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was then regarded as Europe's foremost ], would eventually be the most important influence on young
Leonhard. Euler's early formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother. At the age of thirteen he matriculated at the ], and in 1723, received his ] with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of ] and ]. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's incredible talent for mathematics.<ref name="childhood">{{cite book |last= James |first= Ioan |title= Remarkable Mathematicians: From Euler to von Neumann |publisher= Cambridge |year= 2002|pages=2 |isbn= 0-521-52094-0}}</ref> Euler was at this point studying ], ], and ] at his father's urging, in order to become a pastor, but Bernoulli convinced Paul Euler that Leonhard was destined to become a great mathematician. In 1726, Euler completed his Ph.D. dissertation on the ] with the title ''De Sono''<ref>{{PDFlink||232 ]<!-- application/pdf, 237913 bytes -->}}</ref> and in 1727, he entered the ''] Prize Problem'' competition, where the problem that year was to find the best way to place the ]s on a ship. He won second place, losing only to ]—who is now known as "the father of naval architecture". Euler subsequently won this coveted annual prize twelve times in his career.<ref name="prize">{{cite journal| author = Calinger, Ronald | year = 1996| title = Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)| journal = Historia Mathematica| volume = 23| issue = 2| pages = 156 | doi = 10.1006/hmat.1996.0015}}</ref>
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was then regarded as Europe's foremost ], would eventually be the most important influence on young
Leonhard. Euler's early formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother. At the age of thirteen he matriculated at the ], and in 1723, received his ] with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of ] and ]. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's incredible talent for mathematics.<ref name="childhood">{{cite book |last= James |first= Ioan |title= Remarkable Mathematicians: From Euler to von Neumann |publisher= Cambridge |year= 2002|pages=2 |isbn= 0-521-52094-0}}</ref> Euler was at this point studying ], ], and ] at his father's urging, in order to become a pastor, but Bernoulli convinced Paul Euler that Leonhard was destined to become a great mathematician. In 1726, Euler completed his Ph.D. dissertation on the ] with the title ''De Sono''<ref>{{PDFlink||232 ]<!-- application/pdf, 237913 bytes -->}}</ref> and in 1727, he entered the ''] Prize Problem'' competition, where the problem that year was to find the best way to place the ]s on a ship. He won second place, losing only to ]—who is now known as "the father of naval architecture". Euler subsequently won this coveted annual prize twelve times in his career.<ref name="prize">{{cite journal| author = Calinger, Ronald | year = 1996| title = Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)| journal = Historia Mathematica| volume = 23| issue = 2| pages = 156 | doi = 10.1006/hmat.1996.0015}}</ref>
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822:, was intended to improve education in Russia and to close the scientific gap with Western Europe. As a result, it was made especially attractive to foreign scholars like Euler. The academy possessed ample financial resources and a comprehensive library drawn from the private libraries of Peter himself and of the nobility. Very few students were enrolled in the academy so as to lessen the faculty's teaching burden, and the academy emphasized research and offered to its faculty both the time and the freedom to pursue scientific questions.
952:. This work contained Euler's exposition on various subjects pertaining to physics and mathematics, as well as offering valuable insights into Euler's personality and religious beliefs. This book became more widely read than any of his mathematical works, and it was published across Europe and in the United States. The popularity of the 'Letters' testifies to Euler's ability to communicate scientific matters effectively to a lay audience, a rare ability for a dedicated research scientist.
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3493:, hence God exists—reply!". Diderot, to whom (says the story) all mathematics was gibberish, stood dumbstruck as peals of laughter erupted from the court. Embarrassed, he asked to leave Russia, a request that was graciously granted by the Empress. However amusing the anecdote may be, it is apocryphal, given that Diderot was a capable mathematician who had published mathematical treatises.
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3327:, Euler also applied these techniques to celestial problems. His work in astronomy was recognized by a number of Paris Academy Prizes over the course of his career. His accomplishments include determining with great accuracy the orbits of comets and other celestial bodies, understanding the nature of comets, and calculating the
3403:. Euler insisted that knowledge is founded in part on the basis of precise quantitative laws, something that monadism and Wolffian science were unable to provide. Euler's religious leanings might also have had a bearing on his dislike of the doctrine; he went so far as to label Wolff's ideas as "heathen and atheistic".
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Despite Euler's immense contribution to the
Academy's prestige, he was eventually forced to leave Berlin. This was partly because of a conflict of personality with Frederick, who came to regard Euler as unsophisticated, especially in comparison to the circle of philosophers the German king brought to
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Euler, a ] of the ], and
Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of ], where Euler spent most of his childhood. Paul Euler was a friend of the ]—], who
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Euler, a ] of the ], and
Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of ], where Euler spent most of his childhood. Paul Euler was a friend of the ]—], who
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from beginning to end without hesitation, and for every page in the edition he could indicate which line was the first and which the last. With the aid of his scribes, Euler's productivity on many areas of study actually increased. He produced on average one mathematical paper every week in the year
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Conditions improved slightly upon the death of Peter II, and Euler swiftly rose through the ranks in the academy and was made professor of physics in 1731. Two years later, Daniel
Bernoulli, who was fed up with the censorship and hostility he faced at St. Petersburg, left for Basel. Euler succeeded
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was among those in
Frederick's employ, and the Frenchman enjoyed a prominent position in the king's social circle. Euler, a simple religious man and a hard worker, was very conventional in his beliefs and tastes. He was in many ways the direct opposite of Voltaire. Euler had limited training in
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after spending a year in Russia, and when Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In
November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to St
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The great Euler arrived in the
Russian capital on 17 May 1727. He was promoted from his junior post in the medical department of the academy to a position in the mathematics department. He lodged with Daniel Bernoulli with whom he often worked in close collaboration. Euler mastered
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River, and included two large islands which were connected to each other and the mainland by seven bridges. The problem is to decide whether it is possible to follow a path that crosses each bridge exactly once and returns to the starting point. It is not: there is no
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1420:—family friends of Euler—were responsible for much of the early progress in the field. Thanks to their influence, studying calculus became the major focus of Euler's work. While some of Euler's proofs are not acceptable by modern standards of
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in his good left eye, rendering him almost totally blind a few weeks after its discovery in 1766. Even so, his condition appeared to have little effect on his productivity, as he compensated for it with his mental calculation skills and
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function. (Indirect proof via the inverse power series technique was given by Newton and
Leibniz between 1670 and 1680.) His daring (and, by modern standards, technically incorrect) use of power series enabled him to solve the famous
710:, would eventually be the most important influence on young Leonhard. Euler's early formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother. At the age of thirteen he matriculated at the
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at his father's urging, in order to become a pastor, but Bernoulli convinced Paul Euler that Leonhard was destined to become a great mathematician. In 1726, Euler completed his Ph.D. dissertation on the
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I wanted to have a water jet in my garden: Euler calculated the force of the wheels necessary to raise the water to a reservoir, from where it should fall back through channels, finally spurting out in
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There is a famous anecdote inspired by Euler's arguments with secular philosophers over religion, which is set during Euler's second stint at the St. Petersburg academy. The French philosopher
1831:{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{1 \over n^{2}}=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left({\frac {1}{1^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{3^{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}\right)={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}.}
15:
3526:. This elementary algebra text starts with a discussion of the nature of numbers and gives a comprehensive introduction to algebra, including formulae for solutions of polynomial equations.
726:. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's incredible talent for mathematics. Euler was at this point studying
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694:, and Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of
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In addition, Euler was asked to tutor the Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, Frederick's niece. Euler wrote over 200 letters to her, which were later compiled into a best-selling volume entitled
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829:, who had continued the progressive policies of her late husband, died on the day of Euler's arrival. The Russian nobility then gained power upon the ascension of the twelve-year-old
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as part of mathematics. This part of his work, however, did not receive wide attention and was once described as too mathematical for musicians and too musical for mathematicians.
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Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. In doing so, he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a new field of study,
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Euler is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 60–80
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1861:, thus greatly expanding the scope of mathematical applications of logarithms. He also defined the exponential function for complex numbers, and discovered its relation to the
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were influencing members of her court, and so Euler was asked to confront the Frenchman. Diderot was later informed that a learned mathematician had produced a proof of the
1622:{\displaystyle e^{x}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{x^{n} \over n!}=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left({\frac {1}{0!}}+{\frac {x}{1!}}+{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+\cdots +{\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}\right).}
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Baron, M. E.; A Note on The Historical Development of Logic Diagrams. The Mathematical Gazette: The Journal of the Mathematical Association. Vol LIII, no. 383 May 1969.
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Euler introduced and popularized several notational conventions through his numerous and widely circulated textbooks. Most notably, he introduced the concept of a
978:. My mill was carried out geometrically and could not raise a mouthful of water closer than fifty paces to the reservoir. Vanity of vanities! Vanity of geometry!
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he performed for the St. Petersburg Academy. Euler's sight in that eye worsened throughout his stay in Germany, so much so that Frederick referred to him as "
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in analytic proofs. He discovered ways to express various logarithmic functions using power series, and he successfully defined logarithms for negative and
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3445:: he agreed to view the proof as it was presented in court. Euler appeared, advanced toward Diderot, and in a tone of perfect conviction announced, "Sir,
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1330:. He is a seminal figure in the history of mathematics; if printed, his works, many of which are of fundamental interest, would occupy between 60 and 80
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2004:, for its single uses of the notions of addition, multiplication, exponentiation, and equality, and the single uses of the important constants 0, 1,
833:. The nobility were suspicious of the academy's foreign scientists, and thus cut funding and caused other difficulties for Euler and his colleagues.
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a method for finding curved lines enjoying properties of maximum or minimum, or solution of isoperimetric problems in the broadest accepted sense
2525:{\displaystyle \gamma =\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{4}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{n}}-\ln(n)\right).}
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Gekker, I.R.; Euler, A.A. (2007). "Leonhard Euler's family and descendants". In Bogoliubov, N.N.; Mikhaĭlov, G.K.; Yushkevich, A.P. (eds.).
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Gekker, I.R.; Euler, A.A. (2007). "Leonhard Euler's family and descendants". In Bogoliubov, N.N.; Mikhaĭlov, G.K.; Yushkevich, A.P. (eds.).
762:—who is now known as "the father of naval architecture". Euler subsequently won this coveted annual prize twelve times in his career.
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voted it "the Most Beautiful Mathematical Formula Ever". In total, Euler was responsible for three of the top five formulae in that poll.
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commemorating the 250th birthday of Euler. The text says: 250 years from the birth of the great mathematician, academician Leonhard Euler.
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Methodus inveniendi lineas curvas maximi minimive proprietate gaudentes, sive solutio problematis isoperimetrici latissimo sensu accepti
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Some of Euler's greatest successes were in solving real-world problems analytically, and in describing numerous applications of the
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Map of Königsberg in Euler's time showing the actual layout of the seven bridges, highlighting the river Pregel and the bridges.
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was visiting Russia on Catherine the Great's invitation. However, the Empress was alarmed that the philosopher's arguments for
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Is the normal distribution due to Gauss? Euler, his family of gamma functions, and their place in the history of statistics,
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2117:. In doing so, he discovered the connection between the Riemann zeta function and the prime numbers; this is known as the
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1079:, and an account of his life, with a list of his works, by Nikolaus von Fuss, Euler's son-in-law and the secretary of the
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2180:. The two concepts are regarded as fundamental theorems of number theory, and his ideas paved the way for the work of
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Euler, Leonhard (1960). Orell-Fussli (ed.). "Rettung der Göttlichen Offenbahrung Gegen die Einwürfe der Freygeister".
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by John Blanton (Book I, ISBN 0-387-96824-5, Springer-Verlag 1988; Book II, ISBN 0-387-97132-7, Springer-Verlag 1989).
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Concerned about the continuing turmoil in Russia, Euler left St. Petersburg on 19 June 1741 to take up a post at the
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in 1735 he became nearly blind in his right eye, but Euler rather blamed his condition on the painstaking work on
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He is listed by academic genealogy authorities as the equivalent to the doctoral advisor of Joseph Louis Lagrange.
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Leonhard Euler’s methods and ideas live on in the thermodynamic hierarchical theory of biological evolution,
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5058:, G. Van Brummelen and M. Kinyon (eds.), CMS Books in Mathematics, Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-25284-3.
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4065:"E212 -- Institutiones calculi differentialis cum eius usu in analysi finitorum ac doctrina serierum"
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2160:. Using properties of this function, he generalized Fermat's little theorem to what is now known as
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expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all."
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Cite error: The named reference "Boyer" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
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Cite error: The named reference "prize" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
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Petersburg while he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.
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1075:). His eulogy was written for the French Academy by the French mathematician and philosopher
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and settled into life in St Petersburg. He also took on an additional job as a medic in the
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Letters of Euler on different Subjects in Natural Philosophy Addressed to a German Princess
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3563:(in French). English translation, with notes, and a life of Euler, available online from
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Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)".
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Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)".
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Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)".
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Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)".
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Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)".
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Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)".
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Calinger, Ronald (1996). "Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)".
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worsened throughout his mathematical career. Three years after suffering a near-fatal
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Fraser, Craig G., 2005, "Leonhard Euler's 1744 book on the calculus of variations" in
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Euler linked the nature of prime distribution with ideas in analysis. He proved that
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One of Euler's more unusual interests was the application of mathematical ideas in
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Alexanderson, Gerald (2006). "Euler and Königsberg's bridges: a historical view".
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2110:. Euler developed some of Fermat's ideas, and disproved some of his conjectures.
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The situation in Russia had improved greatly since the accession to the throne of
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honoring Euler on the 200th anniversary of his death. In the middle, it shows his
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would become the dominant mode of thought, at least until the development of the
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competition, where the problem that year was to find the best way to place the
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of the sun. His calculations also contributed to the development of accurate
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of the object. The study and generalization of this formula, specifically by
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also expressed disappointment with Euler's practical engineering abilities:
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Thiele, Rüdiger. (2005). The mathematics and science of Leonhard Euler, in
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Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great, Letter H 7434, 25 January 1778
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Defense of the Divine Revelation against the Objections of the Freethinkers
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Much of what is known of Euler's religious beliefs can be deduced from his
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are distributed. Euler's work in this area led to the development of the
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On 7 January 1734, he married Katharina Gsell (1707–1773), a daughter of
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deprecated parameters cleanup(1) tidy up duplicate named refs (1), using
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W. Gautschi (2008). "Leonhard Euler: his life, the man, and his works".
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Home, R.W. (1988). "Leonhard Euler's 'Anti-Newtonian' Theory of Light".
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was also popularized by Euler, although it did not originate with him.
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Nets, Puzzles, and Postmen: An Exploration of Mathematical Connections
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Rettung der Göttlichen Offenbahrung Gegen die Einwürfe der Freygeister
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On 18 September 1783, Euler died in St. Petersburg after suffering a
990:. This portrayal suggests problems of the right eyelid, and possible
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Heimpell, Hermann, Theodor Heuss, Benno Reifenberg (editors). 1956.
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4827:
4677:
Cauchy, A.L. (1813). "Recherche sur les polyèdres—premier mémoire".
3762:
2314:
for the graph (or other mathematical object), and is related to the
2102:
Euler's interest in number theory can be traced to the influence of
1841:
1416:
was at the forefront of 18th century mathematical research, and the
1122:
1067:, and was buried with his wife in the Smolensk Lutheran Cemetery on
994:. The left eye appears healthy; it was later affected by a cataract.
3396:
2945:
2828:
2803:
2327:
2310: = 1). The constant in this formula is now known as the
2067:
1299:
1020:
1004:
962:
957:
727:
639:
339:
5056:
Mathematics and the Historian's Craft: The Kenneth O. May Lectures
4940:, Washington: Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 0883853280
661:
and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time.
3438:
3344:
3342:. He disagreed with Newton's corpuscular theory of light in the
2918:
2771:
2688:
2153:
1327:
1311:
1016:
982:
715:
546:
5184:
Euler's Correspondence with Frederick the Great, King of Prussia
5147:
5042:
The giant book of scientists: The 100 greatest minds of all time
4922:
Demidov, S.S., 2005, "Treatise on the differential calculus" in
3593:
5162:
5142:
4855:
Gillings, R.J. (1954). "The So-Called Euler-Diderot Incident".
3339:
2977:
2823:
2733:
2256:
2169:
1632:
Notably, Euler directly proved the power series expansions for
1424:, his ideas led to many great advances. Euler is well-known in
1033:
1029:
922:
695:
687:
609:
542:
396:
5173:
4692:
L'Huillier, S.-A.-J. (1861). "Mémoire sur la polyèdrométrie".
5139:
contains columns explaining how Euler solved various problems
5028:
Euler's Gem: The Polyhedron Formula and the Birth of Topology
4960:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics & Statistics
2813:
2808:
2750:
2536:
1937:{\displaystyle e^{i\varphi }=\cos \varphi +i\sin \varphi .\,}
1383:
1008:
848:. Of their thirteen children, only five survived childhood.
367:
3383:
5003:
Quality and Quantity: International Journal of Methodology,
2818:
2781:
1094:
4651:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–190.
1869:
3698:, fourth edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 2000.
2611:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
2264:. This solution is considered to be the first theorem of
584:
Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as
4691:
3696:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
630:
Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-
4122:
2359:
2000:
called "the most remarkable formula in mathematics" by
1401:
653:
on 24 May – he was a devout Christian (and believer in
645:
was named in his honor. He is also commemorated by the
5037:, Mathematical Association of America. IBSN 0883855593
4455:
Wells, David (1990). "Are these the most beautiful?".
3733:. The Mathematical Association of America. p. 17.
3559:(Letters to a German Princess) (1768–1772). Available
3376:
reasoning (1768). These diagrams have become known as
2187:
By 1772 Euler had proved that 2 − 1 =
718:
with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of
54:
5319:
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
5015:
Reich, Karin, 2005, " 'Introduction' to analysis" in
4475:
Wells, David (1988). "Which is the most beautiful?".
3637:. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Resources. pp. 85–86.
3451:
2575:
2407:
1960:
1889:
1654:
1441:
875:
574:
554:
530:(15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering
4966:’s: Mathematical Topics and Applications (M. T. A.).
4666:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
4087:. The Mathematical Association of America. xxiv–xxv.
3843:
Remarkable Mathematicians: From Euler to von Neumann
3782:
Lisez Euler, lisez Euler, c'est notre maître à tous.
634:
banknote and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian
5195:, 9 May 2007 (can download as video or audio files)
3588:A definitive collection of Euler's works, entitled
3338:In addition, Euler made important contributions in
2362:, continued fractions and integrals. He integrated
2119:
Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function
2031:In addition, Euler elaborated the theory of higher
4814:Brown, B.H. (1942). "The Euler-Diderot Anecdote".
3485:
2610:
2524:
2378:of integrals, inventing what are now known as the
1989:
1936:
1830:
1621:
941:. In 1755, he was elected a foreign member of the
899:
5198:
4919:, 2000. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
4646:
3780:. The Mathematical Association of America. xiii.
3749:Finkel, B.F. (1897). "Biography- Leonard Euler".
2164:. He contributed significantly to the theory of
2115:the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges
1402:ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter
1366:. He also introduced the modern notation for the
1298:Euler worked in almost all areas of mathematics:
931:, a text on functions published in 1748, and the
855:
5309:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
5240:
5148:Euler Committee of the Swiss Academy of Sciences
4786:
4710:
4416:Feynman, Richard (1970). "Chapter 22: Algebra".
4197:
4144:
3967:
3940:
3913:
3879:
3707:
3666:, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1989.
2415:
1947:A special case of the above formula is known as
1697:
1502:
837:him as the head of the mathematics department.
5062:"A Tribute to Leohnard Euler 1707–1783".
5012:, New Jersey: Princeton, ISBN 978-06-9111-822-2
2382:. The most notable of these approximations are
2243:In 1736, Euler solved the problem known as the
758:on a ship. He won second place, losing only to
818:The Academy at St. Petersburg, established by
770:Around this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons,
5051:, Fourth Estate: New York, ISBN 1-85702-669-1
4601:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
3300:
1845:A geometric interpretation of Euler's formula
1279:
706:, who was then regarded as Europe's foremost
4676:
4661:
4598:
4560:
4078:
4076:
4074:
3907:
3418:). These works show that Euler was a devout
2168:, which had fascinated mathematicians since
567:in German; the common English pronunciation
321:"Euler" redirects here. For other uses, see
200:
139:
5299:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
4969:
4171:
3994:
3817:
3815:
3422:who believed the Bible to be inspired; the
1334:volumes. Euler's name is associated with a
5304:Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
4750:
4571:. The Mathematical Association of America.
4556:. The Mathematical Association of America.
4450:
4448:
3721:
3719:
3647:
3632:
3307:
3293:
1286:
1272:
678:Old Swiss 10 Franc banknote honoring Euler
338:
5334:Saint Petersburg State University faculty
4685:
4594:
4592:
4418:The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Volume I
4191:
4071:
3961:
3834:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3610:List of topics named after Leonhard Euler
3384:Personal philosophy and religious beliefs
1986:
1933:
998:
5021:Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics
4949:Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics
4928:Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics
4854:
4545:
4359:
4357:
4307:"Mathematical Notation: Past and Future"
4239:
4237:
3875:
3873:
3812:
3536:Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite
3500:
3496:
2550:
2234:
2136:, and he made distinct contributions to
2039:and introduced a new method for solving
1840:
1428:for his frequent use and development of
1341:
1095:Contributions to mathematics and physics
1044:
981:
793:
673:
5210:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
5035:The Early Mathematics of Leonhard Euler
4903:E65 — Methodus… entry at Euler Archives
4807:
4445:
4415:
4409:
4176:. Mathematical Association of America.
3999:. Mathematical Association of America.
3824:Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia (series 3)
3716:
3620:
3592:, has been published since 1911 by the
3541:Two influential textbooks on calculus:
2172:. Euler also made progress toward the
2134:Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares
1090:— … he ceased to calculate and to live.
5241:
4744:
4670:
4589:
4566:
4551:
4363:
4082:
3775:
3769:
3748:
3737:
3725:
3712:. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
3580:(1744). The Latin title translates as
3486:{\displaystyle {\frac {a+b^{n}}{z}}=x}
2333:
1028:. For example, Euler could repeat the
600:. He is also renowned for his work in
515:He is the father of the mathematician
5104:
4813:
4780:
4771:
4704:
4474:
4454:
4368:(1st ed.). Springer. p. 62.
4354:
4243:
4234:
4138:
3934:
3870:
3840:
3821:
2989:Newton's law of universal gravitation
2051:including its best-known result, the
921:. He lived for twenty-five years in
568:
562:
317:Revision as of 23:37, 2 December 2009
159:Revision as of 23:37, 2 December 2009
90:Revision as of 18:31, 2 December 2009
4994:, volume 2, Berlin: Ullstein Verlag.
4962:(IJAMAS) 11 (N07), Special Issue on
4495:
4014:
3544:Institutiones calculi differentialis
934:Institutiones calculi differentialis
780:Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences
459:Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences
80:
46:
5189:"Euler - 300th anniversary lecture"
4304:
4289:
3898:
3680:Merriam–Webster's Online Dictionary
3557:Lettres à une Princesse d'Allemagne
3531:Introductio in analysin infinitorum
2970:Mechanics of planar particle motion
2578:
1040:
928:Introductio in analysin infinitorum
623:volumes. A statement attributed to
213:
199:
173:
156:
149:
138:
99:
87:
13:
4910:
4739:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
4298:
3426:was primarily an argument for the
2425:
2072:hyperbolic trigonometric functions
1707:
1671:
1512:
1471:
1081:Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg
319:
35:
5375:
5098:
4857:The American Mathematical Monthly
4816:The American Mathematical Monthly
4737:Youschkevitch, A P; Biography in
3751:The American Mathematical Monthly
3507:Methodus inveniendi lineas curvas
2543:hoping to eventually incorporate
2390:. He also facilitated the use of
1088:…il cessa de calculer et de vivre
943:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
765:
4917:Lexikon der Naturwissenschaftler
4679:Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique
4020:
3550:Institutionum calculi integralis
3517:. His best known books include:
3274:
3273:
3260:
2593:
2541:Tentamen novae theoriae musicae,
2394:, in particular introducing the
2176:, and he conjectured the law of
2097:
2012:and π. In 1988, readers of the
1849:Euler introduced the use of the
1121:
857:
786:. In July 1726, Nicolas died of
500:
206:
5123:Encyclopedia Britannica article
4896:
4731:
4655:
4640:
4584:The largest known prime by year
4575:
4567:Dunham, William (1999). "1,4".
4552:Dunham, William (1999). "3,4".
4165:
4116:
4057:
3988:
3859:
3652:. London: Penguin. p. 155.
3428:divine inspiration of scripture
3368:He is also credited with using
2224:
1990:{\displaystyle e^{i\pi }+1=0\,}
917:, which he had been offered by
4954:Gladyshev, Georgi, P. (2007) “
3701:
3685:
3669:
3656:
3641:
3626:
2511:
2505:
2422:
2138:Lagrange's four-square theorem
1704:
1509:
1394:. The use of the Greek letter
1386:for summations and the letter
919:Frederick the Great of Prussia
669:
541:who spent most of his life in
1:
5153:References for Leonhard Euler
5132:Mathematics Genealogy Project
5110:"Euler, Leonhard (1707–1783)"
5030:. Princeton University Press.
4613:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01130-X
4200:"Eulogy of Euler - Condorcet"
3321:Euler-Bernoulli beam equation
2896:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
2078:. For example, he proved the
1222:Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem
315:
273:
261:
5168:Leonhard Euler Congress 2007
5033:Sandifer, Edward C. (2007),
5010:Dr. Euler's Fabulous Formula
3534:(1748). English translation
3408:Letters to a German Princess
2964:Non-inertial reference frame
2082:using the divergence of the
825:The Academy's benefactress,
747:and in 1727, he entered the
714:, and in 1723, received his
18:Browse history interactively
7:
5264:18th-century mathematicians
5191:, given by Robin Wilson at
5044:, Sydney: The Book Company.
4938:Euler: The Master of Us All
4569:Euler: The Master of Us All
4554:Euler: The Master of Us All
4085:Euler: The Master of Us All
3778:Euler: The Master of Us All
3731:Euler: The Master of Us All
3603:
2891:Appell's equation of motion
2761:Inertial frame of reference
2245:Seven Bridges of Königsberg
2231:Seven Bridges of Königsberg
2202:
2195:. It may have remained the
2074:and the analytic theory of
2024:is a direct consequence of
1407:
1350:and was the first to write
10:
5380:
5354:University of Basel alumni
5259:18th-century Latin writers
5026:Richeson, David S. (2008)
4647:Peter R. Cromwell (1997).
4498:"The Mathematical Tourist"
4477:Mathematical Intelligencer
4457:Mathematical Intelligencer
3650:Men of Mathematics, Vol. 1
3505:The cover page of Euler's
2275:Euler also discovered the
2228:
2015:Mathematical Intelligencer
1019:". Euler later suffered a
864:German Democratic Republic
596:, such as the notion of a
320:
204:
5359:18th-century Swiss people
5023:. Elsevier: 181–90.
4951:. Elsevier: 168–80.
4930:. Elsevier: 191–98.
4765:10.1080/00033798800200371
4023:"Eulogy of Euler by Fuss"
3708:Peter M. Higgins (2007).
3664:Oxford English Dictionary
3598:Swiss Academy of Sciences
3319:Euler helped develop the
2396:Euler–Mascheroni constant
1358:) to denote the function
851:
798:1957 stamp of the former
513:
508:
499:
494:
490:
480:
468:
454:
440:
433:
423:
413:
403:
378:
353:
337:
330:
224:
221:
155:
123:Pending changes reviewers
86:
5215:University of St Andrews
5106:Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang
4694:Annales de Mathématiques
4664:Algorithmic Graph Theory
4364:Wanner, Gerhard (2005).
4246:A History of Mathematics
4174:Euler and modern science
4083:Dunham, William (1999).
3997:Euler and modern science
3845:. Cambridge. p. 2.
3776:Dunham, William (1999).
3615:Leonhard Euler Telescope
3363:
3054:Rotating reference frame
2886:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
2539:. In 1739 he wrote the
2140:. He also invented the
2033:transcendental functions
1362:applied to the argument
858:File:Euler GDR stamp.jpg
119:Extended confirmed users
5364:18th-century scientists
5170:—St. Petersburg, Russia
5158:Euler Tercentenary 2007
4681:. 9 (Cahier 16): 66–86.
4366:Analysis by its history
4244:Boyer, Carl B. (1991).
4134:. New York: Brentano's.
4124:Frederick II of Prussia
3358:quantum theory of light
2995:Newton's laws of motion
2855:Newton's laws of motion
2388:Euler–Maclaurin formula
2376:numerical approximation
2130:Fermat's little theorem
2053:Euler–Lagrange equation
1863:trigonometric functions
1368:trigonometric functions
1083:. Condorcet commented,
937:, published in 1755 on
900:{\displaystyle V+F-E=2}
664:
277:Euler was born in ] to
265:Euler was born in ] to
85:
5324:People from Basel-City
5047:Singh, Simon. (1997).
4801:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
4725:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
4198:Marquis de Condorcet.
4159:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
3982:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
3955:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
3928:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
3894:10.1006/hmat.1996.0015
3515:extensive bibliography
3510:
3487:
3410:and an earlier work,
3399:and the philosophy of
3022:Simple harmonic motion
2935:Euler's laws of motion
2729:D'Alembert's principle
2612:
2526:
2392:differential equations
2326:, is at the origin of
2240:
2060:analytic number theory
2049:calculus of variations
1991:
1938:
1846:
1832:
1675:
1623:
1475:
1414:infinitesimal calculus
1336:large number of topics
1304:infinitesimal calculus
1111:mathematical constant
1092:
1073:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
1053:
1051:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
999:Eyesight deterioration
995:
980:
908:
901:
803:
778:, were working at the
679:
586:infinitesimal calculus
323:Euler (disambiguation)
5344:Swiss music theorists
5289:Mathematical analysts
5274:Calculating prodigies
5049:Fermat's last theorem
4741:(New York 1970–1990).
4662:Alan Gibbons (1985).
4250:John Wiley & Sons
3504:
3497:Selected bibliography
3488:
3388:Euler and his friend
2876:Hamiltonian mechanics
2694:Statistical mechanics
2613:
2551:Physics and astronomy
2527:
2368:differential calculus
2298:(for a planar graph,
2238:
2178:quadratic reciprocity
2064:hypergeometric series
1992:
1939:
1844:
1833:
1655:
1624:
1455:
1342:Mathematical notation
1260:Schanuel's conjecture
1085:
1049:Euler's grave at the
1048:
985:
971:
939:differential calculus
902:
861:
797:
677:
598:mathematical function
594:mathematical analysis
485:Joseph Louis Lagrange
5339:Swiss mathematicians
5329:Religion and science
5201:Robertson, Edmund F.
5065:Mathematics Magazine
5017:Grattan-Guinness, I.
4992:Die großen Deutschen
4945:Grattan-Guinness, I.
4924:Grattan-Guinness, I.
4789:Historia Mathematica
4713:Historia Mathematica
4252:. pp. 439–445.
4147:Historia Mathematica
3970:Historia Mathematica
3943:Historia Mathematica
3916:Historia Mathematica
3882:Historia Mathematica
3841:James, Ioan (2002).
3621:References and notes
3449:
3350:wave theory of light
3099:Angular acceleration
3091:Rotational frequency
2871:Lagrangian mechanics
2864:Analytical mechanics
2620:Second law of motion
2573:
2405:
2380:Euler approximations
2312:Euler characteristic
2182:Carl Friedrich Gauss
2174:prime number theorem
2092:prime number theorem
2080:infinitude of primes
1958:
1887:
1851:exponential function
1652:
1439:
1382:), the Greek letter
1374:for the base of the
1143:Exponential function
1104:a series of articles
1077:Marquis de Condorcet
873:
862:Stamp of the former
741:propagation of sound
625:Pierre-Simon Laplace
310:===St. Petersburg===
303:===St. Petersburg===
5224:Template:Persondata
5199:O'Connor, John J.;
5040:Simmons, J. (1996)
5008:Nahin, Paul (2006)
4997:Krus, D.J. (2001) "
4964:Leonhard Paul Euler
3648:E. T. Bell (1953).
3635:Scientists of Faith
3633:Dan Graves (1996).
3523:Elements of Algebra
3325:classical mechanics
2951:Harmonic oscillator
2929:Equations of motion
2564:Classical mechanics
2558:Part of a series on
2334:Applied mathematics
2302: −
2282: −
2197:largest known prime
2126:Newton's identities
2076:continued fractions
2047:, and invented the
2035:by introducing the
2022:De Moivre's formula
1880:function satisfies
1878:complex exponential
1422:mathematical rigour
1412:The development of
1378:(now also known as
1326:and other areas of
1214:representations of
1058:Catherine the Great
1026:photographic memory
986:A 1753 portrait by
712:University of Basel
528:Leonhard Paul Euler
418:University of Basel
5294:Ballistics experts
5085:Unknown parameter
4884:Unknown parameter
4843:Unknown parameter
4628:Unknown parameter
4535:|access-date=
4529:Unknown parameter
4519:|access-date=
4515:|accessmonth=
4513:Unknown parameter
4489:10.1007/BF03023741
4469:10.1007/BF03024015
4433:Unknown parameter
4397:Unknown parameter
4381:Unknown parameter
4344:|access-date=
4338:Unknown parameter
4328:|access-date=
4324:|accessmonth=
4322:Unknown parameter
4305:Wolfram, Stephen.
4275:Unknown parameter
4222:Unknown parameter
4100:Unknown parameter
4045:Unknown parameter
3796:Unknown parameter
3511:
3483:
3392:were opponents of
3267:Physics portal
2881:Routhian mechanics
2756:Frame of reference
2608:
2522:
2429:
2372:Method of Fluxions
2268:, specifically of
2241:
2104:Christian Goldbach
1987:
1934:
1847:
1828:
1711:
1619:
1516:
1069:Vasilievsky Island
1054:
996:
909:
897:
868:polyhedral formula
804:
682:Euler was born in
680:
655:biblical inerrancy
651:Calendar of Saints
549:. His surname is
171:
97:
5279:Fluid dynamicists
5179:Euler Family Tree
5163:The Euler Society
5005:35: 445–46.
4984:10.1137/070702710
4753:Annals of Science
4581:Caldwell, Chris.
4531:|accessyear=
4496:Peterson, Ivars.
4340:|accessyear=
4224:|dateformat=
4132:Richard Aldington
4047:|dateformat=
3692:"Euler, Leonhard"
3475:
3354:Christian Huygens
3317:
3316:
3064:Centrifugal force
3059:Centripetal force
3015:Euler's equations
3000:Relative velocity
2776:Moment of inertia
2606:
2580:
2494:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2414:
2340:Bernoulli numbers
2294:, and hence of a
2041:quartic equations
1823:
1798:
1772:
1752:
1732:
1696:
1691:
1609:
1578:
1553:
1535:
1501:
1496:
1376:natural logarithm
1320:continuum physics
1296:
1295:
1159:compound interest
1138:Natural logarithm
686:to Pual Euler, a
525:
524:
481:Doctoral students
435:Scientific career
389:
382:18 September 1783
314:
240:===Early years===
233:===Early years===
157:
88:
68:
5371:
5349:Swiss physicists
5314:Number theorists
5235:Template:Link FA
5232:Template:Link FA
5229:Template:Link FA
5217:
5205:"Leonhard Euler"
5137:How Euler did it
5119:
5094:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5073:
4987:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4872:
4852:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4748:
4742:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4616:
4596:
4587:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4501:
4492:
4472:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4435:|origmonth=
4431:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4383:|coauthors=
4379:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4277:|coauthors=
4273:
4271:
4263:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4130:. Translated by
4120:
4114:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4018:
4012:
4010:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3877:
3868:
3866:Template:PDFlink
3863:
3857:
3856:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3746:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3689:
3683:
3673:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3594:Euler Commission
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3453:
3443:existence of God
3390:Daniel Bernoulli
3333:longitude tables
3309:
3302:
3295:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3170:Johann Bernoulli
3165:Daniel Bernoulli
3086:Tangential speed
2990:
2966:
2941:Fictitious force
2936:
2788:Mechanical power
2778:
2719:Angular momentum
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2555:
2554:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2495:
2487:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2428:
2354:, the constants
2262:Eulerian circuit
2142:totient function
2108:Pierre de Fermat
2045:complex analysis
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1949:Euler's identity
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1902:
1901:
1876:states that the
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1758:
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1750:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1710:
1692:
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1689:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1628:
1626:
1625:
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1615:
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1600:
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1590:
1579:
1577:
1569:
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1559:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1523:
1515:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1451:
1450:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1217:
1208:
1197:
1164:Euler's identity
1125:
1116:
1099:
1098:
1065:brain hemorrhage
1041:Return to Russia
988:Emanuel Handmann
906:
904:
903:
898:
859:
704:Johann Bernoulli
700:Bernoulli family
577:
572:
566:
557:
551:Template:Pron-en
504:
475:Johann Bernoulli
470:Doctoral advisor
388:
385:
363:
361:
346:Emanuel Handmann
342:
328:
327:
211:
210:
209:
202:
194:
189:
170:
165:
147:
141:
133:
115:
96:
69:
60:
59:
57:
52:
50:
42:
39:
21:
19:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5239:
5238:
5193:Gresham College
5101:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5061:
4934:Dunham, William
4913:
4911:Further reading
4908:
4901:
4897:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4869:10.2307/2307789
4844:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4828:10.2307/2303096
4812:
4808:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4749:
4745:
4736:
4732:
4709:
4705:
4690:
4686:
4675:
4671:
4660:
4656:
4645:
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4629:
4627:
4618:
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4576:
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4518:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4493:
4473:
4453:
4446:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4398:
4396:
4386:
4382:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4355:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4242:
4235:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4184:
4170:
4166:
4143:
4139:
4121:
4117:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4021:Fuss, Nicolas.
4019:
4015:
4007:
3993:
3989:
3966:
3962:
3939:
3935:
3912:
3908:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3839:
3835:
3820:
3813:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3774:
3770:
3763:10.2307/2968971
3747:
3738:
3727:Dunham, William
3724:
3717:
3706:
3702:
3690:
3686:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3646:
3642:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3606:
3499:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3401:Christian Wolff
3386:
3366:
3313:
3272:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3095:
3049:Circular motion
3043:
3033:
3032:
3031:
2988:
2958:
2955:
2934:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2858:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2797:
2793:Mechanical work
2786:
2770:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2653:
2645:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2553:
2486:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2336:
2255:was set on the
2233:
2227:
2219:Affine geometry
2205:
2166:perfect numbers
2162:Euler's theorem
2100:
2084:harmonic series
2026:Euler's formula
2002:Richard Feynman
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1874:Euler's formula
1859:complex numbers
1814:
1810:
1808:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1638:inverse tangent
1601:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1545:
1540:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1459:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1410:
1344:
1292:
1245:
1215:
1206:
1195:
1169:Euler's formula
1112:
1097:
1043:
1001:
874:
871:
870:
854:
820:Peter the Great
768:
743:with the title
692:Reformed Church
672:
667:
647:Lutheran Church
581:is incorrect.
575:
564:[ˈɔʏlɐ]
561:in English and
555:
521:
519:
461:
414:Alma mater
399:
390:
387:
383:
374:
365:
359:
357:
349:
333:
326:
311:
304:
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217:
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151:← Previous edit
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38:Content deleted
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29:← Previous edit
26:
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5219:
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5196:
5186:
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5176:
5171:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5128:Leonhard Euler
5125:
5120:
5100:
5099:External links
5097:
5096:
5095:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5013:
5006:
4995:
4988:
4967:
4952:
4941:
4931:
4920:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4895:
4822:(5): 302–303.
4806:
4795:(2): 153–154.
4779:
4770:
4759:(5): 521–533.
4743:
4730:
4719:(2): 144–145.
4703:
4684:
4669:
4654:
4639:
4588:
4574:
4559:
4544:
4444:
4408:
4353:
4297:
4258:
4233:
4190:
4182:
4164:
4153:(2): 154–155.
4137:
4115:
4070:
4056:
4013:
4005:
3987:
3976:(2): 128–129.
3960:
3933:
3906:
3869:
3858:
3851:
3833:
3811:
3768:
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3715:
3700:
3684:
3668:
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3624:
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3619:
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3612:
3605:
3602:
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3527:
3498:
3495:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3385:
3382:
3378:Euler diagrams
3372:to illustrate
3365:
3362:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3270:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Coriolis force
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2985:
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2816:
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2806:
2801:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2604:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2545:musical theory
2533:
2532:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2485:
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2461:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2384:Euler's method
2370:with Newton's
2344:Fourier series
2335:
2332:
2247:. The city of
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:Euler's circle
2211:
2204:
2201:
2193:Mersenne prime
2099:
2096:
2037:gamma function
1998:
1997:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
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1900:
1897:
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1839:
1838:
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1551:
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1520:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
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1485:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1409:
1406:
1400:to denote the
1392:imaginary unit
1390:to denote the
1380:Euler's number
1343:
1340:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1252:Related topics
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:Leonhard Euler
1240:
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1227:
1226:
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1224:
1219:
1211:
1199:
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1191:
1190:
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1161:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1093:
1042:
1039:
1000:
997:
914:Berlin Academy
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
853:
850:
767:
766:St. Petersburg
764:
760:Pierre Bouguer
671:
668:
666:
663:
636:postage stamps
606:fluid dynamics
523:
522:
514:
511:
510:
506:
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466:
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463:Berlin Academy
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431:
430:
425:
424:Known for
421:
420:
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
400:
393:St. Petersburg
391:
386:(aged 76)
380:
376:
375:
366:
355:
351:
350:
343:
335:
334:
332:Leonhard Euler
331:
318:
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44:
36:
27:
23:
22:
14:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5376:
5365:
5362:
5360:
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5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
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5327:
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5322:
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5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
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5290:
5287:
5285:
5284:Latin squares
5282:
5280:
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5206:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5174:Project Euler
5172:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5143:Euler Archive
5141:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5107:
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5032:
5029:
5025:
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5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
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5000:
4996:
4993:
4989:
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4774:
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4707:
4699:
4695:
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4673:
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4462:
4458:
4451:
4449:
4440:
4427:
4420:. p. 10.
4419:
4412:
4404:
4392:
4387:|author=
4375:
4367:
4360:
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4349:
4333:
4316:
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4281:|author=
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4259:0-471-54397-7
4255:
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3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3513:Euler has an
3508:
3503:
3494:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:Denis Diderot
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:closed curves
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
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3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
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3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2909:
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2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
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2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2602:
2599:
2589:
2583:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:Euler numbers
2349:
2348:Venn diagrams
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306: +
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286: +
2285:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2232:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:2,147,483,647
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:Euler proved
2122:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2098:Number theory
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:prime numbers
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1701:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:Basel problem
1639:
1635:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:, the letter
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:, as well as
1317:
1316:number theory
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1209:is irrational
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
993:
989:
984:
979:
977:
970:
968:
964:
959:
956:the Academy.
953:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
929:
924:
920:
916:
915:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
869:
865:
860:
849:
847:
843:
838:
834:
832:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
810:
801:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:St Petersburg
781:
777:
773:
763:
761:
757:
753:
752:Prize Problem
751:
750:Paris Academy
746:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:mathematician
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
579:
571:
565:
560:
559:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:mathematician
533:
529:
518:
512:
507:
503:
498:
493:
489:
486:
483:
479:
476:
473:
471:
467:
464:
460:
457:
453:
450:
446:
445:Mathematician
443:
439:
436:
432:
429:
428:See full list
426:
422:
419:
416:
412:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:15 April 1707
356:
352:
347:
341:
336:
329:
324:
316:
308:
306:
301:
299:
298:
294:
292:
289:
287:
286:
275:
263:
260:
254:
252:
247:
245:
244:
238:
236:
231:
229:
228:
220:
216:
208:
207:→Early years
187:
183:
178:
169:
164:
160:
152:
146:
128:
124:
120:
113:
109:
104:
95:
91:
73:
58:
51:
41:Content added
33:
30:
20:
5269:Blind people
5227:
5222:
5220:
5208:
5115:ScienceWorld
5113:
5087:|month=
5078:cite journal
5069:
5063:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5009:
5002:
4991:
4975:
4971:
4959:
4948:
4937:
4927:
4916:
4898:
4886:|month=
4877:cite journal
4863:(2): 77–80.
4860:
4856:
4845:|month=
4836:cite journal
4819:
4815:
4809:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4773:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4738:
4733:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4678:
4672:
4663:
4657:
4648:
4642:
4630:|month=
4621:cite journal
4604:
4600:
4583:
4577:
4568:
4562:
4553:
4547:
4537:suggested) (
4521:suggested) (
4483:(4): 30–31.
4480:
4476:
4463:(3): 37–41.
4460:
4456:
4417:
4411:
4399:|month=
4389:suggested) (
4365:
4346:suggested) (
4330:suggested) (
4300:
4283:suggested) (
4245:
4203:. Retrieved
4193:
4173:
4167:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4127:
4118:
4108:suggested) (
4106:|no-pp=
4084:
4067:. Dartmouth.
4059:
4026:. Retrieved
4016:
3996:
3990:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3885:
3881:
3861:
3842:
3836:
3827:
3823:
3804:suggested) (
3802:|no-pp=
3781:
3777:
3771:
3754:
3750:
3730:
3709:
3703:
3687:
3671:
3658:
3649:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3565:Google Books
3556:
3553:(1768–1770).
3548:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3521:
3512:
3506:
3432:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3387:
3367:
3352:proposed by
3343:
3337:
3318:
3174:
3109: /
3105: /
3103:displacement
3101: /
2962: /
2924:Displacement
2862:
2853:
2847:Formulations
2834:Virtual work
2774: /
2714:Acceleration
2707:Fundamentals
2540:
2534:
2337:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2296:planar graph
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:planar graph
2266:graph theory
2242:
2225:Graph theory
2199:until 1867.
2186:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2123:
2112:
2101:
2057:
2030:
2020:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1946:
1848:
1633:
1631:
1430:power series
1411:
1395:
1387:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1324:lunar theory
1308:trigonometry
1297:
1242:
1178:exponential
1151:Applications
1087:
1086:
1062:
1055:
1002:
972:
954:
949:
947:
932:
926:
912:
910:
839:
835:
824:
817:
813:Russian Navy
805:
800:Soviet Union
788:appendicitis
769:
748:
744:
681:
657:) who wrote
629:
618:
590:graph theory
583:
527:
526:
517:Johann Euler
455:Institutions
434:
384:(1783-09-18)
344:Portrait by
5254:1783 deaths
5249:1707 births
4978:(1): 3–33.
4972:SIAM Review
4102:|nopp=
3798:|nopp=
3757:(12): 300.
3590:Opera Omnia
3547:(1755) and
3374:syllogistic
3245:von Neumann
2912:Core topics
1867:real number
1238:John Napier
1205:proof that
1013:cartography
842:Georg Gsell
827:Catherine I
670:Early years
659:apologetics
404:Nationality
372:Switzerland
215:Next edit →
145:Project:AWB
127:Rollbackers
32:Next edit →
5243:Categories
5072:(5). 1983.
4700:: 169–189.
4494:See also:
4183:088385564X
4006:088385564X
3949:(2): 127.
3922:(2): 125.
3888:(2): 156.
3180:d'Alembert
3160:Maupertuis
3123:Scientists
3005:Rigid body
2679:Kinematics
2324:L'Huillier
2292:polyhedron
2249:Königsberg
2229:See also:
2209:Euler line
1865:. For any
1855:logarithms
1418:Bernoullis
1174:half-lives
1130:Properties
992:strabismus
846:Neva River
643:2002 Euler
360:1707-04-15
176:Bobisbeast
5089:ignored (
4888:ignored (
4847:ignored (
4649:Polyhedra
4632:ignored (
4533:ignored (
4517:ignored (
4437:ignored (
4426:cite book
4401:ignored (
4385:ignored (
4374:cite book
4342:ignored (
4326:ignored (
4292:help page
4279:ignored (
4268:cite book
4226:ignored (
4205:30 August
4188:, p. 405.
4104:ignored (
4093:cite book
4049:ignored (
4028:30 August
4011:, p. 402.
3901:help page
3800:ignored (
3789:cite book
3662:"Euler",
3420:Christian
3394:Leibniz's
3225:Liouville
3107:frequency
3027:Vibration
2744:potential
2669:Continuum
2664:Celestial
2641:Textbooks
2503:
2497:−
2481:⋯
2426:∞
2423:→
2409:γ
2152:that are
1970:π
1928:φ
1925:
1913:φ
1910:
1899:φ
1812:π
1778:⋯
1708:∞
1705:→
1672:∞
1657:∑
1645:in 1735:
1584:⋯
1513:∞
1510:→
1472:∞
1457:∑
1194:Defining
976:Sanssouci
967:Frederick
886:−
720:Descartes
649:on their
614:astronomy
602:mechanics
570:/ˈjuːlər/
539:physicist
495:Signature
449:Physicist
4506:cite web
4315:cite web
4215:cite web
4126:(1927).
4038:cite web
3729:(1999).
3604:See also
3573:Volume 2
3569:Volume 1
3397:monadism
3329:parallax
3280:Category
3205:Hamilton
3190:Lagrange
3185:Clairaut
3150:Horrocks
3111:velocity
3081:Pendulum
3069:reactive
3041:Rotation
3010:dynamics
2960:Inertial
2946:Friction
2829:Velocity
2804:Momentum
2684:Kinetics
2674:Dynamics
2652:Branches
2636:Timeline
2386:and the
2328:topology
2272:theory.
2203:Geometry
2068:q-series
1636:and the
1426:analysis
1408:Analysis
1348:function
1300:geometry
1102:Part of
1021:cataract
1005:eyesight
1003:Euler's
963:rhetoric
958:Voltaire
831:Peter II
728:theology
640:asteroid
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222:Line 42:
186:contribs
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102:Rjwilmsi
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3195:Laplace
3140:Huygens
3135:Galileo
2980: (
2919:Damping
2772:Inertia
2766:Impulse
2739:kinetic
2689:Statics
2659:Applied
2631:History
2364:Leibniz
2277:formula
2253:Prussia
2154:coprime
1328:physics
1312:algebra
1017:Cyclops
809:Russian
776:Nicolas
745:De Sono
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702:—
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3175:Euler
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1184:decay
1009:fever
756:masts
732:Greek
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632:franc
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