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negatively charged, which requires an accompanying cation. These cations are hydrated during the formation of the materials. The hydrated cations interrupt the otherwise dense network of Si-O-Al, Si-O-Si, and Al-O-Al linkage, leading to regular water-filled cavities. Because of the porosity of the zeolite, the water can exit the material through channels. Because of the rigidity of the zeolite framework, the loss of water does not result in collapse of the cavities and channels. This aspect – the ability to generate voids within the solid material – underpins the ability of zeolites to function as catalysts. They possess high physical and chemical stability due to the large covalent bonding contribution. They have excellent hydrophobicity and are suited for adsorption of bulky, hydrophobic molecules such as hydrocarbons. In addition to that, high-silica zeolites are
31:
1800:
This line of research identified several connections between the synthesis medium liquid chemistry and important properties of zeolite crystals, such as the role of inorganic structure-directing agents in zeolite framework selection, the role of ion-pairing on the zeolite molecular composition and topology, and the role of liquid cation mobility on the zeolite crystal size and morphology. Consequently, complex relations exist between the properties of zeolite synthesis media and the crystallizing zeolite, potentially explaining why only a small fraction of the hypothetical zeolite frameworks can be synthesized. While these relations are not yet fully understood, HSIL zeolite synthesis is an exceptional model system for zeolite science, providing opportunities to advance current understanding of the zeolite conundrum.
1044:
917:
stoichiometric amount, and difficulty in separation and recovery. Some other drawbacks in its use include the potential dangers in handling, toxicity, corrosive nature, and disposal problems due to the acidic effluent. In addition to that, hydrolysis and purification of the resultant complex results in corrosive by-products. Research is ongoing into alternative heterogeneous solid catalysts which are stable, reusable, and nature-friendly, and which will also allow a better work up of reaction products. Among these different solid catalysts, zeolites were found to be superior due to their shape selectivity, thermal stability, and reusability.
415:
zeolite is controlled by the dimensions of the channels. These are conventionally defined by the ring size of the aperture, where, for example, the term "eight-ring" refers to a closed-loop that is built from eight tetrahedrally coordinated silicon (or aluminium) atoms and eight oxygen atoms. These rings are not always perfectly symmetrical due to a variety of causes, including strain induced by the bonding between units that are needed to produce the overall structure or coordination of some of the oxygen atoms of the rings to cations within the structure. Therefore, the pores in many zeolites are not cylindrical.
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1334:, which is used to stop severe bleeding, contained zeolite granules. When in contact with blood, the granules would rapidly absorb water from the blood plasma, creating an exothermic reaction which generated heat. The absorption of water would also concentrate clotting factors present within the blood, causing the clot formation process to occur much faster than under normal circumstances, as shown
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850:
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zeolite-waste combination can be hot-pressed into an extremely durable ceramic form, closing the pores and trapping the waste in a solid stone block. This is a waste form factor that greatly reduces its hazard, compared to conventional reprocessing systems. Zeolites are also used in the management of leaks of radioactive materials. For example, in the aftermath of the
1016:. The vapor-phase products are separated from the catalyst and distilled into various products. The catalyst is circulated to a regenerator, where the air is used to burn coke off the surface of the catalyst that was formed as a byproduct in the cracking process. The hot, regenerated catalyst is then circulated back to the reactor to complete its cycle.
765:
Synthetic zeolites hold some key advantages over their natural analogs. The synthetic materials are manufactured in a uniform, phase-pure state. It is also possible to produce zeolite structures that do not appear in nature. Zeolite A is a well-known example. Since the principal raw materials used to
397:
Although more than 200 types of zeolites are known, only about 100 types of aluminosilicate are available. In addition, there are only a few types that can be synthesized in industrially feasible way and have sufficient thermal stability to meet the requirements for industrial use. In particular, the
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Computer calculations have predicted that millions of hypothetical zeolite structures are possible. However, only 232 of these structures have been discovered and synthesized so far, so many zeolite scientists question why only this small fraction of possibilities are observed. This problem is often
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and other nitrogenous compounds. Due to the high affinity of some zeolites for calcium, they may be less effective in hard water and may deplete calcium. Zeolite filtration is also used in some marine aquaria to keep nutrient concentrations low for the benefit of corals adapted to nutrient-depleted
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to be efficiently removed from the waste and permanently trapped. Equally important are the mineral properties of zeolites. Their alumino-silicate construction is extremely durable and resistant to radiation, even in porous form. Additionally, once they are loaded with trapped fission products, the
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As zeolites are metastable, certain frameworks may be inaccessible as nucleation cannot occur because more stable and energetically favorable zeolites will form. Post-synthetic modification has been used to combat this issue with the ADOR method, whereby frameworks can be cut apart into layers and
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Zeolites have microporous structures with a typical diameter of 0.3–0.8 nm. Like most aluminosilicates, the framework is formed by linking of aluminum and silicon atoms by oxides. This linking leads to a 3-dimensional network of Si-O-Al, Si-O-Si, and Al-O-Al linkages. The aluminum centers are
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Based on dense crystal model systems, the theory of crystallization via solute pre-nucleation clusters was developed. Investigation of zeolite crystallization in hydrated silicate ionic liquids (HSIL) has shown that zeolites can nucleate via the condensation of ion-paired pre-nucleation clusters.
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Geometric computer simulations have shown that the discovered zeolite frameworks possess a behavior known as "the flexibility window". This shows that there is a range in which the zeolite structure is "flexible" and can be compressed but retains the framework structure. It is suggested that if a
338:
The structures of hundreds of zeolites have been determined. Most do not occur naturally. For each structure, the
International Zeolite Association (IZA) gives a three-letter code called framework type code (FTC). For example, the major molecular sieves, 3A, 4A and 5A, are all LTA (Linde Type A).
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market. Zeolites are used in laundry detergent as water softeners, removing Ca and Mg ions which would otherwise precipitate from the solution. The ions are retained by the zeolites which releases Na ions into the solution, allowing the laundry detergent to be effective in areas with hard water.
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Zeolites occur naturally, but are also produced industrially on a large scale. As of
December 2018, 253 unique zeolite frameworks have been identified, and over 40 naturally occurring zeolite frameworks are known. Every new zeolite structure that is obtained is examined by the International
2117:
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Where and how the zeolite was formed is an important consideration for aquarium applications. Most
Northern hemisphere, natural zeolites were formed when molten lava came into contact with sea water, thereby "loading" the zeolite with Na (sodium) sacrificial ions. The mechanism is well known to
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refers to a particular property of these materials, i.e., the ability to selectively sort molecules based primarily on a size exclusion process. This is due to a very regular pore structure of molecular dimensions. The maximum size of the molecular or ionic species that can enter the pores of a
377:
cage) (purple line). However, the way they are connected (yellow line) is different: in LTA, the four-membered rings of the cage are connected to each other to form a skeleton, while in FAU, the six-membered rings are connected to each other. As a result, the pore entrance of LTA is an 8-ring
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In synthetic chemistry, homogeneous catalysts are preferred because of availability, low cost, and excellent catalytic activity as all the catalytic sites are readily available. However, these homogeneous catalysts have several disadvantages, such as being non-reusable, requiring more than a
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A combination specimen of four zeolite species. The radiating natrolite crystals are protected in a pocket with associated stilbite. The matrix around and above the pocket is lined with small, pink-colored laumontite crystals. Heulandite is also present as a crystal cluster on the
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Earlier, polyphosphates were used to soften hard water. The polyphosphates forms complex with metal ions like Ca and Mg to bind them up so that they could not interfere in cleaning process. However, when this phosphate rich water goes in main stream water, it results in
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groundwater. Zeolites also crystallize in post-depositional environments over periods ranging from thousands to millions of years in shallow marine basins. Naturally occurring zeolites are rarely pure and are contaminated to varying degrees by other minerals, metals,
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Zeolite synthesis research has primarily concentrated on hydrothermal methods; however, new zeolites may be synthesized using alternative methods. Synthesis methods that have started to gain use include microwave-assisted, post-synthetic modification, and
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industry for long-term storage of energy at a density four times greater than water. Ultimately, the goal is to store heat both in industrial installations and in small combined heat and power plants such as those used in larger residential buildings.
2512:
P. Chatterjee; Y. Han; T. Kobayashi; K. Verma; M. Mais; R. Behera; T. Johnson; T. Prozorov; J. Evans; I.I. Slowing; W. Huang (2023). "Capturing Rare-Earth
Elements by Synthetic Aluminosilicate MCM-22: Mechanistic Understanding of Yb(III) Capture".
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Pellens, Nick; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Radhakrishnan, Sambhu; Asselman, Karel; Chandran, C. Vinod; Vandenabeele, Dries; Jakoby, Bernhard; Martens, Johan A.; Taulelle, Francis; Reichel, Erwin K.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).
1272:. The development of this application started in Germany in the 1990s. They help by decreasing the temperature level during manufacture and laying of asphalt concrete, resulting in lower consumption of fossil fuels, thus releasing less
1410:
Zeolites can also act as water moderators, in which they will absorb up to 55% of their weight in water and slowly release it under the plant's demand. This property can prevent root rot and moderate drought cycles.
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Asselman, Karel; Pellens, Nick; Radhakrishnan, Sambhu; Chandran, C. Vinod; Martens, Johan A.; Taulelle, Francis; Verstraelen, Toon; Hellström, Matti; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (August 4, 2021).
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These thomsonite nodules have concentric rings in combinations of colors: black, white, orange, pink, purple, red, and many shades of green. Some nodules have copper inclusions and rarely will be found with
857:
Over 200 synthetic zeolites have been reported. Most zeolites have aluminosilicate frameworks but some incorporate germanium, iron, gallium, boron, zinc, tin, and titanium. Zeolite synthesis involves
817:(59,000 t). The ready availability of zeolite-rich rock at low cost and the shortage of competing minerals and rocks are probably the most important factors for its large-scale use. According to the
1287:, they can reduce chloride permeability and improve workability. They reduce weight and help moderate water content while allowing for slower drying, which improves break strength. When added to
3617:
Pellens, Nick; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Thijs, Barbara; Jakoby, Bernhard; Reichel, Erwin K.; Taulelle, Francis; Martens, Johan A.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).
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Clinoptilolite has also been added to chicken food: the absorption of water and ammonia by the zeolite made the birds' droppings drier and less odoriferous, hence easier to handle.
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Asselman, Karel; Pellens, Nick; Thijs, Barbara; Doppelhammer, Nikolaus; Haouas, Mohamed; Taulelle, Francis; Martens, Johan A.; Breynaert, Eric; Kirschhock, Christine E.A. (2022).
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to create purified oxygen from air using its ability to trap impurities, in a process involving the adsorption of nitrogen, leaving highly purified oxygen and up to 5% argon.
1276:, aerosols, and vapors. The use of synthetic zeolites in hot mixed asphalt leads to easier compaction and, to a certain degree, allows cold weather paving and longer hauls.
990:. Zeolites confine molecules into small spaces, which causes changes in their structure and reactivity. The acidic forms of zeolites prepared are often powerful solid-state
342:
An example of the notation of the ring structure of zeolite and other silicate materials is shown in the upper right figure. The middle figure shows a common notation using
275:
where M is usually H and Na. The Si/Al ratio is variable, which provides a means to tune the properties. Zeolites with a Si/Al ratios higher than about 3 are classified as
3229:
548:, or other zeolites. For this reason, naturally occurring zeolites are excluded from many important commercial applications where uniformity and purity are essential.
423:
1867:
1260:(energy releasing) reaction when transitioning from a dehydrated form to a hydrated form make natural zeolites useful in harvesting waste heat and solar heat energy.
865:, pre-reaction 'seeding' time, reaction time as well as the templates used. In the sol-gel process, other elements (metals, metal oxides) can be easily incorporated.
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manufacture zeolites are silica and alumina, which are among the most abundant mineral components on earth, the potential to supply zeolites is virtually unlimited.
450:
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942:
Evidence for the oldest known zeolite water purification filtration system occurs in the undisturbed sediments of the
Corriental reservoir at the Maya city of
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tetrahedral structure. Connecting oxygen atoms together creates a four-membered ring of oxygen (blue bold line). In fact, such a ring substructure is called
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1436:. These sodium ions can be replaced by other ions in solution, thus the take-up of nitrogen in ammonia, with the release of the sodium. A deposit near
877:. Their well-defined pore structure and adjustable acidity make them highly active in a large variety of reactions. In chemistry, zeolites are used as
362:
358:. The figure on the right shows a 4-ring with Si atoms connected to each other, which is the most common way to express the topology of the framework.
2607:
Tankersley, K.B., Dunning, N.P., Carr, C. et al. Zeolite water purification at Tikal, an ancient Maya city in
Guatemala. Sci Rep 10, 18021 (2020).
1501:
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type (AlPO molecular sieve), in which Si is isomorphous with Al and P and Al is isomorphous with Si, and the gallogermanate and others are known.
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2115:, "Processes for preparing zincoaluminosilicates with aei, cha, and gme topologies and compositions derived therefrom", issued 2015-02-24
1768:
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examines vials of SOMS (Sandia
Octahedral Molecular Sieve), a zeolite that shows potential for radioactive waste and industrial metals cleanup.
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tetrahedra. Sodium is present as an extra-framework cation (in green). Si atoms can be partially replaced by Al or other tetravalent metals.
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1614:
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is a fresh water variety (Na < 0.05%). Southern hemisphere zeolites are typically formed in freshwater and have a high calcium content.
2814:
Druzyanova, Varvara; Petrova, Sofya; Khiterkheeva, Nadezhda; Bardamova, Irina; Gergenova, Tatyana (2020). Rudoy, D.; Ignateva, S. (eds.).
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Roth WJ, Nachtigall P, Morris RE, et al. (2013). "A family of zeolites with controlled pore size prepared using a top-down method".
1675:
1589:
1206:, a produce storage and preservation product, uses a form of zeolite as its active ingredient. The bags are lined with zeolite to adsorb
3178:
Hongting Z, Vance GF, Ganjegunte GK, et al. (2008). "Use of zeolites for treating natural gas co-produced waters in
Wyoming, USA".
1760:
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3303:
First EL, Gounaris CE, Wei J, et al. (2011). "Computational characterization of zeolite porous networks: An automated approach".
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to remove nitrogen from compressed air to supply oxygen for aircrews at high altitudes, as well as home and portable oxygen supplies.
3057:
Rhee P, Brown C, Martin M, et al. (2008). "QuikClot use in trauma for hemorrhage control: case series of 103 documented uses".
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FAU (faujasite, USY), BEA (beta), MOR (high-silica mordenite), MFI (ZSM-5), and FER (high-silica ferrierite) types are called the
3257:
3206:
30:
2229:"Hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of zeolite-like structures based on gallium and aluminium germanates".
302:. The acidity is strong enough to protonate hydrocarbons and high-silica zeolites are used in acid catalysis processes such as
3570:"Ion-Pairs in Aluminosilicate-Alkali Synthesis Liquids Determine the Aluminium Content and Topology of Crystallizing Zeolites"
1291:
and lime-metakaolin mortars, synthetic zeolite pellets can act simultaneously as a pozzolanic material and a water reservoir.
4164:
2631:
2249:
2096:, "Preparation of porous crystalline synthetic material comprised of} silicon and titanium oxides", issued 1979-12-21
2062:
2759:"Operational parameters influenced on biogas production in zeolite/anaerobic baffled reactor for compost leachate treatment"
1783:
referred to as "the bottleneck problem". Currently, several theories attempt to explain the reasoning behind this question.
1875:
821:, it is likely that a significant percentage of the material sold as zeolites in some countries is ground or sawn volcanic
2131:
Shamzhy, Mariya V.; Eliašová, Pavla; Vitvarová, Dana; Opanasenko, Maksym V.; Firth, Daniel S.; Morris, Russell E. (2016).
3305:
3780:
Monnier JB, Dupont M (1983). "Zeolite-water close cycle solar refrigeration; numerical optimisation and field-testing".
3513:"Super-ions of sodium cations with hydrated hydroxide anions: inorganic structure-directing agents in zeolite synthesis"
4013:
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35:
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U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,170, "Adsorption Solar
Heating and Storage System", Filed April 27, 1978, Inventor: John M. Guerra
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738:. Industrially important zeolites are produced synthetically. Typical procedures entail heating aqueous solutions of
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885:(only molecules of certain sizes and shapes can pass through), and as traps for molecules so they can be analyzed.
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methods, where their micro-porous ability to capture some ions while allowing others to pass freely allows many
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Gebauer, Denis; Kellermeier, Matthias; Gale, Julian D.; Bergström, Lennart; Cölfen, Helmut (January 23, 2014).
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Rollmann LD, Valyocsik EW, Shannon RD (1995). "Zeolite
Molecular Sieves". In Murphy DW, Interrante LV (eds.).
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Zeolites have the potential of providing precise and specific separation of gases, including the removal of H
279:, which tend to be more hydrophobic. The H and Na can be replaced by diverse cations, because zeolites have
4446:
2112:
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1210:, which is intended to slow the ripening process and extend the shelf life of produce stored in the bags.
2133:"Post-Synthesis Stabilization of Germanosilicate Zeolites ITH, IWW, and UTL by Substitution of Ge for Al"
1902:
Nayak, Yogeesha N.; Nayak, Swarnagowri; Nadaf, Y. F.; Shetty, Nitinkumar S.; Gaonkar, Santosh L. (2020).
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2948:. 29th ICMA Conference. Quebec City, Canada: Construction Materials Consultants, Inc. pp. 168–206.
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3102:"Zeolite-based hemostat QuikClot releases calcium into blood and promotes blood coagulation in vitro"
1395:(a naturally occurring zeolite) is used as a soil treatment. It provides a source of slowly released
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1068:, sandbags of zeolite were dropped into the seawater near the power plant to adsorb the radioactive
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Animation of pressure swing adsorption, (1) and (2) showing alternating adsorption and desorption
861:-like processes. The product properties depend on reaction mixture composition, pH of the system,
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that contains only a small amount of zeolites. These materials are used for construction, e.g.
173:
3009:"Synthetic zeolite pellets incorporated to air lime–metakaolin mortars: mechanical properties"
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uses a reactor and a regenerator. Feed is injected onto a hot, fluidized catalyst where large
4441:
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2078:"An Overview on Zeolite Shaping Technology and Solutions to Overcome Diffusion Limitations".
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of water bodies and hence use of polyphosphate was replaced with use of a synthetic zeolite.
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is either a metal ion or H. These positive ions can be exchanged for others in a contacting
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2199:"Incorporation of Gallium into Zeolites: Syntheses, Properties and Catalytic Application".
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Zeolite Association Structure Commission (IZA-SC) and receives a three-letter designation.
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Comparison of framework structures of LTA-type zeolite (left) and FAU-type zeolite (right)
8:
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The microporous structure of the zeolites put into ground stabilizes water release and pH
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2491:. Van Nostrand Reinhold Electrical/Computer Science and Engineering Series. Springer.
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1771:(beta polymorph A, disordered framework, BEA), Linde type A framework (zeolite A, LTA)
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alkylation and acylations using zeolites as catalyst are common in organic synthesis.
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1825: – combinatorial model of potential structures of the minerals known as zeolites
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3683:
Sheppard RA (1973). "Zeolites in Sedimentary Rocks". In Brobst DA, Pratt WP (eds.).
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As of 2016, the world's annual production of natural zeolite approximates 3 million
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2214:"Crystal Structure of Tetrapropylammonium Hydroxide-Aluminium Phosphate Number 5".
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1647:-series, Linde type X (zeolite X, X zeolites), Linde type Y (zeolite Y, Y zeolites)
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Three ways to represent the oxygen 4-membered ring structure of silicate compounds.
3585:
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1349:, in turn accelerating natural clotting. Unlike the original zeolite formulation,
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systems are widely used to produce medical-grade oxygen. The zeolite is used as a
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of high silica zeolites, and industrial production methods have been established.
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Earl DJ, Deem MW (2006). "Toward a Database of Hypothetical Zeolite Structures".
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Synthetic zeolites are used as an additive in the production process of warm mix
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758:. Further variations include the use of structure directing agents (SDA) such as
755:
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245:
49:
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2976:"Air Lime Mortars with Incorporation of Sepiolite and Synthetic Zeolite Pellets"
2927:
U.S. Patent No. 4,034,569, Filed November 4, 1974, Inventor: Dimiter I. Tchernev
2620:
Andrew Burrows; John Holman; Andrew Parsons; Gwen Pilling; Gareth Price (2009).
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framework does not possess this property then it cannot be feasibly synthesized.
382:, while the pore entrance of FAU is a 12-ring (0.74 nm) and belongs to the
4251:
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Rhodes CJ (2007). "Zeolites: Physical Aspects and Environmental Applications".
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Most commercially available natural zeolites are of the MOR, HEU or ANA-types.
244:
Zeolites are white solids with ordinary handling properties, like many routine
189:
160:
3225:
3207:"Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water & wastewater treatment"
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lava flows and are collected on beaches and by scuba divers in Lake Superior.
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2304:"33. Synthesis of a zeolitic mineral with chabazite-like sorptive properties"
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properties. The nature of the cations influences the porosity of zeolites.
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The 2022 formulation of QuikClot uses a nonwoven material impregnated with
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3158:"QuikClot for Military | US Dept of Defense Hemostatic Dressing of Choice"
1969:
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Zeolites can be used to thermochemically store solar heat harvested from
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2816:"The use of zeolites for biogas purification in agricultural production"
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and dehydrate while maintaining structural stability is exploited. This
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have applications in the recycling industry as a catalyst to break down
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Chemistry3 : introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry
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bonded back together by either removing silica bonds or including them.
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1346:
1300:
1257:
1245:
1069:
999:
991:
897:
896:
applications of zeolites, particularly the naturally occurring species
893:
723:
679:
641:
598:
586:
552:
486:
466:
181:
170:
53:
3794:
3727:"La roca magica: Uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry"
3463:"Nucleation of Porous Crystals from Ion-Paired Prenucleation Clusters"
3378:
2813:
2463:
671:
176:, who observed that rapidly heating a material, believed to have been
4296:
4217:
3840:
1846:
1813: – Polymeric Si–O–Al framework similar to zeolites but amorphous
1756:
1730:
1687:
1661:
1655:
1644:
1626:
1570:
1541:
1537:
1497:
1485:
1396:
1350:
1342:
1304:
1195:
announced that they had developed a zeolite substance for use in the
958:
905:
834:
778:
695:
653:
649:
633:
625:
622:
The sequence of silica-poor volcanic rocks commonly progresses from:
610:
606:
582:
525:
490:
478:
435:
366:
361:
The figure on the right compares the typical framework structures of
225:
65:
57:
3509:
3278:
4287:
4236:
4227:
4060:
2183:, "Preparation of borosilicate zeolites", issued 1993-02-16
1738:
1679:
1529:
1489:
1420:
1404:
1400:
1335:
1327:
1284:
1221:
1207:
975:
882:
810:
719:
699:
683:
645:
637:
602:
594:
540:
532:
498:
474:
461:
427:
374:
249:
177:
3696:
3619:"A zeolite crystallisation model confirmed by in situ observation"
3040:"Cat Litter Could Be Antidote for Climate Change, Researchers Say"
2130:
1403:, the zeolite can serve a similar function in the slow release of
4333:
4320:
3928:
The Synthesis Commission of the International Zeolite Association
3411:"Pre-nucleation clusters as solute precursors in crystallisation"
2864:
Innovative Biological Technologies for Lesser Developed Countries
1665:
1606:
1581:
1533:
1424:
1378:
1366:
1315:
1249:
1032:
1013:
926:
874:
858:
739:
703:
657:
614:
443:
61:
3567:
3177:
3006:
2871:
2866:. Washington, DC: US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
1840: – Solid materials that can adsorb carbon dioxide from air.
1372:
Mixing composted waste matter from wine production with zeolites
313:
Zeolite Mordenite with some Si atoms substituted with Al atoms.
3408:
2973:
1691:
1638:
1196:
1009:
971:
806:
802:
743:
715:
707:
629:
568:
545:
426:
of Si in zeolites can be possible for some heteroatoms such as
322:
167:
69:
3616:
2895:
The Art of Cryogenics: Low-Temperature Experimental Techniques
2341:. Vol. 30. New York: Wiley & Sons. pp. 227–234.
849:
438:. Al atoms in zeolites can be also structurally replaced with
330:
3932:
3910:
3100:
Li, Jing; Cao, Wei; Lv, Xiao-xing; et al. (2013-03-01).
2488:
Molecular Sieves - Principles of Synthesis and Identification
1764:
1441:
1109:
943:
798:
790:
786:
439:
391:
198:
192:
3806:
Newsam JM (1992). "Zeolites". In Cheetham AK, Day P (eds.).
3346:
3007:
Ferraza E, Andrejkovičová S, Velosa AL, et al. (2014).
2656:"New process could enable more efficient plastics recycling"
1660:
Offretite–wenkite subgroup 09.GD.25 (Nickel–Strunz, 10 ed):
682:, one of the rarer zeolite minerals, have been collected as
4261:
4039:; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites (IDs 2.G)
3942:
3688:
3000:
2974:
Andrejkovičová S, Ferraz E, Velosa AL, et al. (2012).
994:, facilitating a host of acid-catalyzed reactions, such as
970:
Synthetic zeolites, like other mesoporous materials (e.g.,
822:
722:, the thomsonites sometimes displays a "cat's eye" effect (
687:
578:
431:
180:, produced large amounts of steam from water that had been
3675:
The classic reference for the field has been Breck's book
1419:
Pet stores market zeolites for use as filter additives in
3253:
2763:
Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering
1308:
1012:
molecules are broken into smaller gasoline molecules and
957:
The largest single use for zeolite is the global laundry
2336:
4392:
Zeolite molecular sieves: structure, chemistry, and use
3677:
Zeolite Molecular Sieves: Structure, Chemistry, And Use
3302:
3279:"Nickel-Strunz Classification - Primary Groups 10th ed"
2757:
Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Hossaini, Hiwa; Amini, Jila (2021).
2682:"Level of Radioactive Materials Rises Near Japan Plant"
298:
exchangeable, unlike natural zeolites, and are used as
184:
by the material. Based on this, he called the material
3937:
1904:"Zeolite Catalyzed Friedel-Crafts Reactions: A Review"
1622:
09.GD. – Chains of 6-membered rings: tabular zeolites
4295:
Ribbon or multiple chain inosilicates (IDs 9.D, e.g.
3687:. Professional Paper. Vol. 820. Washington, DC:
2756:
1941:
Cronstedt AF (1756). "Natural zeolite and minerals".
1901:
1566:
09.GC. – Chains of doubly connected 4-membered rings
1525:
09.GB. – Chains of single connected 4-membered rings
1477:
units (T = combined Si and Al): the fibrous zeolites
501:. An example of the mineral formula of a zeolite is:
4044:
Sulfosalts; sulfarsenates, sulfantimonates (IDs 2.K)
3056:
2679:
2582:
1842:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1827:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
386:, respectively. Materials with a 10-ring are called
159:
exchanged zeolites are particularly useful as solid
3988:
Mineral categories (classes, subclasses, divisions)
3783:
Proc. Annu. Meet. - Am. Sect. Int. Sol. Energy Soc.
2939:"Clinoptilolite – a promising pozzolan in concrete"
4235:Other tectosilicates (IDs 9.FA. and 9.FB.15, e.g.
2248:
2242:
2240:
1996:"Minerals Arranged by the New Dana Classification"
1943:Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar Stockholm
2045:
4413:
2967:
2660:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2626:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 253.
2583:Auerbach SM, Carrado KA, Dutta PK, eds. (2003).
1819: – List of minerals with Knowledge articles
1674:(TMA-E, Aiello and Barrer; framework type EAB),
1240:as first demonstrated by Guerra in 1978 and for
2891:
2237:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1231:
1119:On-board oxygen generating systems (OBOGS) and
2559:Zeolite Catalysts: Principles and Applications
927:Ion-exchange, water purification and softening
734:The first synthetic structure was reported by
4332:Polymeric, isolated silicates (IDs 9.A, e.g.
4141:Monomeric minerals (similar to nesosilicates)
3968:
3779:
2716:. Honeywell International Inc. Archived from
2407:
2405:
1353:does not exhibit any thermogenic properties.
1075:
1038:
473:Some of the more common mineral zeolites are
4128:"Mineral structures with tetrahedral units"
3099:
3059:The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery
2613:
1890:
1874:. W. R. Grace & Co. 2006. Archived from
3933:Federation of European Zeolite Associations
3205:Wang, Shaobin; Peng, Yuelian (2009-10-09).
2710:"On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS)"
2275:
829:(as an altered volcanic tuff), lightweight
702:. Thomsonite nodules from these areas have
551:Zeolites transform to other minerals under
418:
228:) framework, assembled from corner-sharing
3975:
3961:
3916:Database of zeolite pore characterizations
3708:. Information Circular, 9140. Pittsburgh:
2609:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75023-7
2585:Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology
2402:
2246:
1849: – Thermal decomposition of materials
888:Research into and development of the many
873:Zeolites are widely used as catalysts and
166:The term was originally coined in 1756 by
3762:
3752:
3593:
3536:
3486:
3436:
3426:
3377:
3133:
2936:
2857:"Ch. VIII. Using Zeolites in Agriculture"
2839:
2790:
2308:Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)
2156:
1976:. International Zeolite Association. 2017
1940:
4000:("native elements and organic minerals")
3682:
3204:
3037:
2448:
2411:
2339:Inorganic Syntheses: Nonmolecular Solids
2269:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1617:(Linde type L framework, zeolite L, LTL)
1451:
1129:
1042:
848:
773:
670:
460:
329:
321:
308:
219:
29:
4075:Arsenates(IV), sulfates(IV) and iodates
3724:
3703:
2854:
2484:
469:(one of the rarest zeolites) from India
14:
4437:Conservation and restoration materials
4414:
4047:Other sulfosalts (IDs 2.H–J and 2.L–M)
3824:
3805:
2746:. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. 1 Jun 2012.
2740:"Compact and flexible thermal storage"
2555:
2301:
1834: – Phenomenon of surface adhesion
1777:
317:
52:materials commonly used as commercial
4388:
3956:
3800:American Solar Energy Society meeting
3013:Construction & Building Materials
2587:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 16.
2222:
2207:
2192:
2173:
2124:
2105:
1953:
1263:
1144:
939:, softening, and other applications.
456:
2680:The Associated Press (16 Apr 2011).
2086:
2021:"News from the Structure Commission"
1715:tetrahedra (T = combined Si and Al)
1055:Zeolites have been used in advanced
911:
346:. The left figure emphasizes the SiO
224:Microscopic structure of a zeolite (
27:Microporous, aluminosilicate mineral
4201:Silicate frameworks, tectosilicates
2414:"2009 Minerals Yearbook - Zeolites"
1423:, where they can be used to adsorb
1321:
1096:streams. Other separations include
789:. Major producers in 2010 included
24:
3802:. 1 Jun 1983. Minneapolis, MN, USA
3669:
1447:
1345:, an inorganic mineral activating
1307:), one form of which, invented at
1256:property coupled with an inherent
1066:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
378:(0.41 nm) and belongs to the
210:
36:Estonian Museum of Natural History
25:
4468:
4165:Molybdates, wolframates, niobates
4131:(sulfate anion, phosphate anion,
3911:International Zeolite Association
3875:
3025:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.030
2983:Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia
1920:10.2174/1570178616666190807101012
1838:Solid sorbents for carbon capture
1356:
1123:use zeolites in conjunction with
1072:that was present in high levels.
1031:, two widely used plastics, into
369:(right). Both zeolites share the
4364:
4311:Unclassified silicates (IDs 9.H)
3882:
3852: This article incorporates
3847:
3810:. Vol. 2. Clarendon Press.
3254:"Database of Mineral Properties"
2996:from the original on 2022-10-10.
2881:from the original on 2022-10-10.
1970:"Database of Zeolite Structures"
1377:
1365:
935:beds in domestic and commercial
252:. They have the general formula
4382:
4345:Other inorganic polymers (e.g.
3868:United States Geological Survey
3685:United States mineral resources
3610:
3561:
3503:
3453:
3402:
3340:
3296:
3271:
3246:
3235:from the original on 2022-10-10
3198:
3171:
3150:
3093:
3050:
3038:Dezember, Ryan (May 14, 2022).
3031:
2955:from the original on 2022-10-10
2930:
2921:
2912:
2885:
2848:
2807:
2750:
2732:
2702:
2673:
2648:
2601:
2576:
2549:
2505:
2478:
2442:
2430:from the original on 2011-06-08
2390:from the original on 2011-06-08
2363:
2330:
2295:
868:
819:United States Geological Survey
72:, and have the general formula
3948:Database of Zeolite Structures
3706:Natural and Synthetic Zeolites
2892:Ventura G, Risegari L (2007).
2071:
2039:
2013:
1988:
1934:
1860:
1461:The zeolite structural group (
750:. Equivalent reagents include
13:
1:
4187:Monomeric, isolated silicates
3985:IMA–CNMNC / Nickel–Strunz IDs
3586:10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00773
3479:10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00418
2946:A New Look at an Old Pozzolan
2137:Chemistry: A European Journal
1853:
1744:Brewsterite framework (BRE):
1569:Phillipsite framework (PHI):
1506:Edingtonite framework (EDI):
1303:is often made of zeolite (or
1294:
982:, such as in fluid catalytic
769:
729:
215:
4305:Other non monomeric minerals
3214:Chemical Engineering Journal
2841:10.1051/e3sconf/202017512012
2302:Barrer, R. M. (1948-01-01).
1908:Letters in Organic Chemistry
1718:Heulandite framework (HEU):
1580:Gismondine framework (GIS):
1516:Thomsonite framework (THO):
1463:Nickel-Strunz classification
1399:. If previously loaded with
1326:The original formulation of
1232:Solar energy storage and use
1216:Zeolites are also used as a
1049:Sandia National Laboratories
965:
931:Zeolites are widely used as
844:
698:and, to a lesser degree, in
666:
531:Natural zeolites form where
7:
3938:British Zeolite Association
3192:10.1016/j.desal.2007.08.014
3071:10.1097/TA.0b013e31812f6dbc
2515:ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
2381:Mineral Commodity Summaries
1804:
1650:Mordenite framework (MOR):
1643:Faujasite framework (FAU):
1625:Chabazite framework (CHA):
1480:Natrolite framework (NAT):
1019:Zeolites containing cobalt
760:quaternary ammonium cations
718:"eyes". When polished by a
563:conditions. Some examples:
405:
306:in petrochemical industry.
10:
4473:
3106:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
2783:10.1007/s40201-021-00729-3
2347:10.1002/9780470132616.ch43
2113:US patent 2016243531A1
1729:Stilbite framework (STI):
1528:Analcime framework (ANA):
1414:
1076:Gas separation and storage
1039:Nuclear waste reprocessing
575:commonly progresses from:
390:, a typical example being
199:
193:
4360:
4245:Other silicate frameworks
4127:
4093:"Evaporites and similars"
4092:
4085:Vanadium oxides (IDs 4.H)
4023:
3996:
3226:10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.029
2562:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
2233:(120): 13389–13397. 1998.
2051:Chemistry of the Elements
2049:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1125:pressure swing adsorption
946:, in northern Guatemala.
60:. They mainly consist of
34:Zeolite exhibited in the
3828:Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. C
3415:Chemical Society Reviews
3046:– via www.wsj.com.
2898:. Elsevier. p. 17.
2744:Fraunhofer Research News
2025:IZA Structure Commission
1469:09.GA. – Zeolites with T
1242:adsorption refrigeration
1238:solar thermal collectors
424:Isomorphous substitution
419:Isomorphous substitution
304:fluid catalytic cracking
197:, meaning "to boil" and
4153:Thiosulphates (IDs 7.J)
3306:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
2203:(100): 2303–2405. 2000.
1767:, framework type MFI),
1204:Debbie Meyer Green Bags
557:hydrothermal alteration
44:is a family of several
3854:public domain material
3754:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3463
3574:Chemistry of Materials
3467:Chemistry of Materials
2862:. In Elfring C (ed.).
2820:E3S Web of Conferences
2527:10.1021/acsami.3c14560
2247:Tschernich RW (1992).
2181:US patent 5187132A
2149:10.1002/chem.201603434
2094:US patent 4410501A
1458:
1177:
1052:
980:petrochemical industry
974:), are widely used as
854:
782:
676:
470:
451:silicoaluminophosphate
335:
327:
314:
241:
174:Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
38:
4216:Other feldspathoids:
4024:"Sulfides and oxides"
3808:Solid State Chemistry
2251:Zeolites of the World
2218:(218): 109–118. 1983.
2055:Butterworth-Heinemann
2047:Greenwood, Norman N.
1455:
1318:from the atmosphere.
1142:compressed air input
1133:
1046:
863:operating temperature
852:
777:
674:
464:
333:
325:
312:
223:
33:
4207:Zeolite frameworks,
4179:Arsenates, vanadates
3691:. pp. 689–695.
3160:. Teleflex Inc. 2022
3118:10.1038/aps.2012.159
2720:on 10 September 2011
2452:Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
2371:"Zeolites (natural)"
2316:10.1039/JR9480000127
2276:Dietrich RV (2005).
2255:. Geoscience Press.
1823:Hypothetical zeolite
1707:09.GE. – Chains of T
1311:, can sequester the
1121:oxygen concentrators
1057:nuclear reprocessing
793:(2 million tonnes),
388:medium pore zeolites
371:truncated octahedral
300:solid acid catalysts
277:high-silica zeolites
4447:Industrial minerals
4371:Minerals portal
3745:1999PNAS...96.3463M
3725:Mumpton FA (1999).
3704:Clifton RA (1987).
3635:2022FaDi..235..162P
3623:Faraday Discussions
3362:2013NatCh...5..628R
3318:2011PCCP...1317339F
3312:(38): 17339–17358.
2855:Mumpton FA (1985).
2832:2020E3SWC.17512012D
2775:2021JEHSE..19.1743P
2521:(46): 54192–54201.
2143:(48): 17377–17386.
1878:on 15 February 2009
1868:"Zeolite Structure"
1778:Computational study
1182:oxygen concentrator
813:(85,000 t) and the
675:Polished thomsonite
524:O, the formula for
318:Framework structure
203:, meaning "stone".
4230:groups (IDs 9.FB.)
4082:Tellurium oxysalts
3921:2014-05-24 at the
3643:10.1039/D1FD00093D
3529:10.1039/D1MH00733E
3517:Materials Horizons
3428:10.1039/C3CS60451A
3370:10.1038/nchem.1662
3326:10.1039/C1CP21731C
2937:Dypayan J (2007).
2485:Szostak R (1998).
1459:
1264:Building materials
1178:
1053:
1006:Catalytic cracking
937:water purification
908:has been ongoing.
855:
783:
677:
539:layers react with
471:
457:Natural occurrence
384:large pore zeolite
380:small pore zeolite
352:four membered ring
344:structural formula
336:
328:
315:
242:
39:
4389:Breck DW (1973).
4378:
4377:
4134:
4055:(IDs 4.A–E, e.g.
4008:"Native elements"
4001:
3989:
3580:(16): 7150–7158.
3473:(16): 7139–7149.
3438:20.500.11937/6133
2633:978-0-19-927789-6
2556:Bhatia S (1989).
2464:10.1021/ie0510728
2458:(16): 5449–5454.
2412:Virta RL (2011).
2231:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2064:978-0-08-037941-8
1974:iza-structure.org
1191:The German group
1176:
1175:
912:Organic synthesis
853:Synthetic zeolite
839:soil conditioners
835:pozzolanic cement
686:from a series of
16:(Redirected from
4464:
4432:Antihemorrhagics
4407:
4406:
4386:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4347:polyoxometalates
4167:(VI) (IDs 7.G–H)
4150:(VI) (IDs 7.A–E)
4130:
4014:Organic minerals
3999:
3997:"Special cases"
3990:
3987:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3886:
3885:
3871:
3865:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3841:10.1039/b605702k
3821:
3798:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3739:(7): 3463–3470.
3721:
3700:
3663:
3662:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3540:
3523:(9): 2576–2583.
3507:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3430:
3421:(7): 2348–2371.
3406:
3400:
3399:
3381:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3211:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3186:(1–3): 263–276.
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2769:(2): 1743–1751.
2754:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:. 6 October 2022
2652:
2646:
2645:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2053:(2nd ed.).
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1864:
1843:
1828:
1817:List of minerals
1635:willhendersonite
1391:In agriculture,
1381:
1369:
1332:hemostatic agent
1322:Hemostatic agent
1270:asphalt concrete
1136:
1135:
1061:fission products
1047:A researcher at
1002:, and cracking.
752:sodium aluminate
748:sodium hydroxide
567:The sequence of
519:
297:
296:
295:
274:
239:
238:
237:
202:
201:
196:
195:
158:
157:
156:
143:
142:
141:
131:
129:
128:
118:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
98:
91:
90:
82:
81:
21:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4365:
4363:
4356:
4319:(IDs 9.B, e.g.
4286:(IDs 9.D, e.g.
4260:(IDs 9.E, e.g.
4258:Phyllosilicates
4132:
4129:
4123:
4088:
4059:supergroup and
4019:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3923:Wayback Machine
3907:
3906:
3905:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3848:
3818:
3672:
3670:Further reading
3667:
3666:
3615:
3611:
3566:
3562:
3538:1854/LU-8740859
3508:
3504:
3458:
3454:
3407:
3403:
3345:
3341:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3098:
3094:
3055:
3051:
3036:
3032:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2812:
2808:
2755:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2678:
2674:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2634:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2554:
2550:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2335:
2331:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2245:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2082:(8): 163. 2018.
2077:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1954:
1939:
1935:
1900:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1807:
1780:
1763:(also known as
1714:
1710:
1698:-series (DAC),
1694:-series (LEV),
1682:-series (ERI),
1613:-series (PAU),
1609:-series (MAZ),
1476:
1472:
1450:
1448:Mineral species
1417:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1359:
1324:
1297:
1281:Portland cement
1266:
1248:and ability to
1234:
1218:molecular sieve
1193:Fraunhofer e.V.
1186:molecular sieve
1107:
1103:
1092:from low-grade
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1041:
968:
929:
914:
871:
847:
827:dimension stone
772:
756:sodium silicate
732:
669:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
459:
421:
412:molecular sieve
408:
349:
320:
294:
292:
291:
290:
288:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:minerals, e.g.
246:aluminosilicate
236:
233:
232:
231:
229:
218:
213:
211:Characteristics
155:
153:
152:
151:
149:
140:
137:
136:
135:
133:
127:
124:
123:
122:
120:
115:
112:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
97:
95:
94:
93:
89:
86:
85:
84:
80:
77:
76:
75:
73:
50:aluminosilicate
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4470:
4460:
4459:
4457:Acid catalysts
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:Tectosilicates
4424:
4409:
4408:
4401:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4351:polyphosphates
4342:
4341:
4329:
4328:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4255:
4252:Cyclosilicates
4248:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4209:zeolite family
4204:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4161:(VI) (IDs 7.F)
4155:
4154:
4151:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4133:silicon, etc.)
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4064:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4004:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3913:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:External links
3874:
3873:
3872:
3845:
3822:
3816:
3803:
3777:
3722:
3701:
3680:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3609:
3560:
3502:
3452:
3401:
3356:(7): 628–633.
3339:
3295:
3270:
3245:
3197:
3170:
3149:
3112:(3): 367–372.
3092:
3049:
3030:
2999:
2966:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2904:
2884:
2847:
2806:
2749:
2731:
2701:
2672:
2647:
2632:
2612:
2600:
2593:
2575:
2568:
2548:
2504:
2497:
2477:
2441:
2401:
2362:
2355:
2329:
2310:(0): 127–132.
2294:
2268:
2261:
2236:
2221:
2206:
2191:
2172:
2123:
2104:
2085:
2070:
2063:
2038:
2012:
2000:webmineral.com
1987:
1952:
1933:
1914:(7): 491–506.
1889:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1727:
1720:clinoptilolite
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1669:
1658:
1648:
1641:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1596:
1578:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1504:
1502:tetranatrolite
1474:
1470:
1449:
1446:
1416:
1413:
1393:clinoptilolite
1383:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:Soil treatment
1355:
1323:
1320:
1313:greenhouse gas
1296:
1293:
1279:When added to
1274:carbon dioxide
1265:
1262:
1233:
1230:
1180:Zeolite-based
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:oxygen output
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1040:
1037:
967:
964:
952:eutrophication
928:
925:
921:Friedel–Crafts
913:
910:
902:clinoptilolite
870:
867:
846:
843:
771:
768:
736:Richard Barrer
731:
728:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
620:
619:
618:
573:volcanic rocks
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
483:clinoptilolite
458:
455:
420:
417:
407:
404:
347:
319:
316:
293:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
234:
217:
214:
212:
209:
200:λίθος (lĂthos)
161:acid catalysts
154:
138:
125:
113:
104:
96:
87:
78:
48:, crystalline
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4469:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4404:
4402:9780471099857
4398:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4372:
4359:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4317:Sorosilicates
4315:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4282:Single chain
4281:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:Silica family
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:(IDs 9.FA.05)
4219:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3817:9780198551669
3813:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3697:10.3133/pp820
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:(4): 1093–9.
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2907:
2905:9780080444796
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2714:Honeywell.com
2711:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2594:9780824740207
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2569:9780849356285
2565:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2498:9780751404807
2494:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2366:
2358:
2356:9780470132616
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2262:9780945005070
2258:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2216:ACS Sym. Ser.
2210:
2202:
2195:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1769:tschernichite
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1559:montesommaite
1556:
1555:goosecreekite
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:paranatrolite
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1380:
1368:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:Non-clumping
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1099:
1095:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:polypropylene
1026:
1022:
1021:nanoparticles
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:isomerization
993:
989:
988:hydrocracking
985:
981:
977:
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963:
960:
955:
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851:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:United States
812:
808:
805:(140,000 t),
804:
801:(150,000 t),
800:
797:(210,000 t),
796:
792:
788:
780:
776:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
727:
725:
721:
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711:
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697:
693:
692:Lake Superior
689:
685:
681:
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659:
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635:
631:
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164:
162:
147:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
4442:Porous media
4391:
4384:
4362:
4340:supergroups)
4327:supergroups)
4304:
4284:inosilicates
4276:Inosilicates
4275:
4244:
4208:
4200:
4140:
3943:Bulk Zeolite
3898:
3897:
3896:profile for
3893:
3859:
3832:
3826:
3807:
3786:
3781:
3736:
3730:
3705:
3684:
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3470:
3466:
3455:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3282:
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3248:
3237:. Retrieved
3220:(1): 11–24.
3217:
3213:
3200:
3183:
3180:Desalination
3179:
3173:
3162:. Retrieved
3152:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3043:
3033:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2989:(1): 79–91.
2986:
2982:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2945:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2894:
2887:
2863:
2850:
2823:
2819:
2809:
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2762:
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2743:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2718:the original
2713:
2704:
2685:
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2659:
2650:
2622:
2615:
2603:
2584:
2578:
2558:
2551:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2487:
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2450:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2392:. Retrieved
2377:
2365:
2338:
2332:
2307:
2297:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2278:"Thomsonite"
2271:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2175:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2107:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2050:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1973:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1911:
1907:
1880:. Retrieved
1876:the original
1871:
1862:
1781:
1551:yugawaralite
1465:) includes:
1460:
1440:in southern
1434:ion exchange
1432:chemists as
1430:
1418:
1409:
1390:
1340:
1325:
1298:
1289:lime mortars
1278:
1267:
1235:
1226:vacuum pumps
1222:cryosorption
1215:
1212:
1202:
1190:
1179:
1118:
1114:formaldehyde
1079:
1054:
1025:polyethylene
1018:
1004:
969:
956:
948:
941:
933:ion-exchange
930:
919:
915:
887:
881:to separate
872:
869:Applications
856:
809:(100,000 t)
784:
764:
733:
712:
690:flows along
678:
550:
530:
472:
448:
422:
409:
399:
396:
387:
383:
379:
360:
355:
351:
341:
337:
285:
281:ion exchange
276:
243:
205:
185:
171:mineralogist
165:
41:
40:
4353:", IDs 8.F)
4325:seidozerite
4270:(IDs 4.DA.)
4181:(V) (IDs 8)
4175:(V) (IDs 8)
4102:(IDs 5.A–E)
4077:(IDs 4.J–K)
4071:(IDs 4.F–G)
4033:(IDs 2.A–F)
3835:: 287–325.
3789:: 181–185.
3629:: 162–182.
3019:: 243–252.
2158:10023/11880
1746:brewsterite
1700:epistilbite
1696:dachiardite
1672:Bellbergite
1652:maricopaite
1631:herschelite
1575:phillipsite
1508:edingtonite
1254:hygroscopic
1164:desorption
1150:adsorption
1098:noble gases
1094:natural gas
992:solid acids
890:biochemical
795:South Korea
781:from Poland
680:Thomsonites
591:epistilbite
581:→ quartz →
561:metamorphic
495:phillipsite
373:structure (
365:(left) and
188:, from the
146:electrolyte
46:microporous
4416:Categories
4338:gadolinite
4297:amphiboles
4224:Cancrinite
4218:nephelines
4193:Germanates
4173:Phosphates
4100:Carbonates
4069:Hydroxides
4057:pyrochlore
4037:Sulfosalts
3379:10023/4529
3350:Nat. Chem.
3283:mindat.org
3239:2019-07-13
3164:2023-10-01
2666:2023-04-22
2201:Chem. Rev.
1854:References
1832:Adsorption
1811:Geopolymer
1735:stellerite
1724:heulandite
1684:ferrierite
1615:perlialite
1611:paulingite
1603:merlinoite
1594:gobbinsite
1586:gismondine
1547:Laumontite
1518:thomsonite
1512:kalborsite
1482:gonnardite
1438:Bear River
1347:Factor XII
1301:cat litter
1295:Cat litter
1258:exothermic
1246:adsorption
1070:cesium-137
1000:alkylation
898:heulandite
894:biomedical
770:Ore mining
730:Production
724:chatoyancy
642:thomsonite
599:thomsonite
587:heulandite
553:weathering
535:rocks and
487:heulandite
467:thomsonite
465:A form of
354:or simply
216:Properties
148:solution.
54:adsorbents
4452:Catalysts
4395:. Wiley.
4288:pyroxenes
4254:(IDs 9.C)
4237:feldspars
4211:(IDs 9.G)
4195:(IDs 9.J)
4189:(IDs 9.A)
4159:Chromates
4108:(IDs 5.N)
3659:245465624
3555:238722345
3388:1755-4330
3126:1671-4083
2826:: 12012.
2696:0362-4331
2642:251213960
2543:265050410
2472:0888-5885
2324:0368-1769
2080:Catalysts
1928:201222323
1872:GRACE.com
1847:Pyrolysis
1757:Cowlesite
1731:barrerite
1688:gmelinite
1676:bikitaite
1662:offretite
1656:mordenite
1645:faujasite
1629:-series,
1627:chabazite
1590:garronite
1571:harmotome
1542:wairakite
1538:pollucite
1498:scolecite
1486:natrolite
1397:potassium
1305:diatomite
976:catalysts
966:Catalysis
959:detergent
906:chabazite
883:molecules
879:membranes
845:Synthesis
831:aggregate
779:Natrolite
696:Minnesota
684:gemstones
667:Gemstones
654:chabazite
650:scolecite
634:offretite
626:Cowlesite
611:chabazite
607:scolecite
583:mordenite
526:natrolite
491:natrolite
479:chabazite
436:germanium
410:The term
356:four-ring
226:mordenite
194:ζÎω (zĂ©ĹŤ)
66:aluminium
58:catalysts
4422:Zeolites
4228:sodalite
4148:Sulfates
4106:Nitrates
4061:corundum
4031:Sulfides
4016:(IDs 10)
3919:Archived
3860:Zeolites
3773:10097058
3718:14932428
3651:35660805
3604:36032556
3547:34870303
3497:36032557
3447:24457316
3396:23787755
3334:21881655
3230:Archived
3144:23334236
3087:24827908
3079:18404080
2991:Archived
2950:Archived
2876:Archived
2872:85600550
2801:34900303
2535:37934618
2425:Archived
2385:Archived
2383:. 2011.
2282:GemRocks
2167:27754569
1805:See also
1761:pentasil
1739:stilbite
1680:erionite
1599:Boggsite
1530:analcime
1490:mesolite
1457:backside
1428:waters.
1405:nitrogen
1401:ammonium
1336:in vitro
1328:QuikClot
1285:pozzolan
1208:ethylene
1172:exhaust
1088:, and SO
984:cracking
875:sorbents
811:Slovakia
720:lapidary
700:Michigan
646:mesolite
638:analcime
603:mesolite
595:stilbite
541:alkaline
533:volcanic
499:stilbite
475:analcime
428:titanium
406:Porosity
400:big five
375:sodalite
250:feldspar
182:adsorbed
178:stilbite
18:Zeolites
4334:olivine
4321:epidote
4120:(IDs 3)
4118:Halides
4114:(IDs 6)
4112:Borates
4010:(IDs 1)
3900:Zeolite
3890:Scholia
3795:5126636
3741:Bibcode
3631:Bibcode
3595:9404546
3488:9404542
3358:Bibcode
3314:Bibcode
3135:4002488
2828:Bibcode
2792:8617091
2771:Bibcode
2687:NYTimes
1753:Others
1748:-series
1741:-series
1726:-series
1690:(GME),
1686:(FER),
1678:(BIK),
1666:wenkite
1664:(OFF),
1607:mazzite
1605:(MER),
1601:(BOG),
1582:amicite
1577:-series
1557:(GOO),
1553:(YUG),
1549:(LAU),
1534:leucite
1520:-series
1425:ammonia
1421:aquaria
1415:Aquaria
1316:methane
1250:hydrate
1033:propane
1014:olefins
978:in the
859:sol-gel
740:alumina
658:calcite
615:calcite
444:gallium
394:(MFI).
186:zeolite
168:Swedish
62:silicon
42:Zeolite
4399:
4063:group)
4053:Oxides
3892:has a
3814:
3793:
3771:
3761:
3716:
3657:
3649:
3602:
3592:
3553:
3545:
3495:
3485:
3445:
3394:
3386:
3332:
3288:10 Feb
3142:
3132:
3124:
3085:
3077:
2902:
2870:
2799:
2789:
2694:
2640:
2630:
2591:
2566:
2541:
2533:
2495:
2470:
2353:
2322:
2259:
2187:
2165:
2119:
2100:
2061:
2027:. 2018
1980:24 May
1949:: 120.
1926:
1788:steam.
1692:levyne
1639:SSZ-13
1351:kaolin
1343:kaolin
1330:brand
1224:style
1197:biogas
1112:, and
1010:gasoil
972:MCM-41
904:, and
837:, and
807:Turkey
803:Jordan
787:tonnes
744:silica
716:copper
708:basalt
704:eroded
630:levyne
571:-rich
569:silica
546:quartz
497:, and
132:where
70:oxygen
4262:clays
3894:topic
3864:(PDF)
3856:from
3764:34179
3655:S2CID
3551:S2CID
3263:9 Feb
3233:(PDF)
3210:(PDF)
3083:S2CID
2994:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2959:7 Oct
2953:(PDF)
2942:(PDF)
2879:(PDF)
2860:(PDF)
2724:9 Feb
2539:S2CID
2434:8 Feb
2428:(PDF)
2417:(PDF)
2394:8 Feb
2388:(PDF)
2374:(PDF)
2287:2 Oct
2031:8 Feb
2005:8 Feb
1924:S2CID
1882:8 Feb
1765:ZSM-5
1702:(EPI)
1668:(WEN)
1561:(MON)
1442:Idaho
1283:as a
1110:freon
1084:O, CO
944:Tikal
799:Japan
791:China
746:with
706:from
440:boron
392:ZSM-5
258:)(SiO
254:(MAlO
190:Greek
4397:ISBN
4336:and
4323:and
3812:ISBN
3791:OSTI
3769:PMID
3732:PNAS
3714:OCLC
3710:USBM
3689:USGS
3647:PMID
3600:PMID
3543:PMID
3493:PMID
3443:PMID
3392:PMID
3384:ISSN
3330:PMID
3290:2019
3265:2019
3140:PMID
3122:ISSN
3075:PMID
2961:2013
2900:ISBN
2868:LCCN
2797:PMID
2726:2019
2692:ISSN
2638:OCLC
2628:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2531:PMID
2493:ISBN
2468:ISSN
2436:2019
2421:USGS
2396:2019
2379:USGS
2351:ISBN
2320:ISSN
2289:2013
2257:ISBN
2163:PMID
2059:ISBN
2033:2018
2007:2019
1982:2021
1884:2019
1637:and
1027:and
986:and
892:and
823:tuff
754:and
742:and
688:lava
579:Clay
449:The
442:and
434:and
432:zinc
100:(SiO
83:(AlO
56:and
4349:; "
3837:doi
3833:103
3759:PMC
3749:doi
3693:doi
3639:doi
3627:235
3590:PMC
3582:doi
3533:hdl
3525:doi
3483:PMC
3475:doi
3433:hdl
3423:doi
3374:hdl
3366:doi
3322:doi
3258:IMA
3222:doi
3218:156
3188:doi
3184:228
3130:PMC
3114:doi
3067:doi
3044:WSJ
3021:doi
2836:doi
2824:175
2787:PMC
2779:doi
2523:doi
2460:doi
2343:doi
2312:doi
2153:hdl
2145:doi
1916:doi
1309:MIT
1220:in
1104:, O
1100:, N
726:).
694:in
559:or
537:ash
520:·2H
367:FAU
363:LTA
230:SiO
139:1/n
79:1/n
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