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1448:. In ecological population assessments, a relative value of water pollution can be detected. Observing the number and diversity of macro-invertebrates in a waterbody can indicate the pollution level. In highly contaminated waters, a reduced number of organisms and only pollution-tolerant species will be found. In biomarker assessments,
700:
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In the long-term or at steady-state, i.e., the biomass of benthic organisms does not change, the benthic community can be considered a black box diverting organic matter into either metabolites or the geosphere (burial). The macrobenthos also indirectly impacts carbon cycling on the seafloor through
1113:
which killed the dinosaurs 66 million years ago also rendered extinct three-quarters of all other animal and plant species. However, deep-sea benthic forams flourished in the aftermath. In 2020 it was reported that researchers have examined the chemical composition of thousands of samples of these
1941:
Westerhold, Thomas; Marwan, Norbert; Drury, Anna Joy; Liebrand, Diederik; Agnini, Claudia; Anagnostou, Eleni; Barnet, James S. K.; Bohaty, Steven M.; De
Vleeschouwer, David; Florindo, Fabio; Frederichs, Thomas; Hodell, David A.; Holbourn, Ann E.; Kroon, Dick; Lauretano, Vittoria; Littler, Kate;
613:
can attach themselves securely to hard, rocky substrates. As adults they can remain at the same site, shaping depressions and crevices where mobile animals find refuge. This greater diversity in benthic habitats has resulted in a higher diversity of benthic species. The number of benthic animal
1460:, and genetic damage, effects that can be detected outside of the stream environment. Biomarker analysis is important for mitigating the negative impacts of water pollution because it can detect water pollution before it has a noticeable ecological effect on benthos populations.
2060:
Willerslev, Eske; Froese, Duane; Gilichinsky, David; Rønn, Regin; Bunce, Michael; Zuber, Maria T.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Brand, Tina; Munch, Kasper; Nielsen, Rasmus; Mastepanov, Mikhail; Christensen, Torben R.; Hebsgaard, Martin B.; Johnson, Sarah
Stewart (4 September 2007).
1095:
in the shells, since lighter isotopes evaporate more readily in warmer water leaving the heavier isotopes in the shells. Information about past climates can be inferred further from the abundance of forams and diatoms, since they tend to be more abundant in warm
1121:
have extremely long lives. In 2013 researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old, with a generation time of 10,000 years. These are slowly metabolizing and not in a dormant state. Some
1309:
and organic detrital matter. In coastal locations, organic run off from land provides an additional food source. Meiofauna and bacteria consume and recycle organic matter in the sediments, playing an important role in returning
981:
comes from Greek, meaning "depth of the sea". Microbenthos are found everywhere on or about the seafloor of continental shelves, as well as in deeper waters, with greater diversity in or on seafloor sediments. In
1091:. The chemical composition of the shells are a consequence of the chemical composition of the ocean at the time the shells were formed. Past water temperatures can be also be inferred from the ratios of stable
1432:
of river beds, where many benthos reside. Benthos are highly sensitive to contamination, so their close proximity to high pollutant concentrations make these organisms ideal for studying water contamination.
1482:
Organic matter produced in the sunlit layer of the ocean and delivered to the sediments is either consumed by organisms or buried. The organic matter consumed by organisms is used to synthesize
1456:
response of macro-invertebrates' internal tissues can be studied extensively in the laboratory. The concentration of a chemical can cause many changes, including changing feeding behaviors,
1321:
The depth of water, temperature and salinity, and type of local substrate all affect what benthos is present. In coastal waters and other places where light reaches the bottom, benthic
614:
species exceeds one million. This far exceeds the number of pelagic animal species (about 5000 larger zooplankton species, 22,000 pelagic fish species and 110 marine mammal species).
1039:
512:
before it can reach deep ocean water, the energy source for deep benthic ecosystems is often organic matter from higher up in the water column that drifts down to the depths. This
3186:
3678:
1058:
398:
2035:
1490:, or returned to the sediment as faeces. This cycle can occur many times before either all organic matter is used up or eventually buried. This process is known as the
2428:
Damásio, Joana; Fernández-Sanjuan, Maria; Sánchez-Avila, Juan; Lacorte, Silvia; Prat, NarcĂs; Rieradevall, Maria; Soares, Amadeu M.V.M.; Barata, Carlos (June 2011).
865:
3181:
577:, the benthic zone offers physically diverse habitats. There is a huge range in how much light and warmth is available, and in the depth of water or extent of
2430:"Multi-biochemical responses of benthic macroinvertebrate species as a complementary tool to diagnose the cause of community impairment in polluted rivers"
1087:
or live on sediment at the bottom of the ocean. Regardless of form, their shells sink to the seafloor after they die. These shells are widely used as
2565:"Relative influences of bioturbation and physical mixing on degradation of bloom-derived particulate organic matter: Clue from microcosm experiments"
3211:
789: 'less', comprises tiny benthic organisms that are less than about 1 mm but greater than about 0.1 mm in size. Some examples are
2288:"Combining biomarker and community approaches using benthic macroinvertebrates can improve the assessment of the ecological status of rivers"
2703:
3785:
3051:
641: 'long', comprises the larger, visible to the naked eye, benthic organisms greater than about 1 mm in size. In shallow waters,
1841:
1000:
2796:
1942:
Lourens, Lucas J.; Lyle, Mitchell; Pälike, Heiko; Röhl, Ursula; Tian, Jun; Wilkens, Roy H.; Wilson, Paul A.; Zachos, James C. (2020).
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1884:
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1424:, and effect of water pollutants in the aquatic environment. Some water contaminants—such as nutrients, chemicals from
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429:
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2564:
2222:"Benthic–Pelagic Coupling: Linkages Between Benthic Ecology and Biogeochemistry and Pelagic Ecosystems and Process"
3778:
2018:
906:'small', comprises microscopic benthic organisms that are less than about 0.1 mm in size. Some examples are
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257:
234:
222:
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3688:
3673:
1925:
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1944:"An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years"
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2007:
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of the ocean – that live near or on the seafloor, or within or on surface seafloor sediments. The word
17:
645:, coral reefs and kelp forests provide particularly rich habitats for macrobenthos. Some examples are
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3193:
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data can be collected on the amount of and direct effect of specific pollutants in a waterbody. The
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1926:
Earth barreling toward 'Hothouse' state not seen in 50 million years, epic new climate record shows
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Haeckel, E. 1891. Plankton-Studien. Jenaische
Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturwissenschaft 25 / (Neue Folge)
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benthic forams and used their findings to build the most detailed climate record of Earth ever.
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1828:
1271:
1251:
1223:
1190:
1167:
782:
634:
422:
2642:(2008) Encyclopædia Britannica. (Retrieved May 15, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.)
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1045:
338:
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2726:
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1955:
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8:
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1989:
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Many organisms adapted to deep-water pressure cannot survive in the upper parts of the
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1993:
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1971:
1963:
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1230: 'inner, internal', lives buried, or burrowing in the sediment, often in the
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3630:
3491:
3443:
3319:
3294:
3103:
3056:
2981:
2826:
2811:
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2445:
2133:
1821:
Benthos und das redundant Benton: Neologismen in der deutschsprachigen
Limnologie
1782:
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3001:
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2539:
2379:
2311:
2287:
2196:
1768:
1633:
1613:
1608:
1547:
1543:
1421:
1380:
1329:
1306:
1088:
1052:, 0.06-3.0 mm long, a worm-like animal living between sediment particles
897:
829:
794:
558:
353:
343:
303:
288:
82:
2427:
2087:
1967:
1894:
1724:
US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
3814:
3727:
3506:
3486:
3390:
3128:
3011:
2931:
2891:
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2851:
2530:
2506:"Reviews and syntheses: to the bottom of carbon processing at the seafloor"
2505:
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2106:
2022:
1985:
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1457:
1453:
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149:
120:
110:
78:
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3304:
3113:
3016:
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1976:
1673:
1388:
1239:
1049:
1024:
983:
885:
843:
802:
778:
773:
658:
561:, such as lakes, rivers, and streams. There is also a redundant synonym,
173:
115:
2676:
2286:
Rodrigues, Carolina; GuimarĂŁes, Laura; Vieira, Natividade (2019-08-01).
1711:
1575:
Benthos (organisms that live at the ocean floor) can be contrasted with
76:
3620:
3555:
3344:
3324:
3108:
3081:
2866:
2779:
2602:
Harris, Peter T. (2020-01-01), Harris, Peter T.; Baker, Elaine (eds.),
2126:
Flows of Energy and
Materials in Marine Ecosystems: Theory and Practice
1916:, Carleton College. Modified 23 July 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
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228:
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3098:
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2681:
2393:"Online Submission and Review for Science of the Total Environment".
2036:"It's Okay to be Smart • the oldest living thing in the world: These"
1559:
1515:
1445:
1345:
1315:
1007:
814:
752:
501:. The pressure difference can be very significant (approximately one
435:
251:
208:
42:
2649:
Te Ara - the
Encyclopædia of New Zealand, updated 21 September 2007.
3847:
3842:
3595:
3405:
2951:
2946:
2871:
1663:
1648:
1618:
1580:
1527:
1429:
1368:
1349:
1279:
1174: 'animal', animals belonging to the benthos. Examples include
1118:
907:
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760:
705:
690:
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610:
513:
451:
293:
247:
30:
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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212:
34:
3354:
2724:
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3829:
3590:
2916:
2059:
1658:
1584:
1444:
through ecological population assessments or through analyzing
1372:
1333:
1198:
1197: 'plant', plants belonging to the benthos, mainly benthic
919:
666:
606:
586:
467:
455:
93:
38:
1070:, about 0.2 mm long, live in spaces between marine gravel
589:
can find protection and food in soft, loose sediments such as
3793:
2545:
1940:
1761:
1400:
1353:
662:
544:
459:
3086:
1392:
1376:
1138:
991:
682:
598:
594:
463:
2608:
1877:
Feeding and trophic structure of the deep-sea macrobenthos
3148:
3138:
1340:, dominate hard, sandy bottoms. Deposit feeders, such as
986:
benthic diatoms dominate as photosynthetic organisms. In
590:
2285:
1840:
Lalli, Carol M.; Parsons, Timothy R. (1997). "Benthos".
1420:. These organisms can be used to indicate the presence,
1258: 'on top of', lives on top of the sediments, e.g.,
973:
Marine microbenthos are microorganisms that live in the
2604:"Chapter 3 - Anthropogenic threats to benthic habitats"
474:. This community lives in or near marine or freshwater
2551:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2263:"Major Contaminants | Contaminated Sediments | US EPA"
581:
immersion. The seafloor varies widely in the types of
1723:
1278: 'over', lives just above the sediment, e.g., a
1416:
Benthic macro-invertebrates play a critical role in
27:
Community of organisms that live in the benthic zone
1909:"Paleoclimatology: How Can We Infer Past Climates?"
1486:(i.e. growth) converted to carbon dioxide through
557:to refer to organisms at the bottom of freshwater
2499:
2497:
2120:Smetacek, Victor (1984), Fasham, M. J. R. (ed.),
994:strongly control opportunities for microbenthos.
3873:
1714:from the Census of Antarctic Marine Life website
1587:(organisms that can swim against water currents)
1270:Hyperbenthos (or hyperbenthic), prefix from
2067:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1583:(organisms that drift with water currents) and
2494:
2063:"Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair"
1934:
1796:"North American Benthological Society website"
1391:, play an important role as a food source for
1222:Endobenthos (or endobenthic), prefix from
1130:are estimated to be half a million years old.
3779:
2987:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
2697:
2128:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 517–547,
1011:a widespread abundant genus of benthic forams
399:
1839:
1742:
1726:"How does pressure change with ocean depth?"
1250:Epibenthos (or epibenthic), prefix from
3052:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1579:(organisms that live at the ocean surface)
1411:
3786:
3772:
2704:
2690:
2503:
2466:
1305:The main food sources for the benthos are
454:that live on, in, or near the bottom of a
406:
392:
244:
2529:
2161:
2096:
2086:
1975:
1344:, populate softer bottoms. Fish, such as
520:; most organisms in the benthic zone are
2563:Sun, Ming-Yi; Dai, Jihong (2005-09-01).
2335:"Indicators: Benthic Macroinvertebrates"
2219:
2119:
1874:
1843:Biological Oceanography: An Introduction
1833:
1569:
1364:are important predators and scavengers.
1289:
1137:
1098:
29:
2504:Middelburg, Jack J. (19 January 2018).
1819:Nehring, S. & Albrecht, U. (1997).
573:Compared to the relatively featureless
314:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
14:
3874:
2711:
2652:Yip, Maricela and Madl, Pierre (1999)
2601:
2562:
2332:
1707:
1705:
1083:forms, that is, they can drift in the
3767:
3240:
3239:
2723:
2685:
1469:Carbon processing in marine sediments
505:for every 10 metres of water depth).
1463:
1028:, an extinct genus of benthic forams
902:Microbenthos, prefix from the Greek
442: 'the depths '), also known as
91:
3315:Oceanic physical-biological process
3177:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
2122:"The Supply of Food to the Benthos"
1879:. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers.
1717:
1702:
1510:Benthos are negatively impacted by
1075:Both foraminifera and diatoms have
890:Marine sediment § Microbenthos
24:
2234:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11087-5
1406:
25:
3903:
2670:
2469:"The Biological Pump in the Past"
2467:Sigman, D.M.; Haug, G.H. (2003),
3748:
3747:
3735:
3721:
3353:
3025:
2842:Colored dissolved organic matter
2544:
2395:Science of the Total Environment
1852:10.1016/b978-075063384-0/50063-3
1473:
1057:
1038:
1016:
999:
959:
945:
931:
864:
850:
836:
822:
740:
726:
712:
698:
373:
63:
3187:Latin America and the Caribbean
2595:
2556:
2516:(2). Copernicus GmbH: 413–427.
2460:
2421:
2415:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.001
2386:
2351:
2326:
2279:
2255:
2213:
2189:
2155:
2113:
2053:
2028:
2012:
2000:
1919:
1285:
1265:
1181:
879:
622:
3669:Ecological values of mangroves
3212:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
2475:, Elsevier, pp. 491–528,
2228:, Elsevier, pp. 660–662,
2226:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
2170:, Elsevier, pp. 105–115,
1901:
1868:
1846:. Elsevier. pp. 177–195.
1813:
1788:
1754:
1736:
1217:
1212:
1156:by M. J. Schleiden (1804–1881)
767:
633:Macrobenthos, prefix from
13:
1:
2633:
2581:10.1016/j.marchem.2004.11.003
2372:10.1016/S0043-1354(05)00684-6
2220:Nunnally, Clifton C. (2019),
2162:Snelgrove, Paul V.R. (2013),
1245:
1161:
3689:Marine conservation activism
3674:Fisheries and climate change
2610:, Elsevier, pp. 35–61,
2446:10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.006
2168:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
2134:10.1007/978-1-4757-0387-0_20
1166:Zoobenthos, prefix from
7:
3892:Oceanographical terminology
3684:Human impact on marine life
3561:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2797:Aquatic population dynamics
1565:
1550:) and construction such as
1428:, and metals—settle in the
1367:Benthic organisms, such as
568:
51:Part of a series related to
10:
3908:
2304:10.1007/s10750-019-03991-7
1762:
1522:, oil and gas activities,
1505:
1133:
883:
771:
626:
617:
545:
428:
3839:Pechton / Pecton / Pekton
3805:
3715:
3654:
3526:
3462:
3424:
3371:
3362:
3351:
3300:Marine primary production
3252:
3248:
3235:
3194:List of marine ecoregions
3169:
3034:
3023:
2737:
2733:
2719:
2333:US EPA, OW (2013-11-21).
1538:(and its impacts such as
1178:, starfish and anemones.
1148:A variety of marine worms
3546:Coastal biogeomorphology
3541:Marine coastal ecosystem
2473:Treatise on Geochemistry
1907:Bruckner, Monica (2020)
1875:Sokolova, M. N. (2000).
1695:
1684:Sediment Profile Imagery
1412:Benthos as bioindicators
1067:Pliciloricus enigmaticus
539:in 1891, comes from the
514:dead and decaying matter
476:sedimentary environments
3454:Paradox of the plankton
3265:Diel vertical migration
3159:Freshwater swamp forest
2877:GIS and aquatic science
2725:General components and
2401:(1–3): 1. August 2004.
2201:Encyclopedia Britannica
2088:10.1073/pnas.0706787104
1968:10.1126/science.aba6853
1778:A Greek–English Lexicon
1436:Benthos can be used as
886:Seabed § Sediments
490:, and then down to the
3280:Large marine ecosystem
2972:Shoaling and schooling
2664:University of Salzburg
2531:10.5194/bg-15-413-2018
2366:(20): II. 2005-12-01.
2019:Sussman: Oldest Plants
1743:
1589:
1302:
1300:on marine benthic life
1158:
1106:
380:Marine life portal
45:
3699:Marine protected area
3626:Salt pannes and pools
3401:Marine larval ecology
3376:Census of Marine Life
3260:Deep scattering layer
3217:San Francisco Estuary
3182:Africa and Madagascar
3007:Underwater camouflage
2787:Aquatic biomonitoring
2727:freshwater ecosystems
2647:"Benthic communities"
1769:Liddell, Henry George
1730:oceanservice.NOAA.gov
1573:
1293:
1141:
1102:
516:sustains the benthic
339:Van Veen grab sampler
33:
3434:Marine bacteriophage
3396:Marine invertebrates
1931:, 10 September 2020.
1624:Deep sea communities
1397:California sheephead
549:'depth of the sea'.
470:, also known as the
299:Deep sea communities
3887:Ecology terminology
3795:Groups of organisms
3310:Ocean fertilization
3119:Trophic state index
3077:Lake stratification
2807:Aquatic respiration
2645:Ryan, Paddy (2007)
2522:2018BGeo...15..413M
2407:2004ScTEn.329....1.
2079:2007PNAS..10414401J
2073:(36): 14401–14405.
1960:2020Sci...369.1383W
1954:(6509): 1383–1387.
1552:coastal development
1540:ocean acidification
1234:top layer, e.g., a
1034:Marine microanimals
3799:aquatic ecosystems
3576:Intertidal wetland
3571:Intertidal ecology
3439:Marine prokaryotes
3381:Deep-sea community
3275:Iron fertilization
3198:Specific examples
3124:Upland and lowland
3042:Freshwater biology
2907:Microbial food web
2817:Aquatic toxicology
2760:Aquatic adaptation
2713:Aquatic ecosystems
2659:2019-07-20 at the
2358:"Water Research".
2164:"Marine Sediments"
1644:Intertidal ecology
1604:Benthopelagic fish
1590:
1418:aquatic ecosystems
1303:
1189:, prefix from
1159:
1144:Example zoobenthos
1107:
781:, prefix from
555:freshwater biology
309:Intertidal ecology
284:Benthopelagic fish
205:
46:
3869:
3868:
3761:
3760:
3742:Oceans portal
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3586:Hydrothermal vent
3522:
3521:
3411:Seashore wildlife
3242:Marine ecosystems
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
2997:Thermal pollution
2962:Ramsar Convention
2902:Microbial ecology
2862:Fisheries science
2802:Aquatic predation
2617:978-0-12-814960-7
2482:978-0-08-043751-4
2440:(12): 3599–3613.
2243:978-0-12-813082-7
2177:978-0-12-384720-1
2143:978-1-4757-0387-0
1886:978-1-57808-090-8
1548:ocean circulation
1464:Carbon processing
1328:can proliferate.
1323:photosynthesizing
587:Burrowing animals
508:Because light is
488:continental shelf
416:
415:
260:hydrothermal vent
16:(Redirected from
3899:
3882:Marine organisms
3788:
3781:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3730:
3728:Lakes portal
3726:
3725:
3724:
3694:Marine pollution
3386:Deep-water coral
3369:
3368:
3357:
3290:Marine chemistry
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3154:Freshwater marsh
3047:Freshwater biome
3029:
2745:Acoustic ecology
2735:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2569:Marine Chemistry
2560:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2038:. Archived from
2032:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1979:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1798:. Archived from
1792:
1786:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1532:invasive species
1477:
1318:to the pelagic.
1262:or a sea snail.
1176:polychaete worms
1111:extinction event
1061:
1042:
1020:
1003:
988:intertidal zones
963:
949:
935:
868:
854:
840:
826:
744:
730:
716:
702:
647:polychaete worms
643:seagrass meadows
548:
547:
439:
432:
408:
401:
394:
378:
377:
376:
258:
245:
235:
223:
206:
92:
77:
67:
66:
48:
47:
21:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3801:
3792:
3762:
3757:
3734:
3733:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3703:
3664:Coral bleaching
3650:
3631:Seagrass meadow
3528:Marine habitats
3518:
3492:Coral reef fish
3458:
3444:Marine protists
3420:
3358:
3349:
3320:Ocean turbidity
3295:Marine food web
3244:
3223:
3165:
3104:River ecosystem
3057:Freshwater fish
3030:
3021:
2827:Bioluminescence
2812:Aquatic science
2729:
2715:
2710:
2673:
2661:Wayback Machine
2636:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2600:
2596:
2561:
2557:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2465:
2461:
2426:
2422:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2267:archive.epa.gov
2261:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2118:
2114:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1939:
1935:
1924:
1920:
1906:
1902:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1838:
1834:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1783:Perseus Project
1759:
1755:
1741:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1639:Epibenthic sled
1629:Deep sea mining
1588:
1568:
1556:undersea cables
1546:and changes to
1520:deep-sea mining
1508:
1492:biological pump
1478:
1466:
1442:water pollution
1414:
1409:
1407:Ecological role
1301:
1299:
1288:
1268:
1248:
1220:
1215:
1184:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1105:
1093:oxygen isotopes
1089:climate proxies
1071:
1062:
1053:
1046:Darkfield photo
1043:
1029:
1021:
1012:
1004:
969:
967:Dinoflagellates
964:
955:
950:
941:
936:
900:
882:
875:
869:
860:
855:
846:
841:
832:
827:
776:
770:
763:
745:
736:
731:
722:
717:
708:
703:
631:
625:
620:
603:Sessile species
571:
559:bodies of water
412:
374:
372:
365:
364:
363:
359:Marine sediment
334:Epibenthic sled
328:
320:
319:
318:
273:
265:
264:
263:
262:
256:
254:
243:
240:
239:
237:seagrass meadow
233:
231:
225:mangrove forest
221:
219:
204:
200:
192:
191:
190:
166:
158:
157:
156:
137:
129:
128:
127:
103:
90:
81:
75:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3731:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3482:Saltwater fish
3479:
3477:Marine reptile
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:Marine viruses
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3426:Microorganisms
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3416:Wild fisheries
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:Thorson's rule
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Marine biology
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:Brackish marsh
3141:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:Lake ecosystem
3069:
3064:
3062:Hyporheic zone
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2912:Microbial loop
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Eutrophication
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Cascade effect
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2765:Aquatic animal
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2671:External links
2669:
2668:
2667:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2594:
2575:(3): 201–218.
2555:
2510:Biogeosciences
2493:
2481:
2459:
2434:Water Research
2420:
2385:
2360:Water Research
2350:
2325:
2278:
2254:
2242:
2212:
2188:
2176:
2154:
2142:
2112:
2052:
2027:
2011:
1999:
1933:
1918:
1900:
1885:
1867:
1860:
1832:
1812:
1787:
1753:
1735:
1716:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:Profundal zone
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1562:construction.
1536:climate change
1507:
1504:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1426:surface runoff
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1395:, such as the
1330:Filter feeders
1297:eutrophication
1294:
1287:
1284:
1267:
1264:
1247:
1244:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1183:
1180:
1163:
1160:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1124:Actinomycetota
1104:Benthic diatom
1103:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1005:
998:
971:
970:
965:
958:
956:
951:
944:
942:
937:
930:
881:
878:
877:
876:
870:
863:
861:
856:
849:
847:
842:
835:
833:
828:
821:
795:foraminiferans
772:Main article:
769:
766:
765:
764:
746:
739:
737:
732:
725:
723:
718:
711:
709:
704:
697:
627:Main article:
624:
621:
619:
616:
570:
567:
492:abyssal depths
414:
413:
411:
410:
403:
396:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
367:
366:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
255:
242:
241:
232:
220:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
113:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
69:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3904:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3754:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Sponge ground
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Marine biomes
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Demersal fish
3500:
3498:
3497:Deep-sea fish
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Marine mammal
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Trophic level
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Sediment trap
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Phytoplankton
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Aquatic plant
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Anoxic waters
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Hydrobiologia
2289:
2282:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2042:on 2018-07-13
2041:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1977:11577/3351324
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1861:9780750633840
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1802:on 2008-07-05
1801:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:Scott, Robert
1770:
1766:
1757:
1750:
1747:18: 232-336.
1745:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Demersal fish
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Bottom feeder
1612:
1610:
1609:Bioirrigation
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:ocean warming
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:bioindicators
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:concentration
1419:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:brittle stars
1382:
1381:sea cucumbers
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:, as well as
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1307:phytoplankton
1298:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Ancient Greek
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Ancient Greek
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:Ancient Greek
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Ancient Greek
1188:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Ancient Greek
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
993:
989:
985:
980:
976:
968:
962:
957:
954:
948:
943:
940:
934:
929:
928:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
898:bioirrigation
895:
891:
887:
873:
867:
862:
859:
853:
848:
845:
839:
834:
831:
830:Foraminiferan
825:
820:
819:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:gastrotriches
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:Ancient Greek
780:
775:
762:
758:
754:
750:
743:
738:
735:
729:
724:
721:
715:
710:
707:
701:
696:
695:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:turbellarians
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Ancient Greek
630:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
486:, out to the
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
431:
427:
424:
423:Ancient Greek
420:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
371:
370:
369:
368:
360:
357:
355:
354:Demersal zone
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:Bioirrigation
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
324:
323:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Demersal fish
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:Bottom feeder
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
269:
268:
261:
253:
249:
238:
230:
226:
218:
214:
210:
196:
195:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
162:
161:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:
133:
132:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
99:
98:
95:
88:
84:
83:Benthopelagic
80:
74:
71:
70:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3815:Macrobenthos
3809:
3656:Conservation
3507:Pelagic fish
3487:Coastal fish
3391:Marine fungi
3129:Water garden
3012:Water column
2957:Productivity
2932:Pelagic zone
2892:Macrobenthos
2882:Hydrobiology
2852:Ecohydrology
2821:
2621:, retrieved
2607:
2597:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2513:
2509:
2486:, retrieved
2472:
2462:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2328:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2247:, retrieved
2225:
2215:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:
2191:
2181:, retrieved
2167:
2157:
2147:, retrieved
2125:
2115:
2070:
2066:
2055:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2030:
2025:, 2 May 2010
2023:The Guardian
2014:
2002:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1928:
1921:
1911:
1903:
1876:
1870:
1842:
1835:
1825:Lauterbornia
1824:
1820:
1815:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1790:
1776:
1756:
1738:
1729:
1719:
1669:Pelagic zone
1654:Neritic zone
1599:Benthic fish
1594:Aphotic zone
1518:and litter,
1509:
1500:bioturbation
1496:
1481:
1458:inflammation
1450:quantitative
1435:
1415:
1389:sea anemones
1366:
1320:
1304:
1286:Food sources
1275:
1269:
1266:Hyperbenthos
1260:sea cucumber
1255:
1249:
1227:
1221:
1194:
1187:Phytobenthos
1185:
1182:Phytobenthos
1171:
1165:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1116:
1108:
1085:water column
1074:
1065:
1023:
1006:
984:photic zones
978:
975:benthic zone
972:
903:
901:
894:bioturbation
880:Microbenthos
874:(water bear)
805:and smaller
786:
777:
659:sea anemones
638:
632:
629:Macrobenthos
623:Macrobenthos
575:pelagic zone
572:
562:
550:
535:, coined by
532:
530:
526:detritivores
507:
499:water column
496:
472:benthic zone
443:
436:
433:
426:
418:
417:
349:Bioturbation
279:Benthic fish
217:bivalve reef
184:hyperbenthos
150:phytobenthos
121:microbenthos
111:macrobenthos
79:Benthic zone
72:
57:Benthic life
56:
3820:Meiobenthos
3641:Sponge reef
3616:Rocky shore
3611:Oyster reef
3581:Kelp forest
3464:Vertebrates
3364:Marine life
3340:Viral shunt
3305:Marine snow
3207:Maharashtra
3114:Stream pool
3017:Zooplankton
2937:Photic zone
2897:Meiobenthos
2750:Algal bloom
2339:www.epa.gov
2298:(1): 1–24.
2008:29 Aug 2013
1929:LiveScience
1827:31: 17-30,
1674:Photic zone
1488:respiration
1454:biochemical
1362:crustaceans
1358:cephalopods
1342:polychaetes
1240:sand dollar
1218:Endobenthos
1213:By location
1151:Plate from
1109:The sudden
1050:gastrotrich
1025:Heterohelix
924:flagellates
844:Gastrotrich
807:crustaceans
799:tardigrades
779:Meiobenthos
774:Meiobenthos
768:Meiobenthos
759:larvae and
734:Sea squirts
720:Echinoderms
679:crustaceans
677:and larger
671:sea squirts
655:echinoderms
585:it offers.
553:is used in
480:tidal pools
272:Communities
174:endobenthos
165:By location
116:meiobenthos
3876:Categories
3621:Salt marsh
3556:Coral reef
3345:Whale fall
3325:Photophore
3202:Everglades
3170:Ecoregions
3109:Stream bed
3082:Macrophyte
3035:Freshwater
2867:Food chain
2780:Water bird
2640:"Benthos".
2634:References
2623:2024-09-24
2488:2024-09-22
2344:2022-10-14
2272:2022-10-12
2249:2024-09-23
2206:2024-09-23
2183:2024-09-23
2149:2024-09-23
2046:2018-07-13
2006:Bob Yirka
1806:2008-08-16
1690:Stream bed
1446:biomarkers
1332:, such as
1295:Effect of
1246:Epibenthos
1232:oxygenated
1203:macroalgae
1162:Zoobenthos
1077:planktonic
884:See also:
872:Tardigrade
815:ostracodes
579:intertidal
522:scavengers
518:food chain
503:atmosphere
482:along the
421:(from
229:coral reef
199:By habitat
179:epibenthos
145:zoobenthos
18:Zoobenthos
3646:Tide pool
3551:Cold seep
3335:Upwelling
3099:Rheotaxis
3092:Fish pond
3067:Limnology
2992:Substrate
2977:Siltation
2847:Dead zone
2677:"Benthos"
2654:"Benthos"
2589:0304-4203
2540:1726-4189
2380:0043-1354
2320:186207664
2312:1573-5117
2197:"Benthos"
1994:221593388
1560:wind farm
1516:pollution
1369:sea stars
1350:sea stars
1346:dragonets
1316:phosphate
1126:found in
1119:endoliths
1064:Armoured
1008:Elphidium
990:changing
791:nematodes
761:amphipods
691:cumaceans
611:barnacles
531:The term
484:foreshore
452:organisms
448:community
446:, is the
252:cold seep
209:tide pool
207:Shallow:
43:tide pool
3848:Pleuston
3843:Plankton
3753:Category
3679:HERMIONE
3596:Mangrove
3406:Seagrass
2952:Pleuston
2947:Plankton
2927:Particle
2872:Food web
2657:Archived
2454:21571352
2107:17728401
1986:32913105
1895:46724477
1664:Plankton
1649:Littoral
1619:Deep sea
1581:plankton
1566:See also
1528:shipping
1430:sediment
1338:bivalves
1280:rock cod
1153:Das Meer
916:ciliates
908:bacteria
811:copepods
809:such as
747:Aquatic
706:Seagrass
687:lobsters
681:such as
651:bivalves
605:such as
583:sediment
569:Overview
510:absorbed
294:Deep sea
248:seamount
87:coupling
37:and two
3861:Tripton
3835:Neuston
3810:Benthos
3606:Mudflat
3566:Estuary
3536:Bay mud
3514:Seabird
3270:f-ratio
3253:General
3134:Wetland
2922:Neuston
2887:Hypoxia
2832:Biomass
2822:Benthos
2738:General
2518:Bibcode
2403:Bibcode
2098:1958816
2075:Bibcode
1956:Bibcode
1948:Science
1781:at the
1712:Benthos
1577:neuston
1524:tourism
1512:fishing
1506:Threats
1484:biomass
1373:oysters
1334:sponges
1326:diatoms
1312:nitrate
1236:sea pen
1207:seaweed
1199:diatoms
1134:By type
1128:Siberia
1081:benthic
979:benthos
953:Ciliate
939:Diatoms
912:diatoms
858:Copepod
667:sponges
618:By size
607:oysters
551:Benthos
537:Haeckel
533:benthos
478:, from
444:benthon
437:bénthos
419:Benthos
327:Related
213:bay mud
136:By type
102:By size
73:Benthos
39:chitons
35:Seaweed
3856:Seston
3852:Plocon
3830:Nekton
3826:Herpon
3591:Lagoon
2917:Nekton
2775:Mammal
2770:Insect
2614:
2587:
2538:
2479:
2452:
2378:
2318:
2310:
2240:
2174:
2140:
2105:
2095:
1992:
1984:
1893:
1883:
1858:
1763:βÎνθος
1659:Nekton
1585:nekton
1558:, and
1401:humans
1399:, and
1360:, and
1354:snails
1195:phutĂłn
1096:water.
920:amoeba
904:mikrĂłs
896:, and
663:corals
639:makrĂłs
563:Benton
546:βÎνθος
468:stream
430:βÎνθος
246:Deep:
94:Seabed
2982:Spawn
2316:S2CID
1990:S2CID
1696:Notes
1686:(SPI)
1377:clams
1276:hupér
1274:
1254:
1238:or a
1228:Ă©ndon
1226:
1193:
1172:zĂ´ion
1170:
1117:Some
1048:of a
992:tides
787:meîon
785:
757:midge
753:snail
683:crabs
637:
543:noun
541:Greek
466:, or
460:river
425:
41:in a
3087:Pond
2612:ISBN
2585:ISSN
2536:ISSN
2477:ISBN
2450:PMID
2376:ISSN
2308:ISSN
2238:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2103:PMID
1982:PMID
1913:SERC
1891:OCLC
1881:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1393:fish
1387:and
1336:and
1314:and
1201:and
1079:and
813:and
749:worm
689:and
609:and
599:sand
597:and
595:clay
464:lake
3797:in
3149:Fen
3139:Bog
2577:doi
2526:doi
2442:doi
2411:doi
2399:329
2368:doi
2300:doi
2296:839
2230:doi
2130:doi
2093:PMC
2083:doi
2071:104
1972:hdl
1964:doi
1952:369
1848:doi
1749:BHL
1440:of
1256:epĂ
1209:).
591:mud
524:or
456:sea
450:of
3878::
2606:,
2583:.
2573:96
2571:.
2567:.
2534:.
2524:.
2514:15
2512:.
2508:.
2496:^
2471:,
2448:.
2438:45
2436:.
2432:.
2409:.
2397:.
2374:.
2364:39
2362:.
2337:.
2314:.
2306:.
2294:.
2290:.
2265:.
2236:,
2224:,
2199:.
2166:,
2136:,
2124:,
2101:.
2091:.
2081:.
2069:.
2065:.
2021:,
1988:.
1980:.
1970:.
1962:.
1950:.
1946:.
1889:.
1854:.
1823:.
1775:;
1771:;
1767:.
1728:.
1704:^
1554:,
1542:,
1534:,
1530:,
1526:,
1514:,
1502:.
1494:.
1403:.
1383:,
1379:,
1375:,
1371:,
1356:,
1352:,
1282:.
1242:.
926:.
922:,
918:,
914:,
910:,
892:,
888:,
817:.
801:,
797:,
793:,
755:,
751:,
693:.
685:,
673:,
669:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
601:.
593:,
565:.
528:.
494:.
462:,
458:,
250:•
227:•
215:•
211:•
89:)
3787:e
3780:t
3773:v
2705:e
2698:t
2691:v
2666:.
2591:.
2579::
2553:.
2542:.
2528::
2520::
2456:.
2444::
2417:.
2413::
2405::
2382:.
2370::
2347:.
2322:.
2302::
2275:.
2232::
2209:.
2132::
2109:.
2085::
2077::
2049:.
1996:.
1974::
1966::
1958::
1897:.
1864:.
1850::
1830:.
1809:.
1785:.
1751:.
1732:.
1205:(
440:)
434:(
407:e
400:t
393:v
85:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
