368:
hyaline material inside of those. (D,E) Fluorescence microscopy (40×) shows, respectively, IgM and C3 trapping in areas of collapse/sclerosis. (F) Semi-fine stained in
Toluidine Blue (63×) with collapse of the entire glomerular tuft and hyperplasia of podocytes and dilated Bowman's space. (G,H) Transmission electron microscopy contrasted with Osmium Tetroxide, Lead Citrate and Uranyl in block shows capillary loop collapse with hyalinosis in addition to diffuse fusion and flattening of the pedicels associated with microvillous transformation. (I) Electron microscopy tubes contrasted with osmium tetroxide, lead citrate, and uranyl in block with detail of disorganization of the cytoskeleton in the podocyte cytoplasm, with extensive effacement of the pedicels.
40:
364:
341:
76:
207:
121:
glucocorticoids and other immune-modulatory drugs. Response to therapy is variable, with a significant portion of patients progressing to end-stage kidney failure. An
American epidemiological study 20 years ago demonstrated that FSGS is estimated to occur in 7 persons per million, with cisgender male African-Americans at higher risk.
453:
Initial response to therapy also dictates long-term outcomes. Those defined as having a "complete response" typically manifest a proteinuria of <300 mg/day; those with a "partial response" manifest a sub-nephrotic range of proteinuria, <3.5 g/day. Either complete or partial response is
120:
is a common long-term complication of the disease. FSGS can be classified as primary, secondary, or genetic, depending on whether a particular toxic or pathologic stressor or genetic predisposition can be identified as the cause. Diagnosis is established by renal biopsy, and treatment consists of
367:
Histopathology of collapsing glomerulopathy. (A,B) Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Jones
Methenamine Silver (JMS) (40×), respectively show intense podocyte hyperplasia and glomerular tuft collapse. (C) JMS (20×) exhibits microcytic transformation of distal convoluted tubules with accumulations of
257:
Secondary FSGS is caused by an identifiable stress or toxin that injures podocytes. Many causes of secondary FSGS contribute to podocyte injury through hyperfiltration, which is a scenario of excess filtration by renal glomeruli. Hyperfiltration can be caused by obesity, diabetes or loss of the
466:, making it one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in the United States. FSGS accounts for 2% of all cases of kidney failure. African American patients have four times the likelihood of developing FSGS. Men are about two times as likely to develop FSGS compared to women.
404:, whereas the glomerular tip lesion variant has a low rate of progression to end-stage renal disease in most patients. The cellular variant shows similar clinical presentation to collapsing and glomerular tip variant but has intermediate outcomes between the other two variants.
1720:
Kopp JB, Nelson GW, Sampath K, Johnson RC, Genovese G, An P, Friedman D, Briggs W, Dart R, Korbet S, Mokrzycki MH, Kimmel PL, Limou S, Ahuja TS, Berns JS, Fryc J, Simon EE, Smith MC, Trachtman H, Michel DM, Schelling JR, Vlahov D, Pollak M, Winkler CA (November 2011).
253:
FSGS can be classified by the putative cause of damage to podocytes. Primary FSGS involves cases in which no cause is readily identifiable. It is presumed that a set of unidentified circulating factors in the blood contribute to podocyte damage in these cases.
1626:
Boute N, Gribouval O, Roselli S, Benessy F, Lee H, Fuchshuber A, Dahan K, Gubler MC, Niaudet P, Antignac C (April 2000). "NPHS2, encoding the glomerular protein podocin, is mutated in autosomal recessive steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome".
238:
from being filtered. FSGS involves damage to the renal podocytes such that larger molecules, most notably proteins, are filtered and lost through the kidney. Thus, many of the signs and symptoms of FSGS are related to protein loss.
450:-range (>3.5 g/day) proteinuria have over a 50% rate of progression to end-stage kidney disease at 10 years. Only 15% of patients with sub-nephrotic ranges of proteinuria progress to end-stage renal failure at 10 years.
2131:
2111:
1770:
Fuiano G, Comi N, Magri P, Sepe V, Balletta MM, Esposito C, Uccello F, Dal Canton A, Conte G (January 1996). "Serial morphometric analysis of sclerotic lesions in primary "focal" segmental glomerulosclerosis".
1577:
Philippe A, Nevo F, Esquivel EL, Reklaityte D, Gribouval O, Tête MJ, Loirat C, Dantal J, Fischbach M, Pouteil-Noble C, Decramer S, Hoehne M, Benzing T, Charbit M, Niaudet P, Antignac C (October 2008).
2028:
Deegens JK, Assmann KJ, Steenbergen EJ, Hilbrands LB, Gerlag PG, Jansen JL, Wetzels JF (November 2005). "Idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a favourable prognosis in untreated patients?".
332:, low blood protein levels (albumin, antibodies), and high blood cholesterol would support a diagnosis of FSGS, although these do not help to distinguish between FSGS and other causes of proteinuria.
807:
Haas M, Meehan SM, Karrison TG, Spargo BH (November 1997). "Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome: a comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976–1979 and 1995–1997".
246:) to segments of glomeruli; moreover, only a portion of glomeruli are affected. The focal and segmental nature of disease seen on histology help to distinguish FSGS from other types of
420:-range proteinuria (>3.5 g/day). For patients who maintain nephrotic-range proteinuria despite glucocorticoids, or for patients who demonstrate glucocorticoid intolerance,
104:. This process damages the filtration function of the kidney, resulting in protein presence in the urine due to protein loss. FSGS is a leading cause of excess protein loss—
2058:
Troyanov S, Wall CA, Miller JA, Scholey JW, Cattran DC (April 2005). "Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis: definition and relevance of a partial remission".
697:
Rydel JJ, Korbet SM, Borok RZ, Schwartz MM (April 1995). "Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis in adults: presentation, course, and response to treatment".
1472:
Helal I, Fick-Brosnahan GM, Reed-Gitomer B, Schrier RW (February 2012). "Glomerular hyperfiltration: definitions, mechanisms and clinical implications".
651:
Kitiyakara C, Eggers P, Kopp JB (November 2004). "Twenty-one-year trend in ESRD due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the United States".
2326:
400:
value in individuals with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The collapsing variant is associated with higher rate of progression to
2465:
779:
2257:
1809:
Schwartz MM, Korbet SM (December 1993). "Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: pathology, histological variants, and pathogenesis".
2443:
2404:
2321:
2382:
739:
Korbet SM, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ (June 1994). "Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: clinical course and response to therapy".
1993:
Raina R, Wang J, Sharma A, Chakraborty R (2020). "Extracorporeal
Therapies in the Treatment of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis".
2331:
2416:
2373:
1283:
372:
Five mutually exclusive variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis may be distinguished by the pathologic findings seen on
328:
Other tests helpful in the diagnosis include urine protein, urinalysis, serum albumin, and serum lipids. A clinical picture of
295:
gene. There is some data to suggest that HIV can infect tubular epithelial cells and podocytes, but much remains to be known.
1662:
Brown EJ, Schlöndorff JS, Becker DJ, Tsukaguchi H, Tonna SJ, Uscinski AL, Higgs HN, Henderson JM, Pollak MR (January 2010).
325:(scarring) of a portion (average: 15%) of the glomerular space, with only a portion of glomeruli manifesting any sclerosis.
530:
2146:
1434:
Rennke HG, Klein PS (June 1989). "Pathogenesis and significance of nonprimary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis".
218:. Large molecules, such as proteins, are usually too large to be filtered and instead are retained in the capillaries.
1507:
Dubrow A, Mittman N, Ghali V, Flamenbaum W (January 1985). "The changing spectrum of heroin-associated nephropathy".
424:(e.g., tacrolimus) are initiated. Successful treatment is defined as a drop in proteinuria to sub-nephrotic ranges.
291:
The pathogenesis of HIV-associated FSGS is unclear, but may be due to the presence of the G1/G2 risk alleles of the
2521:
2455:
2250:
1345:
Nagata M, Kobayashi N, Hara S (August 2017). "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; why does it occur segmentally?".
1043:
Kitiyakara C, Kopp JB, Eggers P (March 2003). "Trends in the epidemiology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis".
2426:
1843:
2303:
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454:
associated with 80% kidney survival at 10 years, compared with about 50% among non-responsive patients.
2285:
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2408:
2313:
298:
75:
2516:
2511:
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2386:
2172:
1897:"Clinical and pathologic characteristics of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis pathologic variants"
1895:
Thomas DB, Franceschini N, Hogan SL, Ten Holder S, Jennette CE, Falk RJ, Jennette JC (March 2006).
401:
159:
Common signs are also due to loss of blood proteins by the glomerulus of the kidney, including:
39:
2293:
436:
421:
2212:
1387:"Differentiating Primary, Genetic, and Secondary FSGS in Adults: A Clinicopathologic Approach"
363:
1723:"APOL1 genetic variants in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy"
179:
340:
2394:
2347:
322:
243:
184:
93:
427:
The treatment of secondary FSGS involves addressing the particular toxic or stress agent.
8:
2135:
1844:
Cutrim ÉMM, Neves PDMM, Campos MAG, Wanderley DC, Teixeira-Júnior AAL, Muniz MPR (2022).
1555:
412:
First-line treatment for primary FSGS consists of anti-inflammatory drugs. Specifically,
348:
231:
223:
215:
211:
130:
97:
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1967:
1940:
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851:
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556:
507:
502:
463:
447:
417:
247:
167:
105:
2140:
1822:
1542:
Kasiske BL, Crosson JT (June 1986). "Renal disease in patients with massive obesity".
1520:
1447:
1091:
1008:
Tucker JK (February 2002). "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in
African Americans".
958:"Protecting Podocytes: A Key Target for Therapy of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis"
820:
752:
664:
2075:
2037:
2010:
1972:
1918:
1877:
1826:
1788:
1752:
1710:
Chang, Anthony, Robbins & Cotran
Pathologic Basis of Disease, Chapter 20, 895–952
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1021:
987:
935:
906:"Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and chronic kidney disease in pediatric patients"
881:
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714:
710:
668:
630:
586:
261:
Secondary FSGS can also be caused by toxins, including anabolic steroids and heroin.
64:
206:
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2002:
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that contribute to the filtration barrier, preventing molecules larger than 5
188:
1579:"Nephrin mutations can cause childhood-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome"
2433:
2421:
2177:
490:
173:
2266:
1941:"Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: molecular genetics and targeted therapies"
1226:
921:
413:
117:
1957:
1358:
1261:
2505:
1862:
356:
52:
2124:
2120:
1846:"Collapsing Glomerulopathy: A Review by the Collapsing Brazilian Consortium"
1664:"Mutations in the formin gene INF2 cause focal segmental glomerulosclerosis"
1056:
867:
305:
have also been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
2447:
2079:
2071:
2041:
2014:
1976:
1922:
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1234:
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1064:
1029:
991:
939:
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672:
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373:
347:
of the collapsing variant of FSGS (collapsing glomerulopathy). A collapsed
314:
194:
129:
The most common symptoms are a result of abnormal loss of protein from the
1913:
1896:
1830:
1792:
1563:
1528:
1455:
1328:
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1099:
828:
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634:
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1130:
572:
440:
329:
163:
109:
2103:
625:
608:
1385:
De Vriese AS, Sethi S, Nath KA, Glassock RJ, Fervenza FC (March 2018).
1320:
847:
344:
69:
48:
2006:
1784:
1471:
1307:
Ichikawa I, Fogo A (June 1996). "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis".
1164:"Mechanisms of glomerular albumin filtration and tubular reabsorption"
973:
2218:
2183:
475:
397:
352:
318:
235:
56:
1078:
Wallace MA (November 1998). "Anatomy and physiology of the kidney".
1679:
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consists of a set of capillaries from which blood is filtered into
152:
101:
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2027:
1640:
1894:
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277:
269:
145:
2166:
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2157:
2154:
2151:
1661:
2115:
852:"Causes and pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis"
317:
that includes at least fifteen serial cuts with at least eight
264:
A number of genes have been implicated in FSGS. These include:
1576:
1213:
Nagata M (June 2016). "Podocyte injury and its consequences".
108:—in children and adults in the US. Signs and symptoms include
1248:
Wang CS, Greenbaum LA (February 2019). "Nephrotic
Syndrome".
302:
292:
141:
113:
33:
focal glomerular sclerosis, focal nodular glomerulosclerosis
1625:
1506:
1113:
Pollak MR, Quaggin SE, Hoenig MP, Dworkin LD (August 2014).
1992:
1384:
1112:
2057:
435:
The majority of untreated cases of FSGS will progress to
1719:
903:
806:
696:
187:(compensatory by the liver to compensate for low serum
609:"The many masks of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis"
51:
of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, hilar variant.
904:
Kiffel J, Rahimzada Y, Trachtman H (September 2011).
439:. Important prognostic factors include the degree of
2265:
2093:
1042:
650:
1769:
1344:
738:
151:Susceptibility to infection (due to loss of serum
2503:
197:in the urine (secondary to hypercholesterolemia)
602:
600:
1808:
1541:
955:
646:
644:
226:, the site of filtration of ions and solutes.
2466:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
2251:
2053:
2051:
1804:
1802:
1247:
951:
949:
554:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
1306:
1161:
597:
272:that contributes to the filtration barrier;
1433:
1340:
1338:
1284:"Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)"
1003:
1001:
899:
897:
895:
780:"Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)"
641:
606:
92:) is a histopathologic finding of scarring
2258:
2244:
2048:
1988:
1986:
1938:
1799:
1467:
1465:
1380:
1378:
1376:
946:
734:
732:
730:
728:
537:
524:
522:
284:, which encodes the actin-binding protein
258:contralateral kidney, among other causes.
242:On histology, FSGS manifests as scarring (
74:
38:
1966:
1956:
1934:
1932:
1912:
1871:
1861:
1746:
1687:
1602:
1410:
1189:
1179:
1138:
1115:"The glomerulus: the sphere of influence"
981:
929:
875:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
624:
580:
222:FSGS is primarily a disease of the renal
1335:
998:
892:
842:
840:
838:
802:
800:
528:"focal segmental glomerulosclerosis" at
362:
339:
205:
2332:Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary
1983:
1462:
1373:
1077:
846:
725:
519:
416:are begun in patients manifesting with
396:Recognition of these variants may have
2504:
1929:
1888:
1212:
1086:(5): 800, 803–16, 819–20, quiz 821–4.
1007:
679:
462:FSGS accounts for 35% of all cases of
2239:
835:
797:
774:
772:
770:
392:Not otherwise specified (NOS) variant
351:is seen at the top, right-of-centre.
124:
1556:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360180095016
557:"Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis"
555:Rosenberg AZ, Kopp JB (March 2017).
137:Frothy urine (due to excess protein)
13:
767:
201:
86:Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
25:Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
14:
2533:
2089:
443:and initial response to therapy.
335:
230:are specialized cells lining the
2456:Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
2267:Disease of the kidney glomerules
1022:10.1097/00000441-200202000-00006
469:
140:Excess water retention (pitting
2021:
1939:Chen YM, Liapis H (July 2015).
1837:
1763:
1713:
1704:
1655:
1619:
1570:
1535:
1500:
1427:
1300:
1276:
1241:
1206:
1155:
1106:
1071:
1036:
956:Campbell KN, Tumlin JA (2018).
457:
321:. Histologic features include
1:
1823:10.1016/s0272-6386(12)70349-9
1521:10.1016/s0272-6386(85)80133-5
1448:10.1016/s0272-6386(89)80001-0
1092:10.1016/s0001-2092(06)62377-6
821:10.1016/s0272-6386(97)90485-6
753:10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80128-4
665:10.1016/S0272-6386(04)01081-9
513:
383:Glomerular tip lesion variant
313:Diagnosis of FSGS is made by
711:10.1016/0272-6386(95)90120-5
531:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
430:
407:
308:
276:, which encodes the protein
268:, which encodes the protein
133:of the kidney, and include:
7:
2327:Endocapillary proliferative
1162:Tojo A, Kinugasa S (2012).
496:
10:
2538:
1227:10.1016/j.kint.2016.01.012
922:10.1053/j.ackd.2011.03.005
607:D'Agati V (October 1994).
299:Gain of function mutations
2478:
2442:
2409:Type III hypersensitivity
2403:
2381:
2365:
2340:
2312:
2284:
2273:
2198:
2097:
1958:10.1186/s12882-015-0090-9
1359:10.1007/s00424-017-2023-x
1262:10.1016/j.pcl.2018.08.006
63:
46:
37:
29:
24:
2461:Microscopic polyangiitis
2387:Type II hypersensitivity
1863:10.3389/fmed.2022.846173
437:end-stage kidney disease
280:found in podocytes; and
170:-range of >3.5 g/day)
2522:Disorders causing edema
2322:Mesangial proliferative
1057:10.1053/snep.2003.50025
868:10.1038/nrneph.2014.216
402:end-stage renal disease
144:, due to loss of serum
2072:10.1681/ASN.2004070593
1739:10.1681/ASN.2011040388
1595:10.1681/ASN.2008010059
1486:10.1038/nrneph.2012.19
1403:10.1681/ASN.2017090958
910:Adv Chronic Kidney Dis
422:calcineurin inhibitors
369:
360:
219:
185:High serum cholesterol
2427:diffuse proliferative
1914:10.1038/sj.ki.5000160
1250:Pediatr Clin North Am
1119:Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
561:Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
366:
343:
209:
2395:Goodpasture syndrome
1850:Front Med (Lausanne)
1131:10.2215/CJN.09400913
573:10.2215/CJN.05960616
248:glomerular sclerosis
180:Low serum antibodies
164:Protein in the urine
100:and damage to renal
1181:10.1155/2012/481520
626:10.1038/ki.1994.388
2491:glomerulonephrosis
2486:glomerulonephritis
2417:Post-streptococcal
2199:External resources
1321:10.1007/BF00866790
968:(Suppl 1): 14–29.
784:www.kidneyfund.org
508:Nephrotic syndrome
503:Glomerulonephritis
464:nephrotic syndrome
380:Collapsing variant
370:
361:
220:
168:nephrotic syndrome
125:Signs and symptoms
106:nephrotic syndrome
2499:
2498:
2474:
2473:
2361:
2360:
2286:Non-proliferative
2233:
2232:
2007:10.1159/000506277
1785:10.1681/ASN.V7149
974:10.1159/000481634
850:(February 2015).
389:Perihilar variant
174:Low serum albumin
83:
82:
19:Medical condition
2529:
2379:
2378:
2282:
2281:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2127:(with .1 suffix)
2095:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2060:J Am Soc Nephrol
2055:
2046:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1892:
1886:
1885:
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1865:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1773:J Am Soc Nephrol
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1727:J Am Soc Nephrol
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1701:
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1659:
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1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1583:J Am Soc Nephrol
1574:
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1532:
1504:
1498:
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1469:
1460:
1459:
1431:
1425:
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1414:
1391:J Am Soc Nephrol
1382:
1371:
1370:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1288:Cleveland Clinic
1280:
1274:
1273:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1142:
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1103:
1075:
1069:
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1040:
1034:
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1005:
996:
995:
985:
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944:
943:
933:
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890:
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844:
833:
832:
804:
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736:
723:
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694:
677:
676:
648:
639:
638:
628:
604:
595:
594:
584:
552:
535:
526:
386:Cellular variant
232:Bowman's capsule
189:oncotic pressure
79:
78:
42:
22:
21:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2517:Channelopathies
2512:Kidney diseases
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2470:
2438:
2399:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2336:
2308:
2299:Focal segmental
2275:
2269:
2264:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2194:
2193:
2106:
2092:
2087:
2056:
2049:
2026:
2022:
1991:
1984:
1937:
1930:
1893:
1889:
1842:
1838:
1811:Am J Kidney Dis
1807:
1800:
1768:
1764:
1733:(11): 2129–37.
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1660:
1656:
1624:
1620:
1575:
1571:
1544:Arch Intern Med
1540:
1536:
1509:Am J Kidney Dis
1505:
1501:
1474:Nat Rev Nephrol
1470:
1463:
1436:Am J Kidney Dis
1432:
1428:
1383:
1374:
1343:
1336:
1309:Pediatr Nephrol
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1246:
1242:
1211:
1207:
1160:
1156:
1111:
1107:
1076:
1072:
1041:
1037:
1006:
999:
954:
947:
902:
893:
856:Nat Rev Nephrol
845:
836:
809:Am J Kidney Dis
805:
798:
789:
787:
778:
777:
768:
741:Am J Kidney Dis
737:
726:
699:Am J Kidney Dis
695:
680:
653:Am J Kidney Dis
649:
642:
605:
598:
553:
538:
527:
520:
516:
499:
491:Alonzo Mourning
472:
460:
433:
414:glucocorticoids
410:
338:
311:
204:
202:Pathophysiology
127:
73:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Minimal change
2290:
2288:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2169:
2143:
2128:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:Classification
2091:
2090:External links
2088:
2086:
2085:
2047:
2020:
2001:(5): 513–523.
1982:
1928:
1887:
1836:
1798:
1762:
1712:
1703:
1680:10.1038/ng.505
1654:
1618:
1589:(10): 1871–8.
1569:
1534:
1499:
1480:(5): 293–300.
1461:
1426:
1397:(3): 759–774.
1372:
1353:(7–8): 983–8.
1334:
1299:
1275:
1240:
1221:(6): 1221–30.
1205:
1154:
1105:
1070:
1035:
997:
945:
891:
834:
796:
766:
724:
678:
640:
619:(4): 1223–41.
596:
567:(3): 502–517.
536:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
505:
498:
495:
494:
493:
488:
483:
478:
471:
468:
459:
456:
446:Patients with
432:
429:
409:
406:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
337:
336:Classification
334:
310:
307:
216:Bowman's space
203:
200:
199:
198:
192:
182:
177:
176:(<3.5 g/dl)
171:
166:(often in the
157:
156:
149:
138:
126:
123:
118:Kidney failure
81:
80:
67:
61:
60:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
16:Kidney disease
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2534:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
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2481:
2477:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
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2380:
2377:
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2370:
2364:
2354:
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2345:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2314:Proliferative
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:(4): 1061–8.
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2036:(10): 393–8.
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:(6): 874–83.
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:10.1038/74166
1638:
1635:(4): 349–54.
1634:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:(6): 1105–9.
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:(6): 443–56.
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:Pflugers Arch
1341:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:(3): 374–91.
1314:
1310:
1303:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Int J Nephrol
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:(8): 1461–9.
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:(2): 172–82.
1050:
1046:
1045:Semin Nephrol
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
993:
989:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
941:
937:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
898:
896:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
841:
839:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:(5): 621–31.
814:
810:
803:
801:
785:
781:
775:
773:
771:
762:
758:
754:
750:
747:(6): 773–83.
746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
729:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:(4): 534–42.
704:
700:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:(5): 815–25.
658:
654:
647:
645:
636:
632:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
601:
592:
588:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
534:
532:
525:
523:
518:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
470:Notable cases
467:
465:
455:
451:
449:
444:
442:
438:
428:
425:
423:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
378:
377:
375:
365:
358:
357:Kidney biopsy
354:
350:
346:
342:
333:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
259:
255:
251:
249:
245:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
213:
208:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
132:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Kidney biopsy
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2448:Pauci-immune
2444:Type III RPG
2341:By condition
2298:
2217:
2206:
2182:
2171:
2145:
2130:
2110:
2063:
2059:
2033:
2029:
2023:
1998:
1994:
1948:
1944:
1907:(5): 920–6.
1904:
1900:
1890:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1814:
1810:
1779:(1): 49–55.
1776:
1772:
1765:
1730:
1726:
1715:
1706:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1515:(1): 36–41.
1512:
1508:
1502:
1477:
1473:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1394:
1390:
1350:
1346:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1256:(1): 73–85.
1253:
1249:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1013:
1010:Am J Med Sci
1009:
965:
962:Am J Nephrol
961:
916:(5): 332–8.
913:
909:
862:(2): 76–87.
859:
855:
812:
808:
788:. Retrieved
786:. 2021-10-28
783:
744:
740:
702:
698:
656:
652:
616:
612:
564:
560:
529:
486:Sean Elliott
481:Gary Coleman
461:
458:Epidemiology
452:
445:
434:
426:
411:
395:
374:renal biopsy
371:
327:
315:renal biopsy
312:
297:
290:
281:
273:
265:
263:
260:
256:
252:
241:
221:
158:
128:
89:
85:
84:
2405:Type II RPG
2353:Amyloidosis
2208:MedlinePlus
1995:Blood Purif
1945:BMC Nephrol
1674:(1): 72–6.
1016:(2): 90–3.
441:proteinuria
330:proteinuria
195:Fatty casts
110:proteinuria
94:(sclerosis)
30:Other names
2506:Categories
2383:Type I RPG
2304:Membranous
2030:Neth J Med
1901:Kidney Int
1856:: 846173.
1293:2022-06-30
1215:Kidney Int
1174:: 481520.
790:2023-11-14
613:Kidney Int
514:References
398:prognostic
349:glomerulus
345:Micrograph
224:glomerulus
212:glomerulus
210:The renal
153:antibodies
131:glomerulus
70:Nephrology
49:micrograph
2369:nephritic
2366:Primarily
2277:nephrotic
2274:Primarily
2219:eMedicine
2189:236403004
2184:SNOMED CT
1668:Nat Genet
1629:Nat Genet
476:Andy Cole
448:nephrotic
431:Prognosis
418:nephrotic
408:Treatment
353:PAS stain
323:sclerosis
319:glomeruli
309:Diagnosis
244:sclerosis
228:Podocytes
102:podocytes
98:glomeruli
65:Specialty
57:PAS stain
2348:Diabetic
2224:med/2944
2080:15716334
2042:16301760
2015:32074606
1977:26156092
1923:16518352
1882:35308512
1757:21997394
1698:20023659
1649:10742096
1613:18614772
1494:22349487
1421:29321142
1367:28664408
1270:30454752
1235:27165817
1200:22685655
1149:24875196
1065:12704577
1030:11863085
992:29852493
940:21896374
886:25447132
673:15492947
591:28242845
497:See also
2479:General
2178:D005923
1968:4496884
1951:: 101.
1873:8927620
1831:8250036
1793:8808109
1748:3231787
1689:2980844
1604:2551572
1564:3718096
1529:3966467
1456:2658558
1412:5827609
1329:8792409
1191:3363986
1140:4123398
1100:9829131
983:6589822
931:3709971
877:4772430
848:Fogo AB
829:9370176
761:8203357
719:7702047
635:7861720
582:5338705
278:podocin
270:nephrin
146:albumin
2213:000478
2167:600995
2164:613237
2161:612551
2158:607832
2155:603965
2152:603278
2078:
2040:
2013:
1975:
1965:
1921:
1880:
1870:
1829:
1791:
1755:
1745:
1696:
1686:
1647:
1611:
1601:
1562:
1527:
1492:
1454:
1419:
1409:
1365:
1327:
1268:
1233:
1198:
1188:
1147:
1137:
1098:
1080:AORN J
1063:
1028:
990:
980:
938:
928:
884:
874:
827:
759:
717:
671:
633:
589:
579:
286:formin
72:
47:Light
2422:Lupus
2141:581.1
303:APOL1
293:APOL1
274:NPHS2
266:NPHS1
142:edema
114:edema
2173:MeSH
2147:OMIM
2136:9-CM
2076:PMID
2038:PMID
2011:PMID
1973:PMID
1919:PMID
1878:PMID
1827:PMID
1789:PMID
1753:PMID
1694:PMID
1645:PMID
1609:PMID
1560:PMID
1525:PMID
1490:PMID
1452:PMID
1417:PMID
1363:PMID
1325:PMID
1266:PMID
1231:PMID
1196:PMID
1172:2012
1145:PMID
1096:PMID
1061:PMID
1026:PMID
988:PMID
936:PMID
882:PMID
825:PMID
757:PMID
715:PMID
669:PMID
631:PMID
587:PMID
282:INF2
112:and
90:FSGS
2434:IgA
2374:RPG
2132:ICD
2125:N08
2121:N00
2112:ICD
2068:doi
2003:doi
1963:PMC
1953:doi
1909:doi
1868:PMC
1858:doi
1819:doi
1781:doi
1743:PMC
1735:doi
1684:PMC
1676:doi
1637:doi
1599:PMC
1591:doi
1552:doi
1548:146
1517:doi
1482:doi
1444:doi
1407:PMC
1399:doi
1355:doi
1351:469
1317:doi
1258:doi
1223:doi
1186:PMC
1176:doi
1135:PMC
1127:doi
1088:doi
1053:doi
1018:doi
1014:323
978:PMC
970:doi
926:PMC
918:doi
872:PMC
864:doi
817:doi
749:doi
707:doi
661:doi
621:doi
577:PMC
569:doi
301:in
116:.
96:of
2508::
2222::
2211::
2187::
2176::
2150::
2139::
2119::
2116:10
2074:.
2064:16
2062:.
2050:^
2034:63
2032:.
2009:.
1999:49
1997:.
1985:^
1971:.
1961:.
1949:16
1947:.
1943:.
1931:^
1917:.
1905:69
1903:.
1899:.
1876:.
1866:.
1852:.
1848:.
1825:.
1815:22
1813:.
1801:^
1787:.
1775:.
1751:.
1741:.
1731:22
1729:.
1725:.
1692:.
1682:.
1672:42
1670:.
1666:.
1643:.
1633:24
1631:.
1607:.
1597:.
1587:19
1585:.
1581:.
1558:.
1546:.
1523:.
1511:.
1488:.
1476:.
1464:^
1450:.
1440:13
1438:.
1415:.
1405:.
1395:29
1393:.
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1375:^
1361:.
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1337:^
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1047:.
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1000:^
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701:.
681:^
667:.
657:44
655:.
643:^
629:.
617:46
615:.
611:.
599:^
585:.
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565:12
563:.
559:.
539:^
521:^
376::
355:.
288:.
250:.
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55:.
2446:/
2407:/
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2245:v
2134:-
2123:–
2114:-
2104:D
2082:.
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2044:.
2017:.
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1979:.
1955::
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1911::
1884:.
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