1524:
33:
754:
1080:
trend was the use of patterns based on systems of fourfold symmetry. This family of patterns was widely used in other Muslim cultures further east, but in the
Maghreb and al-Andalus artists excelled at their use and introduced several innovations. One innovation was to make the repeating unit of the patterns larger, with broader compositions involving many different polygonal forms. Other innovations were the incorporation of more complex sixteen-pointed stars into some of these patterns and the insertion of further "arbitrary" design elements within the wider patterns. These innovations not only increased the complexity of the motifs but also increased their visual diversity. The family of patterns involving fivefold symmetry, which was widely used and developed throughout the rest of the Islamic world, was less common in the Maghreb and al-Andalus. Some exceptional examples of this pattern from the Marinid period are found in the
1500:
1428:
1546:
1443:
244:
1403:
1203:
357:. The individual tile pieces are large, allowing the pattern to be visible from afar. Each piece was pierced with a small hole prior to being baked so that the tiles could be affixed by nails to a wooden frame set into a mortar surface on this part of the minaret. The minaret of the Kasbah Mosque, built slightly later in the 1190s, makes greater use of ceramic decoration generally, including geometric mosaics on the upper parts of the minaret in the same technique as those of the Kutubiyya (though slightly more varied in design). The tiles on both minarets today are modern reproductions of the originals, of which fragments have been preserved in the reserve collection of the
1012:
310:
1284:
1338:
5459:
1357:
1068:
1391:
1246:
1265:
1307:
370:
1474:
607:
1376:
987:
955:
975:
693:
1227:
847:
4564:
943:
1458:
6529:
505:
3371:
4283:
4296:
1523:
907:-like hammer into a variety of pre-established shapes (usually memorized by rote learning) necessary to form the overall pattern. Although the exact patterns vary from case to case, the underlying principles have been constant for centuries and Moroccan craftsmen are still adept at making them today. The small shapes (cut according to a precise
1176:, for 100, actually consist of 48 and 96 points respectively, because geometry requires that the number of points of any star in this sequence be divisible by six. (There are also sequences based on five and on eight.) Within a single star pattern, variations abound—by the mix of colors, the size of the
1637:
s (master craftsmen). A long training is required to implant the required skills and training usually starts at childhood. In Fez, craftsmen begin training between the ages of 6 and 14 and the average apprenticeship lasts approximately ten years, with many more years required to achieve the status of
1092:
Other types of compositions were also employed, many of them much simpler. Some mosaics were simply composed of coloured squares. One variation of this is a "checkerboard"-like pattern made up of repeating squares/lozenges separated by white strips with eight-pointed stars at their intersections. In
863:
was employed on a wider array of architectural elements. The geometric rosette motifs were used to decorate fountains (or the ground around a fountain), the spandrels of arched doorways, or wall surfaces framed by arches of carved stucco. Simpler checkerboard-like motifs were used as backgrounds for
638:
word for "scratched"). In this technique, square panels were glazed in a black colour and the glaze was then chipped away around the desired motif, leaving the Arabic inscription and other decorative flourishes in black relief against a bare earth ground. Occasionally the earth background is covered
1079:
In western
Islamic art, under the Nasrid and Marinid dynasties, a great variety of geometric patterns were created for architectural decoration. Among the most common was a pattern employing six-pointed and twelve-pointed star compositions, with eight-pointed stars inserted between them. A popular
919:
Once baked and cut, the tiles were laid face down on the ground and assembled together into the intended pattern. The back of the tile pieces were coated together with thin layers of plaster or whitewash. Once dry, this coating bonded the tile pieces together into larger panels. In Nasrid tilework
858:
In later centuries, the interlacing strapwork that once separated the polygons in geometric mosaics was no longer standard and
Moroccan craftsmen created rosette-style geometric compositions on an increasingly large scale. The culmination of this latter style is visible in the palaces built during
1617:
and traces of mixed layer illite/chlorite. Meknes clays belong to illitic clays, characterized by illite (54 – 61%), kaolinite (11 – 43%), smectite (8 – 12%) and chlorite (6 – 19%). Fes clays have a homogeneous composition with illite (40 – 48%). and kaolinite (18 – 28%) as the most abundant clay
711:
In Spain, where former Muslim-controlled territories had come under
Christian rule, new techniques of tilemaking developed. As wealthy Spaniards favoured the Mudéjar style to decorate their residences, the demand for mosaic tilework in this style increased beyond what tilemakers could produce,
1088:
and Bou Inania madrasas in Fez, where greater visual diversity was once again achieved by using large repeating units. In these examples and in others, additional visual diversity was also achieved through the use of colour. By varying the colours of the pieces, different patterns could be
875:
art form remains one of the hallmarks of
Moroccan cultural and artistic identity and continues to be used in modern Moroccan architecture. Fez remains its most important center of production. Workshops in other cities like Meknes, Salé and Marrakesh generally emulate the same style as the
724:("ridge"). In this technique, motifs were formed by pressing a metal or wooden mould over the unbaked tile, leaving a motif delineated by thin ridges of clay that prevented the different colours in between from bleeding into each other during baking. This was similar to the older
6555:
1044:, the most important types of tessellation in geometric motifs are based on regular polygons. This form of expression within the conceptual framework of Islamic art valued the creation of spatial decorations that avoided depictions of living things, consistent with taboos of
1105:), which is composed of a three-pointed star with curved arms that is repeated in a wheel-like motif. Yet another motif consists of one repeating curvilinear form resembling a double-headed axe, which is found in the Alhambra and is also common in the
915:
tiles are cut into the desired shapes before being baked. This results in a harder enamel that lasts longer, but the colours are not as bright and the tile pieces generally do not fit together as tightly as those produced in other cities like Fez.
1283:
598:
decoration on entrance portals, otherwise not common in the rest of the
Maghreb, was also most characteristic of the architecture of Tlemcen. Today, the archaeological museum of Tlemcen contains many remains of panels and fragments of
32:
3073:
468:
colour. This style of tile mosaic, formed by assembling a large number of small hand-cut pieces to form a pattern, is evident in famous buildings of the period such as the
Alhambra palaces of the Nasrids, the mosques of
1306:
1646:(CRC), abolishing the practice of employing children under 15 in work that is hazardous or impedes their education, but a 2019 study reports that the practice of training children has continued. Now young people learn
558:
also contains a particularly advanced geometric composition with very fine mosaic pieces below the level of the inscription. Some of the tile pieces in this composition measure as little as 2 millimeters in width.
1716:
technique formed an epigraphic frieze along the top. The epigraphic frieze is no longer present today; only a few preserved fragments were found in the 1920s, of which one remains in the reserve collection of the
1245:
1035:
decoration, geometric patterns of varying complexity were the most prominent and widespread motif. Vegetal arabesque motifs were also used, though less frequently. Geometric patterns were created on the basis of
1499:
1202:
1650:
making at one of the 58 artisan schools in
Morocco. However, the interest in learning the craft is dropping. As of 2018, at an artisan school in Fez with 400 enrolled students only 7 students learn how to make
838:
style. In addition to black glaze, green or blue glaze was also used in later examples of this type to obtain motifs in these colours. An example of this can be seen on the blue and green tiled façades of the
1427:
639:
with a white coating, and on some occasions a green glaze is used instead of black in order to leave a green motif in relief. An example of the latter is seen on the ceramic decoration of the minaret of the
1390:
1040:: the method of covering a surface with the use of forms that can be repeated and fitted together without overlapping or leaving empty spaces between them. These patterns can be extended infinitely. In
830:
technique previously used for
Marinid epigraphic friezes came into more general usage in Morocco as a simpler and more economic alternative to mosaics. This type of tile was often employed on the
936:. In the case of the Almohad tilework on the minarets of the Kutubiyya and Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh, the tiles were nailed to a wooden framework set into the surface of the wall behind them.
1618:
minerals. Chlorite (12 – 15%) and smectite (9 – 12%) are generally present as small quantities. Mixed layer illite/chlorite is present in trace amounts in all the examined Fes clay materials.
1337:
1356:
1375:
1442:
1402:
753:
6436:
685:, became common during the 18th century and was produced locally. It consisted of square panels of fixed size, painted with scenes and flowers, in a technique similar to Italian
888:
are also still used in some
Spanish decorative tiles, but in modern Spanish tiles the geometric motifs are simply painted and baked on large tiles rather than formed by mosaic.
1601:(around 16% for Fez). Quartz and muscovite are also present, at around 15–29% and 5–18%, respectively. A study by Meriam El Ouahabi, L. Daoudi, and Nathalie Fagel states that:
2065:"تعريف و شرح و معنى زليج بالعربي في معاجم اللغة العربية معجم المعاني الجامع، المعجم الوسيط ،اللغة العربية المعاصرة ،الرائد ،لسان العرب ،القاموس المحيط - معجم عربي عربي صفحة 1"
1577:. These studies require expertise not only in the fields of mathematics, art and art history, but also of computer science, computer modelling and software engineering.
864:
the rosette compositions or to cover other large surfaces. In more modern houses and mansions, even cylindrical pillars were covered in tilework up to the level of the
746:
in Seville. This type of tile was produced well into the 17th century and was widely exported from Spain to other European countries and to the Spanish colonies in the
681:. Some examples of more traditional mosaic tiles found in this late period may have continued to be produced in Tlemcen. In Tunisia, another style of tile decoration,
5677:
2484:
1129:) motif is also employed in some Marinid tilework, including examples at the al-Attarine and Bou Inania madrasas. Numerous other tessellated motifs are attested.
1064:
yellows, greens, black, and light brown were very common, with blues and turquoise also appearing in the mix, and they were typically set against a white ground.
942:
2958:, Source IV archive Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV'05) – Volume 00, IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA
3451:
1226:
1848:
546:
script that are made from the assembly of coloured tile pieces cut in the form of the letters themselves and set into a white background. The tiles of the
5458:
1264:
3125:
628:
The epigraphic friezes in Marinid tilework, which typically topped the main mosaic dadoes, were made through a different technique known more widely as
2176:
Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998).
6468:
4409:
1473:
974:
1597:. In Fez and in other sites including Meknes, Safi, and Salé, the composition of clay used for ceramics is 27–56% clay minerals, of which 3–29% is
986:
911:) of different colours are then assembled in a geometrical structure as in a puzzle to form the completed mosaic. Uniquely in the city of Tétouan,
859:
the 19th and 20th centuries. New colours were also introduced into the palette during this period, including red, a bright yellow, and dark blue.
1545:
819:
are coloured whereas the larger pieces that form the "background" are white. This scheme reversed the colouring pattern generally seen in older
5251:
3161:
1180:, and the complexity and size of interspacing elements such as strapping, braids, or "lanterns." And then there are all the non-star patterns—
2327:
1097:
motifs were composed of interlacing ribbons or tracery, sometimes as part of a narrow frieze wrapping around doorways or running above larger
6463:
5637:
5338:
3045:
1048:
on such depictions. Traditions of mosaic tilework were also prevalent across various periods in other parts of the Islamic world, including
954:
5617:
349:
cites the glazed tiles on the minaret of the Kutubiyya Mosque, dating from the mid-12th century, as the earliest reliably-dated example of
4253:
5235:
1144:
An encyclopedia could not contain the full array of complex, often individually varied patterns and the individually shaped, hand-cut
4543:
3681:
799:
Under the Saadis, the complexity of geometric patterns was increased for the decoration of the most luxurious buildings, such as the
5288:
4197:
2182:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc.
2088:
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of Fez. This example employs a fivefold geometric system with 10-pointed stars, while also adding visual diversity through colour.
730:
technique but more efficient for mass production. The motifs on these tiles imitated earlier Islamic and Mudéjar designs from the
6611:
5208:
4485:
3113:
2975:"Mineralogical and geotechnical characterization of clays from northern Morocco for their potential use in the ceramic industry"
5142:
1457:
6565:
4706:
4612:
4332:
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3897:
3229:
2940:
2913:
2886:
2756:
2570:
2337:
2160:
2011:
1940:
1643:
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was usually carved in stucco or painted on larger square tiles, these two examples contain very fine Arabic inscriptions in
6248:
2903:
850:
Example of a large-scale geometric rosette composition from later periods in Morocco, covering a fountain built in 1913 at
243:
298:
technique had reached a sophisticated level in the western Islamic world, as attested in the elaborate pavements found at
6408:
5215:
4192:
1117:
on the minaret of the Kutubiyya Mosque, is also found in the Alhambra, where it is referred to in Spanish as the "bone" (
440:
predominated, with patterns of increasing complexity being formed during this period. Less frequently, vegetal or floral
426:
tiling largely fell out of style during this same period and was replaced by a preference for stone and marble paneling.
3101:
2800:
Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2011). "Tiles as Architectural Decoration". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).
1605:
From the other sites (Meknes, Fes, Salé and Safi), the clay mineral composition shows besides kaolinite the presence of
6422:
6320:
3154:
2238:
1892:
3020:
834:
of large gateways and portals. The motifs are often relatively simpler and less colourful than the traditional mosaic
5331:
5256:
5136:
5116:
5105:
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2809:
2784:
2598:
2543:
2494:
2365:
2310:
2213:
2177:
2047:
1986:
1858:
1558:
768:
In Morocco, existing architectural styles were perpetuated with relatively few outside influences. Here, traditional
594:, suggesting that the same workshop of craftsmen may have been employed by the Marinids around this time. The use of
578:, developed among the craftsmen of Tlemcen. The most important early example of this style was the decoration of the
2876:
87:
pieces. The pieces were typically of different colours and fitted together to form various patterns on the basis of
6601:
6596:
5772:
5132:
4421:
3246:
1700:
Different types of tiles are also used on the Kasbah Mosque's minaret. Green ceramic revetment is used within the
5907:
5101:
4166:
6483:
6453:
5893:
5070:
4809:
4263:
3944:
2716:
2691:
2467:
2282:
586:(r. 1318–1337). This type subsequently appeared in later monuments of this era, mainly in Tlemcen (such as the
1569:
tilework in the Alhambra of Granada were also an important source of inspiration for the work of 20th-century
815:. In this example, craftsmen employed finer (thinner) mosaic pieces and the thin, linear pieces that form the
329:
period, prominent bands of ceramic decoration in green and white were already features on the minarets of the
6626:
5095:
5080:
4374:
4243:
4238:
4233:
3189:
3147:
3122:
2560:
4475:
1573:
artist M. C. Escher. The tessellations in the mosaics are currently of interest in academic research in the
1396:
Digital recreation of the "bone" motif, including the straight-lined (left) and curvilinear (right) variants
528:
378:
6533:
6346:
6008:
5858:
5827:
5722:
5669:
5584:
5483:
5324:
5278:
5273:
5122:
5085:
4450:
4379:
4248:
4228:
4223:
4202:
4075:
3463:
3307:
3199:
274:
occupation, suggest that the technique may have developed in the western Islamic world around this period.
772:
continued to be used after the 15th century and continues to be produced up to the present day. Under the
5246:
5158:
5090:
4404:
3224:
2458:
Cambazard-Amahan, Catherine (1992). "Zillīǧ: Origines et Schémas de Composition au Temps des Mérinides".
2229:
Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).
1881:
Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).
2150:
1565:
merchants brought goods of many types back to Italy from the 14th century onwards. The tessellations of
764:(late 16th century), using a different colouring method and thinner individual pieces for finer patterns
5525:
5510:
5174:
5001:
3626:
2615:
2093:
1020:
1011:
1006:
780:
became even more ubiquitous within Morocco and covered more and more surfaces. During the reign of the
705:
437:
2383:"Palais du Meshouar (Tlemcen, Algérie) : couleurs des zellijs et tracés de décors du xive siècle"
418:
under Marinid, Nasrid, and Zayyanid patronage are extremely similar. In Ifriqiya (Tunisia), under the
5865:
5426:
5184:
5112:
4399:
4389:
4325:
3219:
3209:
2639:
2233:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers.
1887:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers.
334:
314:
4425:
3431:
3250:
515:(14th century), in bright colours and floral motifs that may have been a hallmark of craftsmen from
6458:
5879:
4176:
3459:
3385:
1254:
on the minaret of the Bou Inania Madrasa in Fez (14th century), with mosaic panels below and green
309:
142:
fell out of fashion in most countries except for Morocco, where it continues to be produced today.
92:
2064:
1060:. Whereas in the eastern Islamic world blues and turquoises were the dominant colours, in western
6182:
5872:
5515:
5396:
3534:
3234:
2826:
2098:
1236:
793:
116:
112:
108:
17:
2748:
Islamic Geometric Patterns: Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction
6616:
6473:
6314:
6210:
5591:
3723:
3275:
2483:
Ekhtiar, Maryam D.; Soucek, Priscilla P.; Canby, Sheila R.; Haidar, Navina Najat, eds. (2011).
1633:
making is considered an art in itself. The art is transmitted from generation to generation by
1067:
865:
587:
489:. It is also found in some Christian Spanish palaces of the same period who employed Muslim or
394:
style that we know today became widespread during the first half of the 14th century under the
61:
6372:
4594:
4369:
3194:
1928:
369:
6354:
6328:
6176:
6155:
5997:
5914:
5742:
5697:
5623:
5574:
5381:
5201:
4681:
3929:
3332:
3290:
3270:
1464:
1384:
with so-called "Nasrid bird" motif in the Court of the Myrtles in the Alhambra (14th century)
928:
to provide them with more tensile strength. The panels were then affixed to the walls with a
432:
tiling was most typically used to pave floors and to cover the lower walls inside buildings.
299:
248:
1882:
1024:
494:
6586:
6279:
6150:
6031:
5644:
5164:
5128:
4974:
4814:
4789:
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4384:
4364:
4349:
4318:
4275:
4029:
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3312:
3297:
3280:
3265:
3255:
3204:
3184:
3170:
2986:
1670:
1347:
1101:
dadoes. Another motif distinctive to the Alhambra is the so-called "Nasrid bird" (Spanish:
104:
948:
An eight sided star tile after being cut from a tile, a mainstay of Moorish/Islamic design
8:
6621:
6504:
6429:
6168:
5799:
5418:
5347:
4928:
4885:
4799:
4435:
4414:
4287:
4045:
3887:
3817:
3789:
3728:
3621:
3302:
3285:
3260:
3239:
2510:
1574:
1448:
1418:
1289:
1085:
1057:
665:
style was mostly supplanted by small square tiles imported from Europe – especially from
550:
are further distinguished by the use of a purple colour which is unique in architectural
534:
453:
449:
410:. Due to the significant cultural unity and relations between al-Andalus and the western
201:
41:
5820:
2990:
742:. Fine examples of these tiles can be found in the early 16th-century decoration of the
194:) meaning "to slide," in reference to the smooth, glazed surface of the tiles. The word
6509:
6366:
6196:
5992:
5982:
5835:
5707:
5562:
5241:
4903:
4893:
4737:
4691:
4394:
3214:
3002:
2659:
2406:
2382:
2102:
1706:-patterned brickwork on the minaret's flanks, a blue-violet revetment covers the small
1297:
1072:
1045:
884:
industry employing a technique differing from that of Fez. The patterns of traditional
712:
requiring them to consider new methods. Towards the late 15th and early 16th centuries
640:
617:
606:
579:
403:
399:
259:
5702:
3046:"Crafting mosaic tile is an endangered tradition. Here are the folks keeping it alive"
2381:
Charpentier, Agnès; Terrasse, Michel; Bachir, Redouane; Ben Amara, Ayed (2019-12-31).
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2007:
1982:
1936:
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and was subsequently exported further west. It was probably inspired or derived from
267:
124:
6218:
5761:
5305:
1168:
for 24 and so on, but they are not necessarily named with exactitude. The so-called
208:, referring to a style of painted tile in Portugal and Spain, derives from the word
6380:
6071:
6021:
5967:
5922:
5851:
5651:
5431:
5152:
5148:
4988:
4860:
4827:
4747:
4538:
4141:
3949:
3827:
3671:
3661:
3584:
3391:
2994:
2651:
2390:
929:
846:
635:
330:
205:
147:
131:
became a standard decorative element along lower walls, in fountains and pools, on
6076:
5901:
5887:
2998:
2878:
Critical Spaces: Contemporary Perspectives in Urban, Spatial and Landscape Studies
2655:
1850:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
212:
In Spain, the mosaic tile technique used in historical Islamic monuments like the
6606:
6591:
6514:
6242:
6131:
6046:
6026:
5977:
5567:
5473:
5448:
5386:
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4116:
3934:
3784:
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3117:
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2746:
2486:
Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1537:
743:
739:
682:
52:
6036:
2394:
1593:
grey clay found in the area. The clay from this region is primarily composed of
341:. Relatively simple in design, they may have reflected artistic influences from
6081:
6056:
6002:
5987:
5943:
5814:
5806:
5687:
5406:
5032:
4918:
4794:
4696:
4653:
4648:
4090:
4085:
3974:
3876:
3764:
3733:
3411:
3401:
2640:"No man is an island: globalisation and resilience in the Fez zillīj tradition"
1707:
1366:
840:
734:
mosaic tradition or blended them with contemporary European influences such as
658:
583:
543:
419:
346:
4563:
3134:
3093:
880:(in northern Morocco), which since the 19th century has hosted its own mosaic
6580:
6499:
6478:
6415:
6267:
6061:
5972:
5793:
5753:
5737:
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5413:
5401:
5045:
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4804:
4784:
4686:
3769:
3754:
3098:
2402:
900:
808:
773:
761:
539:
497:, whose 14th-century sections are contemporary with the Alhambra and contain
461:
271:
704:
tiles with Islamic geometric motifs, produced in 16th-century Spain, at the
364:
6291:
6190:
6041:
5952:
5947:
5845:
5766:
5682:
5601:
5505:
5478:
5443:
5376:
5293:
5168:
4938:
4641:
4631:
4623:
4460:
4300:
4055:
3317:
2424:
1529:
1185:
1133:
1049:
1037:
965:
925:
908:
621:
575:
478:
146:
is found in modern buildings making use of traditional designs such as the
88:
3421:
1109:
of Tétouan in Morocco, where it is known in Arabic as the "four hammers" (
1027:. This common pattern features 12-pointed, 6-pointed, and 8-pointed stars.
154:
which adds a new color palette with traditional designs. The influence of
6340:
6113:
6051:
5962:
5957:
5557:
5520:
5010:
4819:
4608:
4602:
4590:
4341:
3902:
3636:
3616:
1926:
1718:
1712:
1665:
1570:
1041:
800:
726:
501:
tilework in the same style, although of slightly lesser sophistication.
456:
frieze. By this period, more colours were employed such as yellow (using
358:
163:
100:
4528:
2125:"Azulejos: gallery and history of handmade Portuguese and Spanish tiles"
436:
was also used on the exterior of minarets and on some entrance portals.
6161:
6066:
6016:
5596:
5391:
5299:
4658:
4513:
4498:
4100:
4060:
3871:
3606:
3519:
3455:
3139:
2124:
1514:
1113:). A straight-lined version of this motif, similar to the 12th-century
792:
was used extensively on the facades of the monumental gates of the new
735:
457:
407:
151:
120:
5316:
5283:
4207:
4121:
3959:
2228:
1880:
1484:
903:
squares, typically 10 cm per side, then cut by hand with a small
877:
490:
166:
period and is seen in some modern imitations painted on square tiles.
6125:
5712:
5692:
5361:
5261:
4996:
4598:
3892:
3850:
3832:
3601:
3524:
3469:
3416:
2565:. order of the trustees, Hispanic Society of America. pp. xiii.
1594:
1181:
816:
674:
630:
612:
603:
from various medieval monuments dating back to the Zayyanid dynasty.
465:
441:
338:
318:
823:(where the ground was coloured and the linear strapwork was white).
376:
panel with complex geometry and mosaic-formed Arabic letters in the
278:
argued that these fragments, along with similar decoration found at
5938:
5540:
5438:
5366:
5266:
5040:
4923:
4913:
4676:
4533:
3861:
3822:
3759:
3702:
3676:
3641:
3539:
3360:
2204:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).
1680:
1614:
1610:
1320:
1156:
work. Star-based patterns are identified by their number of points—
1145:
1053:
831:
747:
686:
571:
504:
383:
283:
213:
4024:
3370:
2956:
From Form to Content: Using Shape Grammars for Image Visualization
2380:
1553:-like geometrical motifs. Italy (Florence or Venice) 15th century.
716:
became an important production center for a type of tile known as
5840:
5579:
5493:
5371:
4964:
4943:
4523:
4171:
3994:
3979:
3969:
3954:
3807:
3651:
3549:
3479:
3426:
1675:
1598:
1590:
1324:
1274:
1213:
921:
713:
591:
516:
512:
474:
470:
411:
354:
342:
303:
291:
263:
196:
132:
96:
6437:
Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art
486:
4948:
4898:
4768:
4763:
4742:
4727:
4518:
4131:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4050:
4018:
3989:
3964:
3939:
3866:
3812:
3738:
3666:
3554:
3544:
3529:
3514:
2707:
Damluji, Salma Samar (1992). "Zillīǧ: Espaces architecturaux".
1606:
1562:
1489:
1316:
980:
Loose tiles after chiseling the main glazed tile. Fez, Morocco.
482:
279:
80:
4310:
4282:
776:
in the 16th century and in subsequent centuries, the usage of
5530:
5006:
4969:
4908:
4722:
4636:
4493:
4146:
4126:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3717:
3707:
3656:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3564:
3559:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3474:
3355:
1702:
1413:
1328:
1217:
933:
678:
670:
666:
645:
159:
2175:
1436:
paving around the fountain of the Al-Attarine Madrasa in Fez
5552:
5535:
4732:
4508:
4503:
4136:
4095:
3881:
3855:
3712:
3631:
3447:
1346:
with checkerboard pattern with eight-pointed stars, in the
904:
876:
craftsmanship of Fez. The exception to this is the city of
570:
with brightly coloured pieces, often in floral patterns of
84:
2852:
Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600
2711:(in French). Garnet Publishing Limited. pp. 242–349.
2462:(in French). Garnet Publishing Limited. pp. 135–155.
3094:
The Moroccan Court in the Metropolitan Museum in New York
2231:
Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre
1981:. Translated by Jones, Cerys Giordano. Barcelona: Dosde.
652:
365:
Generalization across the region (14th to 15th centuries)
2973:
El Ouahabi, Meriam; Daoudi, L.; Fagel, Nathalie (2014).
2617:
L'architecture: Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne, Sicile
2482:
2203:
522:
Among the most exceptional surviving examples of Nasrid
313:
Tile decoration on the upper part of the minaret of the
1300:
of Tlemcen, prior to its demolition in the 19th century
1212:
with eight-pointed star motif, in the Marinid ruins of
2854:. University of California Press. pp. Chapter 1.
1927:
Jonathan Bloom; Sheila S. Blair; Sheila Blair (2009).
2972:
2686:(in French). Garnet Publishing Limited. p. 174.
538:
in the Alhambra, both from the 14th century. Whereas
3021:"Lonely Servitude | Child Domestic Labor in Morocco"
1933:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
995:
being assembled for an installation in Fez, Morocco.
657:
In the 16th century most of North Africa came under
643:
in Fez (1350–1355), within the sunken spaces of the
590:) but also further afield in the Marinid madrasa of
95:
such as radiating star patterns composed of various
66:
1365:band with interlacing motif at the entrance of the
566:work further west, a somewhat distinctive style of
321:(modern restoration of original 12th-century tiles)
282:, indicate that the technique likely originated in
266:, possibly dating from either the mid-10th century
238:
6334:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
3099:Zellige is kind of art which is typically Moroccan
2358:Tlemcen médiévale: urbanisme, architecture et arts
2206:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
616:-style technique from an epigraphic frieze of the
6469:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
1817:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
1585:In Morocco, Fez is still a production center for
6578:
2457:
2277:. Translated by Radzinowicz, David. Flammarion.
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1642:. In 1993, the Moroccan government ratified the
2303:The Alhambra and the Generalife: Official Guide
826:Over the centuries since the Saadi period, the
220:, a Spanish word deriving from the Arabic verb
5252:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
2538:. Oxford University Press. pp. 293, 471.
2272:
2148:
1710:below this, and a band of square tiles in the
138:After the 15th century the traditional mosaic
83:tilework made from individually hand-chiseled
6464:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
5638:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
5332:
4326:
3155:
3074:at-Tanwīr wa-Diwān at-Tahbīr fi Fan at-Tastīr
1901:
1884:Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art
1089:highlighted within the same geometric motif.
689:rather than to the earlier mosaic technique.
5618:List of works designed with the golden ratio
3078:
2682:Erzini, Nadia (1992). "L'École de Tétouan".
2089:"azulejo – definition of azulejo in Spanish"
225:
189:
179:
3111:Handmade zellige and Moroccan mosaic images
2591:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650
2558:
2355:
2037:
1557:Islamic decoration and craftsmanship had a
5339:
5325:
5236:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
4333:
4319:
3162:
3148:
2874:
2799:
406:dynastic periods in Morocco, Algeria, and
6557:كتاب التنوير وديوان التحبير في فن التسطير
5678:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption
3123:Moroccan Mosaics: Art of Zillij (Zellige)
2536:The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts
2329:Symmetry: Through the Eyes of Old Masters
2325:
2155:. Random House Incorporated. p. 24.
811:are among the best examples of this type
290:and then adapted by Muslim craftsmen for
105:architecture in the western Islamic world
5289:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
3169:
2928:
2901:
2774:
2533:
1976:
1935:. Oxford University Press. p. 201.
1819:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
1544:
1066:
1010:
845:
752:
691:
605:
503:
368:
308:
242:
31:
6224:Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion
5346:
5209:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
2709:Zillīǧ: L'Art de la Céramique Marocaine
2706:
2684:Zillīǧ: L'Art de la Céramique Marocaine
2613:
2460:Zillīǧ: L'Art de la Céramique Marocaine
2273:Degeorge, Gérard; Porter, Yves (2001).
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2149:Degeorge, Gérard; Porter, Yves (2002).
1929:"Architecture; X. Decoration; B. Tiles"
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1023:in the Courtyard of the Maidens in the
14:
6579:
2881:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 55–56.
2824:
2770:
2768:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2681:
2637:
2588:
2332:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
2305:. TF Editores. pp. 146, 195–196.
2296:
2294:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
920:the plaster was mixed with threads of
653:Later history (16th century and after)
103:is one of the main characteristics of
6553:
5320:
4314:
3143:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2775:Petersen, Andrew (1996). "tilework".
2677:
2675:
2673:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2584:
2582:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2351:
2349:
2300:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2001:
1972:
1846:
1644:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1000:
3080:التنوير وديوان التحبير في فن التسطير
2849:
2644:The Journal of North African Studies
2620:(in French). A. Picard. p. 741.
2387:ArcheoSciences. Revue d'archéométrie
2186:
2179:The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1867:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1789:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
1559:significant influence on Western art
1071:Example of geometric pattern in the
444:motifs were also created. On walls,
6409:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
5216:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
3079:
2793:
2765:
2725:
2700:
2291:
2222:
2169:
2142:
1979:Tilework in the Alhambra of Granada
1793:
1787:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
1735:
1622:
1315:with 16-pointed star motifs in the
251:(present-day Algeria), 11th century
226:
190:
180:
119:, and in the historic monuments of
56:
24:
6423:Making Mathematics with Needlework
4198:Influences on Western architecture
3066:
2961:
2777:Dictionary of Islamic architecture
2670:
2624:
2579:
2559:Frothingham, Alice Wilson (1969).
2489:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
2442:
2360:(in French). Éditions de Boccard.
2346:
2247:
1549:Wooden box inlaid with ivory with
1235:applied to curved surfaces in the
1093:the Alhambra of the Nasrids, some
127:). From the 14th century onwards,
25:
6638:
6249:I quattro libri dell'architettura
5117:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
3087:
2804:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 448–451.
2020:
1949:
1823:
1184:, webs, steps and shoulders, and
661:rule. In Algeria, the indigenous
6528:
6527:
5773:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
5457:
4562:
4294:
4281:
3369:
2062:
1522:
1498:
1472:
1456:
1441:
1426:
1401:
1389:
1374:
1355:
1336:
1305:
1282:
1277:, Algeria, from the 14th century
1263:
1244:
1225:
1201:
985:
973:
953:
941:
588:Mosque and madrasa of Abu Madyan
294:tiles. By the 11th century, the
270:foundation or from the mid-11th
239:Origins (10th to 13th centuries)
135:, and for the paving of floors.
6547:
4340:
4167:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
3038:
3013:
2949:
2932:Introduction to Crystallography
2922:
2895:
2868:
2843:
2818:
2779:. Routledge. pp. 279–280.
2607:
2562:Tile Panels of Spain, 1500-1650
2552:
2527:
2503:
2476:
2417:
2374:
2319:
2117:
2081:
2006:. London: Thames & Hudson.
1694:
582:(no longer extant), founded by
6612:Islamic architectural elements
6484:National Museum of Mathematics
6236:Regole generali d'architettura
2875:Calcatinge, Alexandru (2014).
2534:Campbell, Gordon, ed. (2006).
2425:"sgraffito | art | Britannica"
2301:López, Jesús Bermúdez (2011).
2056:
1995:
1467:in Meknes (early 18th century)
1369:of the Alhambra (14th century)
1331:emblem inserted in the center)
899:tiles are first fabricated in
891:
13:
1:
2999:10.1180/claymin.2014.049.1.04
2656:10.1080/13629387.2018.1483877
1728:
1296:patterns in the 14th-century
158:patterns was also evident in
6009:Garden of Cosmic Speculation
5274:Mathematics and architecture
4259:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
3135:Video of how zellige is made
3083:) by Khalid Saib (in Arabic)
2038:Rosser-Owen, Mariam (2010).
1977:Caruncho, Daniel S. (2018).
843:gate in Fez, built in 1913.
554:decoration. The dado of the
493:craftsmen, most notably the
7:
2802:Islam: Art and Architecture
2395:10.4000/archeosciences.6947
2389:(in French) (43): 265–274.
2356:Charpentier, Agnès (2018).
2275:The Art of the Islamic Tile
2152:The Art of the Islamic Tile
1847:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
1658:
1451:in Marrakesh (16th century)
803:(now ruined). Some of the
464:), blues, and a dark brown
452:were commonly topped by an
184:) is derived from the verb
67:
10:
6643:
5526:Islamic geometric patterns
3627:Islamic geometric patterns
2902:Hvidsten, Michael (2016).
2850:Mack, Rosamond E. (2001).
2208:. Paris: Louvre éditions.
2094:Oxford Living Dictionaries
2004:Islamic Geometric Patterns
1327:(14th century; with later
1292:drawing recording various
1007:Islamic geometric patterns
1004:
706:Metropolitan Museum of Art
526:art are the dadoes of the
233:
162:tiles produced during the
6523:
6492:
6446:
6400:
6347:A Mathematician's Apology
6307:
6260:
6143:
6106:
6099:
5931:
5784:
5730:
5721:
5668:
5610:
5466:
5455:
5354:
5257:Influences on Western art
5225:
5193:
5069:
5031:
4987:
4957:
4884:
4851:
4842:
4777:
4756:
4715:
4667:
4622:
4578:
4571:
4560:
4484:
4357:
4348:
4272:
4216:
4185:
4159:
4109:
4061:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
4038:
3922:
3915:
3841:
3798:
3747:
3695:
3573:
3489:
3440:
3378:
3367:
3348:
3341:
3177:
2614:Marçais, Georges (1927).
2511:"Panel of 4 cuenca tiles"
1853:. Yale University Press.
1785:Marçais, Georges (1954).
1589:tiles due in part to the
1197:across periods and styles
960:Artisan workers chipping
91:, most notably elaborate
6459:The Bridges Organization
4177:Museum with No Frontiers
2929:Hoffmann, Frank (2020).
2326:Makovicky, Emil (2016).
1815:Parker, Richard (1981).
1687:
1580:
1220:, Morocco (14th century)
93:Islamic geometric motifs
6602:Architecture in Algeria
6597:Architecture in Morocco
6554:خالد،, السايب، (2016).
6321:The Grammar of Ornament
6273:Nature's Harmonic Unity
6183:De prospectiva pingendi
4288:Architecture portal
2589:Salmon, Xavier (2016).
2429:Encyclopedia Britannica
2099:Oxford University Press
2040:Islamic Arts from Spain
1237:Marinid Madrasa of Salé
247:Mosaic tiling from the
216:is also referred to as
169:
113:architecture of Algeria
109:architecture of Morocco
6474:Institute For Figuring
6386:The 'Life' of a Carpet
6211:A Treatise on Painting
5247:Indo-Saracenic Revival
4193:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3593:(multicoloured ashlar)
2825:Werner, Louis (2001).
2042:. V&A Publishing.
1620:
1554:
1487:(on a fountain in the
1190:
1102:
1076:
1028:
855:
765:
708:
625:
519:
387:
322:
252:
45:
27:Mosaic tile decoration
6355:George David Birkhoff
6329:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
6197:De divina proportione
6177:Piero della Francesca
6156:Leon Battista Alberti
5743:Piero della Francesca
5382:Hyperboloid structure
5202:Empire of the Sultans
3930:Congregational mosque
3388:(four-arch structure)
1603:
1548:
1421:in Fez (14th century)
1172:, for 50 points, and
1142:
1070:
1014:
849:
756:
695:
677:– and sometimes from
609:
507:
372:
312:
246:
107:. It is found in the
35:
6627:Moorish architecture
6280:Frederik Macody Lund
6151:Filippo Brunelleschi
6032:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
5894:La condition humaine
5165:Arab World Institute
4975:Ottoman illumination
4254:Ottoman architecture
4244:Moorish architecture
4239:Islamic architecture
4234:Iranian architecture
3657:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3511:(or müezzin mahfili)
3171:Islamic architecture
2745:Bonner, Jay (2017).
2638:Shafer, Ann (2019).
2002:Broug, Eric (2008).
1671:Islamic architecture
1348:Court of the Myrtles
807:compositions in the
556:Mirador of Lindaraja
529:Mirador de Lindaraja
379:Mirador de Lindaraja
230:) meaning "to cut".
6505:Mathematical beauty
6430:Rhythm of Structure
6373:Gödel, Escher, Bach
6169:De re aedificatoria
5800:The Ancient of Days
5419:Projective geometry
5348:Mathematics and art
4291: •
4278: •
4264:Yemeni architecture
4249:Mughal architecture
4229:Berber architecture
4224:Arabic architecture
3888:Salsabil (fountain)
3622:Islamic calligraphy
2991:2014ClMin..49...35O
2935:. Springer Nature.
1449:Ben Youssef Madrasa
1419:al-Attarine Madrasa
1058:Indian subcontinent
548:Torre de la Cautiva
535:Torre de la Cautiva
42:Ben Youssef Madrasa
6510:Patterns in nature
6367:Douglas Hofstadter
5993:Desmond Paul Henry
5983:Bathsheba Grossman
5915:The Swallow's Tail
5836:Giorgio de Chirico
5708:Sydney Opera House
5563:Croatian interlace
5242:Aniconism in Islam
5180:Toronto (Aga Khan)
5137:Khalili Collection
5002:Geometric patterns
4410:Bahmani and Deccan
3965:Kuttab (or maktab)
3128:2015-11-28 at the
3116:2022-03-27 at the
3104:2016-11-14 at the
3025:Human Rights Watch
2905:Exploring Geometry
2831:Saudi Aramco World
2593:. Paris: LienArt.
1575:mathematics of art
1555:
1298:Tashfiniya Madrasa
1077:
1073:Bou Inania Madrasa
1046:aniconism in Islam
1029:
1025:Alcázar of Seville
1001:Forms and patterns
871:In Morocco today,
856:
766:
709:
641:Bou Inania Madrasa
626:
618:Bou Inania Madrasa
580:Tashfiniya Madrasa
520:
495:Alcazar of Seville
473:, and the Marinid
388:
323:
300:Qal'at Bani Hammad
253:
249:Qal'at Bani Hammad
46:
36:A wall covered in
6567:978-9954-37-649-2
6543:
6542:
6396:
6395:
6360:Aesthetic Measure
6231:Sebastiano Serlio
6205:Leonardo da Vinci
6095:
6094:
6087:Margaret Wertheim
5748:Leonardo da Vinci
5314:
5313:
4983:
4982:
4838:
4837:
4810:Hardstone carving
4707:Chinese influence
4558:
4557:
4544:Stucco decoration
4308:
4307:
4155:
4154:
3911:
3910:
3898:Shading Umbrellas
3682:Stucco decoration
3582:For overview, see
3397:Four-centred arch
2942:978-3-030-35110-6
2915:978-1-4987-6098-0
2888:978-3-643-90495-9
2758:978-1-4419-0217-7
2572:978-0-87535-110-0
2339:978-3-11-041719-7
2162:978-2-08-010876-0
2013:978-0-500-28721-7
1942:978-0-19-530991-1
1511:Mahkamat al-Pasha
1166:arba' wa 'ishrini
1021:geometric pattern
390:The more complex
288:Byzantine mosaics
125:Iberian Peninsula
65:
16:(Redirected from
6634:
6572:
6571:
6551:
6531:
6530:
6381:Nikos Salingaros
6104:
6103:
6072:Hiroshi Sugimoto
6022:Robert Longhurst
5968:Helaman Ferguson
5923:Crockett Johnson
5852:Circle Limit III
5821:Danseuse au café
5728:
5727:
5698:Pyramid of Khufu
5461:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5153:Majorelle Garden
4849:
4848:
4682:Hispano-Moresque
4576:
4575:
4566:
4375:Anatolian Seljuk
4355:
4354:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4301:Islam portal
4299:
4298:
4297:
4286:
4285:
3920:
3919:
3585:Islamic ornament
3464:South Asian dome
3392:Discharging arch
3373:
3346:
3345:
3190:Anatolian Seljuk
3164:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3082:
3081:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3042:
3036:
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3033:
3032:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2970:
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2920:
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2872:
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2507:
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2378:
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2201:
2184:
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2173:
2167:
2166:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2101:. Archived from
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2035:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1947:
1946:
1924:
1899:
1898:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1844:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1722:
1698:
1526:
1502:
1476:
1460:
1445:
1430:
1405:
1393:
1378:
1359:
1340:
1309:
1286:
1267:
1248:
1229:
1205:
1084:tilework of the
989:
977:
957:
945:
794:imperial citadel
540:Arabic epigraphy
438:Geometric motifs
331:Kutubiyya Mosque
229:
228:
193:
192:
183:
182:
148:Hassan II Mosque
117:sites in Tunisia
115:, early Islamic
79:, is a style of
71:), also spelled
70:
60:
58:
21:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6568:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6519:
6515:Sacred geometry
6488:
6454:Ars Mathematica
6442:
6392:
6303:
6256:
6243:Andrea Palladio
6139:
6132:De architectura
6091:
6047:Antoine Pevsner
6027:Jeanette McLeod
5978:Susan Goldstine
5927:
5786:
5780:
5717:
5703:Sagrada Família
5664:
5606:
5474:Algorithmic art
5462:
5453:
5449:Wallpaper group
5387:Minimal surface
5350:
5345:
5315:
5310:
5279:Moorish Revival
5227:
5221:
5189:
5106:Calligraphy Art
5072:
5065:
5027:
4979:
4953:
4880:
4844:
4834:
4800:Enamelled glass
4773:
4752:
4711:
4663:
4618:
4579:Regional styles
4567:
4554:
4480:
4451:Sudano-Sahelian
4358:Regional styles
4344:
4339:
4309:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4280:
4268:
4212:
4203:Moorish Revival
4181:
4151:
4117:Albarrana tower
4105:
4034:
4021:in modern Iran)
3935:Dar al-Muwaqqit
3907:
3858:(fountain type)
3843:
3837:
3800:
3794:
3785:Reflecting pool
3780:Persian gardens
3775:Paradise garden
3743:
3720:(entrance hall)
3691:
3647:Nagash painting
3569:
3491:
3485:
3436:
3407:Lambrequin arch
3374:
3365:
3337:
3308:Sudano-Sahelian
3173:
3168:
3130:Wayback Machine
3118:Wayback Machine
3106:Wayback Machine
3090:
3069:
3067:Further reading
3064:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2971:
2962:
2954:
2950:
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2927:
2923:
2916:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2827:"Zillij in Fez"
2823:
2819:
2812:
2798:
2794:
2787:
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2726:
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2187:
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2163:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2129:www.azulejos.fr
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2105:on 8 April 2019
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2069:www.almaany.com
2063:Team, Almaany.
2061:
2057:
2050:
2036:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1975:
1950:
1943:
1925:
1902:
1895:
1879:
1868:
1861:
1845:
1824:
1813:
1794:
1783:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1708:engaged columns
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1661:
1628:
1583:
1541:
1538:Bank Al-Maghrib
1527:
1518:
1503:
1494:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1360:
1351:
1350:of the Alhambra
1341:
1332:
1310:
1301:
1287:
1278:
1268:
1259:
1249:
1240:
1230:
1221:
1206:
1103:pajarita nazarí
1031:In traditional
1009:
1003:
996:
990:
981:
978:
969:
958:
949:
946:
894:
744:Casa de Pilatos
683:Qallaline tiles
655:
562:In addition to
414:, the forms of
367:
276:Georges Marçais
258:fragments from
241:
236:
172:
99:. This form of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6640:
6630:
6629:
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6609:
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6336:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6297:The Greek Vase
6289:
6288:
6287:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6219:Albrecht Dürer
6216:
6215:
6214:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6165:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6110:
6108:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6082:Roman Verostko
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6057:Alba Rojo Cama
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6003:Charles Jencks
6000:
5995:
5990:
5988:George W. Hart
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5815:Jean Metzinger
5812:
5811:
5810:
5803:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5764:
5762:Albrecht Dürer
5759:
5758:
5757:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
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5533:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5481:
5479:Anamorphic art
5476:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5407:Camera obscura
5404:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5306:Topkapı Scroll
5303:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5244:
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5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5161:
5156:
5145:
5140:
5129:British Museum
5125:
5120:
5113:Islamic Museum
5109:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
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5019:
5014:
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4999:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4981:
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4977:
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4967:
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4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
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4941:
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4926:
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4911:
4906:
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4896:
4890:
4888:
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4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4824:Stained glass
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4795:Damascus steel
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4754:
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4273:
4270:
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4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4217:Category pages
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4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
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4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4091:Medina quarter
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
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4036:
4035:
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3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:Riwaq (arcade)
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:Islamic garden
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
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3699:
3697:
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3644:
3639:
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3568:
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3517:
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3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Multifoil arch
3409:
3404:
3402:Horseshoe arch
3399:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3352:
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3207:
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3197:
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3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3089:
3088:External links
3086:
3085:
3084:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3037:
3012:
2960:
2948:
2941:
2921:
2914:
2894:
2887:
2867:
2860:
2842:
2817:
2810:
2792:
2785:
2764:
2757:
2724:
2717:
2699:
2692:
2669:
2650:(5): 758–785.
2623:
2606:
2599:
2578:
2571:
2551:
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2526:
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2495:
2475:
2468:
2441:
2416:
2373:
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2318:
2311:
2290:
2283:
2246:
2240:978-3902782311
2239:
2221:
2214:
2185:
2168:
2161:
2141:
2116:
2080:
2055:
2048:
2019:
2012:
1994:
1987:
1948:
1941:
1900:
1894:978-3902782311
1893:
1866:
1859:
1822:
1792:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1627:
1621:
1582:
1579:
1543:
1542:
1532:reinterpreted
1530:Edmond Brion's
1528:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:Bab al-Mansour
1462:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1367:Comares Palace
1361:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1273:fragment from
1269:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:(14th century)
1231:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1136:article about
1111:arba'a matariq
1002:
999:
998:
997:
991:
984:
982:
979:
972:
970:
959:
952:
950:
947:
940:
893:
890:
852:Place el-Hedim
841:Bab Bou Jeloud
786:Moulay Isma'il
720:("hollow") or
654:
651:
624:(14th century)
420:Hafsid dynasty
386:(14th century)
366:
363:
347:Jonathan Bloom
343:Sanhaja Berber
240:
237:
235:
232:
171:
168:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6639:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6617:Wallcoverings
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6569:
6563:
6560:(in Arabic).
6559:
6558:
6550:
6546:
6536:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6500:Droste effect
6498:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Mathemalchemy
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:Organizations
6445:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6416:Lumen Naturae
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6268:Samuel Colman
6266:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:Daina Taimiņa
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6062:Reza Sarhangi
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5973:Peter Forakis
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5902:Salvador Dalí
5900:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5888:René Magritte
5886:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5859:Print Gallery
5856:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5828:L'Oiseau bleu
5825:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5794:William Blake
5792:
5791:
5789:
5783:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5754:Vitruvian Man
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5738:Paolo Uccello
5736:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5659:Pi in the Sky
5656:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5631:Mathemalchemy
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5499:Vastu shastra
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Geodesic dome
5487:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:Plastic ratio
5412:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:Camera lucida
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Ivory carving
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Hasht-Bihisht
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Jama'at Khana
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Mughal garden
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3136:
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3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:Clay Minerals
2976:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2908:. CRC Press.
2907:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2861:0-520-22131-1
2857:
2853:
2846:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2811:9783848003808
2807:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2786:9781134613663
2782:
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2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
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2710:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2600:9782359061826
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2545:9780195189483
2541:
2537:
2530:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2496:9781588394347
2492:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:. 16 May 2014
2430:
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2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
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806:
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788:(1672–1727),
787:
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774:Saadi dynasty
771:
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584:Abu Tashfin I
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315:Kasbah Mosque
311:
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89:tessellations
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43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
6556:
6549:
6532:
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6421:
6414:
6407:
6401:Publications
6385:
6371:
6359:
6345:
6333:
6319:
6296:
6292:Jay Hambidge
6285:Ad Quadratum
6284:
6272:
6247:
6235:
6223:
6209:
6195:
6191:Luca Pacioli
6181:
6167:
6160:
6130:
6118:
6042:Hinke Osinga
6037:István Orosz
6007:
5998:Anthony Hill
5953:Scott Draves
5948:Erik Demaine
5932:Contemporary
5913:
5906:
5892:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5846:M. C. Escher
5826:
5819:
5805:
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5771:
5767:Parmigianino
5752:
5683:Hagia Sophia
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5545:
5506:Computer art
5484:Architecture
5444:Tessellation
5427:Architecture
5377:Golden ratio
5298:
5294:Pseudo-Kufic
5234:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5123:Kuala Lumpur
5021:
5016:
4548:
4400:Indo-Islamic
4390:Great Seljuk
4350:Architecture
4292:
4279:
4276:Islamic arts
4056:Caravanserai
3686:
3581:
3535:Loudspeakers
3460:Persian dome
3422:Pointed arch
3220:Indo-Islamic
3210:Great Seljuk
3072:
3053:. Retrieved
3049:
3040:
3029:. Retrieved
3027:. 2012-11-15
3024:
3015:
2985:(1): 35–51.
2982:
2978:
2955:
2951:
2931:
2924:
2904:
2897:
2877:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2830:
2820:
2801:
2795:
2776:
2751:. Springer.
2747:
2708:
2702:
2683:
2647:
2643:
2616:
2609:
2590:
2561:
2554:
2535:
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:
2505:
2485:
2478:
2459:
2433:. Retrieved
2428:
2419:
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2376:
2357:
2328:
2321:
2302:
2274:
2230:
2224:
2205:
2178:
2171:
2151:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:the original
2092:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:
2039:
2003:
1997:
1978:
1932:
1883:
1849:
1816:
1786:
1711:
1701:
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1533:
1506:
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1433:
1414:darj-wa-ktaf
1412:
1408:
1381:
1362:
1343:
1312:
1293:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1232:
1209:
1194:
1193:Examples of
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1134:Aramco World
1131:
1126:
1123:darj-wa-ktaf
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1081:
1078:
1061:
1038:tessellation
1032:
1030:
1016:
992:
966:Fez, Morocco
961:
918:
912:
909:radius gauge
896:
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885:
881:
872:
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851:
835:
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391:
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324:
295:
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209:
195:
185:
175:
173:
155:
143:
139:
137:
128:
76:
72:
48:
47:
44:in Marrakesh
37:
29:
6587:Ceramic art
6341:G. H. Hardy
6144:Renaissance
6114:Polykleitos
6052:Tony Robbin
5963:John Ernest
5958:Jan Dibbets
5908:Crucifixion
5731:Renaissance
5585:Mathematics
5558:Celtic knot
5521:Fractal art
5423:Proportion
5397:Perspective
5226:Principles,
5194:Exhibitions
5147:Marrakech (
5143:Los Angeles
5111:Jerusalem (
5073:collections
5024:Calligraphy
4904:Indo-Muslim
4886:Calligraphy
4820:Mosque lamp
4778:Other media
4697:Mina'i ware
4586:Bangladeshi
4342:Islamic art
3903:Windcatcher
3884:(courtyard)
3637:Mosque lamp
3617:Girih tiles
3574:Decorations
3452:Arabic dome
1719:Badi Palace
1713:cuerda seca
1666:Girih tiles
1479:Example of
1290:Watercolour
1258:tiles above
1208:Remains of
1152:, found in
1121:) motif. A
1086:al-Attarine
1042:Islamic art
1015:Example of
892:Fabrication
801:Badi Palace
796:in Meknes.
740:Renaissance
738:or Italian
727:cuerda seca
696:Example of
511:remains in
458:iron oxides
359:Badi Palace
325:During the
262:(Sabra) in
164:Renaissance
101:Islamic art
6622:Terracotta
6581:Categories
6315:Owen Jones
6162:De pictura
6067:Oliver Sin
6017:Andy Lomas
5866:Relativity
5597:String art
5511:Fiber arts
5392:Paraboloid
5300:Stilfragen
5228:influences
5100:Istanbul (
5033:The garden
4989:Decoration
4958:Other arts
4853:Miniatures
4738:Embroidery
4692:Lustreware
4551:Decoration
4514:Mashrabiya
4422:Indonesian
4186:Influences
4101:Well house
3872:Mashrabiya
3520:Hussainiya
3456:Onion dome
3247:Indonesian
3235:Qutb Shahi
3055:2019-05-22
3031:2019-05-22
2836:2022-10-02
2718:1873938497
2693:1873938497
2520:2022-10-06
2515:MET Museum
2469:1873938497
2435:2022-10-06
2284:208010876X
2074:2020-05-29
1729:References
1515:Casablanca
1463:Detail of
1182:honeycombs
1158:'itnashari
1056:, and the
1005:See also:
924:grass and
634:(from the
576:scrollwork
454:epigraphic
448:geometric
408:al-Andalus
345:culture.
202:Portuguese
152:Casablanca
121:al-Andalus
6126:Vitruvius
6100:Theorists
5880:Waterfall
5785:19th–20th
5713:Taj Mahal
5693:Parthenon
5670:Buildings
5624:Continuum
5592:Sculpture
5568:Interlace
5362:Algorithm
5262:Grotesque
5175:Singapore
5159:Melbourne
4997:Arabesque
4426:Malaysian
4160:Resources
3923:Religious
3893:Shabestan
3851:Hypostyle
3833:Shadirvan
3602:Arabesque
3525:Imamzadeh
3490:Religious
3470:Semi-dome
3417:Ogee arch
3386:Chahartaq
3349:Materials
3276:Almoravid
3251:Malaysian
3050:USA TODAY
3007:131441497
2664:149949424
2411:242181689
2403:1960-1360
1626:craftsmen
1595:kaolinite
1517:, Morocco
1256:sgraffito
854:in Meknes
832:spandrels
828:sgraffito
817:strapwork
631:sgraffito
613:sgraffito
572:palmettes
466:manganese
442:arabesque
339:Marrakesh
319:Marrakesh
218:alicatado
174:The word
62:romanized
6534:Category
6261:Romantic
5939:Max Bill
5873:Reptiles
5688:Pantheon
5645:Octacube
5611:Artworks
5553:Knotting
5541:Muqarnas
5439:Symmetry
5367:Catenary
5355:Concepts
5267:Moresque
5127:London (
5071:Museums,
5056:Paradise
5041:Charbagh
5022:See also
4924:Nastaliq
4914:Muhaqqaq
4845:the book
4757:Woodwork
4716:Textiles
4677:Fritware
4549:See also
4534:Muqarnas
4529:Mocárabe
4486:Elements
4274:Part of
4110:Military
4046:Baradari
4039:Civilian
3862:Jharokha
3823:Mechouar
3760:Charbagh
3703:Andaruni
3677:Socarrat
3642:Muqarnas
3540:Maqsurah
3432:Vaulting
3361:Tadelakt
3342:Elements
3291:Zayyanid
3271:Aghlabid
3126:Archived
3114:Archived
3102:Archived
1681:Tadelakt
1659:See also
1615:smectite
1611:chlorite
1563:Venetian
1321:Alhambra
1170:khamsini
1164:for 20,
1162:'ishrini
1160:for 12,
1146:tesserae
1140:states:
1054:Anatolia
964:pieces,
748:Americas
687:maiolica
532:and the
475:madrasas
400:Zayyanid
384:Alhambra
361:museum.
333:and the
284:Ifriqiya
214:Alhambra
133:minarets
123:(in the
97:polygons
6493:Related
6107:Ancient
5841:Man Ray
5787:Century
5723:Artists
5580:Origami
5494:Pyramid
5372:Fractal
5284:Mudéjar
5185:Tripoli
5163:Paris (
5133:V&A
5061:Persian
5051:Ottoman
4965:Muraqqa
4944:Thuluth
4929:Persian
4876:Persian
4871:Ottoman
4843:Arts of
4828:Shabaka
4702:Persian
4669:Pottery
4654:Turkish
4649:Persian
4624:Carpets
4613:Ottoman
4609:Turkish
4603:Safavid
4591:Persian
4524:Minaret
4499:Banna'i
4471:Umayyad
4466:Timurid
4456:Swahili
4446:Ottoman
4441:Moorish
4431:Iranian
4405:Bengali
4385:Fatimid
4380:Chinese
4370:Ayyubid
4365:Abbasid
4208:Mudéjar
4172:ArchNet
4122:Alcázar
3995:Musalla
3980:Maqbara
3970:Madrasa
3960:Külliye
3955:Khanqah
3945:Gongbei
3844:cooling
3842:Passive
3808:Chhatri
3801:objects
3799:Outdoor
3748:Gardens
3724:Mirador
3662:Shabaka
3652:Qashani
3607:Banna'i
3550:Minaret
3492:objects
3482:(eaves)
3480:Chhajja
3427:Squinch
3328:Umayyad
3323:Timurid
3313:Swahili
3298:Ottoman
3281:Almohad
3266:Moorish
3256:Iranian
3225:Bengali
3205:Fatimid
3200:Chinese
3195:Ayyubid
3185:Abbasid
2987:Bibcode
2134:8 April
2109:8 April
1721:museum.
1676:Qashani
1640:ma'alem
1635:ma'alem
1599:calcite
1591:Miocene
1509:in the
1485:Tétouan
1329:Spanish
1325:Granada
1319:of the
1275:Tlemcen
1214:Chellah
922:esparto
878:Tétouan
866:capital
813:in situ
784:sultan
760:in the
714:Seville
659:Ottoman
649:motif.
636:Italian
592:Chellah
517:Tlemcen
513:Chellah
491:Mudéjar
471:Tlemcen
412:Maghreb
396:Marinid
382:in the
355:Morocco
327:Almohad
304:Algeria
292:faience
268:Fatimid
264:Tunisia
234:History
210:zillīj.
206:Spanish
197:azulejo
160:Spanish
77:zellige
64::
40:at the
18:Zellige
6607:Mosaic
6592:Tiling
6564:
6308:Modern
5944:Martin
5807:Newton
5602:Tiling
5546:Zellij
5516:4D art
5169:Louvre
5149:Museum
5096:Ghazni
5081:Berlin
5046:Mughal
5017:Zellij
4949:Tughra
4899:Diwani
4894:Arabic
4866:Mughal
4861:Arabic
4769:Minbar
4764:Khatam
4748:Suzani
4743:Soumak
4728:Damask
4659:Prayer
4642:Motifs
4539:Sitara
4519:Mihrab
4476:Yemeni
4436:Mamluk
4415:Mughal
4132:Kasbah
4081:Kasbah
4071:Hammam
4066:Ghorfa
4051:Bazaar
4030:Zawiya
4019:takyeh
3990:Mosque
3940:Dargah
3867:Kucheh
3813:Eidgah
3739:Zenana
3687:Zellij
3672:Sitara
3667:Shamsa
3555:Minbar
3545:Mihrab
3530:Kiswah
3515:Gonbad
3379:Arches
3333:Yemeni
3303:Somali
3286:Hafsid
3261:Mamluk
3240:Mughal
3230:Deccan
3178:Styles
3005:
2939:
2912:
2885:
2858:
2808:
2783:
2755:
2715:
2690:
2662:
2597:
2569:
2542:
2493:
2466:
2409:
2401:
2364:
2336:
2309:
2281:
2237:
2212:
2159:
2046:
2010:
1985:
1939:
1891:
1857:
1653:zellīj
1648:zellīj
1631:Zellīj
1624:Zellij
1607:illite
1587:zellīj
1567:zellij
1551:zellīj
1534:zellij
1507:zellij
1490:Mellah
1481:zellij
1434:Zellij
1409:Zellij
1382:Zellij
1363:Zellij
1344:Zellij
1317:Mexuar
1313:Zellij
1294:zellij
1271:Zellij
1252:Zellij
1233:Zellij
1210:Zellij
1195:zellij
1178:furmah
1174:mi'ini
1154:zillij
1150:furmah
1138:zellij
1115:zellij
1107:zellij
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