 7157:"Women Have Been Misled About Menopause" 6821:"For a Low-Dose Hormone, Take Your Pick" 6691:Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 6483: 6481: 6479: 6260: 5604: 5550: 4909:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 4337:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 4053: 2907: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2033: 1828:and commentaries that were published in 1537: 1080:The following are absolute and relative 820: 737: 624: 378: 267: 217:A consensus expert opinion published by 101:are the main hormone drugs used in HRT. 10661:17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: 8483:Estradiol-containing birth control pill 7154: 6637:10.7326/0003-4819-157-2-201207170-00466 5561: 4707: 3170: 2443: 2151: 2149: 2147: 1188: 121:, while progestogen reduces this risk. 11457: 10674:Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT) 9875:Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate) 8383:, The North American Menopause Society 8163:Miller VM, Harman SM (November 2017). 8029: 7662: 6584:Kreatsoulas, C.; Anand, S. S. (2013). 5958:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 4654: 4652: 4625: 4623: 4379: 3213: 3166: 3164: 2864: 2842: 2535: 2533: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2112:"Quality of sexual life and menopause" 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 1790: 966:selective estrogen receptor modulators 375:Testosterone (medication) § Women 263: 179:(FDA) include short-term treatment of 10814:Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone) 10493:Prasterone enanthate (DHEA enanthate) 10374: 9768: 8776: 8536:Estradiol benzoate cyclooctenyl ether 8401: 7964: 7927: 6593:Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 6476: 2468: 2422:. Cleveland Clinic. 12 December 2012. 1323:increases in rates of breast cancer, 894:-only HRT, taken by people who had a 816: 10938:Tooltip human chorionic gonadotropin 10821:17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: 9278:Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone 7843: 7704: 6975:Journal of General Internal Medicine 6261:Vest, RS; Pike, CJ (February 2013). 6186:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 6005:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 4801:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 4734:Vinogradova, Yana; Coupland, Carol; 4708:Beeston, Amelia (20 December 2021). 4225: 2648:. 95 S1–S66 (Supplement 1): s1–s66. 2412: 2144: 1795: 1761:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1075: 1033: 11444:List of androgens/anabolic steroids 10424:Tooltip anabolic–androgenic steroid 8169:Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol 7348:The New England Journal of Medicine 6819:Roni Caryn Rabin (28 August 2007). 6730:Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 6541:The New England Journal of Medicine 4649: 4620: 3470:The New England Journal of Medicine 3161: 2742: 2600:. Committee on Gynecologic Practice 2530: 2356: 2092: 1291:United States Preventive Task Force 1233:, while benefits include decreased 450:There is a significant decrease in 13: 11373:Androvax (androstenedione albumin) 10811:17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: 10694:Methandriol (methylandrostenediol) 10115:Normethandrone (methylestrenolone) 9683:Androvax (androstenedione albumin) 8381:Sexual Health and Menopause Online 7520:Feeley, KM; Wells, M (June 2001). 7456:10.1097/01.gme.0000177709.65944.b0 7198:J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci 7155:Dominus, Susan (1 February 2023). 6155:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01400.x 3804:Hodis, HN; Mack, WJ (1 May 2022). 3574:10.1097/01.AOG.0000431053.33593.2d 1550:for use by a variety of different 1362: 1049: 527:Brown or black patches on the skin 458:formation, which in turn improves 445: 368: 14: 11496: 11439:Progestogens and antiprogestogens 10838:ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone) 10498:Prasterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate) 9749:Progestogens and antiprogestogens 8661:Estradiol propoxyphenylpropionate 8488:Combined injectable birth control 8389:, US Food and Drug Administration 8368: 8069:Fugh-Berman AJ (September 2010). 8030:Singer, Natasha (4 August 2009). 6226:European Journal of Endocrinology 5818:Campdelacreu, J (November 2014). 2565: 2110:Eden KJ, Wylie KR (1 July 2009). 996: 615: 397:hypoactive sexual desire disorder 10719:Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether 10699:Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate 10557:Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 10345:Progesterone receptor modulators 9145:Diethylstilbestrol esters/ethers 9140:Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol) 8321: 8303: 7886: 7562: 7513: 7478: 7435: 7396: 7334: 7233:Garefalakis M, Hickey M (2008). 7192:Morley JE, Perry HM (May 2003). 7148: 7105: 7056: 7011: 6987:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30281.x 6962: 6921: 6885: 6859:The American Journal of Medicine 6850: 6835: 6812: 6793: 6774: 6652: 6198:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.07.007 6017:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.01.008 4394:10.1097/00042192-200107000-00005 3220:The Eurasian Journal of Medicine 2785:10.2165/00128071-200304060-00001 1895:Gender-affirming hormone therapy 1733:North American Menopause Society 1434:, animal-derived estrogens like 1221:. Other risks include increased 1197:led to the marketing in 1942 of 1028: 1009:, there may be a higher risk of 976:for cardiovascular disease, and 877: 620: 212:North American Menopause Society 23:Gender-affirming hormone therapy 10612:19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 10054:19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 9986:19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 7583:10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.04.008 7028:New England Journal of Medicine 6907:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.05.004 6783:"Hormone Therapy and Menopause" 6352: 6316:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 6303: 6254: 6212: 6177: 6074: 6031: 5996: 5945: 5896: 5852: 5811: 5714: 5663: 5598: 5501: 5458: 5411: 5367: 5348: 5299: 5250: 5113: 5072: 4980: 4945: 4896: 4727: 4701: 4571: 4536: 4495: 4470: 4373: 4324: 4219: 4176: 3897: 3846: 3810:Cancer Journal (Sudbury, Mass.) 3797: 3549: 3506: 3457: 3330: 3302: 3207: 3118: 3012: 2928:10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.10.005 2612: 2586: 2559: 2170:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.04.014 2060:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.08.003 1741:International Menopause Society 1250:suggested an increased risk of 913:. The risk may be reduced with 469: 315:, which can eventually lead to 201: 91:) that occur during menopause. 11378:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin) 10850:norethisterone (norethindrone) 10085:Norethisterone (norethindrone) 9930:Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate 9854:Retroprogesterone derivatives: 9688:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin) 8874:) (via estrogenic metabolites) 7413:10.1002/14651858.CD004509.pub2 7302:10.1002/14651858.CD008536.pub3 5479:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.002 4481:. Hamilton, Ont: B.C. Decker. 4126:10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4 3957:The Journal of Sexual Medicine 3872:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.10.005 3680:10.1002/14651858.CD012559.pub2 3407:10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4 2964:The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2916:The European Menopause Journal 2710:10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5 2640:Santen, RJ; Utian, WH (2010). 2372:"Bioidentical hormone therapy" 2253: 1776:General Pharmaceutical Council 1750: 1459:(synthetic progestogens) like 1180:Well-differentiated and early 733: 45:postmenopausal hormone therapy 1: 10278:Tooltip Progesterone receptor 9828:Tooltip Progesterone receptor 8458:Pharmacokinetics of estradiol 8453:Pharmacodynamics of estradiol 8427: 7677:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.01.021 7621:10.1080/00325481.2017.1334507 7526:Journal of Clinical Pathology 6800:Gina Kolata (19 April 2007). 6435:10.1080/23293691.2015.1039448 5824:Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 5735:10.1080/13697137.2020.1826426 5526:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61687-1 5325:10.1080/13697137.2017.1421925 4596:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31709-X 4557:10.1016/j.ebobgyn.2006.01.011 4185:Current Opinion in Hematology 4068:10.1080/13697137.2018.1446931 3339:"A case of late-onset chorea" 2885:10.1016/S0531-5565(99)00032-7 2279:10.1080/13697137.2020.1851183 1900: 1869: 1765:Drug Quality and Security Act 907:non-statistically significant 709:reverse cholesterol transport 357:The most common of these are 238:surgically induced menopausal 11429:Androgen receptor modulators 11341:hydroxyprogesterone caproate 10804:Propetandrol (propethandrol) 10734:Tiomesterone (thiomesterone) 10197:Anabolic–androgenic steroids 9925:Hydroxyprogesterone caproate 9739:Estrogen receptor modulators 9640:hydroxyprogesterone caproate 8551:Estradiol cyclooctyl acetate 8278:10.1371/journal.pone.0024661 8088:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000335 7992:10.1097/GME.0000000000000523 7942:10.1097/GME.0000000000000169 7499:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.04.024 6871:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.021 6373:10.3109/13697137.2010.543496 6108:10.1371/journal.pone.0089095 6052:10.1097/GME.0000000000001140 5619:10.3109/13697137.2013.806471 5576:10.1097/GME.0000000000000550 5228:10.3109/13697137.2013.768806 4871:10.1371/journal.pone.0197064 4299:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002445 4197:10.1097/MOH.0b013e32833c07bc 4022:10.1097/GME.0000000000000903 3918:10.3109/13697137.2014.887669 3822:10.1097/PPO.0000000000000591 3775:10.3109/09513590.2010.507826 3280:10.1097/GME.0000000000000903 3139:10.1097/GME.0000000000000519 2333:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017132 1885:Androgen replacement therapy 1691:Bioidentical hormone therapy 1686:Bioidentical hormone therapy 1680:Bioidentical hormone therapy 1093:Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding 927:randomized controlled trials 762:formation and potential for 728:sex hormone-binding globulin 405:sex hormone-binding globulin 401:follicle-stimulating hormone 177:Food and Drug Administration 158:steroids derived from plants 71:, and complications such as 7: 11434:Estrogens and antiestrogens 11370:Androstenedione immunogens: 11349:medroxyprogesterone acetate 10929:Tooltip luteinizing hormone 10874:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 10628:nandrolone phenylpropionate 10533:testosterone ester mixtures 10453:Androstenediol dipropionate 10355:Estrogens and antiestrogens 10350:Androgens and antiandrogens 9935:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 9920:Hydroxyprogesterone acetate 9895:Chlormethenmadinone acetate 9744:Androgens and antiandrogens 9680:Androstenedione immunogens: 9644:medroxyprogesterone acetate 9287:Tooltip luteinizing hormone 9167:Doisynoestrol (fenocycline) 8626:Estradiol hexahydrobenzoate 8531:Estradiol benzoate butyrate 8448:Estradiol (as a medication) 8330:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 8181:10.1152/ajpheart.00383.2017 7063:Bethea CL (February 2011). 7041:10.1056/NEJM199706193362501 6842:John Gever (5 April 2011). 6624:Annals of Internal Medicine 6423:Women's Reproductive Health 6328:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.015 6279:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.04.006 5436:10.1016/j.canep.2020.101812 5389:10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.12.014 5263:Cancer Causes & Control 3763:Gynecological Endocrinology 3567:(6): 1407–1410. June 2013. 3561:Obstetrics & Gynecology 2541:"USPTF Consensus Statement" 1878: 1461:medroxyprogesterone acetate 1059:Neurodegenerative disorders 970:cholesterol-lowering agents 559: 424:Pain or discomfort with sex 33:Hormone replacement therapy 10: 11501: 11299:ethinylestradiol sulfonate 9665:Mixed mechanism of action: 9437:Noncompetitive inhibitors: 9189:Methestrol (promethestrol) 9044:Ethinylestradiol sulfonate 8646:Estradiol phenylpropionate 8521:Estradiol acetylsalicylate 8498:Hydroxylation of estradiol 8478:Feminizing hormone therapy 8473:Menopausal hormone therapy 8468:Estrogen (as a medication) 6531:Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, 4966:10.1016/j.jgyn.2012.09.006 4551:(1–2): 68–69. March 2006. 3969:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.07.012 3214:Tiidus, PM (August 2011). 2976:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.07.012 1997:J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1940:J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 1799: 1683: 1572:Transdermal administration 1366: 1127:Relative contraindications 1088:Absolute contraindications 1013:, but no association with 968:(SERMs) for osteoporosis, 550:Sudden difficulty wearing 372: 249:, as can be done to treat 117:and increases the risk of 63:, accelerated skin aging, 41:menopausal hormone therapy 20: 11390: 11362: 11224: 11161: 11123: 11112: 10967:Tooltip Androgen receptor 10960: 10951: 10882: 10871:Progesterone derivatives: 10483:Cloxotestosterone acetate 10450:Testosterone derivatives: 10439:Tooltip Androgen receptor 10432: 10412: 10306: 10271: 10243: 10234: 10184:Spirolactone derivatives: 10031:Testosterone derivatives: 9839:Progesterone derivatives: 9806: 9700: 9657: 9509: 9448: 9422:Exclusively antagonistic: 9316:Tooltip Estrogen receptor 9309: 9300: 9229: 8830:Tooltip Estrogen receptor 8823: 8814: 8719: 8506: 8435: 8393:British Menopause Society 7895:Journal of Women's Health 7792:10.1080/09513590500170049 7719:10.1080/13697130500148875 7126:10.1080/13697130500042417 5837:10.1016/j.nrl.2012.04.001 5689:10.1186/s12885-019-6428-0 5275:10.1007/s10552-018-1033-0 4813:10.1007/s10549-007-9523-x 3527:10.1080/13697130903195606 1321:statistically significant 1263:Women's Health Initiative 1259:Data Monitoring Committee 1237:, decreased incidence of 1208: 1141:History of ovarian cancer 793: 576:Yellowing of skin or eyes 482: 339:feminine fat distribution 293:– atrophic vaginitis and 142:Women's Health Initiative 11485:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 10754:Mebolazine (dimethazine) 10704:Methandriol dipropionate 10529:testosterone undecanoate 10095:Norethisterone enanthate 9051:Hydroxyestrone diacetate 8978:estradiol ester mixtures 8631:Estradiol monopropionate 8601:Estradiol diundecylenate 8546:Estradiol butyrylacetate 8443:Estradiol (as a hormone) 7864:10.1177/2053369119841844 7852:Post Reproductive Health 7450:(5): 496–511, quiz 649. 7391:Estrogen (Vaginal Route) 7211:10.1093/gerona/58.5.M409 6742:10.1177/2042098614568300 5098:10.1001/jama.295.14.1647 5057:10.1001/jama.291.14.1701 3631:10.1001/jama.2013.278040 3094:10.1001/jama.2013.278040 2873:Experimental Gerontology 2444:Conaway E (March 2011). 1552:routes of administration 1525:Continuous versus cyclic 1138:History of breast cancer 661:and pulmonary embolism. 11104:Topilutamide (fluridil) 10525:testosterone propionate 9216:Triphenylchloroethylene 8974:polyestradiol phosphate 8711:Polyestradiol phosphate 8621:Estradiol hemisuccinate 8463:Estrogen (as a hormone) 8139:. SAGE. pp. 197–. 3730:10.1001/jama.2017.11217 2646:J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2420:"Bioidentical hormones" 2382:(7): 673–80, quiz 680. 2376:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2229:10.1001/jama.2017.11217 1780:National Health Service 1534:Route of administration 1398:endometrial hyperplasia 1107:coronary artery disease 1023:mucinous ovarian cancer 843:endometrial hyperplasia 330:Decreased sexual desire 115:endometrial hyperplasia 55:associated with female 25:. For other forms, see 11470:Life sciences industry 10709:Methandriol propionate 10615:Bolandiol dipropionate 10521:testosterone enanthate 10517:testosterone cypionate 10458:Boldenone undecylenate 10090:Norethisterone acetate 9950:Methenmadinone acetate 9211:Triphenylbromoethylene 8988:Estramustine phosphate 8691:Estradiol undecylenate 8596:Estradiol diundecylate 8581:Estradiol dipropionate 8526:Estradiol anthranilate 6947:10.1001/jama.280.7.605 6703:10.1089/gtmb.2010.0106 6509:10.1001/jama.288.3.321 5006:10.1001/jama.2020.9482 3185:10.1258/mi.2010.010001 2750:"Menopause treatments" 2543:. 2012. Archived from 1815:pharmaceutical company 1809:, now a subsidiary of 1729:cardiovascular disease 1725:venous thromboembolism 1606:subcutaneous injection 1589:Vaginal administration 1543: 1484:(DHEA), and synthetic 1482:dehydroepiandrosterone 1359:longer than 10 years. 1325:coronary heart disease 1306:venous thromboembolism 830: 755: 651:coronary heart disease 634: 631:coronary heart disease 384: 273: 151:venous thromboembolism 11333:chlormadinone acetate 10994:Chlormadinone acetate 10565:Androstanolone esters 9960:Pentagestrone acetate 9890:Chlormadinone acetate 9628:chlormadinone acetate 9012:Estrogenic substances 9006:polyestriol phosphate 8906:Cloxestradiol acetate 8616:Estradiol glucuronide 7907:10.1089/jwh.2006.0311 7609:Postgraduate Medicine 7360:10.1056/NEJMoa0800743 6553:10.1056/NEJMoa0807684 6267:Hormones and Behavior 3482:10.1056/NEJMoa1505241 3343:Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2828:10.1089/rej.2011.1249 2388:10.4065/mcp.2010.0714 2003:(7 Suppl 1): s1–s66. 1837:cancer, and promoted 1661:first pass metabolism 1649:rectal administration 1541: 1410:combined formulations 1392:In women with intact 1241:, and improvement of 925:. There have been no 824: 769:first pass metabolism 741: 711:through induction of 628: 382: 272:Symptoms of menopause 271: 219:The Endocrine Society 11465:Endocrine procedures 11345:gestonorone caproate 11153:Saw palmetto extract 11044:Potassium canrenoate 10639:Norclostebol acetate 10624:nandrolone decanoate 10478:Clostebol propionate 10360:List of progestogens 10130:Quingestanol acetate 9945:Melengestrol acetate 9915:Flumedroxone acetate 9636:gestonorone caproate 9450:Aromatase inhibitors 9133:Dienestrol diacetate 9081:Prasterone enanthate 8966:estradiol undecylate 8931:Esterified estrogens 8916:Conjugated estrogens 8752:Esterified estrogens 8747:Conjugated estrogens 8686:Estradiol undecylate 8666:Estradiol salicylate 8586:Estradiol distearate 8576:Estradiol dienantate 8571:Estradiol dibutyrate 8315:www.sciencedaily.com 7538:10.1136/jcp.54.6.435 7081:10.1210/en.2010-1376 6865:(11): 1016–1022.e1. 5377:Gynecologic Oncology 4736:Hippisley-Cox, Julia 4590:(10204): 1159–1168. 4521:10.1210/jc.2006-2171 4446:10.1210/er.2012-1043 3355:10.1038/ncpneuro0052 3232:10.5152/eajm.2011.24 2654:10.1210/jc.2009-2509 2450:J Am Osteopath Assoc 2009:10.1210/jc.2009-2509 1953:10.1210/jc.2015-2236 1653:intrauterine devices 1629:pellets placed into 1623:Subcutaneous implant 1494:nandrolone decanoate 1436:conjugated estrogens 1231:urinary incontinence 1189:History and research 742:Clot in the greater 359:loss of sexual drive 313:bone mineral density 291:Vulvovaginal atrophy 287:– vasomotor symptoms 194:, and prevention of 11337:cyproterone acetate 11245:prolactin releasers 11187:Cyproterone acetate 11169:Abiraterone acetate 11029:Nomegestrol acetate 11004:Delmadinone acetate 10999:Cyproterone acetate 10981:Abiraterone acetate 10513:Testosterone esters 10075:Etynodiol diacetate 9997:Nomegestrol acetate 9905:Delmadinone acetate 9900:Cyproterone acetate 9632:cyproterone acetate 9531:testosterone esters 8962:estradiol enanthate 8958:estradiol cypionate 8891:etynodiol diacetate 8860:testosterone esters 8676:Estradiol sulfamate 8651:Estradiol phosphate 8641:Estradiol palmitate 8591:Estradiol disulfate 8566:Estradiol diacetate 8561:Estradiol decanoate 8556:Estradiol cypionate 8375:Menopause treatment 8269:2011PLoSO...624661T 6239:10.1530/EJE-16-1061 6099:2014PLoSO...989095R 5909:Annals of Neurology 5786:10.1155/2012/258454 5520:(9980): 1835–1842. 5424:Cancer Epidemiology 5173:10.1093/jnci/djt207 5138:10.1093/jnci/djt264 4921:10.1093/jnci/djq527 4862:2018PLoSO..1397064Z 4738:(28 October 2020). 4643:10.3310/alert_48575 4349:10.1093/jnci/djv350 4245:10.2147/IJGM.S46310 3859:Thrombosis Research 2501:10.4158/EP171828.PS 1843:Parkinson's disease 1802:Medical ghostwriter 1791:Society and culture 1711:consensus statement 1674:estradiol cypionate 1627:surgically-inserted 1591:– tablets, creams, 1559:Oral administration 1287:Million Women Study 949:dense breast tissue 604:Light colored stool 462:and bone strength. 460:intervertebral disc 264:Menopausal symptoms 181:menopausal symptoms 153:when taken orally. 11417:Never to phase III 11283:diethylstilbestrol 10910:GnRH (gonadorelin) 10714:Methyltestosterone 10649:Trenbolone acetate 10605:Stenbolone acetate 10570:Bolazine capronate 10473:Clostebol caproate 10333:Never to phase III 10263:Ulipristal acetate 9885:Anagestone acetate 9727:Never to phase III 9562:releasers) (e.g., 9473:Second-generation: 9086:Prasterone sulfate 8970:estradiol valerate 8954:estradiol benzoate 8911:Conjugated estriol 8864:methyltestosterone 8696:Estradiol valerate 8671:Estradiol stearate 8656:Estradiol pivalate 8606:Estradiol enantate 8541:Estradiol benzoate 8493:High-dose estrogen 8240:. 19 October 2009. 8218:The New York Times 8175:(5): H1013–H1021. 8037:The New York Times 7780:Gynecol Endocrinol 7161:The New York Times 5971:10.2147/NDT.S69918 5862:Movement Disorders 5222:(Suppl 1): 54–68. 3038:10.1111/aogs.13819 2773:Am J Clin Dermatol 2572:login.medscape.com 2489:Endocrine Practice 1670:estradiol valerate 1544: 1513:can improve local 1490:methyltestosterone 1402:endometrial cancer 1383:mineralocorticoids 1369:Sex-hormonal agent 1223:endometrial cancer 1203:endometrial cancer 1182:endometrial cancer 923:control population 847:endometrial cancer 835:endometrial cancer 831: 817:Endometrial cancer 771:, and so lack the 764:pulmonary embolism 756: 707:. HRT may promote 668:. With menopause, 666:cholesterol levels 655:pulmonary embolism 635: 601:Dark-colored urine 512:and weight changes 385: 348:Sleep disturbances 274: 247:surgically removed 77:sexual dysfunction 11452: 11451: 11386: 11385: 11353:megestrol acetate 11226:Antigonadotropins 11220: 11219: 11177:Aminoglutethimide 11034:Osaterone acetate 11024:Megestrol acetate 10947: 10946: 10620:Nandrolone esters 10468:Clostebol acetate 10368: 10367: 10302: 10301: 10230: 10229: 9989:17α-Hydroxylated: 9955:Osaterone acetate 9940:Megestrol acetate 9872:17α-Hydroxylated: 9762: 9761: 9754:List of estrogens 9696: 9695: 9648:megestrol acetate 9535:nandrolone esters 9523:anabolic steroids 9511:Antigonadotropins 9488:Third-generation: 9461:Aminoglutethimide 9458:First-generation: 9296: 9295: 9002:estriol succinate 8950:estradiol acetate 8872:nandrolone esters 8852:anabolic steroids 8770: 8769: 8681:Estradiol sulfate 8636:Estradiol mustard 8611:Estradiol furoate 8516:Estradiol acetate 8146:978-1-4129-8309-9 7713:(Suppl 1): 3–63. 7665:J Control Release 7252:10.2147/CIA.S1043 7239:Clin Interv Aging 7034:(25): 1769–1775. 6674:978-0-7817-4996-1 6469:978-92-832-1291-1 5921:10.1002/ana.23687 5874:10.1002/mds.23951 5167:(18): 1365–1372. 5050:(14): 1701–1712. 4756:10.1136/bmj.m3873 4677:10.1136/bmj.m3873 4488:978-1-55009-163-2 4434:Endocrine Reviews 4135:20.500.12105/9999 3416:20.500.12105/9999 2129:10.2217/WHE.09.24 1946:(11): 3975–4011. 1796:Wyeth controversy 1737:Endocrine Society 1486:anabolic steroids 1337:colorectal cancer 1319:The WHI reported 1314:colorectal cancer 1279:colorectal cancer 1275:venous thrombosis 1145:Venous thrombosis 1082:contraindications 1076:Contraindications 1040:colorectal cancer 1034:Colorectal cancer 938:body mass indices 866:pelvic ultrasound 760:venous blood clot 686:heart contraction 672:decreases, while 579:Severe depression 323:, and associated 170:clinical research 39:), also known as 11492: 11319:GnRH antagonists 11295:ethinylestradiol 11291:estradiol esters 11121: 11120: 10968: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10939: 10935: 10930: 10926: 10884:Progonadotropins 10549:Testoviron Depot 10440: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10372: 10371: 10279: 10275: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10236:Antiprogestogens 9979:Haloprogesterone 9829: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9800:antiprogestogens 9789: 9782: 9775: 9766: 9765: 9609: 9592: 9337: 9333: 9328: 9324: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9275: 9258: 9251: 9231:Progonadotropins 9177:Hexestrol esters 9123:Chlorotrianisene 9039:Ethinylestradiol 8946:Estradiol esters 8831: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8774: 8773: 8742:Ethinylestradiol 8422: 8415: 8408: 8399: 8398: 8362: 8361: 8342:10.1136/bmj.l633 8325: 8319: 8318: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8290: 8280: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8192: 8160: 8151: 8150: 8130: 8111: 8110: 8100: 8090: 8066: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8027: 8014: 8013: 8003: 7971: 7962: 7961: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7831:. 9 January 2008 7821: 7812: 7811: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7762: 7760: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7702: 7689: 7688: 7660: 7641: 7640: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7549: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7493:(7–8): 498–504. 7482: 7476: 7475: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7371: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7321: 7296:(10): CD008536. 7281: 7275: 7274: 7264: 7254: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7213: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7175: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7092: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7015: 7009: 7008: 6998: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6949: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6639: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6590: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6564: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6511: 6485: 6474: 6473: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6418: 6393: 6392: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6339: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6290: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6232:(6): R283–R308. 6216: 6210: 6209: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6110: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5973: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5932: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5839: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5798: 5788: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5701: 5691: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5651:. www.cancer.org 5645: 5639: 5638: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5559: 5548: 5547: 5537: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5430:(Pt A): 101812. 5415: 5409: 5408: 5371: 5365: 5360:7 April 2016 at 5352: 5346: 5345: 5327: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5192: 5153:In turn citing: 5150: 5140: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5017: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4873: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4688: 4656: 4647: 4646: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4523: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4425: 4414: 4413: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4360: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4311: 4301: 4292:(11): e1002445. 4277: 4268: 4267: 4257: 4247: 4226:Rott, H (2014). 4223: 4217: 4216: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4155: 4137: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3980: 3963:(9): 1331–1337. 3944: 3938: 3937: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3874: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3833: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3741: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3576: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3493: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3436: 3418: 3386: 3375: 3374: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3072: 3059: 3058: 3040: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2987: 2970:(9): 1331–1337. 2951: 2940: 2939: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2840: 2839: 2816:Rejuvenation Res 2811: 2805: 2804: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2729: 2689: 2676: 2675: 2665: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2624:www.medscape.com 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2511:. Archived from 2486: 2477: 2466: 2465: 2441: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2367: 2354: 2353: 2335: 2326:(8): 2266–2269. 2311: 2300: 2299: 2281: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2240: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2181: 2153: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2107: 2090: 2089: 2079: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2020: 1987: 1966: 1965: 1955: 1937: 1928: 1830:medical journals 1511:Vaginal estrogen 1444:ethinylestradiol 1329:pulmonary emboli 1155:Atypical ductal 1151:uterine fibroids 978:vaginal estrogen 862:uterine fibroids 781:clotting factors 752:clotting factors 716:ABC transporters 705:plaque formation 703:aggregation and 699:, and decreases 585:Loss of appetite 582:Unusual bleeding 430:, frequency and 341:and accelerated 11500: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11448: 11422: 11407:Clinical trials 11382: 11358: 11237: 11216: 11157: 11115: 11114:Steroidogenesis 11108: 10966: 10943: 10937: 10928: 10878: 10794:Norethandrolone 10679:Fluoxymesterone 10438: 10423: 10416: 10408: 10399: 10369: 10364: 10338: 10323:Clinical trials 10298: 10277: 10267: 10249: 10226: 10221:norethandrolone 10011:17α-Methylated: 9969:17α-Methylated: 9827: 9810: 9802: 9793: 9763: 9758: 9732: 9717:Clinical trials 9692: 9653: 9552: 9543:fluoxymesterone 9505: 9444: 9335: 9326: 9319: 9315: 9292: 9286: 9277: 9225: 9184:Methallenestril 9061:Methylestradiol 9027:Estrone sulfate 8829: 8810: 8801: 8771: 8766: 8757:Estrone sulfate 8715: 8502: 8431: 8426: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8326: 8322: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8249: 8245: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8210: 8206: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8131: 8114: 8081:(9): e1000335. 8067: 8052: 8042: 8040: 8028: 8017: 7972: 7965: 7926: 7922: 7891: 7887: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7823: 7822: 7815: 7776: 7772: 7758: 7756: 7746: 7742: 7703: 7692: 7661: 7644: 7605: 7598: 7567: 7563: 7518: 7514: 7483: 7479: 7440: 7436: 7407:(4): CD004509. 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7339: 7335: 7282: 7278: 7231: 7227: 7190: 7186: 7173: 7171: 7153: 7149: 7110: 7106: 7061: 7057: 7016: 7012: 6967: 6963: 6926: 6922: 6890: 6886: 6855: 6851: 6846:. MedPageToday. 6840: 6836: 6817: 6813: 6798: 6794: 6779: 6775: 6722: 6718: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6657: 6653: 6616: 6612: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6529: 6525: 6486: 6477: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6419: 6396: 6357: 6353: 6308: 6304: 6259: 6255: 6217: 6213: 6182: 6178: 6149:(11): 1307–13. 6138: 6134: 6079: 6075: 6036: 6032: 6001: 5997: 5950: 5946: 5901: 5897: 5857: 5853: 5816: 5812: 5765: 5758: 5719: 5715: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5603: 5599: 5560: 5551: 5506: 5502: 5463: 5459: 5416: 5412: 5372: 5368: 5353: 5349: 5304: 5300: 5255: 5251: 5212: 5208: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5091:(14): 1647–57. 5077: 5073: 5035: 5031: 4985: 4981: 4950: 4946: 4901: 4897: 4856:(5): e0197064. 4842: 4838: 4793: 4789: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4706: 4702: 4657: 4650: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4576: 4572: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4475: 4471: 4426: 4417: 4378: 4374: 4329: 4325: 4278: 4271: 4224: 4220: 4181: 4177: 4120:(3): CD002229. 4106: 4099: 4052: 4045: 4006: 4002: 3945: 3941: 3902: 3898: 3851: 3847: 3802: 3798: 3759: 3755: 3724:(10): 927–938. 3709: 3705: 3674:(1): CD012559. 3660: 3656: 3625:(13): 1353–68. 3610: 3606: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3511: 3507: 3476:(13): 1221–31. 3462: 3458: 3401:(3): CD002229. 3387: 3378: 3335: 3331: 3307: 3303: 3264: 3257: 3212: 3208: 3169: 3162: 3123: 3119: 3088:(13): 1353–68. 3073: 3062: 3017: 3013: 2952: 2943: 2912: 2908: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2843: 2812: 2808: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2704:(1): CD004143. 2690: 2679: 2638: 2631: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2518:on 1 March 2019 2515: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2442: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2368: 2357: 2312: 2303: 2258: 2254: 2223:(10): 927–938. 2208: 2199: 2183: 2182: 2154: 2145: 2108: 2093: 2038: 2034: 1988: 1969: 1935: 1929: 1908: 1903: 1890:Hormone therapy 1881: 1872: 1847:vision problems 1804: 1798: 1793: 1753: 1688: 1682: 1536: 1527: 1476:– bioidentical 1451:– bioidentical 1442:estrogens like 1426:estrogens like 1387:glucocorticoids 1375: 1365: 1363:Available forms 1211: 1191: 1129: 1090: 1078: 1061: 1052: 1050:Cervical cancer 1036: 1031: 999: 962:bisphosphonates 880: 819: 801:Ischemic stroke 796: 736: 647:Cochrane review 623: 618: 613: 612: 562: 556: 537:fluid retention 485: 472: 448: 446:Muscle and bone 390:quality of life 377: 371: 369:Sexual function 363:vaginal dryness 266: 204: 192:vaginal atrophy 164:or custom-made 81:vaginal atrophy 65:vaginal dryness 49:hormone therapy 47:, is a form of 30: 27:Hormone therapy 19: 12: 11: 5: 11498: 11488: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11450: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11404: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11356: 11326: 11316: 11306: 11303:paroxypropione 11272: 11265:chlorpromazine 11253:metoclopramide 11235: 11230: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11212:Spironolactone 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11129: 11127: 11118: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11052: 11051: 11049:Spironolactone 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10974: 10972: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10941: 10917: 10903: 10888: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10858:norgestrienone 10842:levonorgestrel 10831: 10826: 10817: 10816: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10777: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10744:Androisoxazole 10737: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10617: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10553: 10552: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10446: 10444: 10427: 10410: 10409: 10398: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10375: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10285: 10283: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10224: 10190: 10189: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10167:Norelgestromin 10164: 10162:Levonorgestrel 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10120:Norvinisterone 10117: 10112: 10110:Norgestrienone 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10042:Dimethisterone 10039: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9982: 9981: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9857:Dydrogesterone 9850: 9849: 9844: 9835: 9833: 9816: 9804: 9803: 9792: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9769: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9621: 9604: 9587: 9580:chlorpromazine 9568:metoclopramide 9550: 9546: 9515: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9454: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9341: 9339: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9266: 9246: 9235: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9201:Paroxypropione 9198: 9197: 9196: 9186: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9169: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9142: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9083: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9022:Estrone esters 9019: 9014: 9009: 8998:Estriol esters 8995: 8990: 8985: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8883:norethisterone 8875: 8844: 8835: 8833: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8800: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8777: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8706:Estrogen ester 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8512: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8370: 8369:External links 8367: 8364: 8363: 8320: 8302: 8243: 8223: 8204: 8152: 8145: 8112: 8050: 8015: 7963: 7920: 7885: 7842: 7813: 7770: 7740: 7690: 7642: 7615:(6): 632–636. 7596: 7561: 7512: 7477: 7434: 7395: 7383: 7354:(7): 697–708. 7333: 7276: 7225: 7204:(5): M409–16. 7184: 7147: 7104: 7075:(2): 343–345. 7055: 7020:Speizer, F. E. 7010: 6981:(7): 791–804. 6961: 6940:(7): 605–613. 6920: 6901:(2): 103–115. 6884: 6849: 6834: 6825:New York Times 6811: 6806:New York Times 6792: 6773: 6716: 6680: 6673: 6651: 6630:(2): 104–113. 6610: 6599:(3): 112–117. 6576: 6523: 6502:(3): 321–333. 6475: 6468: 6448: 6394: 6351: 6302: 6253: 6211: 6192:(10): 757–60. 6176: 6132: 6073: 6046:(8): 870–876. 6030: 5995: 5944: 5915:(6): 893–901. 5895: 5868:(14): 2563–6. 5851: 5810: 5756: 5729:(2): 120–127. 5713: 5662: 5640: 5597: 5549: 5500: 5457: 5410: 5383:(1): 192–200. 5366: 5347: 5318:(2): 111–122. 5298: 5269:(6): 495–505. 5249: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5112: 5071: 5029: 5000:(4): 369–380. 4979: 4960:(7): F33–F37. 4944: 4915:(4): 296–305. 4895: 4836: 4807:(1): 103–111. 4787: 4726: 4700: 4648: 4619: 4570: 4535: 4514:(6): 2169–75. 4494: 4487: 4479:Uterine cancer 4469: 4415: 4372: 4323: 4269: 4218: 4191:(5): 457–463. 4175: 4097: 4062:(4): 341–345. 4043: 4016:(8): 970–979. 4000: 3939: 3896: 3845: 3816:(3): 208–223. 3796: 3769:(9): 701–705. 3753: 3703: 3654: 3604: 3548: 3505: 3456: 3376: 3329: 3301: 3274:(8): 970–979. 3255: 3206: 3160: 3117: 3060: 3031:(8): 966–969. 3011: 2941: 2922:(4): 411–420. 2906: 2879:(5): 587–604. 2863: 2841: 2806: 2763: 2741: 2677: 2629: 2611: 2585: 2566:Lewis, Ricki. 2558: 2547:on 30 May 2013 2529: 2495:(7): 869–880. 2467: 2425: 2411: 2355: 2301: 2252: 2197: 2164:(3): 147–156. 2143: 2122:(4): 385–396. 2116:Women's Health 2091: 2054:(2): 161–166. 2032: 1967: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1752: 1749: 1702:pharmaceutical 1684:Main article: 1681: 1678: 1656: 1655: 1635:Less commonly 1633: 1620: 1599: 1586: 1569: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1497: 1496: 1471: 1469:dydrogesterone 1465:norethisterone 1446: 1364: 1361: 1327:, strokes and 1252:ovarian cancer 1210: 1207: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1163: 1153: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1121:ovarian cancer 1109: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1077: 1074: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1003:ovarian cancer 998: 997:Ovarian cancer 995: 879: 876: 845:that leads to 818: 815: 806:cohort studies 795: 792: 744:saphenous vein 735: 732: 622: 619: 617: 616:Health effects 614: 611: 610: 605: 602: 599: 596: 591: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 572:abdominal pain 568: 561: 558: 557: 555: 554: 552:contact lenses 548: 545: 543:menstrual flow 539: 533: 528: 525: 520: 519:or performance 513: 507: 502: 496:stomach cramps 489: 484: 481: 480: 479: 471: 468: 447: 444: 428:sexual arousal 370: 367: 355: 354: 345: 335:Defeminization 332: 327: 306: 297: 288: 265: 262: 255:uterine cancer 203: 200: 162:pharmaceutical 51:used to treat 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11497: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11361: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11310: 11309:GnRH agonists 11307: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11056:Nonsteroidal: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10953:Antiandrogens 10950: 10936: 10927: 10921: 10920:Gonadotropins 10918: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10906:GnRH agonists 10904: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10892:Antiestrogens 10890: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10784:Ethylestrenol 10782: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10437: 10431: 10428: 10422: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10406:antiandrogens 10403: 10396: 10391: 10389: 10384: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10373: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10305: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10276: 10270: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10233: 10222: 10218: 10217:ethylestrenol 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10188: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10060:Allylestrenol 10058: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9817: 9814: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9790: 9785: 9783: 9778: 9776: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9547: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9334: 9325: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9302:Antiestrogens 9299: 9285: 9276: 9270: 9269:Gonadotropins 9267: 9264: 9260: 9259:(gonadorelin) 9253: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9239:Antiandrogens 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110:Nonsteroidal: 9108: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8828: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8808:antiestrogens 8805: 8798: 8793: 8791: 8786: 8784: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8423: 8418: 8416: 8411: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8379: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8263:(9): e24661. 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8157: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7986:(2): 215–23. 7985: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7968: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7936:(7): 769–83. 7935: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7901:(5): 600–31. 7900: 7896: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7846: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7786:(2): 119–27. 7785: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7603: 7601: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7577:(2): 105–10. 7576: 7572: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7532:(6): 435–40. 7531: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7069:Endocrinology 7066: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6697:(1–2): 11–5. 6696: 6692: 6684: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6547:(6): 573–87. 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6367:(4): 409–17. 6366: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6322:(2): 239–58. 6321: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6093:(3): e89095. 6092: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6011:(4): 457–60. 6010: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5650: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570:(4): 417–24. 5569: 5565: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5362:archive.today 5359: 5356: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4715: 4714:NIHR Evidence 4711: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4653: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635:NIHR Evidence 4632: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440:(1): 130–62. 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4388:(4): 245–51. 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343:(3): djv350. 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912:(6): 625–34. 3911: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3521:(5): 368–77. 3520: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3226:(2): 109–14. 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173:Menopause Int 3167: 3165: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133:(4): 461–70. 3132: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822:(3): 302–12. 2821: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2751: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2456:(3): 153–64. 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:U.S. Congress 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1654: 1651:, as well as 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:Intramuscular 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593:suppositories 1590: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:bone fracture 1280: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:hip fractures 1232: 1229:disease, and 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1175:cholecystitis 1172: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1098:liver disease 1095: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1029:Other cancers 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011:serous cancer 1008: 1004: 994: 991: 988: 984: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 950: 945: 943: 939: 934: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888:breast cancer 885: 878:Breast cancer 875: 872: 869: 867: 863: 858: 856: 855:birth control 852: 848: 844: 838: 836: 828: 823: 814: 811: 807: 802: 791: 788: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 761: 753: 749: 745: 740: 731: 729: 723: 721: 720:lipoprotein a 717: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:lipoprotein a 679: 678:triglycerides 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 632: 629:The risks of 627: 621:Heart disease 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 573: 569: 567: 566:Double vision 564: 563: 553: 549: 546: 544: 540: 538: 534: 532: 529: 526: 524: 521: 518: 514: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 497: 493: 492:Upset stomach 490: 487: 486: 478: 476: 467: 463: 461: 457: 453: 443: 441: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 381: 376: 366: 364: 360: 353: 349: 346: 344: 340: 337:– diminished 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 305: 301: 298: 296: 292: 289: 286: 283: 282: 281: 279: 278:perimenopause 270: 261: 258: 256: 252: 248: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 199: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 152: 147: 143: 139: 138:physiological 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75:(bone loss), 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 28: 24: 16: 11369: 11329:Progestogens 11197:Ketoconazole 11125:5α-Reductase 11089:Ketoconazole 11079:Enzalutamide 11074:Darolutamide 11064:Bicalutamide 11055: 11019:Medrogestone 11014:Drospirenone 10977: 10870: 10820: 10810: 10780: 10769:Oxymetholone 10740: 10724:Oxymesterone 10660: 10634:Norclostebol 10611: 10585:Mepitiostane 10580:Epitiostanol 10556: 10508:Testosterone 10449: 10294:Mifepristone 10289:Aglepristone 10258:Telapristone 10193: 10187:Drospirenone 10183: 10172:Norgestimate 10147:Etonogestrel 10138: 10105:Norgesterone 10100:Noretynodrel 10056: 10053: 10033: 10030: 10024:Trimegestone 10019:Promegestone 10010: 9988: 9985: 9975: 9972:Medrogestone 9968: 9965:Proligestone 9871: 9868: 9853: 9847:Quingestrone 9842:Progesterone 9838: 9808:Progestogens 9796:Progestogens 9679: 9664: 9624:Progestogens 9527:testosterone 9487: 9472: 9466:Testolactone 9457: 9436: 9421: 9395:Ormeloxifene 9390:Mepitiostane 9385:Lasofoxifene 9380:Epitiostanol 9360:Broparestrol 9355:Bazedoxifene 9243:bicalutamide 9109: 9098:Quinestradol 9093:Promestriene 8887:noretynodrel 8868:metandienone 8856:testosterone 8838: 8472: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8314: 8305: 8260: 8256: 8246: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8207: 8172: 8168: 8135: 8078: 8074: 8041:. 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Retrieved 2513:the original 2492: 2488: 2453: 2449: 2414: 2379: 2375: 2323: 2319: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2220: 2216: 2186:cite journal 2161: 2157: 2119: 2115: 2051: 2045: 2035: 2000: 1996: 1943: 1939: 1873: 1864: 1860: 1835: 1823:ghostwritten 1805: 1769: 1754: 1721: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1689: 1666: 1657: 1548:formulations 1545: 1528: 1509: 1498: 1478:testosterone 1453:progesterone 1449:Progestogens 1438:(CEEs), and 1424:bioidentical 1414: 1406:hysterectomy 1391: 1376: 1357: 1353: 1348:hysterectomy 1345: 1341: 1333:hip fracture 1318: 1310:osteoporosis 1303: 1295: 1271: 1256: 1215:double-blind 1212: 1192: 1079: 1070:UPDRS scores 1066: 1062: 1053: 1037: 1019:endometrioid 1000: 992: 990:two groups. 959: 953: 946: 935: 931: 919:underpowered 915:bioidentical 911:progestogens 904: 896:hysterectomy 881: 873: 870: 859: 839: 832: 797: 789: 785: 757: 724: 692:blood flow, 663: 659:venous clots 644: 636: 475:Side effects 473: 470:Side effects 464: 452:hip fracture 449: 436: 417: 413: 394: 386: 356: 321:osteoporosis 311:– decreased 275: 259: 245:ovaries are 242:menstruation 227: 216: 205: 202:Medical uses 196:osteoporosis 174: 165: 161: 155: 135: 127:testosterone 107:manufactured 103:Progesterone 99:progestogens 93: 85:sex hormones 73:osteoporosis 67:, decreased 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 15: 11403:from market 11313:leuprorelin 11261:haloperidol 11257:risperidone 11249:domperidone 11241:antagonists 11207:Seviteronel 11148:Finasteride 11143:Epristeride 11138:Dutasteride 11133:Alfatradiol 11099:Seviteronel 11059:Apalutamide 10970:antagonists 10914:leuprorelin 10854:lynestrenol 10764:Oxandrolone 10759:Mestanolone 10729:Penmesterol 10684:Formebolone 10669:Calusterone 10664:Bolasterone 10590:Mesterolone 10537:Deposterona 10319:from market 10281:antagonists 10142:Desogestrel 10080:Lynestrenol 10065:Altrenogest 10047:Ethisterone 10014:Demegestone 10002:Norgestomet 9862:Trengestone 9713:from market 9610:antagonists 9597:leuprorelin 9576:haloperidol 9572:risperidone 9564:domperidone 9556:antagonists 9539:oxandrolone 9491:Anastrozole 9430:Fulvestrant 9425:Elacestrant 9375:Enclomifene 9318:antagonists 9263:leuprorelin 9206:Quadrosilan 8982:Climacteron 8901:Clomestrone 8842:Alfatradiol 7835:17 February 7707:Climacteric 7671:(1): 1–14. 7120:(1): 3–12. 7114:Climacteric 6533:Prentice RL 6361:Climacteric 5723:Climacteric 5682:(1): 1199. 5607:Climacteric 5312:Climacteric 5216:Climacteric 4056:Climacteric 3906:Climacteric 3882:10852/75276 3515:Climacteric 3318:(1): 6–16. 3179:(1): 44–6. 2756:23 February 2272:(1): 3–10. 2266:Climacteric 2158:Climacteric 1751:Compounding 1299:endometrium 1227:gallbladder 1171:cholangitis 1167:gallbladder 1157:hyperplasia 1149:History of 1111:Aggressive 1044:lymph nodes 905:There is a 900:progestogen 851:progestogen 827:progestogen 810:hemorrhagic 779:-dependent 750:-dependent 734:Blood clots 713:cholesterol 541:Changes in 523:Nervousness 515:Changes in 407:(SHBG) and 304:lubrication 300:Dyspareunia 285:Hot flashes 188:hot flashes 69:muscle mass 61:hot flashes 11459:Categories 11323:cetrorelix 11279:bifluranol 11202:Nilutamide 11182:Bifluranol 11172:+niraparib 11116:inhibitors 11094:Nilutamide 11069:Cimetidine 11039:Oxendolone 10984:+niraparib 10978:Steroidal: 10846:norgestrel 10834:Progestins 10829:Gestrinone 10789:Mibolerone 10774:Stanozolol 10503:Quinbolone 10209:trenbolone 10201:nandrolone 10177:Norgestrel 10157:Gestrinone 10125:Oxendolone 9813:progestins 9673:Gestrinone 9614:cetrorelix 9496:Exemestane 9481:Formestane 9440:Trilostane 9415:Toremifene 9405:Raloxifene 9400:Ospemifene 9370:Cyclofenil 9345:Acolbifene 9128:Dienestrol 9118:Bifluranol 9113:Benzestrol 9103:Quinestrol 9071:Nilestriol 8926:Epimestrol 8921:Epiestriol 8879:progestins 8839:Steroidal: 7759:2 February 7245:(1): 1–8. 7174:7 February 5779:: 258454. 5676:BMC Cancer 5514:The Lancet 4238:: 433–40. 2620:"Medscape" 2574:. Medscape 1901:References 1870:Popularity 1855:raloxifene 1819:litigation 1800:See also: 1743:, and the 1706:compounded 1645:intranasal 1637:sublingual 1631:fat tissue 1457:progestins 1367:See also: 1219:lung clots 1015:clear cell 955:Micronized 697:metabolism 373:See also: 352:joint pain 343:skin aging 317:osteopenia 183:, such as 166:compounded 11475:Menopause 11413:Phase III 11401:Withdrawn 11287:estradiol 11275:Estrogens 11269:sulpiride 11247:) (e.g., 11192:Flutamide 11084:Flutamide 11009:Dienogest 10989:Canrenone 10900:clomifene 10896:tamoxifen 10749:Furazabol 10463:Clostebol 10414:Androgens 10402:Androgens 10329:Phase III 10317:Withdrawn 10223:, others) 10152:Gestodene 10070:Dienogest 10057:Estranes: 10034:Estranes: 9723:Phase III 9711:Withdrawn 9601:goserelin 9584:sulpiride 9560:prolactin 9519:Androgens 9501:Letrozole 9476:Fadrozole 9410:Tamoxifen 9365:Clomifene 9172:Hexestrol 9066:Moxestrol 9056:Mestranol 8941:Estradiol 8848:androgens 8816:Estrogens 8804:Estrogens 8429:Estradiol 8387:Menopause 7980:Menopause 7930:Menopause 7880:189816648 7637:205452835 7571:Maturitas 7444:Menopause 7310:1469-493X 7169:0362-4331 6895:Maturitas 6750:2042-0986 6443:2329-3691 6040:Menopause 5964:: 59–66. 5751:227166430 5564:Menopause 5452:231970420 5181:0027-8874 5147:0027-8874 4764:1756-1833 4750:: m3873. 4671:: m3873. 4565:1361-259X 4382:Menopause 4213:205827003 4144:1469-493X 4076:1473-0804 4010:Menopause 3995:201845588 3583:0029-7844 3543:218865937 3425:1469-493X 3268:Menopause 3127:Menopause 3055:211050248 3002:201845588 2718:1469-493X 2350:207579406 2296:230783545 2068:0378-5122 2047:Maturitas 1839:off-label 1695:naturally 1610:solutions 1474:Androgens 1440:synthetic 1428:estradiol 1420:Estrogens 1379:androgens 1243:vasomotor 1169:disease ( 1135:headaches 1102:Pregnancy 892:Oestrogen 884:menopause 777:vitamin K 748:vitamin K 640:morbidity 594:Lassitude 589:Skin rash 517:sex drive 325:fractures 309:Bone loss 185:vasomotor 146:mortality 123:Androgens 95:Estrogens 89:estrogens 57:menopause 11425:See also 11331:(incl., 11238:receptor 10864:Tibolone 10545:Sustanon 10541:Omnadren 10442:agonists 10341:See also 10139:Gonanes: 10135:Tibolone 9831:agonists 9735:See also 9618:elagolix 9593:agonists 9553:receptor 9350:Anordrin 9252:agonists 8936:Estetrol 8895:tibolone 8877:Certain 8846:Certain 8832:agonists 8737:Estetrol 8358:73435897 8350:30745316 8336:: l633. 8297:21949743 8257:PLOS ONE 8199:28801526 8107:20838656 8075:PLOS Med 8010:26418479 7958:30292136 7950:24398406 7915:17627398 7872:31192760 7808:24890723 7800:16109599 7754:UpToDate 7735:24616324 7727:16112947 7685:16530874 7629:28540770 7591:15653007 7556:11376015 7507:16005674 7464:16145303 7429:21619940 7421:16235365 7378:18703472 7328:27733017 7271:18488873 7220:12730248 7142:37219662 7134:15804727 7099:21252179 7022:(1997). 7005:15209595 6915:16815651 6879:19854329 6768:25922653 6711:21117950 6646:22786830 6605:23396275 6571:19196674 6518:12117397 6389:25426141 6381:21355685 6346:19427328 6297:22554955 6248:28264815 6206:21824799 6171:22921797 6127:24622517 6087:PLOS ONE 6068:44174553 6060:29846283 6025:23402992 5990:25657580 5939:23071076 5890:40143658 5882:21956541 5846:22703631 5805:22548198 5743:33236658 5708:31818262 5635:38122562 5627:23952524 5592:32195397 5584:26506499 5544:25684585 5495:32022318 5487:22015396 5467:Steroids 5444:33608235 5405:58593390 5397:30661763 5358:Archived 5334:29384406 5293:29671181 5244:20808536 5236:23336704 5199:24003037 5107:16609086 5066:15082697 5024:32721007 4974:23062839 4939:21278356 4890:29768475 4850:PLOS ONE 4831:17333341 4782:33115755 4695:33115755 4614:31474332 4530:17341565 4464:23303565 4410:38526018 4402:11449081 4367:26668177 4318:29149179 4286:PLOS Med 4264:25210472 4205:20601871 4170:22188456 4162:25754617 4153:10183715 4084:29570359 4038:39876534 4030:28609390 3987:31488288 3949:Rymer, J 3934:33413274 3926:24559253 3891:31677448 3840:35594469 3783:20807164 3748:28898378 3698:31989588 3649:24084921 3599:30775537 3591:23812486 3535:19811229 3500:27028912 3451:22188456 3443:25754617 3434:10183715 3371:11410333 3363:16932507 3324:28346192 3296:39876534 3288:28609390 3250:25610174 3201:33414205 3193:20424287 3155:26110755 3147:26529613 3112:24084921 3047:32027015 3006:Archived 2994:31488288 2956:Rymer, J 2936:15283933 2901:43031351 2893:10530785 2836:22533363 2801:20392538 2793:12762829 2736:28093732 2672:20566620 2509:28703650 2462:21464264 2406:21531972 2342:28626058 2288:33403881 2247:28898378 2178:16730929 2138:19586430 2086:19733988 2027:20566620 1962:26444994 1879:See also 1851:wrinkles 1813:, was a 1618:ampoules 1567:capsules 1500:Tibolone 1394:uteruses 1247:dementia 1239:diabetes 1199:Premarin 1133:Migraine 1084:to HRT: 864:, and a 773:anabolic 701:platelet 690:coronary 560:Uncommon 510:Appetite 505:Diarrhea 500:bloating 488:Headache 456:collagen 440:Tibolone 53:symptoms 11321:(e.g., 11311:(e.g., 11277:(e.g., 10922:(e.g., 10908:(e.g., 10894:(e.g., 10836:(e.g., 10824:Danazol 10622:(e.g., 10515:(e.g., 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