Knowledge

Wyoming (schooner)

Source đź“ť

340: 29: 1751: 1746: 388:
1917 – April. Sold to France & Canada Steamship Co. for about $ 350,000 (probably about $ 420,000). By 1 October 1919, it had earned more than twice that amount, and its owners chartered it to load coal at Norfolk for Genoa at $ 23.50 per
279:
was 450 ft (140 m) overall, 350 ft (110 m) on deck, and 329.5 feet (100.4 m) between perpendiculars. It was 50 ft 1 in (15.27 m) wide, and had a draft of 30 ft 5 in (9.27 m). Its
318:
to raise and lower sails, haul lines and perform other tasks; the steam engine was not used to power the ship, but permitted it to be sailed with a smaller crew of only 11 hands. It was named for the state of
296:, that is, the weight of the ship fully loaded, including the crew, cargo (6,000 tons), fuel, water and stores, less the weight of the ship when totally empty (4,000 tons). It could carry 6,000 long tons of 288:(NRT) was 3036, representing a cargo capacity of 303,600 cubic feet (8,600 m) after subtracting the volume consumed by the helm and crew quarters and other areas not suitable for cargo. It had a 327:(1907–1921) was one of the investors in the ship, which cost $ 175,000 in 1909 dollars ( approx $ 5,849,000 US Dollars 2023 ). Another Percy & Small-built schooner, the five-masted 273:
was designed by Bant Hanson with Miles M. Merry, the master builder for the North American Atlantic coastal trade, for the company Percy & Small and the intended cargo being coal.
1068: 749: 1855: 777: 663: 1875: 1101: 1766: 1080: 1865: 1840: 858: 742: 262:
had to use pumps to keep its hold relatively free of water. In March 1924, it foundered in heavy seas and sank with the loss of all hands.
1323: 1850: 735: 1825: 625: 1810: 714: 339: 1830: 1820: 1815: 1835: 1198: 1073: 1870: 1577: 1087: 1020: 1860: 1316: 1226: 758: 535: 1634: 1461: 1442: 1233: 477: 382: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1338: 1136: 304:
was built of yellow pine with 6" planking and there were 90 diagonal iron cross-bracings on each side.
1845: 1094: 1014: 404: 369: 361: 224: 1685: 1666: 1629: 1619: 1599: 1432: 1401: 1381: 1309: 772: 202: 1452: 1033: 898: 688: 1512: 1501: 1061: 1001: 506: 415: 376: 281: 85: 1481: 1390: 905: 816: 348: 1301: 957: 719: 550: 284:(GRT) was 3730, equivalent to an internal volume of 373,000 cubic feet (10,600 m). Its 1644: 1007: 917: 626:"American Underwater Search and Survey finds 'Wyoming', six-masted wooden giant of the sea" 324: 285: 91: 8: 1805: 1695: 1545: 1122: 255: 943: 892: 1523: 1359: 1254: 1191: 605: 485: 289: 201:
13 (last voyage), 16 (captain, 1st & 2nd mates, engineer, cook, cabin boy, 7 - 10
1411: 1247: 1205: 1027: 950: 629: 441: 400: 1717: 1212: 643: 585:"Six-mast schooner WYOMING setting sail off the mouth of the Kennebec River, 1909" 1655: 1040: 871: 829: 424: 419: 393: 311: 584: 1422: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1054: 972: 925: 452: 240: 217: 170: 1799: 1781: 1768: 1727: 1273: 1163: 994: 987: 965: 864: 664:"Wreck of Wyoming found off Cape Cod; Largest wooden cargo ship sank in 1924" 411: 365: 315: 1706: 1608: 1108: 932: 911: 883: 811: 801: 795: 517: 1491: 1129: 1115: 1048: 978: 782: 530: 352: 228: 28: 1471: 836: 806: 789: 727: 539:. Episode 2492. KUHF-FM. University of Houston, College of Engineering. 1675: 1240: 1155: 822: 293: 166: 1566: 1557: 1219: 254:
tended to flex in heavy seas, which would cause the long planks to
236: 220: 178: 162: 355:, site of the Percy & Small shipyard where the ship was built. 1587: 1348: 1290: 320: 174: 51: 938: 847: 1331: 232: 297: 715:
My Favorite Exhibit by Bill Gruener, Maine Maritime Museum
182: 258:, thereby allowing sea water to intrude into the hold. 250:
Because of its extreme length and wood construction,
565:(1). New York: Marine Engineering: 1–2. January 1910 119:
329.5 ft (100.4 m) between perpendiculars
235:. With a length of 450 ft (140 m) from 1797: 1856:World War I merchant ships of the United States 392:1921 – Sold to Captain A. W. Frost & Co., 247:was the largest known wooden ship ever built. 1317: 743: 455:by American Underwater Search and Survey Ltd. 436:weighed anchor at dusk and stood out to sea. 103:10,000 short tons (9,100 metric tons) approx. 403:, commanded by Captain Charles Glaesel, for 1876:History of Barnstable County, Massachusetts 428:which had left Norfolk at the same time as 1324: 1310: 750: 736: 440:is believed to have foundered east of the 1332:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1924 422:, together with the five-masted schooner 757: 410:1924 – 11 March. In order to ride out a 368:. First master: Captain Angus McLeod of 338: 185:with 39,826.8 sq ft (3,700 m²) sail area 1866:1924 disestablishments in Massachusetts 1798: 507:WYOMING on shipmodelersassociation.org 444:Lightship and the crew of 14 was lost. 169:main sails (No. 1 to 5 of equal size, 1841:Shipwrecks of the Massachusetts coast 1305: 731: 472: 470: 468: 375:1909 – 21 December. Maiden voyage to 528: 360:1909 – 15 December. Launched at the 193:16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) 644:"The Lightships of Nantucket Sound" 522: 223:built and completed in 1909 by the 13: 465: 14: 1887: 708: 1749: 1744: 559:International Marine Engineering 116:350 ft (110 m) on deck 113:450 ft (140 m) overall 27: 1851:Tall ships of the United States 681: 656: 432:. Captain H. Publicover on the 1826:Schooners of the United States 689:"Wooden giant of sea is found" 636: 618: 598: 577: 543: 518:WYOMING on schoonerwyoming.com 511: 500: 265: 1: 459: 343:A sculpture representing the 173:sail of larger size), 6 gaff 1811:1909 establishments in Maine 536:The Engines of Our Ingenuity 7: 606:"Location of Wyoming Wreck" 383:International Paper Company 10: 1892: 1831:Ships built in Bath, Maine 1821:Maritime incidents in 1924 1816:Individual sailing vessels 478:"Big Schooner is Launched" 362:Percy & Small Shipyard 334: 331:, was named after Brooks. 225:Percy & Small Shipyard 129:50.1 ft (15.3 m) 69:Foundered on 11 March 1924 1836:Ships lost with all hands 1739: 1536: 1337: 1283: 1265: 1154: 882: 846: 765: 551:"The Six-Masted Schooner 405:Saint John, New Brunswick 370:Somerville, Massachusetts 323:because Wyoming Governor 310:was equipped with a Hyde 137:30.4 ft (9.3 m) 73: 42: 26: 1694:October (unknown date): 720:Midship Section of the 414:storm, it anchored off 407:, with a cargo of coal. 216:was an American wooden 74:General characteristics 16:Largest wood ship built 1871:Chatham, Massachusetts 670:. The Associated Press 587:. Maine Memory Network 531:"The Schooner Wyoming" 416:Chatham, Massachusetts 377:Newport News, Virginia 356: 282:gross register tonnage 145:33 ft (10 m) 1096:Sovereign of the Seas 906:Chinese treasure ship 817:Roman ship of Marausa 773:Caligula's Giant Ship 632:on November 21, 2003. 381:1916 – In charter of 349:Maine Maritime Museum 342: 1861:Lost sailing vessels 759:Largest wooden ships 325:Bryant Butler Brooks 286:net register tonnage 1778: /  1138:William D. Lawrence 848:Medieval and modern 451:wreck located near 316:donkey steam engine 23: 1423:Shogiku Maru No. 2 1069:Santisima Trinidad 778:Hatshepsut's barge 529:Leinhard, John H. 489:. 16 December 1909 486:The New York Times 357: 290:deadweight tonnage 19: 1782:41.533°N 69.900°W 1761: 1760: 1299: 1298: 1075:SĂŁo JoĂŁo Baptista 1028:Peter Pomegranate 884:Wind-powered only 850:oar-powered ships 668:Bangor Daily News 401:Norfolk, Virginia 209: 208: 1883: 1846:Six-masted ships 1793: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1753: 1748: 1732: 1722: 1712: 1701: 1690: 1680: 1670: 1667:Submarine No. 24 1660: 1650: 1639: 1630:Submarine No. 62 1623: 1620:Submarine No. 45 1613: 1603: 1600:Submarine No. 22 1593: 1582: 1572: 1561: 1551: 1529: 1518: 1507: 1496: 1486: 1476: 1466: 1456: 1446: 1436: 1426: 1416: 1406: 1396: 1385: 1382:Submarine No. 43 1375: 1365: 1354: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1303: 1302: 1035:Peter von Danzig 900:Baron of Renfrew 893:Adler von LĂĽbeck 752: 745: 738: 729: 728: 703: 702: 700: 699: 685: 679: 678: 676: 675: 660: 654: 653: 651: 650: 640: 634: 633: 628:. Archived from 622: 616: 615: 613: 612: 602: 596: 595: 593: 592: 581: 575: 574: 572: 570: 547: 541: 540: 526: 520: 515: 509: 504: 498: 497: 495: 494: 482: 474: 256:twist and buckle 61:15 December 1909 31: 24: 18: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1796: 1795: 1787:41.533; -69.900 1786: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1735: 1725: 1715: 1704: 1693: 1683: 1673: 1663: 1653: 1642: 1626: 1616: 1606: 1596: 1585: 1575: 1564: 1554: 1543: 1537:Other incidents 1532: 1521: 1510: 1499: 1489: 1479: 1469: 1459: 1449: 1439: 1429: 1419: 1409: 1399: 1388: 1378: 1368: 1357: 1346: 1333: 1330: 1300: 1295: 1279: 1261: 1150: 1124:Victoria (1859) 878: 849: 842: 830:Tessarakonteres 761: 756: 711: 706: 697: 695: 687: 686: 682: 673: 671: 662: 661: 657: 648: 646: 642: 641: 637: 624: 623: 619: 610: 608: 604: 603: 599: 590: 588: 583: 582: 578: 568: 566: 549: 548: 544: 527: 523: 516: 512: 505: 501: 492: 490: 480: 476: 475: 466: 462: 434:Cora F. Cressey 425:Cora F. Cressey 420:Nantucket Sound 394:Portland, Maine 337: 329:Governor Brooks 312:anchor windlass 292:(DWT) of 6,004 268: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1889: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1759: 1758: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1723: 1713: 1702: 1691: 1687:Port Nicholson 1681: 1671: 1661: 1651: 1640: 1624: 1614: 1604: 1594: 1583: 1573: 1562: 1552: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1519: 1508: 1497: 1487: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1447: 1437: 1427: 1417: 1407: 1397: 1386: 1376: 1366: 1355: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1245: 1238: 1231: 1224: 1217: 1210: 1207:George Spencer 1203: 1200:Frank O'Connor 1196: 1189: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 976: 973:Great Republic 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 936: 929: 926:Flor de la Mar 922: 915: 908: 903: 896: 888: 886: 880: 879: 877: 876: 869: 862: 854: 852: 844: 843: 841: 840: 833: 826: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 792: 787: 780: 775: 769: 767: 763: 762: 755: 754: 747: 740: 732: 726: 725: 717: 710: 709:External links 707: 705: 704: 693:Cape Cod Times 680: 655: 635: 617: 597: 576: 542: 521: 510: 499: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453:Monomoy Island 445: 408: 397: 390: 386: 379: 373: 336: 333: 267: 264: 207: 206: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 165:: 22 sails: 6 159: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 121: 120: 117: 114: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 95: 94: 90:3,036.21  88: 84:3,730.54  80: 76: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 49: 45: 44: 40: 39: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1888: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1274:Al-Hashemi-II 1271: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1214:Great Western 1211: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1156:Steam-powered 1153: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1003: 999: 997: 996: 995:Madre de Deus 992: 990: 989: 985: 983: 982: 977: 975: 974: 970: 968: 967: 966:Great Michael 963: 961: 960: 956: 954: 953: 949: 947: 946: 942: 940: 937: 935: 934: 930: 928: 927: 923: 921: 920: 916: 914: 913: 909: 907: 904: 902: 901: 897: 895: 894: 890: 889: 887: 885: 881: 875: 874: 870: 868: 867: 863: 861: 860: 856: 855: 853: 851: 845: 839: 838: 834: 832: 831: 827: 825: 824: 820: 818: 815: 813: 812:Obelisk ships 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 797: 793: 791: 788: 786: 785: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 768: 766:Ancient ships 764: 760: 753: 748: 746: 741: 739: 734: 733: 730: 724: 723: 718: 716: 713: 712: 694: 690: 684: 669: 665: 659: 645: 639: 631: 627: 621: 607: 601: 586: 580: 564: 560: 556: 554: 546: 538: 537: 532: 525: 519: 514: 508: 503: 488: 487: 479: 473: 471: 469: 464: 454: 450: 446: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 395: 391: 387: 384: 380: 378: 374: 371: 367: 366:masts stepped 363: 359: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 332: 330: 326: 322: 317: 313: 309: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 274: 272: 263: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 219: 215: 214: 204: 200: 197: 196: 192: 189: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 156: 152: 149: 148: 144: 142:Depth of hold 141: 140: 136: 133: 132: 128: 125: 124: 118: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 102: 99: 98: 93: 89: 87: 83: 82: 81: 78: 77: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 56: 53: 50: 47: 46: 41: 36: 30: 25: 22: 1763: 1728: 1718: 1708: 1697: 1686: 1676: 1665: 1657:Bergensfjord 1656: 1646: 1635: 1628: 1618: 1609: 1598: 1589: 1578: 1568: 1556: 1547: 1525: 1514: 1503: 1492: 1482: 1472: 1462: 1451: 1441: 1431: 1421: 1412: 1402: 1392: 1380: 1371: 1370: 1361: 1350: 1272: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1095: 1089:Soleil Royal 1088: 1081: 1074: 1062: 1055: 1047: 1041: 1034: 1026: 1015: 1008: 1000: 993: 986: 980: 971: 964: 958: 951: 944: 933:Ganj-i-Sawai 931: 924: 918: 912:Cinco Chagas 910: 899: 891: 873:Galère RĂ©ale 872: 865: 857: 835: 828: 821: 802:Marsala Ship 796:Leontophoros 794: 783: 721: 696:. Retrieved 692: 683: 672:. Retrieved 667: 658: 647:. Retrieved 638: 630:the original 620: 609:. Retrieved 600: 589:. Retrieved 579: 567:. Retrieved 562: 558: 552: 545: 534: 524: 513: 502: 491:. Retrieved 484: 448: 437: 433: 429: 423: 399:1924 – Left 344: 328: 307: 306: 301: 276: 275: 270: 269: 259: 251: 249: 244: 212: 211: 210: 100:Displacement 34: 20: 1785: / 1235:La Bretagne 1179:Continental 1172:Australasia 1103:Susquehanna 1021:OcĂ©an class 959:Great Harry 866:Galera Real 859:Cakra Dunia 442:Pollock Rip 353:Bath, Maine 266:Description 161:six-masted 1806:1909 ships 1800:Categories 1729:Minnekahda 1645:HMAS  1548:Resolution 1504:Washington 1391:HMAS  1339:Shipwrecks 1186:Dunderberg 1165:Appomattox 1082:Shenandoah 1063:Santa Anna 952:Grace Dieu 837:Thalamegos 807:Nemi ships 790:Khufu ship 698:2003-11-08 674:2003-11-10 649:2012-08-20 611:2012-08-20 591:2012-08-20 569:11 January 493:2012-08-20 460:References 412:nor'easter 243:boom tip, 218:six-masted 198:Complement 150:Propulsion 1707:HMS  1696:USS  1627:14 June: 1610:Spreewald 1588:HMS  1567:USS  1546:HMS  1524:USS  1515:Vernon II 1502:USS  1393:Australia 1360:USS  1349:HMS  1242:L.R. Doty 1110:Tenacious 1002:Mahmudiye 979:Javanese 945:Götheborg 823:Syracusia 418:, in the 364:with its 294:long tons 183:foresails 179:staysails 158:Sail plan 33:Schooner 1726:30 Nov: 1716:27 Nov: 1709:Venomous 1684:23 Oct: 1674:31 Aug: 1664:29 Jul: 1654:28 Jul: 1647:Brisbane 1643:23 Jul: 1617:16 May: 1607:28 Apr: 1576:19 Mar: 1558:Rhenania 1555:11 Jan: 1544:10 Jan: 1522:12 Dec: 1511:29 Nov: 1500:25 Nov: 1493:Glenlyon 1480:23 Sep: 1470:22 Sep: 1440:25 Jul: 1430:10 Jul: 1420:17 Jun: 1400:27 May: 1389:12 Apr: 1379:19 Mar: 1369:11 Mar: 1358:16 Jan: 1347:10 Jan: 1266:Immobile 1042:Pretoria 919:Columbus 237:jib-boom 221:schooner 175:topsails 163:schooner 58:Launched 48:Namesake 1773:69°54′W 1770:41°32′N 1705:2 Nov: 1698:Trenton 1597:8 Apr: 1586:7 Apr: 1579:Tatsuta 1565:6 Feb: 1526:Castine 1490:1 Nov: 1473:Clifton 1463:Satsuma 1460:7 Sep: 1450:2 Sep: 1413:America 1410:7 Jun: 1403:Tsugaru 1372:Wyoming 1291:Belyana 1256:Orlando 1228:Jylland 1145:Wyoming 1131:Victory 1056:Roanoke 722:Wyoming 553:Wyoming 449:Wyoming 447:2003 - 438:Wyoming 430:Wyoming 347:at the 345:Wyoming 335:History 321:Wyoming 308:Wyoming 302:Wyoming 277:Wyoming 271:Wyoming 260:Wyoming 252:Wyoming 245:Wyoming 241:spanker 239:tip to 213:Wyoming 171:spanker 134:Draught 79:Tonnage 52:Wyoming 43:History 37:in 1917 35:Wyoming 21:Wyoming 1719:Dieppe 1677:Bardic 1362:Tacoma 1249:Mersey 1193:Eureka 1049:RahÄ«mÄ« 1016:Orient 988:Kronan 939:Ghurab 314:and a 108:Length 1636:KongĹŤ 1483:Perun 1443:Hizen 1433:Iwami 1284:Other 1221:Iosco 481:(PDF) 233:Maine 190:Speed 1755:1925 1742:1923 1569:S-50 1513:HMS 1117:Vasa 1009:Mars 981:jong 784:Isis 571:2021 389:ton. 298:coal 229:Bath 181:, 5 177:, 5 167:gaff 153:Sail 126:Beam 66:Fate 1590:L25 1453:Aki 1351:L24 351:in 227:in 203:abs 92:NRT 86:GRT 1802:: 1633:, 691:. 666:. 563:15 561:. 557:. 533:. 483:. 467:^ 300:. 231:, 1325:e 1318:t 1311:v 1023:) 1019:( 751:e 744:t 737:v 701:. 677:. 652:. 614:. 594:. 573:. 555:" 496:. 396:. 385:. 372:. 205:)

Index


Wyoming
GRT
NRT
schooner
gaff
spanker
topsails
staysails
foresails
abs
six-masted
schooner
Percy & Small Shipyard
Bath
Maine
jib-boom
spanker
twist and buckle
gross register tonnage
net register tonnage
deadweight tonnage
long tons
coal
anchor windlass
donkey steam engine
Wyoming
Bryant Butler Brooks

Maine Maritime Museum

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑