53:
354:
Multiple contemporary studies concluded that XMRV was most likely a result of incidental recombination of mouse viruses during prostate cancer research in the 1990s. Positive findings of the virus were likely due to contamination rather than true presence of the virus in humans. A subsequent analysis
371:
to XMRV and will actually react to various non-XMRV sequences naturally found in mammalian genomes. In the meantime, multiple other studies also failed to find any link between XMRV and CFS or prostate cancer. As a result, many of the key publications which did claim an association were voluntarily
350:
In
September 2011, the Scientific Research Working Group (SRWG) arm of the AABB task force released its findings that current assays could not reliably identify XMRV in human blood samples which had previously tested as XMRV/MLV positive; the only two labs which reported positive findings of XMRV in
219:
between two mouse retroviruses during propagation of a prostate-cancer cell line in the mid-1990s. These findings raised serious questions concerning the findings of XMRV-related studies which purported to find connections between XMRV and human diseases. As of 2022, there is no evidence that XMRV
256:
in a single host organism. In 2010 the results of phylogenetic analyses of XMRV and related murine retroviruses led a group of researchers to conclude that XMRV "might not be a genuine human pathogen". Xenotropic viruses (xenos Gr. foreign; tropos Gr. turning) were initially discovered in the New
251:
intermediate. The name XMRV was given because the discoverers of the virus initially thought that it was a novel potential human pathogen that was related to but distinct from MLVs. The XMRV particle is approximately spherical and 80 to 100 nm in diameter. Several XMRV genomic sequences have
298:
at position 462 of the RNase L enzyme, reducing its catalytic activity. A man with two copies of this mutation has twice the risk of prostate cancer; one copy raises the risk by 50%. Klein and
Silverman hypothesized that "the putative linkage of RNase L alterations to HPC might reflect enhanced
2041:
Alter HJ, Mikovits JA, Switzer WM, Ruscetti FW, Lo SC, Klimas N, Komaroff AL, Montoya JG, Bateman L, Levine S, Peterson D, Levin B, Hanson MR, Genfi A, Bhat M, Zheng H, Wang R, Li B, Hung GC, Lee LL, Sameroff S, Heneine W, Coffin J, Hornig M, Lipkin WI (November 2012).
1895:
Simmons G, Glynn SA, Komaroff AL, Mikovits JA, Tobler LH, Hackett J, Tang N, Switzer WM, Heneine W, Hewlett IK, Zhao J, Lo SC, Alter HJ, Linnen JM, Gao K, Coffin JM, Kearney MF, Ruscetti FW, Pfost MA, Bethel J, Kleinman S, Holmberg JA, Busch MP (11 November 2011).
1304:
Arnold, RS; Makarova, NV; Osunkoya, AO; Suppiah, S; Scott, TA; Johnson, NA; Bhosle, SM; Liotta, D; et al. (2010). "XMRV infection in patients with prostate cancer: novel serologic assay and correlation with PCR and FISH".
289:
to halt viral replication. In 2002, the "hereditary prostate cancer 1" locus (HPC1) was mapped to the RNase L gene, implicating it in the development of prostate cancer. The cancer-associated "R462Q" mutation results in a
1431:
Lee D, Das Gupta J, Gaughan C, Steffen I, Tang N, Luk KC, Qiu X, Urisman A, Fischer N, Molinaro R, Broz M, Schochetman G, Klein EA, Ganem D, DeRisi JL, Simmons G, Hackett J, Silverman RH, Chiu CY (18 September 2012).
2044:"A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus"
2148:
1351:
194:(CFS), leading to considerable interest in the scientific and patient communities, investigation of XMRV as a potential cause of multiple medical conditions, and public-health concerns about the safety of the
347:(formerly the American Association of Blood Banks) established a task force to determine the prevalence of XMRV in the United States' blood donation supply and the suitability of different detection methods.
2305:
846:
339:(white blood cells). XMRV is closely related to several known xenotropic mouse viruses which can recognize and enter cells of non-rodent species (including humans) by means of the cell surface
1717:
1957:"XMRV and Public Health: The Retroviral Genome Is Not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR, and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable"
2341:
2228:
Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, Pfost MA, Hagen KS, Peterson DL, Ruscetti SK, Bagni RK, Petrow-Sadowski C, Gold B, Dean M, Silverman RH, Mikovits JA (23 October 2009).
215:
Subsequent research established that XMRV was in fact a laboratory contaminant, rather than a novel pathogen, and had been generated unintentionally in the laboratory through
40:
328:
Concerns arose as multiple subsequent studies failed to replicate the positive findings of XMRV in the blood of patients with CFS, prostate cancer, and other illnesses.
3451:
320:
In one study, XMRV was detected in a small percentage of patients with weakened immune systems, but other studies found no evidence of XMRV in immunosuppression.
252:
been published to date. These sequences are almost identical, an unusual finding as retroviruses replicate their genomes with relatively low fidelity, leading to
351:
samples which were previously reported as positive (the WPI and NCI/Ruscetti labs) also reported positive findings in samples which were known XMRV negative.
2479:
2315:
3057:
2212:
2548:
2496:
859:
3074:
515:
3037:
3020:
3003:
2288:
1730:
586:
Paprotka T, Delviks-Frankenberry KA, Cingöz O, Martinez A, Hsing-Jien K, Tepper CG, Wei-Shau H, Fivash Jr MJ, Coffin JM, Pathak VK (1 July 2011).
1791:
Klein HG, Dodd RY, Hollinger FB, Katz LM, Kleinman S, McCleary KK, Silverman RH, Stramer SL, AABB Interorganizational Task Force on XMRV (2011).
432:
Urisman, A.; Molinaro, R.J.; Fischer, N.; Plummer, S.J.; Casey, G.; Klein, E.A.; Malathi, K.; Magi-Galluzzi, C.; Tubbs, R. R.; Ganem, D. (2006).
340:
1415:
494:
232:(MLV) that formed through the recombination of the genomes of two parent MLVs known as preXMRV-1 and preXMRV-2. MLVs belong to the virus family
3340:
3269:
3252:
2916:
2641:
2367:
3460:
3218:
2006:
Robinson MJ, Erlwein O, McClure MO (November 2011). "Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) does not cause chronic fatigue".
1557:"Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus prevalence in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or chronic immunomodulatory conditions"
372:
retracted. This included the initial study which had linked XMRV to CFS, which was retracted at
Silverman's request; one of the co-authors,
989:"Complete genome sequences of the two viral variants of the Graffi MuLV: phylogenetic relationship with other murine leukemia retroviruses"
2727:
2693:
1615:"Failure to detect xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in blood of individuals at high risk of blood-borne viral infections"
819:
401:
1793:"Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and blood transfusion: report of the AABB interorganizational XMRV task force"
2351:
711:"Contamination of clinical specimens with MLV-encoding nucleic acids: implications for XMRV and other candidate human retroviruses"
1434:"In-Depth Investigation of Archival and Prospectively Collected Samples Reveals No Evidence for XMRV Infection in Prostate Cancer"
270:
2403:
1539:
1499:
312:
Detection of XMRV was reported in several articles. However, subsequent studies and retractions cast doubt on these findings.
1159:
2306:"UPDATED: In a Rare Move, Science Without Authors' Consent Retracts Paper That Tied Mouse Virus to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"
299:
susceptibility to a viral agent" and conducted a viral screen of prostate cancer samples, leading to the discovery of XMRV.
2972:
2144:"Detection of MLV-related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors"
1086:(14 December 1973). "Xenotropic Viruses: Murine Leukemia Viruses Associated with NIH Swiss, NZB, and Other Mouse Strains".
3391:
2870:
1347:"XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors"
2615:
1619:
1561:
2667:
3465:
814:
285:(RNase L), part of the cell's natural defense against viruses. When activated, RNase L degrades cellular and viral
2537:
2522:
1555:
Henrich, TJ; Li, JZ; Felsenstein, D; Kotton, CN; Plenge, RM; Pereyra, F; Marty, FM; Lin, NH; et al. (2010).
3498:
3493:
3312:
1898:"Failure to Confirm XMRV/MLVs in the Blood of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Multi-Laboratory Study"
1030:
Hué, S; Gray, ER; Gall, A; Katzourakis, A; Tan, CP; Houldcroft, CJ; McLaren, S; Pillay, D; et al. (2010).
482:
434:"Identification of a novel Gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant"
253:
3396:
3187:
2966:
2948:
2942:
2895:
52:
3152:
2838:
2833:
2779:
847:"Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and other Polytropic Murine Leukemia Viruses (pMLV)"
526:
331:
Separate from these concerns, alarms were raised over the possibility that XMRV might be transmissible by
3177:
2844:
2809:
257:
Zealand Black (NZB) mouse and later found to be present in many other mouse strains including wild mice.
2381:
3488:
2829:
2396:
2376:
2230:"Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"
396:
356:
3207:
3147:
2804:
2532:
520:
360:
1189:
3182:
2960:
884:
Cingöz, O; Paprotka, T; Delviks-Frankenberry, KA; Wildt, S; Hu, WS; Pathak, VK; Coffin, JM (2012).
191:
2468:
1848:
1036:
718:
3413:
3157:
3142:
2463:
2097:
710:
3368:
2905:
2890:
2850:
2416:
2389:
1797:
554:
377:
229:
216:
2142:
Lo, SC; Pripuzova, N; Li, B; Komaroff, AL; Hung, GC; Wang, R; Alter, HJ (7 September 2010).
2243:
2157:
1911:
1757:"XMRV and blood safety: a case study of science and public pressure: XMRV and blood safety"
1447:
1360:
1097:
601:
368:
47:
17:
1718:"Published Studies on XMRV and pMLV Findings in Human Diseases and the General Population"
8:
2710:
890:
364:
2247:
2161:
1915:
1493:
Fischer N, Schulz C, Stieler K, Hohn O, Lange C, Drosten C, Aepfelbacher M (June 2010).
1451:
1364:
1101:
654:
605:
3083:
3046:
2784:
2180:
2143:
2119:
2092:
2068:
2043:
1983:
1956:
1932:
1897:
1872:
1843:
1824:
1694:
1667:
1583:
1556:
1521:
1494:
1470:
1433:
1383:
1346:
1281:
1256:
1234:
1177:
1121:
1060:
1031:
993:
964:
939:
912:
885:
791:
766:
742:
630:
587:
462:
433:
3088:
2992:
2977:
2861:
2759:
2527:
2513:
2310:
2280:
2261:
2234:
2204:
2185:
2124:
2073:
2023:
1988:
1937:
1902:
1877:
1816:
1811:
1773:
1756:
1699:
1648:
1588:
1536:
1526:
1475:
1407:
1388:
1324:
1307:
1286:
1226:
1205:"Germline mutations in the ribonuclease L gene in families showing linkage with HPC1"
1165:
1155:
1113:
1088:
1065:
1012:
969:
917:
796:
747:
635:
617:
592:
486:
467:
332:
278:
2276:
1828:
1125:
678:
2910:
2368:
XMRV Fact Sheet, AABB.org (formerly
American Association of Blood Banks) (Archived)
2272:
2251:
2196:
2175:
2165:
2114:
2106:
2063:
2055:
2015:
1978:
1968:
1927:
1919:
1867:
1857:
1806:
1768:
1689:
1679:
1638:
1628:
1578:
1570:
1516:
1508:
1465:
1455:
1399:
1378:
1368:
1316:
1276:
1268:
1238:
1218:
1147:
1105:
1055:
1045:
1002:
959:
951:
907:
899:
786:
778:
737:
727:
625:
609:
478:
457:
447:
274:
1320:
1272:
1109:
2954:
2881:
2820:
2770:
2454:
2421:
2346:
2337:
1610:
1543:
1460:
1209:
886:"Characterization, mapping, and distribution of the two XMRV parental proviruses"
452:
431:
237:
187:
149:
113:
101:
89:
1151:
1032:"Disease-associated XMRV sequences are consistent with laboratory contamination"
1007:
988:
940:"The path well traveled: using mammalian retroviruses to guide research on XMRV"
3436:
3122:
3111:
2795:
2584:
2443:
1606:
1495:"Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related gammaretrovirus in respiratory tract"
438:
282:
195:
190:. Initial reports erroneously linked the virus to prostate cancer and later to
2019:
1643:
1345:
Schlaberg, R; Choe, DJ; Brown, KR; Thaker, HM; Singh, IR (22 September 2009).
220:
infects humans, nor that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease.
204:
viruses replicate or reproduce in cells other than those of the host species.
3482:
2682:
2595:
2432:
1973:
1684:
767:"The saga of XMRV: a virus that infects human cells but is not a human virus"
621:
373:
266:
2256:
2229:
2200:
2170:
2110:
1923:
1862:
1403:
1373:
1050:
732:
613:
516:"Origins of XMRV deciphered, undermining claims for a role in human disease"
3286:
3168:
2900:
2573:
2284:
2265:
2208:
2189:
2128:
2077:
2027:
1992:
1941:
1881:
1820:
1703:
1652:
1592:
1530:
1512:
1479:
1411:
1392:
1328:
1290:
1230:
1069:
1016:
973:
921:
800:
751:
639:
490:
471:
233:
125:
2059:
1117:
585:
555:"NCI's Vinay K. Pathak on the "De-Discovery" of a Retrovirus-Disease Link"
3445:
3323:
3198:
2630:
2606:
2411:
1139:
1083:
903:
1169:
824:
782:
3381:
3303:
3133:
2927:
2748:
2342:"Manipulation alleged in paper linking virus, chronic fatigue syndrome"
883:
336:
179:
137:
1955:
Panelli S, Lorusso L, Balestrieri A, Lupo G, Capelli E (22 May 2017).
955:
3235:
2658:
291:
77:
3407:
1792:
1204:
3430:
1633:
1614:
1574:
1438:
295:
183:
1844:"The mouse "xenotropic" gammaretroviruses and their XPR1 receptor"
1222:
209:
3376:
1665:
815:"XMRV (Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus) Updates"
244:
182:
which was first described in 2006 as an apparently novel human
2227:
1203:
Carpten J, Nupponen N, Isaacs S, et al. (February 2002).
2412:
1954:
1303:
397:"XMRV (Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-related Virus) | CDC"
64:
2373:
2297:
2040:
1894:
1609:; Flanagan, P; Brown, A; Robinson, N; Brown, H; McClure, M;
406:
3386:
1725:
1605:
854:
344:
2091:
Sfanos KS, Aloia AL, De Marzo AM, Rein A (February 2012).
1554:
1430:
2936:
286:
248:
241:
1492:
1344:
2090:
483:
10.1371/annotation/7e2efc01-2e9b-4e9b-aef0-87ab0e4e4732
39:
2005:
1790:
1748:
1710:
1257:"A scientific journey through the 2-5A/RNase L system"
1029:
2141:
1202:
1250:
1248:
933:
931:
807:
581:
579:
577:
575:
1666:van der Kuyl AC, Cornelissen M, Berkhout B (2011).
1537:https://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/16/6/pdfs/1000.pdf
1486:
1297:
1245:
928:
572:
212:, which includes common household rats and mice.
3480:
2093:"XMRV and prostate cancer—a 'final' perspective"
1786:
1784:
1340:
1338:
359:used to detect and replicate traces of XMRV in
341:xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1
33:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
3452:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
3422:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
2917:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
704:
702:
700:
698:
549:
547:
545:
543:
302:
172:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus
163:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
3120:
2441:
2397:
986:
273:, and Robert Silverman and Eric Klein of the
2374:Center for Disease Control: XMRV Information
2221:
2135:
2084:
2034:
1999:
1948:
1888:
1781:
1659:
1548:
1424:
1335:
1254:
1196:
877:
427:
425:
423:
223:
1076:
758:
695:
588:"Recombinant origin of the retrovirus XMRV"
540:
265:XMRV was discovered in the laboratories of
2604:
2404:
2390:
510:
508:
506:
323:
38:
2336:
2255:
2179:
2169:
2118:
2067:
1982:
1972:
1931:
1871:
1861:
1810:
1772:
1693:
1683:
1642:
1632:
1582:
1520:
1469:
1459:
1382:
1372:
1280:
1132:
1059:
1049:
1006:
963:
911:
839:
790:
741:
731:
671:
647:
629:
461:
451:
420:
1668:"Of Mice and Men: On the Origin of XMRV"
937:
764:
708:
503:
271:University of California, San Francisco
14:
3481:
186:found in tissue samples from men with
3412:
3411:
2385:
2303:
1841:
1142:(1978). "Xenotropic Type C Viruses".
2973:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
1754:
1261:Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
1138:
1082:
3392:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
2871:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
1023:
335:since the virus was recovered from
315:
24:
2616:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
1620:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1613:; Collier, J; et al. (2010).
1562:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1146:. Vol. 79. pp. 111–213.
1144:Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry
771:Emerging Microbes & Infections
307:
25:
3510:
2668:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
2361:
938:Lee K, Jones KS (February 2010).
2939:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
1812:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.03012.x
1774:10.1111/j.1751-2824.2011.01538.x
1729:. September 2012. Archived from
987:Voisin V, Rassart E (May 2007).
823:. 23 August 2010. Archived from
51:
2943:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
2538:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
2523:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
2330:
2304:Cohen, Jon (22 December 2011).
2277:10.1126/science.334.6063.1636-a
1835:
1599:
980:
765:Arias M, Fan H (January 2014).
3313:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
2961:Equine infectious anemia virus
858:. October 2012. Archived from
389:
363:testing are, in fact, neither
13:
1:
3397:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
3188:Strawberry vein banding virus
2967:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
2949:Feline immunodeficiency virus
2896:Abelson murine leukemia virus
1755:Dodd, R. Y. (December 2011).
1321:10.1016/j.urology.2010.01.038
1273:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.06.012
1110:10.1126/science.182.4117.1151
525:, 31 May 2011, archived from
383:
3153:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
2780:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
1461:10.1371/journal.pone.0044954
561:, Fast Breaking Papers, 2012
453:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020025
281:and investigated the enzyme
260:
208:refers to the rodent family
7:
3178:Carnation etched ring virus
2845:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
2810:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
1152:10.1007/978-3-642-66853-1_4
1008:10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.045
820:Centers for Disease Control
402:Centers for Disease Control
303:Disease association studies
277:. Silverman had previously
240:and have a single-stranded
10:
3515:
2830:Human T-lymphotropic virus
1961:Frontiers in Public Health
709:Smith RA (December 2010).
655:"Definition of xenotropic"
247:that replicates through a
3420:
3367:
3338:
3321:
3301:
3284:
3267:
3250:
3233:
3216:
3208:Cassava vein mosaic virus
3196:
3166:
3148:Cacao swollen shoot virus
3131:
3109:
3072:
3055:
3035:
3018:
3001:
2990:
2925:
2879:
2859:
2818:
2805:Mouse mammary tumor virus
2793:
2768:
2757:
2746:
2725:
2708:
2691:
2680:
2656:
2639:
2628:
2593:
2582:
2571:
2546:
2533:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
2511:
2494:
2477:
2452:
2430:
2020:10.1016/j.tim.2011.08.005
1672:Frontiers in Microbiology
521:National Cancer Institute
343:(XPR1). As a result, the
254:divergent viral sequences
224:Classification and genome
46:
37:
32:
3183:Cauliflower mosaic virus
1974:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00108
1685:10.3389/fmicb.2010.00147
192:chronic fatigue syndrome
2469:Heron hepatitis B virus
2370:, Updated June 18, 2010
2257:10.1126/science.1179052
2201:10.1073/pnas.1119641109
2171:10.1073/pnas.1006901107
2111:10.1038/nrurol.2011.225
1924:10.1126/science.1213841
1863:10.1186/1742-4690-7-101
1404:10.1073/pnas.1409186111
1374:10.1073/pnas.0906922106
1051:10.1186/1742-4690-7-111
944:Molecular Interventions
733:10.1186/1742-4690-7-112
614:10.1126/science.1205292
324:Controversy and origins
3158:Rubus yellow net virus
3143:Banana streak MY virus
2464:Duck hepatitis B virus
2098:Nature Reviews Urology
2008:Trends in Microbiology
1513:10.3201/eid1606.100066
679:"Definition of murine"
376:, was also accused of
3499:Unaccepted virus taxa
3494:Medical controversies
2906:Feline leukemia virus
2891:Murine leukemia virus
2851:Bovine leukemia virus
2271:(Retracted, see
2195:(Retracted, see
2060:10.1128/mBio.00266-12
1398:(Retracted, see
1255:Silverman RH (2007).
477:(Retracted, see
378:scientific misconduct
230:murine leukemia virus
217:genetic recombination
2417:Reverse transcribing
904:10.1128/JVI.06022-11
355:also found that the
196:donated blood supply
48:Virus classification
2480:Herpetohepadnavirus
2354:on 28 October 2022.
2340:(October 3, 2011).
2318:on 16 November 2022
2248:2009Sci...326..585L
2162:2010PNAS..10715874L
1916:2011Sci...334..814S
1761:ISBT Science Series
1452:2012PLoSO...744954L
1365:2009PNAS..10616351S
1359:(38): 16351–16356.
1102:1973Sci...182.1151L
1096:(4117): 1151–1153.
891:Journal of Virology
783:10.1038/emi.2014.25
606:2011Sci...333...97P
3084:Simian foamy virus
3058:Prosimiispumavirus
3047:Feline foamy virus
2785:Rous sarcoma virus
1842:Kozak, CA (2010).
1644:20.500.11850/24494
1542:2010-06-13 at the
3489:Gammaretroviruses
3476:
3475:
3414:Taxon identifiers
3405:
3404:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3089:Human foamy virus
2993:Spumaretrovirinae
2986:
2985:
2978:Visna-maedi virus
2862:Epsilonretrovirus
2760:Orthoretrovirinae
2742:
2741:
2676:
2675:
2624:
2623:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2528:Hepatitis B virus
2514:Orthohepadnavirus
2242:(5952): 585–589.
1910:(6057): 814–817.
1161:978-1-4612-9003-2
956:10.1124/mi.10.1.5
333:blood transfusion
169:
168:
16:(Redirected from
3506:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3409:
3408:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3112:dsDNA-RT viruses
2999:
2998:
2911:Koala retrovirus
2766:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2689:
2688:
2637:
2636:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2585:ssRNA-RT viruses
2580:
2579:
2549:Parahepadnavirus
2497:Metahepadnavirus
2450:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2356:
2355:
2350:. Archived from
2338:Tsouderos, Trine
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2314:. Archived from
2301:
2295:
2294:
2290:Retraction Watch
2269:
2259:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2214:Retraction Watch
2193:
2183:
2173:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2054:(5): e00266–12.
2038:
2032:
2031:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1552:
1546:
1534:
1524:
1500:Emerg Infect Dis
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1417:Retraction Watch
1396:
1386:
1376:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
984:
978:
977:
967:
935:
926:
925:
915:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
864:
851:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
811:
805:
804:
794:
762:
756:
755:
745:
735:
715:
706:
693:
692:
690:
689:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
651:
645:
643:
633:
600:(6038): 97–101.
583:
570:
569:
568:
566:
551:
538:
537:
536:
534:
512:
501:
500:
496:Retraction Watch
475:
465:
455:
429:
418:
417:
415:
414:
409:on 18 April 2018
405:. Archived from
393:
316:Other conditions
275:Cleveland Clinic
56:
55:
42:
30:
29:
27:Species of virus
21:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3351:
3334:
3317:
3297:
3280:
3263:
3246:
3229:
3212:
3192:
3162:
3093:
3075:Simiispumavirus
3068:
3051:
3031:
3014:
2982:
2955:Puma lentivirus
2921:
2882:Gammaretrovirus
2875:
2855:
2821:Deltaretrovirus
2814:
2789:
2771:Alpharetrovirus
2738:
2721:
2704:
2672:
2652:
2620:
2559:
2542:
2507:
2490:
2473:
2455:Avihepadnavirus
2426:
2422:Revtraviricetes
2410:
2364:
2359:
2347:Chicago Tribune
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2302:
2298:
2270:
2226:
2222:
2194:
2156:(36): 15874–9.
2140:
2136:
2089:
2085:
2039:
2035:
2014:(11): 525–529.
2004:
2000:
1953:
1949:
1893:
1889:
1840:
1836:
1789:
1782:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1664:
1660:
1604:
1600:
1569:(10): 1478–81.
1553:
1549:
1544:Wayback Machine
1491:
1487:
1429:
1425:
1397:
1343:
1336:
1302:
1298:
1253:
1246:
1210:Nature Genetics
1201:
1197:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1162:
1137:
1133:
1081:
1077:
1028:
1024:
985:
981:
936:
929:
882:
878:
868:
866:
862:
849:
845:
844:
840:
830:
828:
827:on 27 June 2018
813:
812:
808:
763:
759:
713:
707:
696:
687:
685:
683:Merriam-Webster
677:
676:
672:
663:
661:
659:Merriam-Webster
653:
652:
648:
644:via EBSCO login
584:
573:
564:
562:
553:
552:
541:
532:
530:
514:
513:
504:
476:
430:
421:
412:
410:
395:
394:
390:
386:
326:
318:
310:
308:Prostate cancer
305:
263:
238:gammaretrovirus
226:
188:prostate cancer
165:
151:Gammaretrovirus
115:Revtraviricetes
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3457:
3442:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3126:
3123:Caulimoviridae
3115:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3038:Felispumavirus
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:Equispumavirus
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:Bovispumavirus
2996:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2796:Betaretrovirus
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2763:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2588:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2447:
2444:Hepadnaviridae
2436:
2428:
2427:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2362:External links
2360:
2358:
2357:
2329:
2296:
2220:
2134:
2105:(2): 111–118.
2083:
2033:
1998:
1947:
1887:
1834:
1780:
1767:(2): 446–448.
1747:
1736:on 27 May 2022
1709:
1658:
1634:10.1086/657167
1627:(10): 1482–5.
1598:
1575:10.1086/657168
1547:
1485:
1423:
1334:
1296:
1267:(5–6): 381–8.
1244:
1195:
1186:|journal=
1160:
1131:
1075:
1022:
979:
927:
876:
865:on 6 July 2022
838:
806:
757:
694:
670:
646:
571:
539:
502:
419:
387:
385:
382:
325:
322:
317:
314:
309:
306:
304:
301:
294:instead of an
283:ribonuclease L
262:
259:
236:and the genus
225:
222:
167:
166:
161:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
103:Artverviricota
99:
95:
94:
87:
83:
82:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3511:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:Pseudoviridae
2679:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:Belpaoviridae
2592:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:Blubervirales
2429:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:Retrovirology
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1805:(3): 654–61.
1804:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:(6): 1000–2.
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:(9): e44954.
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:(4): 755–61.
1314:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:10.1038/ng823
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
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2847:(types 1-4)
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2631:Metaviridae
2607:Semotivirus
1798:Transfusion
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565:16 November
533:16 November
439:PLOS Pathog
337:lymphocytes
3483:Categories
3369:Endogenous
3304:Soymovirus
3134:Badnavirus
2928:Lentivirus
1611:Oxenius, A
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688:2020-05-06
664:2020-05-06
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