411:). Ma sent Xu to face them. Xu secretly sent Wang Huan with a smaller fleet to get behind the Wu fleet, and then attacked the Wu fleet from both ends. The result was a major Chu victory, and both Miao and Wang Yanzhang were captured. Subsequently, though, to try to make peace with Wu, Ma sent both Miao and Wang Yanzhang back to Wu. When sending them off at a feast, Xu, who had by this point had become concerned that Ma's sons were fighting over succession rights, made what was later viewed as a prophetic statement:
254:) to engage them. Qin and Huang defeated and captured Liu Cun and Chen, and Liu Wei fled, allowing Qin to recapture Yue Prefecture, where Xu apparently then returned, for later that year he was referred to as the prefect of Yue. At that time, Ma was sending Qin to attack Wuzhen in conjunction with Ni Kefu (
179:
independent. Deng held a feast for Xu, at which Xu tried to persuade him the wisdom of submitting to Ma completely. Deng agreed, and therefore took his family and followed Xu back to Tan
Prefecture. Ma subsequently made Xu the prefect of Yue and Deng the prefect of Heng Prefecture (衡州, in modern
91:
with Yang. Xu pointed out that, while, just as Yang accused, Zhu was morally decrepit, but at that time, Zhu had the emperor under his control, and therefore, as Ma wished to continue to support the emperor as the basis of his rule, he should not cut off relations with Zhu. Ma agreed.
381:) to attack Gao, while ordering Ma to send an army as well. Ma sent Xu Dexun but had Xu's army stop at Yue Prefecture and not advance further, and ultimately did not attack Jingnan with Liu. When Liu was forced to withdraw, Gao's domain became effectively an independent state of
289:
Meanwhile, after the joint action, Gao stationed forces at Hankou (漢口, in modern Wuhan) and blocked off Ma's tributary communication route with Later Liang. Later in 908, Ma sent Xu to attack
Jingnan, reaching Shatou (沙頭, near Jiangling). Gao, in fear, sued for peace.
149:). Together, Xu and Ouyang sacked Jiangling and pillaged it of its population and wealth before withdrawing. (This led to Cheng's army's losing its morale and his subsequent defeat at Li's hands; Cheng then committed suicide.)As Xu was returning to Wu'an's capital
347:) launched a surprise attack against Huang Prefecture (黃州, in modern Wuhan) — a part of Wuchang, ruled by Hongnong, whose state name had been changed to Wu by this point. Wang was able to capture the Wu prefect of Huang Ma Ye (
440:) came out and engaged Gao Congsi instead, killing him. Gao Jixing then sued for peace, and Xu and Ma Xifan withdrew. Xu was said to have died not long after the Jingnan campaign, but the exact time was unknown. Xu's son
415:
While Chu is small, its senior officials and generals are still present. I hope that the Wu
Dynasty will not again think of it. For you to consider attacking us, you have to wait until the ponies are fighting over the
359:) would try to intercept him, Wang pointed out that the raid on Huang was carried out in surprise, such that the E garrison would not know how to react, and Wang was able to withdraw safely.
371:, to which Ma Yin became a vassal, Gao Jichang (who had changed his name to Gao Jixing by this point) broke his vassal relationship with Later Tang. The Later Tang emperor
280:) to try to save Lei Yangong, but Xu laid a trap for them on the way and captured them. (Without Hongnong aid reaching him, Lei would abandon his capital Lang Prefecture (
333:) to be untenable, and therefore, with Xu's help, took the people and the stores at Rong and withdrew back to Chu proper, allowing Liu Yan to take Rong and Gao (高州,
47:
It is not known when or where Xu Dexun was born. The first reference to him in historical sources was in 903, at which time he was serving under
392:
the sovereign of his own domain. Ma thereafter structured his own government after the imperial government, and he made Xu and Yao
Yanzhang his
341:). Xu later returned to Yue Prefecture, as he was described as the prefect of Yue during an operation in 914 when the Chu officer Wang Huan (
644:
472:
725:
424:(Yang Longyan's brother and successor) created Gao the Prince of Qin. Li Siyuan ordered Ma to attack Jingnan. Ma sent Xu and his son
36:
353:) and pillage Huang before withdrawing, and when Xu urged caution in case the Wu garrison at Wuchang's capital E Prefecture (
219:
as its
Emperor Taizu. He created Ma Yin the Prince of Chu, and thereafter Ma's territory was considered a separate state of
87:, Ma sought advice from his aides as to Yang's proposal for Ma to cut off relations with Zhu and enter into an alliance as
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
632:
616:
595:
579:
563:
547:
531:
512:
496:
307:) the military governor of Ningyuan surrendered to him, allowing Chu to take control of Ningyuan. However, in 911,
20:
710:
216:
720:
705:
226:
Later in 907, Yang Wo (who had refused to recognize Later Liang and whose domain now formed a state of
327:), to aid Yao, but even with Xu's aid, Yao judged his position at Ningyuan's capital Rong Prefecture (
150:
715:
84:
319:) attacked Ningyuan. Ma sent Xu, with an army of soldiers from Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern
649:
477:
8:
220:
212:
308:
227:
420:
Meanwhile, Gao, after breaking with Li Siyuan, submitted to Wu, and the Wu emperor
399:
Later in 928, Wu launched a major attack on Yue
Prefecture, commanded by Miao Lin (
128:
198:) to attack Yue Prefecture; Chen expelled Xu and took Yue Prefecture for Huainan.
264:
the Later Liang military governor of
Jingnan. Lei Yanwei's brother and successor
656:
388:
Later in 927, Li Siyuan created Ma the greater title of King of Chu, making Ma
298:
51:, who was the military governor of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered in modern
699:
108:
88:
444:
would play a major divisive role in the eventual struggle between Ma's sons
428:
to attack
Jingnan. When the two armies met, Gao Jixing's nephew Gao Congsi (
294:
434:) challenged Ma Xifan to single combat, but the Chu officer Liao Kuangqi (
265:
60:
449:
445:
441:
393:
368:
261:
138:
115:
the military governor of
Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern
99:
the military governor of
Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern
63:
the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern
372:
338:
316:
312:
141:
the military governor of Wuzhen Circuit (武貞, headquartered in modern
124:
96:
75:
the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern
127:, Ma sent Xu to launch a joint surprise attack on Jingnan's capital
425:
181:
154:
100:
64:
52:
421:
382:
334:
324:
189:
162:
142:
112:
76:
72:
68:
320:
311:
the military governor of Qinghai Circuit (清海, headquartered in
211:
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor
48:
32:
28:
201:
185:
166:
158:
146:
120:
116:
104:
80:
56:
297:
to capture Ningyuan Circuit (寧遠, headquartered in modern
242:) to launch a large attack on Chu. Ma sent Qin Yanhui (
215:
yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new
367:
In 927, by which time Later Liang had fallen to a new
169:), which was then ruled by the prefect Deng Jinzhong (
59:) and already described as a general. That year, when
268:
sought aid from Hongnong. Yang Wo sent the Ling Ye (
27:) was a key general and official during the reign of
188:). However, in 906, Yang Xingmi's son and successor
71:) wrote Ma to impress on Ma Yang's allegations that
175:) — who was formally a subordinate of Ma's but was
375:(Emperor Mingzong) thus sent the general Liu Xun (
107:) was, at Zhu's request, leading an army down the
161:), he went through Yue Prefecture (岳州, in modern
697:
123:), who was then under siege by Yang's general
435:
429:
406:
400:
376:
354:
348:
342:
328:
302:
281:
275:
269:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
193:
170:
132:
645:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
473:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
202:During Ma Yin's reign as Prince/King of Chu
286:) and flee to Hongnong territory in 908.)
42:
608:
606:
604:
523:
521:
488:
486:
467:
465:
452:, which helped to bring Chu's downfall.
455:
698:
601:
585:
569:
553:
537:
518:
502:
483:
37:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
462:
206:
362:
13:
14:
737:
726:Political office-holders in Hunan
622:
436:
430:
377:
349:
250:
238:
232:
223:, as a vassal of Later Liang.
194:
192:sent the officer Chen Zhixin (
131:Municipality, with Ouyang Si (
24:
1:
236:), Chen Zhixin, and Liu Wei (
83:) was bullying then-reigning
31:, the founding ruler of the
7:
10:
742:
407:
401:
385:(also known as Nanping).
355:
343:
329:
303:
282:
276:
270:
256:
244:
171:
133:
85:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
43:During the Tang Dynasty
418:
260:), an officer sent by
413:
405:) and Wang Yanzhang (
456:Notes and references
301:), and Pang Juzhao (
137:), an officer under
39:of Chinese history.
711:10th-century deaths
95:Later in 903, when
721:Ma Chu chancellors
706:9th-century births
207:During Later Liang
363:During Later Tang
248:) and Huang Fan (
733:
636:
626:
620:
610:
599:
589:
583:
573:
567:
557:
551:
541:
535:
525:
516:
506:
500:
490:
481:
469:
439:
438:
433:
432:
410:
409:
404:
403:
380:
379:
358:
357:
352:
351:
346:
345:
332:
331:
306:
305:
293:In 910, Ma sent
285:
284:
279:
278:
273:
272:
259:
258:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
234:
230:) sent Liu Cun (
197:
196:
174:
173:
136:
135:
26:
741:
740:
736:
735:
734:
732:
731:
730:
716:Ma Chu generals
696:
695:
640:
639:
627:
623:
611:
602:
590:
586:
574:
570:
558:
554:
542:
538:
526:
519:
507:
503:
491:
484:
470:
463:
458:
365:
209:
204:
111:to try to save
45:
12:
11:
5:
739:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
694:
693:
657:Zizhi Tongjian
653:
638:
637:
629:Zizhi Tongjian
621:
613:Zizhi Tongjian
600:
592:Zizhi Tongjian
584:
576:Zizhi Tongjian
568:
560:Zizhi Tongjian
552:
544:Zizhi Tongjian
536:
528:Zizhi Tongjian
517:
509:Zizhi Tongjian
501:
493:Zizhi Tongjian
482:
460:
459:
457:
454:
364:
361:
299:Yulin, Guangxi
274:) and Li Rao (
208:
205:
203:
200:
151:Tan Prefecture
89:blood brothers
44:
41:
33:Ma Chu dynasty
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
738:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
701:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
654:
651:
647:
646:
642:
641:
634:
630:
625:
618:
614:
609:
607:
605:
597:
593:
588:
581:
577:
572:
565:
561:
556:
549:
545:
540:
533:
529:
524:
522:
514:
510:
505:
498:
494:
489:
487:
479:
475:
474:
468:
466:
461:
453:
451:
447:
443:
427:
423:
417:
412:
397:
395:
391:
386:
384:
374:
370:
360:
340:
336:
326:
322:
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314:
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267:
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229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
199:
191:
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168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:Yangtze River
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:Zhu Quanzhong
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
38:
34:
30:
22:
18:
655:
643:
628:
624:
612:
591:
587:
575:
571:
559:
555:
543:
539:
527:
508:
504:
492:
471:
419:
414:
398:
389:
387:
366:
295:Yao Yanzhang
292:
288:
225:
210:
176:
94:
46:
16:
15:
394:chancellors
266:Lei Yangong
262:Gao Jichang
217:Later Liang
153:(in modern
61:Yang Xingmi
35:during the
700:Categories
450:Ma Xiguang
442:Xu Keqiong
369:Later Tang
213:Emperor Ai
139:Lei Yanwei
373:Li Siyuan
339:Guangdong
317:Guangdong
313:Guangzhou
129:Jiangling
125:Li Shenfu
97:Cheng Rui
660:, vols.
633:vol. 289
617:vol. 276
596:vol. 275
580:vol. 269
564:vol. 268
548:vol. 267
532:vol. 266
513:vol. 265
497:vol. 264
476:(十國春秋),
426:Ma Xifan
228:Hongnong
182:Hengyang
177:de facto
155:Changsha
101:Jingzhou
65:Yangzhou
53:Changsha
17:Xu Dexun
650:vol. 72
478:vol. 72
446:Ma Xi'e
422:Yang Pu
416:stable.
390:de jure
383:Jingnan
335:Maoming
325:Guangxi
309:Liu Yan
190:Yang Wo
163:Yueyang
143:Changde
113:Du Hong
77:Kaifeng
69:Jiangsu
21:Chinese
321:Guilin
49:Ma Yin
29:Ma Yin
23::
186:Hunan
167:Hunan
159:Hunan
147:Hunan
121:Hubei
117:Wuhan
105:Hubei
81:Henan
57:Hunan
448:and
690:276
686:275
682:269
678:268
674:267
670:266
666:265
662:264
437:廖匡齊
431:高從嗣
408:王彥章
304:龐巨昭
257:倪可福
245:秦彥暉
221:Chu
195:陳知新
172:鄧進忠
134:歐陽思
25:許德勳
702::
688:,
684:,
680:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
648:,
631:,
615:,
603:^
594:,
578:,
562:,
546:,
530:,
520:^
511:,
495:,
485:^
464:^
402:苗璘
396:.
378:劉訓
356:鄂州
350:馬鄴
344:王環
337:,
330:容州
323:,
315:,
283:朗州
277:李饒
271:泠業
251:黃璠
239:劉威
233:劉存
184:,
165:,
157:,
145:,
119:,
103:,
79:,
67:,
55:,
692:.
652:.
635:.
619:.
598:.
582:.
566:.
550:.
534:.
515:.
499:.
480:.
19:(
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