Eli Whitney: Difference between revisions

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government, realizing the need to prepare for war, began to rearm. The ] issued contracts for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets. Whitney, who had never made a gun in his life, obtained a contract in January, 1798 to deliver ten to fifteen thousand muskets in 1800. He had not mentioned interchangeable parts at that time. Ten months later, ] ] sent him a "foreign pamphlet on arms manufacturing techniques," possibly one of Honoré Blanc's reports, after which Whitney first began to talk about interchangeability. After spending most of 1799-1801 in cotton gin litigation, Whitney began promoting the idea of interchangeable parts, and even arranged a public demonstration of the concept in order to gain time. He did not deliver on the contract until 1809, but then spent the rest of his life publicizing the idea of interchangeability. (Hounshell, pp 30-32)

1246:, which opened to the public in 1984. The site today includes the boarding house and barn that served Eli Whitney's original workers and a stone storage building from the original armory. Museum exhibits and programs are housed in a factory building constructed c. 1910. A water company office building constructed in the 1880s now houses educational programs operated by the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority (which succeeded the New Haven Water Company). 663:

opened to the public in 1984. The site today includes the boarding house and barn that served Eli Whitney's original workers and a stone storage building from the original armory. Museum exhibits and programs are housed in a factory building constructed c. 1910. A water company office building constructed in the 1880s now houses educational programs operated by the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority (which succeeded the New Haven Water Company).

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power machinery and specialized ] are well documented (Woodbury 1960). When the government complained that Whitney's price per musket compared unfavorably with those produced in government armories, Whitney was able to calculate an actual price per musket by including ]s such as ] and ], which the government had not included. He thus made early contributions to both the concept of ], and the concept of the ] of private industry.

724: 777:, the eldest child of Eli Whitney, a prosperous farmer, and Elizabeth Fay of Westborough. Very early in life he demonstrated his mechanical genius and entrepreneurial acumen, operating a profitable nail manufacturing operation in his father's workshop during the American Revolution. Because his step-mother opposed his wish to attend college, Whitney worked as a farm laborer and schoolteacher to save money. He prepared for 71: 885: 558:

political leader ]. His 1817 marriage to ], granddaughter of the famed ], ], daughter of ], head of the Democratic Party in Connecticut, and first cousin of Yale's president, ], the state's leading ], further tied him to Connecticut's ]. In a business dependent on government contracts, such connections were essential to success.

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gins. Rather, like the proprietors of ] and ]s, they expected to charge farmers for cleaning their cotton - two-fifths of the profits, paid in cotton. Resentment at this scheme, the mechanical simplicity of the device, and the primitive state of ], made ] inevitable. Whitney's cotton gin company went out of business in 1797.

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Production'', historian David Hounshell describes how de Gribeauval's idea propagated from France to the colonies via two routes: from ] via his friend ], and via Major ], another French artillerist who was instrumental in establishing ], teaching the young officer corps of the ], and in establishing the ] at ] and ].

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While the cotton gin did not earn Whitney the fortune he had hoped for, it did transform Southern agriculture and the national economy. Southern cotton found ready markets in ] and in the burgeoning ]s of ]. Cotton agriculture revived the profitability of slavery and the political power of supporters

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Whitney's grandson, Eli Whitney IV (1847-1924), sold the Whitney Armory to ], another notable New Haven gun company, in 1888. He served as president of the water company until his death and was a major New Haven business and civic leader. He played an important role in the development of New Haven's

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Although Whitney is popularly credited with the invention of a ] that could be manufactured with ], the idea predates him and he never succeeded at it. The idea is credited to ], a ] ], and credit for finally perfecting the "armory system," or ], is given to ]. In ''From the American System to Mass

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Somewhat ironically, Whitney's two most famous innovations would divide the country in the mid-19th century: the ] (1793), which revolutionized the way Southern cotton was cropped and reinvigorated slavery; and his ], that would revolutionize Northern industry, and, in time, be a major factor in the

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Eli Whitney and his descendants are buried in ]'s historic ]. Yale College's ], which is one of the four doors into Yale College, is named after Whitney in recognition of his venerable age at the time of his entrance to Yale College

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Following the closure of the armory, the factory site continued to be used for a variety of industrial purposes, including the water company. Many of the original armory buildings remained intact until the 1960s. In the 1970s, as part of the ] celebration, interested citizens organized the ], which

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Eli Whitney, Jr. (1820-1894) assumed control of the armory in ]. Working under ] to inventor ], the younger Whitney manufactured the famous "Whitneyville Walker Colts" for the ]. (The success of this contract rescued Colt from financial ruin and enabled him to establish his own famous ]). Whitney's

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Like so much about Whitney's career, his claims as inventor of the cotton gin were disputed both in his own time and in our own. Whitney received a ] (later numbered as X72) for his cotton gin on ], ], however, it was not validated until ]. Whitney and his partner Miller did not intend to sell the

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The ] is a mechanical device which removes the seeds from ], a process which had, until the time of its invention, been extremely labor-intensive. The cotton gin was a wooden drum stuck with hooks, which pulled the cotton fibers through a mesh. The cotton ] would not fit through the mesh and fell

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The younger Whitney organized the New Haven Water Company, which began operations in 1862. While this enterprise addressed the city's need for water, it also enabled the younger Whitney to increase the amount of power available for his manufacturing operations at the expense of the water company's

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Whitney's defenders have claimed that he invented the ] -- the combination of power machinery, interchangeable parts, and division of labor that would underlie the nation's subsequent industrial revolution. While there is persuasive evidence that he failed to achieve interchangeability, his use of

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sent him a "foreign pamphlet on arms manufacturing techniques," possibly one of Honoré Blanc's reports, after which Whitney first began to talk about interchangeability. After spending most of 1799-1801 in cotton gin litigation, Whitney began promoting the idea of interchangeable parts, and even

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By the late 1790s, Whitney was on the verge of ] and cotton gin litigation had left him deeply in ]. His ] cotton gin factory had burned to the ground, and litigation sapped his remaining resources. The ] had ignited new conflicts between England, France, and the United States. The new American

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The cotton gin could generate up to fifty-five pounds of cleaned cotton daily. This contributed to the economic development of the ] of the United States, a prime cotton growing area; some historians believe that this invention allowed for the ] in the ] to become more sustainable at a critical

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Despite his humble origins, Whitney was keenly aware of the value of social and political connections. In building his arms business, he took full advantage of the access that his status as a ] alumnus gave him to other well-placed graduates, like ] ] (Class of 1778) and New Haven developer and

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Whitney expected to study law but, finding himself short of funds on graduation, accepted an offer to go to South Carolina as a private tutor. Instead of reaching his destination, he was convinced to visit Georgia. In the closing years of the eighteenth century, Georgia was a magnet for New

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of the South's "]." By the 1820s, the dominant issues in American politics were driven by "]": maintaining the political balance between ] and ]s and ] protection for American industry. The cotton interests led the country into war with ], expecting a vast expansion of cotton agriculture.

1073:-- the combination of power machinery, interchangeable parts, and division of labor that would underlie the nation's subsequent industrial revolution. While there is persuasive evidence that he failed to achieve interchangeability, his use of power machinery and specialized 1057:

issued contracts for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets. Whitney, who had never made a gun in his life, obtained a contract in January, 1798 to deliver ten to fifteen thousand muskets in 1800. He had not mentioned interchangeable parts at that time. Ten months later,

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of Rhode Island. Mrs. Greene invited Whitney to visit her Georgia plantation, Mulberry Grove. Her plantation manager and husband-to-be was Phineas Miller, another Connecticut migrant and Yale graduate (Class of 1785), who would become Whitney's business partner.

1234:, another notable New Haven gun company, in 1888. He served as president of the water company until his death and was a major New Haven business and civic leader. He played an important role in the development of New Haven's Ronan-Edgehill Neighborhood. 63: 1237:

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are well documented (Woodbury 1960). When the government complained that Whitney's price per musket compared unfavorably with those produced in government armories, Whitney was able to calculate an actual price per musket by including

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outside. Whitney occasionally told a story where he was pondering an improved method of seeding the cotton and he was inspired by observing a ] attempting to pull a ] through a fence, and could only pull through some of the ].

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arranged a public demonstration of the concept in order to gain time. He did not deliver on the contract until 1809, but then spent the rest of his life publicizing the idea of interchangeability. (Hounshell, pp 30-32)

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Whitney died of ] on ], ], leaving a widow and four children. His ] was left in the charge of his talented nephews, ] and ], notable ] and ] in their own right (they invented the ] and the stone-crushing machine).

916:, they expected to charge farmers for cleaning their cotton - two-fifths of the profits, paid in cotton. Resentment at this scheme, the mechanical simplicity of the device, and the primitive state of 1395: 850:, a process which had, until the time of its invention, been extremely labor-intensive. The cotton gin was a wooden drum stuck with hooks, which pulled the cotton fibers through a mesh. The cotton 1261:, which is one of the four doors into Yale College, is named after Whitney in recognition of his venerable age at the time of his entrance to Yale College in 1792; he was twenty-seven years old. 1106:

Despite his humble origins, Whitney was keenly aware of the value of social and political connections. In building his arms business, he took full advantage of the access that his status as a

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would not fit through the mesh and fell outside. Whitney occasionally told a story where he was pondering an improved method of seeding the cotton and he was inspired by observing a

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While the cotton gin did not earn Whitney the fortune he had hoped for, it did transform Southern agriculture and the national economy. Southern cotton found ready markets in

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Smith, Merritt Roe. 1973. "John H. Hall, Simeon North, and the Milling Machine: The Nature of Innovation among Antebellum Arms Makers." Technology & Culture 14.

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had ignited new conflicts between England, France, and the United States. The new American government, realizing the need to prepare for war, began to rearm. The

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stockholders. The new dam made it possible to consolidate his operations—originally located in three sites along the ]—in a single plant. This dam still exists.

1346: 1410: 793:, a migrant from Connecticut). When he initially sailed for South Carolina, among his shipmates was the widow and family of Revolutionary hero, General 1341: 1336: 892:

Like so much about Whitney's career, his claims as inventor of the cotton gin were disputed both in his own time and in our own. Whitney received a

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Lakwete, Angela. (2004). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

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The cotton gin could generate up to fifty-five pounds of cleaned cotton daily. This contributed to the economic development of the

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Hounshell, David A.(1984). From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

874: 72: 137: 93: 1390: 1002:, historian David Hounshell describes how de Gribeauval's idea propagated from France to the colonies via two routes: from 980: 31: 28: 1279:

Dexter, Franklin B. (1911). "Eli Whitney." Yale Biographies and Annals, 1792-1805. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Company.

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Hall, Karyl Lee Kibler, & Cooper, Carolyn. (1984). Windows on the Works: Industry on the Eli Whitney Site, 1798-1979.

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stockholders. The new dam made it possible to consolidate his operations—originally located in three sites along the

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Somewhat ironically, Whitney's two most famous innovations would divide the country in the mid-19th century: the

939:. Cotton agriculture revived the profitability of slavery and the political power of supporters of the South's " 1111: 873:

of the United States, a prime cotton growing area; some historians believe that this invention allowed for the

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Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts." Technology & Culture 1.

821: 1207:. (The success of this contract rescued Colt from financial ruin and enabled him to establish his own famous 320:== Headline text ==eli whitney-GO GATORS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 155: 133: 89: 809:, that would revolutionize Northern industry, and, in time, be a major factor in the North's victory in the 1258: 600:

marriage to Sarah Dalliba, daughter of the ]'s ], helped to assure the continuing success of his business.

1380: 1375: 180: 1385: 1239: 766: 1322: 1231: 144: 805:(1793), which revolutionized the way Southern cotton was cropped and reinvigorated slavery; and his 1224: 908:. Whitney and his partner Miller did not intend to sell the gins. Rather, like the proprietors of 888:

Cotton Gin Patent. It shows sawtooth gin blades, which were not part of Whitney's original patent.

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Battison, Edwin. (1960). "Eli Whitney and the Milling Machine." Smithsonian Journal of History I.

1090:, which the government had not included. He thus made early contributions to both the concept of 1049:

cotton gin factory had burned to the ground, and litigation sapped his remaining resources. The

107: 1149:. In a business dependent on government contracts, such connections were essential to success. 1095: 878: 642:

Ronan-Edgehill Neighborhood.

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Cooper, Carolyn, & Lindsay, Merrill K. (1980). Eli Whitney and the Whitney Armory.

1169: 1137:, head of the Democratic Party in Connecticut, and first cousin of Yale's president, 1122: 1074: 1050: 1031: 1023: 959:

protection for American industry. The cotton interests led the country into war with

151: 1134: 1130: 1019: 1011: 1007: 794: 16: 1203:, the younger Whitney manufactured the famous "Whitneyville Walker Colts" for the 1153: 1118: 1091: 870: 1003: 1216: 1138: 1114: 979:, the idea predates him and he never succeeded at it. The idea is credited to 1354: 1327: 1181: 751: 1312: 47: 1230:

Whitney's grandson, Eli Whitney IV (1847-1924), sold the Whitney Armory to

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Englanders seeking their fortunes (its Revolutionary era governor had been

184: 943:." By the 1820s, the dominant issues in American politics were driven by " 1200: 948: 944: 936: 924:

inevitable. Whitney's cotton gin company went out of business in 1797.

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ALBET ALBERT ALBERT ALBERT ALBERT ALBERT ALBERT ALBERT ALBERT THE GATOR

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to become more sustainable at a critical point in its development.

863: 754: 1014:, another French artillerist who was instrumental in establishing 723: 913: 859: 1165: 984: 972: 971:

Although Whitney is popularly credited with the invention of a

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Eli Whitney, Jr. (1820-1894) assumed control of the armory in

884: 1307: 1117:(Class of 1778) and New Haven developer and political leader 851: 1219:, helped to assure the continuing success of his business. 990:, and credit for finally perfecting the "armory system," or 1192: 1161: 1107: 1042: 905: 901: 778: 774: 747: 739: 862:

through a fence, and could only pull through some of the

855: 1211:). Whitney's marriage to Sarah Dalliba, daughter of the 1110:

alumnus gave him to other well-placed graduates, like

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Whitney's defenders have claimed that he invented the

54: 963:, expecting a vast expansion of cotton agriculture. 846:

is a mechanical device which removes the seeds from

1318:Eli Whitney Biography on at Whitney Research Group 1041:and cotton gin litigation had left him deeply in 820: 1352: 1168:was left in the charge of his talented nephews, 1242:celebration, interested citizens organized the 1037:By the late 1790s, Whitney was on the verge of 1249:Eli Whitney and his descendants are buried in 896:(later numbered as X72) for his cotton gin on 781:under the tutelage of Rev. Elizur Goodrich of 947:": maintaining the political balance between 1411:People from Worcester County, Massachusetts 1227:—in a single plant. This dam still exists. 1000:From the American System to Mass Production 1018:, teaching the young officer corps of the 1164:, leaving a widow and four children. His 1101: 966: 883: 722: 1328:Inventor of the Week: Eli Whitney (MIT) 684:in 1792; he was twenty-seven years old. 1353: 1184:in their own right (they invented the 904:, however, it was not validated until 719:Revision as of 21:02, 1 September 2007 134:Revision as of 21:02, 1 September 2007 117: 90:Revision as of 21:02, 1 September 2007 1276:Whitneyville, CT: Eli Whitney Museum. 1145:, further tied him to Connecticut's 981:Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval 816: 80: 46: 190: 173:Special:Contributions/24.27.209.160 169: 143: 131: 124: 113: 99: 87: 13: 1188:and the stone-crushing machine). 721: 35: 1427: 1301: 1071:American system of manufacturing 992:American system of manufacturing 975:that could be manufactured with 822: 171:Reverting possible vandalism by 1396:National Inventors Hall of Fame 785:and entered the Class of 1792. 1285:Hamden, CT: Eli Whitney Museum 1: 1264: 1125:, granddaughter of the famed 831: 760: 717: 679: 670: 658: 649: 637: 628: 616: 607: 595: 586: 574: 565: 553: 544: 537:=== Later life and legacy === 533: 524: 512: 503: 491: 482: 469: 459: 436: 412: 388: 365: 341: 316: 306: 283: 272: 249: 238: 1259:Eli Whitney Students Program 18:Browse history interactively 7: 1391:American business theorists 440:===Interchangeable parts=== 10: 1432: 1022:, and in establishing the 835: 767:Westborough, Massachusetts 179:). If this is a mistake, 115: 1232:Winchester Repeating Arms 1094:, and the concept of the 677: 668: 656: 647: 635: 626: 614: 605: 593: 584: 572: 563: 551: 542: 531: 522: 510: 501: 489: 480: 476: 457: 434: 410: 386: 363: 346:point in its development. 339: 323: 304: 281: 270: 247: 236: 219:North's victory in the ]. 211:North's victory in the ]. 201: 198: 130: 86: 1406:People from Connecticut 1121:. His 1817 marriage to 85: 1416:Prostate cancer deaths 1401:Yale University alumni 1308:The Eli Whitney Museum 1141:, the state's leading 931:and in the burgeoning 889: 879:Southern United States 875:African slavery system 828: 728: 242:==Career inventions== 1313:Essay CottonTimes.com 1255:Grove Street Cemetery 1102:Later life and legacy 1098:of private industry. 977:interchangeable parts 967:Interchangeable parts 887: 858:attempting to pull a 826: 807:interchangeable parts 726: 996:Captain John H. Hall 941:peculiar institution 765:Whitney was born in 1347:Template:Persondata 823:File:Cotton-gin.jpg 783:Durham, Connecticut 287:{{main|Cotton gin}} 118:→‎Career inventions 1381:American inventors 1376:American engineers 1244:Eli Whitney Museum 1217:chief of ordinance 1060:Treasury Secretary 890: 829: 729: 141: 97: 1386:Firearm designers 1257:. Yale College's 1123:Henrietta Edwards 1075:division of labor 1051:French Revolution 817:Career inventions 716: 132: 88: 68: 1423: 1195:. Working under 1152:Whitney died of 1135:Pierpont Edwards 1131:Jonathan Edwards 1112:Secretary of War 1020:Continental Army 1012:Louis de Tousard 1010:, and via Major 1008:Thomas Jefferson 824: 795:Nathanael Greene 276:===Cotton gin=== 188: 164: 159: 140: 122: 121: 120: 111: 96: 69: 60: 59: 57: 52: 50: 42: 39: 21: 19: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1351: 1350: 1342:Template:Ifndef 1337:Template:Ifndef 1333: 1304: 1267: 1154:prostate cancer 1119:James Hillhouse 1104: 1092:cost accounting 1006:via his friend 969: 871:Southern states 840: 834: 819: 763: 713: 706: 697: 692: 685: 673: 664: 652: 643: 631: 622: 610: 601: 589: 580: 568: 559: 547: 538: 527: 518: 506: 497: 485: 474: 465: 453: 448: 441: 430: 425: 418: 406: 401: 394: 382: 377: 370: 359: 354: 347: 335: 330: 321: 312: 300: 295: 288: 277: 266: 261: 254: 243: 232: 227: 220: 212: 194: 189: 170: 168: 167: 166: 162: 149: 147: 142: 136: 128: 126:← Previous edit 123: 116: 114: 112: 105: 103: 98: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 79: 78: 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births 1201:Samuel Colt 1170:Eli Whitney 1080:fixed costs 1028:Springfield 988:artillerist 953:free states 945:King Cotton 937:New England 732:Eli Whitney 727:Eli Whitney 192:Next edit → 183:. Thanks, 138:view source 94:view source 32:Next edit → 1355:Categories 1265:References 1225:Mill River 1176:, notable 1143:Federalist 1127:evangelist 1096:efficiency 1039:bankruptcy 1016:West Point 918:patent law 844:cotton gin 838:Cotton gin 832:Cotton gin 827:Cotton gin 803:cotton gin 791:Lyman Hall 771:December 8 761:Early life 736:December 8 1323:About.com 1251:New Haven 1213:U.S. Army 1178:inventors 1158:January 8 1088:machinery 1084:insurance 1047:New Haven 811:Civil War 750:) was an 744:January 8 181:report it 163:1,596,818 1197:contract 1082:such as 1024:armories 914:sawmills 898:March 14 864:feathers 755:inventor 752:American 202:Line 10: 199:Line 10: 177:see here 156:contribs 56:Wikitext 1063:Wolcott 920:, made 877:in the 860:chicken 187:. (Bot) 185:ClueBot 146:ClueBot 1166:armory 1045:. His 998:. 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