372:. This was a program to improve the database on nuclear hardening design techniques for defense satellites. The VLOS test configuration involved placing a nuclear device (less than 20 kilotons) at the bottom of a shaft. A communications satellite or other experiment was placed in a partially evacuated test chamber simulating a space environment. The test chamber was parked at ground level at the top of the shaft. At zero time, the radiation from the device shot up the vertical pipe to the surface test chamber. Mechanical closures then intercepted and sealed the pipe, preventing the explosive shock wave from damaging the targets. The test chamber was immediately disconnected by remote control from the pipe and quickly winched to safety before the ground could subside to form a crater. The Huron King test cost US$ 10.3 million in 1980 (equivalent to $ 38.1 million today).
443:, and eight further sites in five other states. The Underground Test Area (UGTA) subproject focuses on defining the boundaries of areas containing unsafe water contaminated with radionuclides from underground nuclear tests. The ongoing subproject is tasked with predicting the future extent of contaminated water due to natural flow and it is expected to quantify safe limits for human health. Yucca Flat was identified as a Corrective Action Unit (CAU). Because of the great expense and virtual impossibility of cleaning up the Nevada Test Site, it has been characterized as a "national
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relatively large amount of energy was vented to the atmosphere, estimated to be 2.5 kilotons (7.4 bars of pressure). Two radioactive dust clouds rose up from the explosion and traveled across the United States, one at 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and the other at 16,000 ft (4,900 m). Both dropped radioactive particles across the USA before crossing into the sky above the
Atlantic Ocean. Among many other radioisotopes, the clouds carried 880
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213:, was the largest atmospheric test ever conducted within the continental United States; nearly five times larger in yield than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. A balloon carried Hood up to 1,510 ft (460 m) above the ground where it was detonated. Over 2,000 troops took part in the test in order to train them in conducting operations on the nuclear battlefield. 11 megacuries (410 PBq) of
31:
217:(I) were released into the air. With a relatively brief half-life of eight days, I is useful as a determinant in tracking specific nuclear contamination events. Iodine-131 comprises about 2% of radioactive materials in a cloud of dust stemming from a nuclear test, and causes thyroid problems if ingested.
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air-to-air rocket designed to destroy incoming enemy bombers with a nuclear explosion. The two-kiloton warhead exploded approximately three miles (4.8 km) above five volunteers and a photographer who stood unprotected at "ground zero" in Area 10 to demonstrate the purported safety of battlefield
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Yucca Flat saw 739 nuclear tests, including 827 separate detonations. The higher number of detonations is from single tests that included multiple nuclear explosions occurring within a 0.1 second time window and inside a 1.2 mi (2 km) diameter circle. Sixty-two such tests took place at NTS.
343:
Two US Federal court cases resulted from the
Baneberry event. Two NTS workers who were exposed to high levels of radiation from Baneberry died in 1974, both from acute myeloid leukemia. The district court found that although the Government had acted negligently, the radiation from the Baneberry test
126:
West of the dry lake bed, cresting the top of Yucca Pass, is
Control Point, or CP-1, the 31,600 sq ft (2,940 m) complex of buildings which contains testing and monitoring equipment for nuclear tests, and a cafeteria that seats 32. CP-1 overlooks both Yucca and Frenchman Flats. Today,
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dot the desert floor. A crater could develop when an underground nuclear explosion vaporized surrounding bedrock and sediment. The vapor cooled to liquid lava and pooled at the bottom of the cavity created by the explosion. Cracked rock and sediment layers above the explosion often settled into the
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on
December 18, 1970. The Baneberry 10-kiloton test detonated 900 ft (270 m) below the surface but its energy cracked the soil in unexpected ways, causing a fissure near ground zero and the failure of the shaft and cap. A plume of fire and dust was released 3.5 minutes after initiation,
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had been strongly supported by the UN General
Assembly in 1991, and negotiations began in earnest in 1993. The United States, on October 3, 1992, suspended all nuclear weapons testing programs in anticipation of eventual ratification of the treaty. The partially assembled cabling, towers and
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which sought to discover whether nuclear weapons could be used for peaceful means in creating lakes, bays or canals. The explosion displaced twelve million tons of earth, creating a crater 1,280 ft (390 m) wide and 320 ft (98 m) deep in Area 10. For an underground shot, a
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counties in northeast
California, and to lesser degrees in southern Idaho, northern Nevada and some eastern sections of Oregon and Washington states. The three diverging jet stream layers conducted radionuclides across the US to Canada, the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.
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geology found in the Yucca Flat
Corrective Action Unit (CAU). The intent was to discover the character, thickness, and lateral extent of pre-Tertiary rock formations that affect the flow of underground water. In particular, a major goal was to define the
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Some 86 workers at the site were exposed to radioactivity, but according to the
Department of Energy none received a dose exceeding site guidelines and, similarly, radiation drifting offsite was not considered to pose a hazard by the DOE. In March 2009,
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made for straightforward visual documentation of atmospheric nuclear tests. When testing went underground, deep layers of sedimentary soil from the erosion of the surrounding mountains allowed for relatively easy drilling of test holes.
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The United States
Department of Energy produced a report in April, 1997, on a subproject of the Nevada Environmental Restoration Project. The larger project involves environmental restoration and mitigation activities in the NTS,
929:: Court proceedings of William Nunamaker vs. the United States and Harley Roberts vs. the United States, as they came to trial January 1979, in Federal District Court, Las Vegas. Donated by Judge Robert Foley.
384:'s "Divider" on September 23, 1992, just prior to the moratorium temporarily ending all nuclear testing. Divider was a safety experiment test shot that was detonated at the bottom of a shaft sunk into Area 3.
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before nuclear testing began in the area. To the west of the dry lake bed is News Nob, a rocky outcropping from which journalists and VIPs were able to watch atmospheric nuclear tests at Yucca Flat.
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nuclear weapons to personnel on the ground. The test also demonstrated the ability of a fighter aircraft to deliver a nuclear-tipped rocket and avoid being destroyed in the process. A Northrop
186:. It was the world's first failure of a nuclear device. Over the next two weeks, four successful tests were conducted via airdrop, with bomber aircraft releasing nuclear weapons over Area 7.
319:. After dropping a portion of its material locally, the plume's lighter particles were carried to three altitudes and conveyed by winter storms and the jet stream to be deposited heavily as
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49:(NTS), and is divided into nine test sections: Areas 1 through 4 and 6 through 10. Yucca Flat is located at the eastern edge of NTS, about ten miles (16 km) north of
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463:(MT) and audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) data at the Nevada Test Site from 51 data stations placed in and near Yucca Flat to get a more accurate idea of the pre-
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is home to a number of storage containers holding contaminated scrap metal and debris, and is subject to periodic monitoring of radioactivity levels.
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At the south end of Yucca Flat is Yucca Lake, also called Yucca Dry Lake. The dry, alkaline lake bed holds a restricted runway (
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Baneberry's accidental radioactive plume rises from a shock fissure. It was carried in three different directions by the wind
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lie amid weeds and blowing dust, waiting for a possible resumption of nuclear testing. Shot "Greenwater" awaits its fate in
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The radioactivity present on the ground in Area 1 provides a radiologically-contaminated environment for the training of
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Yucca Flat has hundreds of subsidence craters from underground nuclear weapons tests. Asian Lake is visible on the right.
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No test at Yucca Flat ever exceeded 500 kilotons of expected yield. Tests of larger explosions were carried out at
368:) was subjected to radioactivity from the "Huron King" shot in a vertical line-of-sight (VLOS) test undertaken in
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Yucca Flat has been called "the most irradiated, nuclear-blasted spot on the face of the earth". In March 2009,
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Theodore H. Asch, Brian D. Rodriguez, Jay A. Sampson, Erin L. Wallin, and Jackie M. Williams. (September 2006)
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Aftermath: The
Remnants of War: From Landmines to Chemical Warfare – The Devastating Effects of Modern Combat
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The first test explosion at Yucca Flat came after five prior atmospheric tests at nearby Area 5 as part of
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United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. James Randall Roberts v. United States of America. (1996)
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raining fallout on workers in different locations within NTS. The radioactive plume released 6.7
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The "John" shot of Plumbbob, on July 19, 1957, was the first test firing of the nuclear-tipped
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1078:"US Department of Energy. Nevada Operations Office. Library. Photo Library. Photo Details
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Underground test area quality assurance project plan, Nevada test site, Nevada. Revision 1
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DOE Scientific and Technical Information. Information Bridge. Bibliographic Citation.
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did not cause the leukemia cases. The district decision was upheld on appeal in 1996.
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Drill rigs operated around the clock to prepare shafts deep enough for nuclear testing
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The final test at Yucca Flat (also the last test at the entire Nevada Test Site) was
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Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940–1980
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Three tests planned for 1993 have been abandoned in place, two in Yucca Flat. The
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Jackie M. Williams, Brian D. Rodriguez, and Theodore H. Asch. (November 2005)
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identified the Baneberry Test as one of the world's worst nuclear disasters.
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Magnetotelluric Data, North Central Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nevada.
955:"US Department of Energy. Nevada Operations Office. Library. Factsheets.
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Subsidence craters show past underground nuclear explosions at Yucca Flat
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University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Libraries Special Collections. MS 19.
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First responder trainees treat a simulated radiation victim in Area 1
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The Huron King test chamber was used to simulate the vacuum of space
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Control Point is the center for support of all activity at the NTS.
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Deep Resistivity Structure of Yucca Flat, Nevada Test Site, Nevada.
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315:) of radioactive material, including 80 kCi (3.0 PBq) of
824:"University of Las Vegas. Nevada Test Site Oral History Project.
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193:. Uncle detonated on November 29, 1951 within a shaft sunk into
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History of the Nevada Test Site and Nuclear Testing Background
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United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992
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Yucca Flat occupies most of the central east portion of the
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Three Dimensional Simulation of the Baneberry Nuclear Event
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at the Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Includes photo gallery.
698:"National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health.
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The first underground test at NTS was the "Uncle" shot of
61:– nearly four of every five tests carried out at the NTS.
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National Register of Historic Places. Nye County, Nevada.
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Geologic Surface Effects of Underground Nuclear Testing
733:"California Literary Review. Peter Kuran. Images from
209:, the 74-kiloton "Hood" test on July 5, 1957, part of
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690:
688:
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Unethical human experimentation in the United States
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Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States
762:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. J. B. Knox.
589:"US Department of Energy. Nevada Operations Office.
45:, one of four major nuclear test regions within the
553:United States Geological Survey. Nevada Test Site.
882:Two-Sixty Press. Richard L. Miller. Fallout Maps.
685:
571:Gerald H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek (1984).
989:DOE Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, Nevada.
364:, on June 24, 1980, a small satellite prototype (
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421:. "Icecap" was to be a joint US-UK test event.
154:, as their geology allowed deeper test shafts.
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942:Underground Testing at the Nevada Test Site
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252:A dramatically different test shot was the
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174:. On October 22, 1951, the "Able" test of
1903:Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie
897:"Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site"
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260:on July 6, 1962, a 104 kiloton shot for
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1858:International Day against Nuclear Tests
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178:was detonated at the top of a tower in
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575:, Harper & Row, New York, p. 202.
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402:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
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1897:Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test
1822:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy
647:(Last Updated: 2007-04-19 09:22:27)"
281:National Register of Historic Places
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1878:Radiation Exposure Compensation Act
764:A Heuristic Examination of Scaling.
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57:. Yucca Flat was the site for 739
53:, and 65 miles (105 km) from
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1961:
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828:(interviewed September 20, 2004)"
735:How To Photograph an Atomic Bomb
503:How to Photograph an Atomic Bomb
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1940:Landforms of Nye County, Nevada
1919:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll
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472:(UCCU) in the Yucca Flat area.
459:(USGS) collected and processed
457:United States Geological Survey
405:equipment for shot "Icecap" in
302:hosted the "Baneberry" shot of
70:identified the 1970 Yucca Flat
1816:National Atomic Testing Museum
1720:Nevada Test and Training Range
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130:A subsidence crater in nearby
1:
559:. Accessed on April 18, 2009.
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16:Nuclear test region in Nevada
643:"Online Nevada. Alan Moore.
470:upper clastic confining unit
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626:The Worst Nuclear Disasters
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1107:"First Responder Training"
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114:) which was built by the
107:cavity to form a crater.
1863:Nevada Desert Experience
940:Nuclear weapon archive.
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535:The Beast of Yucca Flats
476:First responder training
1868:Nuclear weapons testing
1789:Pacific Proving Grounds
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116:Army Corps of Engineers
1669:Carson National Forest
1047:USGS. Science topics.
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441:Nellis Air Force Range
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245:is the largest at the
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1848:Desert Rock exercises
737:. (October 22, 2007)"
509:Jackass Flats, Nevada
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94:of Yucca Flat in the
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927:Baneberry Collection
854:"Shundahai Network.
672:"Operation Plumbbob"
409:and shot "Gabbs" in
1165: /
362:Operation Tinderbox
41:is a closed desert
1715:Sand Springs Range
1143:2012-02-14 at the
524:Nye County, Nevada
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437:Tonopah Test Range
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229:fired the rocket.
211:Operation Plumbbob
201:Operation Plumbbob
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104:subsidence craters
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1873:Project Plowshare
1802:
1801:
834:on August 1, 2008
396:IceCap test tower
279:was added to the
262:Project Plowshare
233:Project Plowshare
55:Las Vegas, Nevada
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1950:Basins of Nevada
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593:(December 2000)"
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519:Nevada Test Site
490:first responders
461:magnetotellurics
258:Operation Storax
247:Nevada Test Site
191:Operation Jangle
176:Operation Buster
172:Operation Ranger
90:The open, sandy
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25:Nevada Test Site
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112:Yucca Airstrip
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72:Baneberry Test
51:Frenchman Flat
43:drainage basin
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1450:Little Feller
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1413:Hardtack Teak
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1271:Buster–Jangle
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1117:on 2008-05-02
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1088:on 2008-08-04
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1033:0-679-75153-X
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971:on 2011-09-27
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864:on 2008-07-23
863:
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805:on 2010-05-27
801:
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742:
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728:
714:on 2010-12-21
710:
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673:
667:
653:on 2012-02-14
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605:on 2011-08-05
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458:
455:In 2003, the
448:
446:
442:
438:
425:Radioactivity
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
394:
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383:
373:
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345:
341:
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338:TIME magazine
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108:
105:
100:
97:
96:Tonopah Basin
93:
84:
75:
73:
69:
68:
62:
60:
59:nuclear tests
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
26:
21:
1914:Louis Vitale
1909:Vela Uniform
1901:
1891:Radio Bikini
1889:
1882:
1838:Chuck Hansen
1820:
1704:
1700:Rainier Mesa
1150:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1110:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1079:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1023:
1017:
999:
993:(April 1997)
990:
984:
973:. Retrieved
966:the original
956:
949:
941:
935:
926:
920:
909:
900:
891:
883:
877:
866:. Retrieved
862:the original
855:
848:
838:February 12,
836:. Retrieved
832:the original
825:
818:
807:. Retrieved
800:the original
790:
783:
772:
763:
757:
745:. Retrieved
741:the original
734:
727:
716:. Retrieved
709:the original
699:
676:. Retrieved
674:. 2003-07-12
666:
655:. Retrieved
651:the original
644:
607:. Retrieved
600:the original
590:
572:
555:
549:
533:
501:
487:
454:
433:
399:
379:
359:
342:
334:
321:radionuclide
298:
277:Sedan Crater
275:
254:"Sedan" test
251:
243:Sedan crater
219:
204:
188:
169:
148:Rainier Mesa
145:
141:
129:
125:
109:
102:Hundreds of
101:
89:
65:
63:
38:
37:
1833:Reed Hadley
1736:Salmon Site
1729:Mississippi
1695:Pahute Mesa
1521:Quicksilver
1422:Hardtack II
1292:Cornerstone
1172: /
1080:T1area_CTOS
1026:. Vintage.
959:(May 2007)"
529:Pahute Mesa
419:Pahute Mesa
360:As part of
222:AIR-2 Genie
158:First tests
152:Pahute Mesa
1934:Categories
1705:Yucca Flat
1659:Alamogordo
1652:New Mexico
1598:Touchstone
1510:Project 57
1505:Project 56
1499:Praetorian
1406:Hardtack I
1371:Greenhouse
1306:Crossroads
1285:Charioteer
1221:Operations
1138:Yucca Flat
1121:2010-07-19
1092:2008-07-08
975:2008-07-08
884:Gallery 33
868:2008-07-08
809:2008-07-08
718:2008-07-08
678:2010-04-24
657:2008-07-08
645:Yucca Flat
609:2008-07-08
348:Huron King
317:iodine-131
311:(250
309:megacuries
241:Area 10's
215:iodine-131
39:Yucca Flat
1768:Parachute
1626:Whetstone
1584:Tinderbox
1549:Sandstone
1464:Musketeer
1378:Grenadier
1350:Flintlock
901:Brookings
376:Last test
287:Baneberry
283:in 1994.
269:(33
1761:Colorado
1752:Amchitka
1664:Carlsbad
1492:Plumbbob
1443:Latchkey
1399:Guardian
1391:Cannikin
1364:Fusileer
1343:Fishbowl
1313:Crosstie
1236:Aqueduct
1160:116°05′W
1141:Archived
496:See also
465:Tertiary
366:DSCS III
273:) of I.
1807:Related
1605:Trinity
1570:Sunbeam
1556:Sculpin
1535:Redwing
1485:Phalanx
1471:Niblick
1457:Mandrel
1385:Grommet
1357:Fulcrum
1320:Dominic
1299:Cresset
1264:Bowline
1257:Bedrock
1157:37°04′N
747:July 8,
415:Area 19
195:Area 10
92:geology
78:Geology
1809:topics
1745:Alaska
1678:Nevada
1633:Wigwam
1591:Toggle
1577:Teapot
1563:Storax
1528:Ranger
1478:Nougat
1278:Castle
1030:
957:Icecap
856:Area 8
411:Area 2
407:Area 1
370:Area 3
329:Sierra
325:Lassen
300:Area 8
207:Area 9
184:fizzle
180:Area 7
132:Area 5
122:Nearby
1782:Other
1773:Rifle
1645:areas
1436:Julin
1336:Emery
1250:Argus
1243:Arbor
1229:Anvil
1062:USGS
969:(PDF)
962:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
796:(PDF)
712:(PDF)
705:(PDF)
603:(PDF)
596:(PDF)
542:Notes
227:F-89J
1643:Test
1028:ISBN
840:2022
749:2008
451:USGS
430:UGTA
327:and
150:and
67:TIME
1429:Ivy
1007:doi
447:."
417:at
313:PBq
271:PBq
267:kCi
256:of
205:In
1936::
1408:"
1387:"
1322:"
1109:.
899:.
687:^
632:^
618:^
580:^
564:^
439:,
197:.
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1206:e
1199:t
1192:v
1124:.
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1036:.
1009::
978:.
903:.
871:.
858:"
842:.
812:.
793:"
751:.
721:.
702:"
681:.
660:.
612:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
