237:
enough to remove larger defects (typically 80 or 100 grit, but sometimes higher if the surface is already quite smooth), and progresses through a series of sandpaper grades that gradually remove the sanding scratches created by the previous sanding steps. A typical sanding schedule prior to wood finishing might involve sanding wood along the grain with the following grades of sandpaper, 80, 100, 120, 150 and finishing with 180 and sometimes 220 grit. The precise sanding schedule is a matter of trial and error because the appearance of a sanded surface depends on the wood you are sanding and the finish that will subsequently be applied to the wood. According to
Nagyszalanczy, coarse grained woods with large pores such as oak hide sanding scratches better than fine grained wood and hence with such species it may be possible to use 180 or even 150 grit sandpaper as the final step in the sanding schedule. Conversely, sanding scratches are more easily seen in finer grained, harder woods and also end-grain, and hence, they require finer sandpaper (220 grit) during the final sanding stage. The sandpaper selected for the final sanding stage affects the colour of stained wood, and therefore when staining is part of finishing avoid sanding the wood to a very smooth finish. On the other hand, according to Nagyszalanczy if you are using an oil-based finish, it is desirable to sand the wood using higher grit sandpaper (400 grit) because oil tends to highlight sanding scratches.
218:
269:
249:
241:
340:. Bleaches are also occasionally used to reduce the difference in colour between lighter sapwood and heartwood and also colour variation within heartwood. Such bleaching make it easier to achieve a uniformly coloured wood when the wood is subsequently coloured with pigmented stains and dyes (see below). Furthermore, the natural colours of wood fade when wood is exposed to sunlight, and more permanent colours can be created by bleaching wood to remove its natural colour and then re-colouring the wood using artificial, light-fast, stains.
544:
592:
628:
568:
122:
604:
257:
229:
616:
556:
640:
580:
520:
3719:
1147:
1126:
315:
307:
299:
508:
532:
25:
3729:
3739:
286:
to burn the wood. The transfer of heat from the iron to the wood will cause compressed fibres in the dent to recover their original dimensions. As a result the dent will diminish in size or even disappear completely, although removal of large dents may require a number of wetting and heating cycles. The wood in the recovered dent should then be dried and sanded smooth to match the surrounding wood.
1122:
spray guns in an enclosed environment or spray cabin. The material then can enter an oven or be sanded again depending on the manufacturer’s setup. The material can also be recycled through the line to apply another coat of finish or continue in a system that adds successive coats depending on the layout of the production line. The systems typically used one of two approaches to production.
156:
they can be adequately coated and are able to resist wear and cracking. Careful attention should also be given to the design and strength of wooden joints to ensure they do not open-up in service and crack the overlying finish. Care should also be taken to eliminate recesses in furniture, which are difficult to finish with some systems, especially UV-cured finishes.
323:
may alter the scratch pattern created by sanding. Both these effects will influence the way in which the wood colours when stains are used to finish the wood. To overcome this problem it may be necessary to locally stain and touch-up areas previously covered by glue to ensure that the finish on such areas matches that of the surrounding wood.
1160:
mobile carts used in the towline approach can be designed with top platens that rotate either manually or automatically. The rotating top platens allow the operator to have easy access to all sides of the wood item throughout the various wood finishing processes such as sanding, painting and sealing.
322:
Glue smears and droplets are sometimes present around the joints of furniture. They can be removed using a combination of scraping, scrubbing and sanding. These approaches remove surface glue, but not the glue beneath the wood surface. Sub-surface glue will reduce the absorption of stain by wood, and
285:
Removing dents from wood surfaces is quite straightforward as pointed out by
Flexner. Add a few droplets of demineralized water to the dent and let it soak in. Then put a clean cloth over the dent and place the tip of a hot iron on the cloth that lies immediately above the dent, taking great care not
146:
Finishing is the final step of the manufacturing process that gives wood surfaces desirable characteristics, including enhanced appearance and increased resistance to moisture and other environmental agents. Finishing can also make wood easier to clean and keep it sanitized, sealing pores that can be
331:
Wood surfaces are occasionally affected by various organic and inorganic stains. Sometimes such stains enhance the colour and appearance of wood. For example, oak wood affected by the beef-steak fungus has a deep rich, attractive, brown colour and there is no reason to remove the stain from the wood
1142:
that moves the items overhead or above the floor space. The conveyor itself can be ceiling mounted, wall mounted or supported by floor mounts. A simple overhead conveyor system can be designed to move wood products through several wood finishing processes in a continuous loop. The hangline approach
213:
Sanding is carried out before finishing to remove defects from the wood surface that will affect the appearance and performance of finishes that are subsequently applied to the wood. These defects include cutter marks and burns, scratches and indentations, small glue spots and raised grain. Sanding
200:
Wood’s moisture content affects the staining of wood. Changes in wood moisture content can result in swelling and shrinkage of wood which can stress and crack coatings. Both problems can be avoided by storing wood indoors in an environment where it can equilibriate to a recommended moisture content
196:
Planning for wood finishing also involves being aware of how the finishing process influences the result. Careful handling of the wood is needed to avoid dents, scratches and soiling with dirt. Wood should be marked for cutting using pencil rather than ink; however, avoid hard or soft pencil. HB is
168:
or within heartwood may require a preliminary staining step to reduce colour variation. Alternatively, the wood can be bleached to remove the natural colour of the wood and then stained to the desired colour. Woods that are coarse textured such as oaks and other ring-porous hardwoods may need to be
155:
Finishing of wood requires careful planning to ensure that the finished piece looks attractive, performs well in service and meets safety and environmental requirements. Planning for finishing begins with the design of furniture. Care should be taken to ensure that edges of furniture are rounded so
368:
or pigmented finishes. These finishes are available in a wide variety of colours, many of which are not part of the natural colour palette of wood, for example, blues and greens. Pigmented stains tend to highlight the grain (and also sanding scratches), whereas dyes do not have this effect and are
281:
Larger defects that interfere with wood finishing include dent, gouges, splits and glue spots and smears. These defects should also be removed before finishing, otherwise they will affect the quality of the finished furniture or object. However, it is difficult to eliminate large defects from wood
264:
Sanding is very good at removing defects at wood surfaces, but it creates a surface that contains minute scratches in the form of microscopic valleys and ridges, and also slivers of wood cell wall material that are attached to the underlying wood. These sanding ridges and slivers of wood swell and
1159:
The towline approach to automating wood finishing uses mobile carts that are propelled by conveyors mounted in or on the floor. This approach is useful for moving large, awkward shaped wood products that are difficult or impossible to lift or hang overhead, such as four-legged wood furniture. The
363:
Wood can be stained to change its colour or left unstained before application of lacquer, or other types of top-coats. Staining should enhance the appearance of wood by reducing colour variation between and within sapwood and heartwood. It also provides a way of giving bland looking woods such as
289:
Gouges and holes in wood are more difficult to repair than dents because wood fibres have been cut, torn and removed from the wood. Larger gouges and splits are best repaired by patching the void with a piece of wood that matches the colour and grain orientation of the wood under repair. Patching
159:
Planning for wood finishing also involves thinking about the properties of the wood being finished, as these can greatly affect the appearance and performance of finishes, and also the type of finishing system that will give the wood the desired characteristics. For example, woods that show great
1121:
products implement automated flatline finish systems. These systems consist of a series of processing stations that may include sanding, dust removal, staining, sealer and topcoat applications. As the name suggests, the primary part shapes are flat. Liquid wood finishes are applied via automated
236:
The key to preparing a defect free surface is to develop a sanding schedule that will quickly eliminate defects and leave the surface smooth enough so that tiny scratches produced by sanding cannot be seen when the wood is finished. A sanding schedule usually begins with sandpaper that is coarse
294:
and waxes) are produced commercially and are coloured to match different wood species. Successful filling of voids in wood requires the filler to precisely match the colour and grain pattern of the wood around the void, which is difficult to achieve in practice. Furthermore, filled voids do not
265:
spring-up, respectively, when sanded wood is finished with water-based finishes, creating a rough fuzzy surface. This defect is known as grain raising. It can be eliminated by wetting the surface with water, leaving the wood to dry and then lightly sanding the wood to remove the ‘raised grain’.
147:
breeding grounds for bacteria. Finishing can also influence other wood properties, for example tonal qualities of musical instruments and hardness of flooring. In addition, finishing provides a way of giving low-value woods the appearance of ones that are expensive and difficult to obtain.
495:
Clear finishes are intended to make wood look good and meet the demands to be placed on the finish. Choosing a clear finish for wood involves trade-offs between appearance, protection, durability, safety, requirements for cleaning, and ease of application. The following table compares the
295:
behave like wood during subsequent finishing steps, and they age differently to wood. Hence, repairs to wood using fillers may noticeable. Therefore filling is best used with opaque finishes rather than semitransparent finishes, which allow the grain of the wood to be seen.
377:. Staining of wood is difficult to control because some parts of the wood absorb more stain than others, which leads to problems such as blotchiness and streaking. For this reason, as pointed out by Flexner, many people prefer to omit the staining step when finishing wood.
204:
Finally, consideration needs to be given to whether the finished wood will come into contact with food, in which case a food-safe finish should be used, local environmental regulations governing the use of finishes, and recycling of finished wood at the end of its life.
1291:
Bongova, M.; Urgela, Stanislav (1999-01-01). "Surface coating influence on elastic properties of spruce wood by means of holographic vibration mode visualization". 11th Slovak-Czech-Polish
Optical Conference on Wave and Quantum Aspects of Contemporary Optics.
169:
filled before they are finished to ensure the coating can bridge the pores and resist cracking. The pores in ring-porous woods more readily absorb pigmented stain, and advantage can be taken of this to highlight the wood's grain. Some tropical woods, such as
1669:
197:
recommend for face work and 2H for joint work. Care should be taken to avoid squeeze-out of glue from joints because the glue will reduce absorption of stain and finish. Any excess glue should be carefully removed to avoid further damage to the wood.
500:
as a finish and as a way to manipulate the wood's ability to absorb other finishes. The alcohol evaporates almost immediately to yield a finish that will attach to virtually any surface, even glass, and virtually any other finish can be used over it.
369:
more transparent. Wood can also be coloured by exposing it to chemicals that react with the wood to form coloured compounds. Chemical staining of wood is rarely carried out because it is easier to colour wood using dye or pigmented stain, however,
1891:
496:
characteristics of different clear finishes. 'Rubbing qualities' indicates the ease with which a finish can be manipulated to deliver the finish desired. Shellac should be considered in two different ways. It is used thinned with
1497:
Wood
Finishing, Plain and Decorative: Methods, Materials, and Tools for Natural, Stained, Varnished, Waxed, Oiled, Enameled, and Painted Finishes. Antiqued, Stippled, Streaked and Rough Glazed Finishes. Stain Making
290:
wood requires skill, but when done properly it is possible to create a repair that is very difficult to see. An alternative to patching is filling (sometimes known as stopping). Numerous coloured fillers (
905:
Moderate. Applied in thin coats with cloth or brush, excess is wiped off. First coat is typically thinned down. Partial cure is necessary as very long finishing schedule for sufficient amount of coats.
1822:
Marra, G.G. 1943. An analysis of the factors responsible for raised grain on the wood of oak following sanding and staining. Transactions of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers 65:177–185.
193:), contain extractives such as quinones, which retard the curing of unsaturated polyester and UV-cured acrylate coatings, and so other finishing systems should be used with these species.
1917:
Evans, Philip D.; Palmer, Gareth; Chowdhury, Mohammed (2007-03-22). "Bleaching treatments for blue-stained lodgepole pine affected by the mountain pine beetle
Dendroctonus ponderosae".
757:
Clogs spray equipment. Quick solvent flash time makes brushing difficult. Ox or badger/skunk hair brush recommended. Easy to pad, however French Polish is difficult
1998:
214:
should not be used to eliminate larger defects such as gouges, and various forms of discolouration. Other techniques are used to remove these defects (see below).
3612:
1002:
Easy. Applied with brush, roller or sprayer. Fast drying demands care in application technique to avoid bubbles and streaks. Sanding required between coats.
1872:
Uzunovic, A., Byrne, T., Gignac, M, Yang, D-Q. (2008). Wood discolourations & their prevention with an emphasis on bluestain. FPInnovations (Forintek)
336:. On the other hand some fungal stains and those caused by the reaction of iron with wood can disfigure wood. These stains can be removed from wood using
1605:
Kumar, R. N.; Al-Mahdi, Haider Osma; Scherzer, T.; Sonntag, J. von (2002-06-26). "Influence of Wood
Extracts on the Uv Curing of Acrylate Coatings".
799:
344:
1545:
Sandermann, Wilhelm; Dietrichs, Hans-Hermann; Puth, Martin (1960-02-01). "Über die
Trocknungsinhibierung von Lackanstrichen auf Handelshölzern".
918:
966:
Moderate. Applied in coats with brush, roller or sprayer. Medium curing times, sanding required between coats. Easy when thinned and wiped on.
1456:
709:
3602:
1980:
467:
or other materials, depending on the shine desired. Often, a final coat of wax is applied over the finish to add a degree of protection.
1143:
to automated wood finishing also allows the option of moving items up to warmer air at the ceiling level to speed up drying process.
351:. The former is particularly effective at removing the natural colour of wood before it is recoloured with pigmented stains or dyes.
697:
Easy. Applied with cloth or brush and worked into wood, excess left to cure before buffing with a cloth for desired level of sheen.
902:
Relatively safe when fully cured. Pure tung oil contains no metallic dryers. Many products labeled tung oil are oil/varnish blends
1715:"Case study project: The use of low-VOC/HAP coatings at wood furniture manufacturing facilities. Report for March 1995 March 1999"
1650:"A Note on the Effect of Wood Moisture Content and Clear Coating on the Color of Veneer Panels Stained with Solvent-Borne Stain"
2094:
1263:
1232:
89:
1813:
Nakamura, G-I, Takachio, H. 1961. An experiment on the roughness and stability of sanded surface. Mokuzai
Gakkaishi 7:41–45.
1800:
1700:
1502:
1480:
1831:
Koehler, A. 1932. Some observations on raised grain. Transactions of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers 54:27–30.
61:
3587:
1994:
1278:
Jaić, Milan, and Tanja Palija. "The impact of the top coating on the mechanical properties of lacquered wood surfaces."
1008:
Excellent. It finishes hard and can be buffed to a gloss. Use a release agent. A thick finish can leave a plastic feel.
3768:
1370:
1065:
Easy. Applied in thin coats with cloth or brush, excess wiped off. Too many applications can result in sticky build up
567:
473:
is a finishing method of applying many thin coats of shellac using a rubbing pad, yielding a very fine glossy finish.
68:
3763:
3732:
3617:
2059:
2045:
1901:
1852:
1794:
1694:
1529:
1432:
108:
1129:
In this hangline approach, wood items being finished are moved through various finishing stages on a conveyor system
3592:
1686:
Finishes & Finishing Techniques: Professional Secrets for Simple and Beautiful Finishes from Fine Woodworking
42:
1741:
Parikka-Alhola, Katriina (2008-12-01). "Promoting environmentally sound furniture by green public procurement".
1150:
In this towline method, mobile carts move large furniture through various finishing stages on a conveyor system.
1071:
Dries hard. can be buffed to a matte finish or to a gloss. Often top coated with paste wax for extra protection
373:
is a chemical staining method that is still occasionally used to darken woods such as oak that contain a lot of
75:
3597:
46:
543:
424:
Once the wood surface is prepared and stained, the finish is applied. It usually consists of several coats of
364:
poplar, the appearance of prized furniture woods such as ebony, mahogany or walnut. Wood can be stained using
3607:
3317:
2335:
591:
217:
3742:
2944:
1138:
In the hangline approach, wood items being finished are hung by carriers or hangers that are attached to a
57:
972:
Cures hard. Easy to rub out with steel wool or synthetic pads to reduce sheen, or buffed to a high gloss.
1059:
Fairly durable, but may require periodic reapplication for heavy use areas such as tables and worktops.
845:
Moderate. Requires spray equipment. Used in professional shops only. No sanding required between coats.
730:
Difficult. Solvents thin wax causing it to penetrate deeper. Sanding creates heat. Scraping recommended
700:
Difficult. Solvents thin wax causing it to penetrate deeper. Sanding creates heat. Scraping recommended
2794:
997:
787:
Moderate. Available in cans, large scale requires spray equipment. No sanding required between coats.
3622:
3541:
2760:
2087:
627:
615:
1338:
332:
prior to finishing. The same applies to spalted wood whose attractive appearance is again caused by
1449:
603:
2974:
2122:
2117:
1095:
Easy pour-on application for flat surfaces, difficult to apply evenly on more complicated shapes
35:
1714:
3699:
2780:
2750:
2745:
2451:
769:
555:
1976:
1255:
1249:
639:
2765:
2614:
2476:
2388:
1325:
936:
Moderate. Brush, roll or spray. Brushing needs good technique to avoid bubbles and streaks.
82:
3773:
3722:
3627:
3511:
3402:
2896:
2576:
2556:
2496:
2080:
1297:
1083:
Thick, high-gloss, and transparent. Some formulations can cloud or yellow with UV exposure
487:
in the wood and cause it to change colours. The resulting product is known as "fumed oak".
186:
875:
Easy. Applied in thin coats with cloth or brush, excess wiped off. Cure time can be long.
8:
3352:
3347:
2881:
2866:
2846:
2841:
2717:
2599:
519:
348:
268:
1301:
579:
3410:
2920:
2856:
2481:
2436:
2208:
2168:
1942:
1630:
1570:
1313:
857:
248:
240:
3704:
3561:
3392:
3372:
2959:
2702:
2426:
2268:
2055:
2041:
1934:
1897:
1848:
1790:
1690:
1649:
1622:
1562:
1525:
1518:
1428:
1366:
1317:
1259:
1228:
507:
497:
1946:
1634:
1574:
3362:
3337:
3312:
3282:
2939:
2521:
2416:
2183:
1926:
1754:
1750:
1661:
1614:
1554:
1305:
1189:
531:
1053:
Enhances natural figure like a drying oil, but more protective and faster drying.
3694:
3307:
3243:
3017:
2737:
2707:
2667:
2581:
2283:
1842:
1784:
1684:
1589:
1495:
1474:
1422:
1139:
1118:
165:
161:
1966:
Anon (1948). Bleaching wood. US Forest Products Laboratory Report FPL-0165, 9pp.
1665:
121:
3673:
3663:
3531:
3327:
3322:
3287:
3238:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3007:
2770:
2466:
2288:
2273:
2258:
2158:
476:
370:
126:
1930:
1030:
generally sprayed, equipment must be cleaned of any mixed product immediately
343:
The bleaches used to remove unwanted fungal stains from wood include two-part
3757:
3643:
3536:
3506:
3208:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3110:
2964:
2949:
2911:
2861:
2851:
2604:
2561:
2318:
2243:
2193:
2153:
2148:
1938:
1626:
1566:
1068:
Difficult. All saturated wood needs to be removed (planing/sanding/scraping)
909:
Difficult. All saturated wood needs to be removed (planing/sanding/scraping)
878:
Difficult. All saturated wood needs to be removed (planing/sanding/scraping)
470:
390:
256:
228:
201:(6 to 8%) that is similar to that of the intended end use of the furniture.
3456:
3451:
3387:
3342:
3332:
3297:
3228:
3223:
3183:
3155:
3090:
3075:
3012:
2984:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2586:
2566:
2303:
2278:
2263:
2223:
2188:
464:
402:
398:
3678:
3668:
3556:
3382:
3367:
3233:
3218:
3168:
3115:
3080:
3022:
2969:
2901:
2642:
2358:
2308:
2103:
1618:
1179:
1174:
1062:
Relatively safe once VOCs have evaporated, uses petroleum based solvents
410:
352:
2019:
143:
where typically it represents between 5 and 30% of manufacturing costs.
3566:
3521:
3302:
3248:
3198:
3188:
3140:
3130:
3085:
3027:
2992:
2932:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2536:
2491:
2340:
2253:
2218:
1558:
1184:
1169:
1146:
1125:
1046:
1042:
817:
Moderate. Requires spray equipment. No sanding required between coats.
456:
433:
414:
406:
291:
2052:
Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish
1424:
Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish
1309:
990:
Excellent protection. Newer products (2009) also UV stable when noted
784:
Uses toxic solvents. Good protection is needed, especially if painted
3501:
3471:
3466:
3357:
3292:
3135:
3120:
3095:
2906:
2886:
2831:
2821:
2755:
2727:
2662:
2298:
2233:
2178:
2173:
2163:
480:
452:
386:
140:
721:
Moderate durability once cured. May require periodic reapplication.
24:
3481:
3461:
3105:
3070:
2806:
2682:
2609:
2551:
2516:
2511:
2408:
2327:
2238:
2203:
2198:
963:
Relatively safe once VOCs evaporate, uses petroleum based solvents
933:
Relatively safe once VOCs evaporate, uses petroleum based solvents
887:
727:
Easy. Applied in very thin coats with cloth, pad, roller or brush.
333:
314:
306:
298:
178:
170:
1786:
The Wood Sanding Book: A Guide to Abrasives, Machines, and Methods
924:
Not as transparent as lacquer, yellowish/orange tint, pops grain.
823:
Excellent general furniture finish, harder than standard lacquer.
479:
is a traditional process for darkening and enriching the color of
3658:
3653:
3546:
3516:
3476:
3420:
3274:
3253:
3145:
3100:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3032:
3002:
2997:
2871:
2775:
2712:
2657:
2546:
2501:
2456:
2378:
2368:
2353:
2248:
2228:
1995:"Difference between lacquer and varnish? : Finishing Advice"
978:
948:
739:
484:
441:
437:
429:
405:. Imperfections or nail holes on the surface may be filled using
1893:
Three-dimensional structure of wood: An Ultrastructural Approach
3648:
3377:
3125:
2876:
2826:
2722:
2692:
2632:
2506:
2431:
2393:
2346:
2213:
2131:
1108:
accentuates visual properties due to differences in wood grain.
460:
418:
394:
374:
337:
2072:
1722:
National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP)
3526:
3435:
3430:
3415:
2836:
2627:
2620:
2591:
2571:
2541:
2526:
2486:
2471:
2461:
2446:
2441:
2421:
2398:
2373:
2293:
1077:
745:
From virtually clear (super blond) to a rich orange (garnet)
445:
355:
is particularly effective at removing iron stains from wood.
252:
Scanning Electron Microscopy of 180 grit aluminum oxide paper
244:
Scanning Electron Microscopy of 120 grit aluminum oxide paper
1604:
1098:
Cleanable with acetone when liquid. Irreversible once cured
754:
Safe when solvent evaporates, used as food and pill coating
272:
Profilometry image of Yellow birch after sanding and wetting
3425:
2954:
2891:
2816:
2697:
2652:
2647:
2383:
2127:
957:
Excellent protection against many substances, tough finish
872:
Relatively safe once cured, metallic driers are poisonous.
136:
3551:
3042:
2811:
2637:
2531:
2363:
679:
490:
425:
365:
2020:"A Guide on Choosing the Best Teak Oil Finish for Wood"
1544:
1212:. Nashville: Production Publishing Company. p. 3.
1021:
Stronger protection than regular polyurethane varnish
912:
Cures hard and matte, can be buffed to a satin sheen.
3613:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
1916:
703:
Matte to satin finish, can to be buffed to a sheen.
1112:
927:Good protection, also available with UV resistance
811:Meets UK and European standards for "general use".
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1517:
839:Meets UK and European standards for "severe use".
808:Good general protection against wet and dry heat.
448:, and each coat is typically followed by sanding.
326:
135:refers to the process of refining or protecting a
16:Process of refining or protecting a wooden surface
1101:flexibility makes sanding difficult but possible
733:matte to satin finish, can be buffed to a sheen.
380:
3755:
1683:Press, Taunton; Woodworking, Fine (1999-01-01).
1682:
1227:. Madison: Forest Products Society. p. 11.
1024:Durable once cured, generally less than an hour
942:Cures hard yet flexible, gloss or satin finish.
260:Profilometry image of Yellow birch after sanding
1036:Sands easily. Sanding not needed between coats
863:Yellow warm glow, pops grain, darkens with age
1740:
2088:
1847:. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated.
1782:
1290:
954:Slight ambering, comes in a variety of sheen
836:Excellent protection against many substances
1493:
1365:. Ramsbury, Marlborough: The Crowood Press.
1027:low or free of VOCs, nonreactive when cured
893:Warm glow, pops grain, lighter than linseed
814:Uses toxic solvents. Spray booth is needed.
748:Fair against water, poor solvent protection
1889:
1647:
1254:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p.
685:Dull, even sheen unless buffed or polished
2095:
2081:
960:Durable after approx. 7 day curing period
718:Moderate protection and water resistance.
694:Safe when solvents in paste wax evaporate
421:, or any of a number of other techniques.
276:
1896:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1607:Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A
1450:"Wood Finishing with UV-Curable Coatings"
996:Safer than oil-based polyurethane, fewer
833:Transparent, all sheens from 5% to Gloss
139:surface, especially in the production of
125:A worker sprays a urethane finish onto a
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3603:Building and Wood Workers' International
1494:Vanderwalker, Fred Norman (1940-01-01).
1360:
1145:
1124:
842:Uses toxic solvents, including toluene.
413:. Often, the wood's color is changed by
313:
305:
297:
267:
255:
247:
239:
227:
216:
120:
1840:
1447:
1420:
1363:Wood Finishing: Step-by-step techniques
805:Transparent, all sheens from 5% to 90%
483:. Ammonia fumes react with the natural
3756:
1997:. UKworkshop.co.uk. 19 February 2010.
1648:Evans, Philip D.; Cullis, Ian (2010).
1587:
1472:
1448:Iseghem, Lawrence C. Van (June 2006).
1247:
1207:
1056:Low, but more than pure oil finishes.
993:Durable after a two-day curing period
829:Conversion varnish or Acid-Cat Lacquer
724:Safe when low VOC solvents evaporate.
491:Comparison of different clear finishes
150:
2076:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1515:
1476:Coloring, Finishing and Painting Wood
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1005:Can be stripped using paint removers
969:Can be stripped using paint removers
939:Can be stripped using paint removers
573:2:1 ratio of beeswax and carnauba wax
3738:
1783:Nagyszalanczy, Sandor (1997-01-01).
1591:Chemistry in the utilization of wood
1588:Farmer, Robert Harvey (1967-06-01).
1473:Newell, Adnah Clifton (1940-01-01).
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1133:
760:Completely reversible using alcohol
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3728:
3588:American Association of Woodturners
1520:The Complete Guide to Wood Finishes
1222:
1154:
232:Pore distribution in southern beech
13:
1953:
1876:Special Publication SP-50, 51 pp.
1861:
1841:Hayward, Charles H. (1974-09-01).
1761:
1225:Building an industrial wood finish
389:either by hand, typically using a
14:
3785:
3618:National Wood Carvers Association
2065:
1379:
1345:
358:
318:Macro photo of 320 grit sandpaper
310:Macro photo of 220 grit sandpaper
302:Macro photo of 120 grit sandpaper
3737:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3593:Architectural Woodwork Institute
1983:from the original on 2010-02-10.
1803:from the original on 2017-10-22.
1703:from the original on 2017-10-22.
1672:from the original on 2016-10-23.
1505:from the original on 2017-10-22.
1483:from the original on 2017-10-22.
1462:from the original on 2015-09-10.
1113:Automated wood finishing methods
979:Polyurethane water-based varnish
790:Reversible with proper solvents
691:Requires frequent reapplication
638:
626:
614:
602:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
530:
518:
506:
23:
2102:
2012:
2001:from the original on 2016-08-10
1987:
1969:
1910:
1883:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1734:
1707:
1676:
1641:
1598:
1581:
1538:
1509:
1487:
327:Bleaching and removal of stains
34:needs additional citations for
3598:British Woodworking Federation
1890:Butterfield, B. (2012-12-06).
1755:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.004
1466:
1441:
1284:
1272:
1251:Wood finishing and refinishing
1241:
1216:
1201:
1049:, Teak oil, "Tung oil finish")
949:Polyurethane oil based varnish
896:Low, but has water resistance
381:Basic wood finishing procedure
1:
3608:Caricature Carvers of America
1516:Crump, Derrick (1992-01-01).
1501:. F. J. Drake & Company.
1195:
775:Transparent, satin and gloss
409:or pores may be filled using
1210:Furniture finishing textbook
820:Non-Reversible after 5 days
451:Finally, the surface may be
160:variation in colour between
7:
1919:Holz Als Roh- und Werkstoff
1666:10.13073/0015-7473-60.3.273
1547:Holz Als Roh- und Werkstoff
1421:Flexner, Bob (1999-01-01).
1280:Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta
1163:
385:Wood finishing starts with
10:
3790:
1075:
1040:
1012:
998:volatile organic compounds
986:all sheens from 1% to 80%
976:
946:
916:
885:
855:
827:
797:
781:Soft and somewhat durable
767:
737:
707:
677:
208:
3769:Wood finishing techniques
3713:
3687:
3636:
3623:Society of Wood Engravers
3580:
3494:
3444:
3401:
3273:
3266:
3154:
3041:
2983:
2802:
2793:
2736:
2407:
2326:
2317:
2141:
2110:
2036:Michael Dresdner (1992).
1931:10.1007/s00107-007-0177-5
1086:High level of protection
3764:Wood finishing materials
1524:. Simon & Schuster.
549:Tung oil and linseed oil
1654:Forest Products Journal
1223:Cox, Robert M. (2003).
984:Transparent or paints,
597:Shellac and linseed oil
277:Removing larger defects
3700:Frameless construction
2781:Wood-plastic composite
2038:The Woodfinishing Book
1844:Staining and Polishing
1361:Hatchard, Den (1992).
1333:Cite journal requires
1151:
1130:
851:Excellent hard finish
793:Excellent soft finish
778:Reasonable protection
770:Nitrocellulose lacquer
715:Matte to Satin sheen.
319:
311:
303:
273:
261:
253:
245:
233:
225:
221:Large open ‘pores’ in
129:
1479:. Manual arts Press.
1248:Gibbia, S.W. (1981).
1208:Whaler, J.H. (1972).
1149:
1128:
1089:Flexible and durable
848:Difficult to reverse
621:Spar or yacht varnish
317:
309:
301:
271:
259:
251:
243:
231:
220:
124:
3628:Timber Framers Guild
2482:Australian Blackwood
2050:Bob Flexner (1994).
1743:Ecological Economics
1619:10.1081/MA-120004510
191:Pterocarpus soyauxii
43:improve this article
3348:Hammer-headed tenon
2867:Janka hardness test
1427:. Reader's Digest.
1302:1999SPIE.3820..103B
1014:2-Part polyurethane
667:Ease of application
349:sodium hypochlorite
151:Planning the finish
2209:Japanese carpentry
1977:"Fuming white oak"
1559:10.1007/BF02615619
1455:. RADTECH REPORT.
1152:
1131:
1117:Manufacturers who
1043:Oil-varnish blends
858:Boiled linseed oil
673:Rubbing qualities
320:
312:
304:
274:
262:
254:
246:
234:
226:
223:Eucalyptus sieberi
130:
3751:
3750:
3705:Green woodworking
3562:Wood preservation
3490:
3489:
3393:Tongue and groove
3373:Mortise and tenon
3262:
3261:
2960:Warrington hammer
2789:
2788:
2477:African Blackwood
2269:Segmented turning
2040:. Taunton Press.
1789:. Taunton Press.
1689:. Taunton Press.
1594:. Pergamon Press.
1310:10.1117/12.353047
1265:978-0-442-24708-9
1234:978-1-892529-30-5
1134:Hangline approach
1105:
1104:
498:denatured alcohol
347:and solutions of
119:
118:
111:
93:
3781:
3741:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3271:
3270:
2940:Thickness planer
2800:
2799:
2594:(lime, basswood)
2324:
2323:
2184:Chainsaw carving
2097:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1780:
1759:
1758:
1749:(1–2): 472–485.
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1418:
1377:
1376:
1358:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1190:Xylotechnigraphy
1155:Towline approach
1092:Safe when cured
688:Low, short term
650:
649:
642:
630:
618:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
471:French polishing
455:or buffed using
183:Dalbergia retusa
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Wood finishing"
51:
27:
19:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3709:
3695:Frame and panel
3683:
3632:
3576:
3486:
3445:Surface piecing
3440:
3397:
3318:Crown of thorns
3258:
3244:Smoothing plane
3150:
3037:
2979:
2882:Milling machine
2785:
2746:Cross-laminated
2732:
2403:
2313:
2284:Spindle turning
2274:Shingle weaving
2244:Pallet crafting
2137:
2106:
2101:
2070:
2068:
2054:. Rodale Press
2033:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1954:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1880:SSN #1916–4238.
1871:
1862:
1855:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1797:
1781:
1762:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1646:
1642:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1514:
1510:
1492:
1488:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1419:
1380:
1373:
1359:
1346:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1221:
1217:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1166:
1157:
1140:conveyor system
1136:
1115:
800:Pre-Cat lacquer
646:
643:
634:
633:Acrylic varnish
631:
622:
619:
610:
607:
598:
595:
586:
583:
574:
571:
562:
559:
550:
547:
538:
535:
526:
523:
514:
511:
493:
383:
361:
345:peroxide bleach
329:
279:
211:
175:Dalbergia nigra
153:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3735:
3725:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3674:Quarter sawing
3671:
3666:
3664:Wood splitting
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3572:Wood finishing
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3532:Paint stripper
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:Shoulder plane
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Moulding plane
3211:
3206:
3204:Japanese plane
3201:
3196:
3194:Grooving plane
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Flooring clamp
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Winding sticks
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Timber-framing
2942:
2937:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Particle board
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Glue laminated
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Timber framing
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Relief carving
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Bush carpentry
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2067:
2066:External links
2064:
2063:
2062:
2048:
2032:
2031:
2011:
1986:
1968:
1952:
1925:(6): 485–486.
1909:
1902:
1882:
1860:
1853:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1795:
1760:
1733:
1706:
1695:
1675:
1660:(3): 273–275.
1640:
1613:(7): 657–666.
1597:
1580:
1537:
1530:
1508:
1486:
1465:
1440:
1433:
1378:
1372:978-1852235826
1371:
1344:
1335:|journal=
1283:
1271:
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1197:
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824:
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764:
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620:
613:
611:
608:
601:
599:
596:
589:
587:
584:
577:
575:
572:
565:
563:
561:Molten bee wax
560:
553:
551:
548:
541:
539:
536:
529:
527:
524:
517:
515:
512:
505:
492:
489:
477:Ammonia fuming
382:
379:
371:ammonia fuming
360:
359:Colouring wood
357:
328:
325:
278:
275:
210:
207:
187:African padauk
152:
149:
133:Wood finishing
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3786:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3744:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
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3644:Chainsaw mill
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3581:Organizations
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3537:Steam bending
3535:
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3508:
3507:French polish
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3378:Rabbet/Rebate
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3363:Mason's mitre
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3209:Jointer plane
3207:
3205:
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3197:
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3192:
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3182:
3180:
3179:Compass plane
3177:
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3174:Chamfer plane
3172:
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3165:
3164:Bedrock plane
3162:
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2976:
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2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Veneer hammer
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2862:Impact driver
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2704:
2701:
2699:
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2694:
2691:
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2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Red Quebracho
2676:
2674:
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2659:
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2649:
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2154:Bow and arrow
2152:
2150:
2149:Boat building
2147:
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2079:
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2075:
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2061:
2060:0-87596-566-0
2057:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2046:1-56158-037-6
2043:
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2015:
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1963:
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1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:(in German).
1920:
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1903:9789401181464
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1854:9780877490074
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1549:(in German).
1548:
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1531:9780671796693
1527:
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1434:9780762101917
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1067:
1064:
1061:
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1055:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1033:Irreversible
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
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950:
945:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
920:
919:Alkyd varnish
915:
911:
908:
904:
901:
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890:
889:
884:
880:
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684:
682:
681:
676:
672:
670:Reversibility
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
652:
651:
645:Acrylic paint
641:
636:
629:
624:
617:
612:
609:Alkyd varnish
605:
600:
593:
588:
581:
576:
569:
564:
557:
552:
545:
540:
533:
528:
521:
516:
509:
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443:
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427:
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400:
396:
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391:sanding block
388:
378:
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341:
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324:
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308:
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157:
148:
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142:
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128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2012
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3571:
3512:Heat bending
3457:Edge banding
3229:Router plane
3224:Rebate plane
3184:Finger plane
2915:
2619:
2613:
2593:
2587:Lignum vitae
2345:
2339:
2304:Wood carving
2279:Shipbuilding
2264:Root carving
2224:Log building
2189:Chip carving
2069:
2051:
2037:
2023:. Retrieved
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1989:
1971:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1785:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
1709:
1685:
1678:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1590:
1583:
1553:(2): 63–75.
1550:
1546:
1540:
1519:
1511:
1496:
1489:
1475:
1468:
1443:
1423:
1362:
1326:cite journal
1293:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1250:
1243:
1224:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1158:
1137:
1119:mass-produce
1116:
1107:
1106:
1076:
1041:
1018:Transparent
1013:
985:
977:
947:
917:
886:
881:Cures matte
856:
828:
798:
768:
738:
708:
678:
494:
475:
469:
465:rotten stone
450:
423:
384:
362:
342:
330:
321:
288:
284:
280:
263:
235:
222:
212:
203:
199:
195:
190:
182:
174:
158:
154:
145:
132:
131:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3774:Woodworking
3733:WikiProject
3679:Rift sawing
3669:Flat sawing
3557:Wood drying
3234:Scrub plane
3219:Razee plane
3169:Block plane
3023:Mitre clamp
2970:Wood scribe
2921:Combination
2663:Purpleheart
2359:Douglas fir
2309:Woodturning
2142:Occupations
2104:Woodworking
1296:: 103–110.
1180:Distressing
1175:Refinishing
1078:Epoxy resin
710:Hardwax oil
525:Linseed oil
411:wood filler
353:Oxalic acid
3758:Categories
3688:Techniques
3637:Conversion
3567:Wood stain
3495:Treatments
3283:Birdsmouth
3249:Spokeshave
3199:Jack plane
3189:Fore plane
3028:Pipe clamp
2993:Band clamp
2917:Carpenters
2738:Engineered
2688:Rubberwood
2537:Eucalyptus
2341:Calocedrus
2254:Pyrography
2219:Kohlrosing
2025:2017-06-24
2005:2016-07-26
1727:2016-01-18
1196:References
1185:Danish oil
1170:Wood stain
1047:Danish oil
763:Excellent
751:Moderate.
661:Durability
658:Protection
655:Appearance
457:steel wool
434:drying oil
407:wood putty
282:surfaces.
69:newspapers
3477:Parquetry
3472:Oystering
3467:Marquetry
3308:Butterfly
2975:Workbench
2907:Sandpaper
2887:Mitre box
2832:Drawknife
2822:Burnisher
2807:Abrasives
2756:Hardboard
2417:Afromosia
2299:Whittling
2249:Parquetry
2234:Marquetry
2179:Certosina
2174:Carpentry
2164:Cabinetry
2111:Overviews
1939:0018-3768
1627:1060-1325
1567:0018-3768
1318:136371456
513:No finish
481:white oak
419:bleaching
393:or power
166:heartwood
141:furniture
3723:Category
3502:Adhesive
3482:Purfling
3462:Intarsia
3403:Profiles
3328:Dovetail
3267:Geometry
3106:Hand saw
3091:Crosscut
3076:Circular
3071:Chainsaw
3018:Holdfast
2683:Rosewood
2615:American
2610:Mahogany
2582:Jelutong
2552:Hornbeam
2517:Cocobolo
2512:Chestnut
2427:Andiroba
2239:Millwork
2204:Intarsia
2199:Fretwork
2194:Ébéniste
2123:Glossary
1999:Archived
1981:Archived
1947:40952556
1801:Archived
1701:Archived
1670:Archived
1635:94434204
1575:39882526
1503:Archived
1498:Formulas
1481:Archived
1457:Archived
1164:See also
930:Durable
888:Tung oil
537:Tung oil
453:polished
415:staining
399:scraping
179:cocobolo
171:rosewood
3743:Commons
3659:Whipsaw
3654:Sawmill
3547:Varnish
3542:Thermal
3517:Lacquer
3452:Binding
3421:Chamfer
3288:Biscuit
3254:Surform
3146:Whipsaw
3116:Keyhole
3101:Fretsaw
3081:Compass
3066:Bucksaw
3056:Bandsaw
3051:Backsaw
3033:Sawbuck
3003:F-clamp
2998:C-clamp
2872:Jointer
2776:Plywood
2728:Zebrano
2668:Ovankol
2633:Meranti
2621:African
2592:Linden
2547:Hickory
2502:Cedrela
2497:Camphor
2492:Bubinga
2487:Boxwood
2467:Bilinga
2452:Avodire
2369:Juniper
2354:Cypress
2229:Luthier
2118:History
1298:Bibcode
740:Shellac
585:Shellac
485:tannins
442:varnish
438:lacquer
430:shellac
403:planing
387:sanding
375:tannins
292:putties
209:Sanding
162:sapwood
83:scholar
3649:Hewing
3388:Splice
3343:Halved
3338:Groove
3333:Finger
3313:Coping
3298:Bridle
3275:Joints
3156:Planes
3141:Veneer
3131:Scroll
3126:Ripsaw
3111:Jigsaw
3086:Coping
2985:Clamps
2912:Square
2902:Shaper
2897:Router
2877:Mallet
2852:Gimlet
2827:Chisel
2723:Willow
2713:Walnut
2703:Totara
2693:Sapele
2658:Poplar
2643:Padauk
2605:Merbau
2577:Jarrah
2562:Imbuia
2557:Idigbo
2522:Cumaru
2507:Cherry
2432:Anigre
2394:Spruce
2347:Cedrus
2214:Khatam
2169:Caning
2132:lumber
2058:
2044:
1945:
1937:
1900:
1851:
1793:
1693:
1633:
1625:
1573:
1565:
1528:
1431:
1369:
1316:
1262:
1231:
1045:(i.e.
664:Safety
461:pumice
395:sander
338:bleach
185:) and
137:wooden
127:timber
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3527:Paint
3436:Ovolo
3431:Ogive
3416:Bevel
3383:Scarf
3368:Miter
3136:Table
3121:Miter
3096:Frame
3013:Gripe
2929:Speed
2925:Miter
2857:Gauge
2847:Float
2842:Fence
2837:Drill
2795:Tools
2718:Wenge
2708:Utile
2673:Ramin
2628:Maple
2600:Lovoa
2572:Iroko
2542:Hazel
2527:Ebony
2472:Birch
2462:Beech
2457:Balsa
2447:Aspen
2442:Apple
2422:Alder
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