687:
799:
291:
834:
872:. The protest march swelled dramatically when the protesters were joined en route by more than 10,000 "back street boys" causing the march to quickly degenerate into a disorderly mob of riot and destruction. Widespread looting ensued with damage to private property estimated at over $ 40 million. At least 41 demonstrators were killed by shooting. This incident set fire to the powder. During the following year, riots and demonstrations shook the country. Tolbert tried in vain to restore order by arresting the opposition leaders, but his attempts were unsuccessful and the disorder increased. Tolbert's credibility was severely damaged by the Rice Riots.
608:
849:, many of which involved mutilation and the removal of body parts. During the 1970s Liberians in Maryland County were constantly under the threat of ritual murders. Between November 1976 and July 1977, 14 people had disappeared in the county prompting Tolbert to fire the Superintendent of Maryland County, James Daniel Anderson, for failure to report the missing people and publicly declare "Anyone who kills deliberately: The law will kill that person". Twelve suspects were eventually arrested; seven, including four government officials, were convicted and executed.
2048:
861:, proposed an increase in the subsidized price of rice from $ 22 per 100-pound bag to $ 26. Chenoweth asserted that the increase would serve as an added inducement for rice farmers to continue farming instead of abandoning their farms for jobs in the cities or on the rubber plantations. Political opponents criticized the proposal as self-serving, pointing out that Chenoweth and the Tolbert family operated large rice farms and would therefore realize a tidy profit from the proposed price increase.
33:
377:
2271:
492:
1772:
757:
678:
Legislature who sought to repeal the amendment and again permit what
Tolbert called an "evil tradition". Three years later, when True Whig partisans petitioned him to seek the amendment's repeal, he replied that their statement would only encourage him in his previous position: "I will serve my country as long as I have life. I do not have to President to do so."
905:, the governing body of the new regime. The group entered the Presidential palace and killed Tolbert, whose body was dumped into a mass grave together with 27 other victims of the coup. A crowd of angry Liberians gathered to shout insults and throw rocks at the bodies. Tolbert's body was later moved to a spot in Monrovia's
777:, which had operated for years without being audited by the government, were audited, and forced to pay millions of dollars in back taxes. Old concession agreements were renegotiated, and new concession agreements were negotiated with an emphasis on accountability of the private sector to the Liberian government.
673:
This initiative caused a good deal of chagrin among
Americo-Liberians who accused Tolbert of "letting the peasants into the kitchen." Indeed, it lacked support within Tolbert's own administration. While the indigenous majority felt the change was occurring too slowly, many Americo-Liberians felt it
641:
Tolbert succeeded to the presidency upon the death of incumbent
William Tubman in 1971. To the outside world, the peaceful transfer of power was seen as a sign of continuing political stability in Liberia, a stark contrast with the political turmoil gripping much of the rest of Africa at the time.
677:
Despite following Tubman's 27-year presidency, Tolbert refused to follow his predecessor's hold on office until death. He successfully worked for a constitutional amendment to bar the president from serving more than eight years in office, and in 1976 he vowed fierce opposition to members of the
959:
served as his finance minister in the government until his death on 29 April 1975, in a plane crash. One of his sons, A. Benedict
Tolbert, was killed in the aftermath of the coup: he had taken refuge in the French Embassy but was arrested by members of Doe's security force who violated
615:
On
February 1968 William R. Tolbert arrived in Jamaica as a part of his Caribbean tour to meet as many Baptists as possible. He met with the prime minister to address a service at the East Queen Street Baptist Church, and other official functions.
650:
Upon becoming president, Tolbert initiated some liberal reforms. Though he was re-elected in 1975, his government was criticized sharply for failing to address the deep economic disparities between different sectors of the population, notably the
920:. Many of them were publicly executed on 22 April at a beach near the Barclay Training Center in Monrovia. Only four of Tolbert's cabinet heads survived the coup and its aftermath; among them was the minister of finance, future president
2758:
772:
Throughout the 1970s, the world price of rubber was depressed, putting pressure on the
Liberian economy. Tolbert brought a new approach to the Liberian government's relations with foreign companies. Companies such as
784:(ECOWAS) in order to create a common market in West Africa and promote regional economic integration and stability in 15 West African countries, with the intention that it would mirror the success of the
394:
2763:
2165:
694:
Abandoning Tubman's strong pro-West foreign policy, Tolbert adopted one which focused on promoting
Liberia's political independence. To this end, he established diplomatic relations with the
658:
Because
Tolbert was a member of one of the most influential and affluent Americo-Liberian families, everything from cabinet appointments to economic policy was tainted with allegations of
1192:
1097:
642:
However, Liberia was effectively a one-party state, with the national legislature and judiciary subservient to the executive branch and only limited observation of civil liberties.
1408:
2803:
686:
868:
called for a peaceful demonstration in
Monrovia to protest the proposed price increase. On 14 April about 2,000 activists began what was planned as a peaceful march on the
2768:
798:
290:
538:, alongside several other black South Carolinians who sought to settle in Liberia. The Tolbert clan was one of the largest Americo-Liberian families in Liberia.
2793:
833:
932:
Undisputedly, Tolbert was dead by the end of 12 April 1980, the day of the coup d’état. There are competing stories as to the time and manner of his death.
2302:
2090:
503:, Liberia, to William Richard Tolbert Sr. (1869-1948) and Charlotte Augusta Tolbert, née Hoff of Cape Mount, Liberia. The Tolbert and Hoff families were
971:
Three of his daughters are no longer alive. Victoria
Tolbert Yancy died in 1971, Evelyn Tolbert Richardson (the wife of a government aviator) died in
1123:
401:
1165:
2311:
1542:
1867:
740:
in October 1973 and spoke in favor of recognizing national rights of the Palestinian people. However, Tolbert supported the United States on the
1509:
655:, who had dominated the country since independence, and the various indigenous ethnic groups which constituted the majority of the population.
975:, United States, in 1993. and Christine Augusta Tolbert-Norman died from cancer in Cary, North Carolina in 2021. His widow, former First Lady
1607:
2703:
1557:
1412:
2808:
2798:
2778:
2728:
354:
2813:
1040:
781:
604:
who was president in 1951 chose Tolbert as his vice president. They would go on to win and serve 6 terms until Tubman died in 1971.
2295:
2083:
1149:
2738:
452:
in 1952 and served in that position until he became president following Tubman's death in 1971. Tolbert's early presidency saw
2748:
1683:
1445:
1287:
1081:
2743:
2012:
1236:
2280:
2733:
2718:
2288:
2076:
1860:
1758:
Republic of Liberia Presidential Papers: Second and Third Years of the Administration of President William R. Tolbert Jr.
565:
480:
437:
2788:
2723:
2698:
1487:
901:
launched a violent coup d'état; all of them were "indigenous" Liberians who later became the founding members of the
811:
Liberia had been a one-party state since 1877. However, in 1973, the country returned to a two-party system when the
774:
2693:
2315:
2115:
387:
670:, to speak an indigenous language, and he promoted a program to bring more indigenous people into the government.
534:
Daniel Frank Tolbert, the South Carolinian grandfather of William Tolbert, emigrated to Liberia aboard the barque
2783:
2683:
2170:
1947:
1776:
865:
812:
1615:
881:
468:
364:
2773:
2753:
2688:
1853:
902:
472:
328:
912:
By the end of the month, most of the cabinet members of the Tolbert administration had been put on trial in a
2587:
745:
460:
stance, but growing economic troubles and tensions between Americo-Liberians and indigenous Liberians led to
2713:
972:
369:
1169:
869:
2708:
2421:
581:
2099:
1800:
541:
He attended Bensonville Elementary School, Crummell Hall Episcopalian High School. He studied at the
445:
113:
67:
1593:
2215:
2210:
887:
828:
585:
359:
983:
on 8 November 1997 at the age of 81. She had moved to the United States after being released from
2602:
2521:
2491:
987:
in the aftermath of the coup. His grandson Tolbert Williams currently lives and works in the UK.
964:, and he was reportedly thrown out of a military aircraft while being transported to a prison in
894:
816:
1328:"Pres. Tolbert Says 'No' To Evil Tradition: Vows to Veto Any Amendment To Keep Him In Office".
2652:
2361:
2160:
2002:
1942:
1932:
1917:
1887:
785:
573:
1461:
1223:
2436:
2401:
2180:
2130:
2027:
1897:
1675:
1668:
1580:
1435:
940:
921:
791:
By the late 1970s, Tolbert became increasingly open to overtures of economic assistance from
542:
461:
939:, says the president was found sleeping in his office, where the soldiers killed him, while
2678:
2673:
2627:
2597:
2562:
2516:
2451:
2381:
2346:
2310:
2190:
2145:
2120:
1962:
1937:
1912:
1892:
1876:
1827:
667:
620:
607:
457:
422:
48:
1048:
8:
2225:
2150:
1997:
1952:
1927:
1922:
1902:
1810:
1564:
961:
906:
227:
156:
75:
2637:
2582:
2376:
2336:
2195:
2125:
1967:
1670:
This Child Will Be Great: Memoir of a Remarkable Life by Africa's First Woman President
1536:
1211:
996:
956:
917:
858:
636:
516:
2511:
893:
In the early hours of 12 April 1980, 17 non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the
2557:
2526:
2476:
2230:
2110:
1907:
1679:
1630:
1517:
1441:
1283:
1077:
80:
2592:
2552:
2356:
2200:
1793:
976:
725:
strained because of the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviets and
652:
554:
550:
546:
508:
504:
429:
249:
144:
2461:
2647:
2632:
2577:
2471:
2431:
2135:
1355:
1304:
1277:
1071:
1021:
1001:
846:
842:
663:
528:
441:
323:
2759:
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
2572:
2531:
2456:
2441:
2411:
2371:
2366:
2351:
2331:
2260:
2175:
2155:
1977:
1957:
1820:
913:
737:
601:
577:
520:
449:
93:
2617:
2612:
890:
and the rest of the organization's leadership arrested on charges of treason.
2667:
2607:
2506:
2486:
2466:
2426:
2341:
2250:
2240:
2140:
2068:
2037:
1972:
1521:
1026:
722:
433:
216:
515:. William Tolbert Sr. was the son of Daniel Frank Tolbert, who was formerly
2496:
2386:
2255:
2235:
2185:
2022:
984:
780:
In May 1975, Liberia became a signatory to the treaty that established the
761:
726:
714:
707:
695:
645:
572:
minister, in 1965 he became the first African to serve as president of the
444:, then the only established party in Liberia. Tolbert was elected the 23rd
1305:"Liberia: William R. Tolbert - 'In The Pantheon Of Great African Leaders'"
376:
32:
2622:
2567:
2547:
2481:
2446:
2205:
2032:
1992:
965:
741:
524:
500:
188:
1845:
1022:
Liberia: William R. Tolbert – 'In the Pantheon of Great African Leaders'
2642:
2406:
2391:
2245:
2017:
2007:
1987:
1837:
1510:"After Liberia's Costly Rioting, Great Soul-Searching (Published 1979)"
898:
558:
476:
453:
105:
744:, as had his predecessor, William Tubman. Tolbert was chairman of the
2501:
1041:"President William R. Tolbert Jr. (1971–1980) The preacher-President"
980:
756:
237:
491:
2396:
1563:. The International Center for Transitional Justice. Archived from
1119:
765:
659:
512:
205:
568:
in 1943, and served until being elected vice president in 1951. A
1382:
718:
597:
569:
418:
1771:
1249:
837:
The public hanging of seven persons convicted of these killings
733:
624:
886:
In March 1980 Tolbert ordered the banning of the PAL, and had
2764:
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1703:. 24 May 1975. pp. Miscellaneous, Obituaries, p. 368 F3.
1462:"Liberia's elections, ritual killings and cannibalism (2011)"
909:, not far from the bodies of those killed in the Rice Riots.
792:
699:
666:, Tolbert was the second Liberian president, after President
1508:
Times, Carey Winfrey;Special to The New York (30 May 1979).
703:
1272:
1270:
1760:
Monrovia: Press Division of the Executive Mansion, 1975.
1409:"Liberia: Two–Party Electoral System Is the Best Option"
1098:
Liberia's W. R. Tolbert was Leader of Progressive Change
857:
In early April 1979, Tolbert's minister of agriculture,
646:
Attitude towards opposition and indigenous ethnic groups
1437:
The Death Penalty in Africa: The Path Towards Abolition
1433:
955:
Some of Tolbert's children live in the US. His brother
841:
Between 1965 and 1977 over 100 murders occurred around
717:
for the first time. While he was president (1971-1980)
600:
held elections to decide president and vice president.
1267:
819:, became recognized as a legitimate opposition party.
802:
President William R. Tolbert, Jr. on 23 September 1976
627:
during a visit which led Tolbert to become president.
1665:
2804:
National presidents assassinated in the 20th century
710:
countries, thus adopting a more nonaligned posture.
1628:Hanicles, Oswald. "Liberians Remember Their Dead",
1143:
2769:Members of the House of Representatives of Liberia
1667:
1282:. Europa Publications Limited. 2003. p. 564.
822:
748:from July 1979 until he was killed in April 1980.
2312:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
1124:Institute of International Politics and Economics
1109:
1069:
947:, says Tolbert was seized and killed in his bed.
2665:
713:Sometime in 1974, Tolbert accepted aid from the
611:Tubman&Tolbert poster for 1968 inauguration.
806:
630:
2098:
1713:"1980: The Genesis of Bloodshed in Liberia".
1158:
1103:
927:
591:
2794:African politicians assassinated in the 1980s
2296:
2084:
1861:
1427:
1166:"MSN Encarta, "Tolbert, William Richard Jr.""
1140:, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2013, p. 824
1116:The Chronicle of International Events in 1971
395:
1555:
1549:
1541:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1239:, Chris Hodapp, Freemasonry for Dummies Blog
1237:The Tragic History of Freemasonry in Liberia
1138:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
511:descent and the Hoff family originated from
425:from 1971 until his assassination in 1980.
2303:
2289:
2091:
2077:
2059:indicates non-presidential heads of state.
1868:
1854:
1279:Africa South of the Sahara 2003, Volume 32
561:descent, with whom he had eight children.
402:
388:
31:
1875:
1454:
1434:Aimé Muyoboke Karimunda (16 March 2016).
1100:, washingtonpost.com, USA, April 14, 1980
782:Economic Community of West African States
875:
832:
797:
755:
685:
606:
499:William Richard Tolbert Jr. was born in
490:
1302:
1296:
2666:
1666:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (7 April 2009).
1608:"LIBERIA: After the Takeover, Revenge"
1440:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 82–.
1014:
298:This article is part of a series about
126:1 January 1952 – 23 July 1971
16:President of Liberia from 1971 to 1980
2284:
2072:
1849:
1507:
61:23 July 1971 – 12 April 1980
1656:(Dutch) Encarta – Encyclopedie 2001.
1193:"1 | Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc"
1150:"President William R. Tolbert Jr.",
732:Tolbert severed Liberia's ties with
417:(13 May 1913 – 12 April 1980) was a
690:Tolbert in Congress September 1976.
13:
2704:People of Americo-Liberian descent
1750:
1739:"Victoria Tolbert Dies in U.S" .
1726:"Pres. Tolbert's daughter dies".
1112:Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1971
1033:
1030:28 May 2009. Accessed 2012-06-23.
479:, marking the end of 133 years of
421:politician who served as the 20th
14:
2825:
2809:20th-century presidents in Africa
2799:Assassinated presidents in Africa
2779:20th-century Liberian politicians
2729:Assassinated Liberian politicians
1764:
1406:
1341:"Tolbert Rejects Another Term".
1190:
681:
662:. Thanks to his father who spoke
564:Tolbert was first elected to the
355:1975 presidential term referendum
2814:Politicians assassinated in 1980
2269:
2046:
1770:
1380:
1303:Tolbert, Richard (26 May 2009).
481:Americo-Liberian rule in Liberia
467:Tolbert was assassinated in the
375:
370:Retirement of an elderly soldier
289:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1701:Facts on File World News Digest
1692:
1659:
1650:
1637:
1622:
1614:. 18 April 1980. Archived from
1600:
1501:
1480:
1400:
1374:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1242:
1230:
1110:Milutin Tomanović, ed. (1972).
1073:Encyclopedia of African History
866:Progressive Alliance of Liberia
823:Maryland County ritual killings
813:Progressive Alliance of Liberia
258:
2739:People from Montserrado County
1647:, p. 103. HarperCollins, 2009.
1197:Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc
1184:
1130:
1090:
1063:
760:Tolbert during U.S. President
456:reforms and the adoption of a
1:
1154:(Liberia), 16 September, 2005
1007:
852:
746:Organisation of African Unity
486:
2749:University of Liberia alumni
1558:"A Brief History of Liberia"
973:Westchester County, New York
807:Return of a two-party system
631:Presidency and assassination
7:
2744:True Whig Party politicians
1118:] (in Serbo-Croatian).
990:
928:Accounts of Tolbert’s death
903:People's Redemption Council
592:Vice presidency (1952-1971)
576:, and was also a member of
473:People's Redemption Council
415:William Richard Tolbert Jr.
176:William Richard Tolbert Jr.
10:
2830:
2734:People murdered in Liberia
2719:Vice presidents of Liberia
2100:Vice presidents of Liberia
1076:. CRC Press. p. 824.
1070:Kevin Shillington (2005).
935:Steven Ellis, in his book
879:
826:
751:
634:
2540:
2322:
2267:
2106:
2055:
2044:
1883:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1807:
1801:Vice President of Liberia
1798:
1790:
1785:
1556:Peter Dennis (May 2006).
1466:ritualkillinginafrica.org
950:
882:1980 Liberian coup d'état
446:vice president of Liberia
360:1976-1977 ritual killings
276:
268:
243:
233:
223:
213:Manner of death
212:
195:
171:
166:
162:
150:
138:
130:
119:
114:Vice President of Liberia
111:
99:
87:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
2789:1980s murders in Liberia
2724:Leaders ousted by a coup
2699:Tolbert family (Liberia)
1645:This Child Will Be Great
1045:Liberia Past and Present
945:This Child Will Be Great
888:Gabriel Bacchus Matthews
829:Maryland ritual killings
586:Masonic Order of Liberia
566:House of Representatives
438:House of Representatives
2694:Americo-Liberian people
1777:William R. Tolbert, Jr.
897:led by Master Sergeant
895:Armed Forces of Liberia
817:Gabriel Baccus Matthews
623:William Tubman died in
580:fraternity. He became
2784:1980 crimes in Liberia
2684:1980 murders in Africa
1756:Republic of Liberia.
1743:10 November 1997: 1/6.
1699:"Stephen A. Tolbert".
1588:Cite journal requires
1191:Group, Presyce Media.
838:
803:
786:European Common Market
769:
691:
612:
574:Baptist World Alliance
496:
495:Tolbert family in 1913
2774:20th-century Baptists
2754:Masonic grand masters
2689:Presidents of Liberia
1877:Presidents of Liberia
1618:on 28 September 2008.
941:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
922:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
876:Coup d'état and death
836:
801:
759:
689:
610:
543:University of Liberia
494:
1828:President of Liberia
1779:at Wikimedia Commons
1643:Johnson Sirleaf, E:
1634:12 March 1981: 1/10.
706:, and several other
668:Stephen Allen Benson
549:in 1934. He married
436:before entering the
423:president of Liberia
336:President of Liberia
49:President of Liberia
2714:Liberian Freemasons
1811:James Edward Greene
1728:Monrovia Daily News
1717:23 March 2005: 1/6.
1407:Flomo, J. Patrick.
1254:jamaica-gleaner.com
1136:Kevin Shillington,
1051:on 27 February 2020
962:diplomatic immunity
907:Palm Grove Cemetery
721:relations with the
228:Palm Grove Cemetery
157:James Edward Greene
76:James Edward Greene
1786:Political offices
1715:National Chronicle
1674:. Harper. p.
1514:The New York Times
1222:has generic name (
1020:Tolbert, Richard.
997:History of Liberia
957:Stephen A. Tolbert
918:sentenced to death
859:Florence Chenoweth
839:
804:
770:
692:
637:History of Liberia
613:
527:to Liberia in the
497:
73:vacant (1971–1972)
2709:Liberian Baptists
2661:
2660:
2278:
2277:
2066:
2065:
1844:
1843:
1835:Succeeded by
1808:Succeeded by
1775:Media related to
1685:978-0-06-135347-5
1447:978-1-317-03633-3
1415:on 23 August 2011
1356:"Liberia profile"
1289:978-1-85743-131-5
1250:"Jamaica Gleaner"
1096:Richard Pearson,
1083:978-1-57958-245-6
870:Executive Mansion
653:Americo-Liberians
619:On 23 July, 1971
551:Victoria A. David
432:and trained as a
412:
411:
345:
316:
315:
280:
279:
81:Bennie Dee Warner
2821:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2050:
2049:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1818:Preceded by
1794:Clarence Simpson
1791:Preceded by
1783:
1782:
1774:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1730:15 June 1993: 1.
1724:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1488:"The Rice Riots"
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1468:. 15 August 2018
1458:
1452:
1451:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1411:. Archived from
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1346:
1345:1979-02-11: 1/4.
1339:
1333:
1332:1976-03-21: 1/2.
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1172:on 3 August 2009
1168:. Archived from
1162:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1067:
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1056:
1047:. Archived from
1037:
1031:
1018:
977:Victoria Tolbert
555:Americo-Liberian
547:Bachelor of Arts
509:African American
505:Americo-Liberian
469:1980 coup d'état
440:in 1943 for the
430:Americo-Liberian
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1751:Further reading
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1567:on 12 July 2007
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1126:. p. 2719.
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674:was too rapid.
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442:True Whig Party
428:Tolbert was an
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1821:William Tubman
1819:
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1766:
1765:External links
1763:
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1590:|journal=
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1383:"Arkansas PBS"
1373:
1362:. 10 June 2011
1347:
1343:Sunday Express
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943:'s biography,
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914:kangaroo court
880:Main article:
877:
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827:Main article:
824:
821:
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768:in April 1978.
753:
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738:Yom Kippur War
683:
682:Foreign policy
680:
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602:William Tubman
593:
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578:Phi Beta Sigma
521:South Carolina
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450:William Tubman
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458:Non-Alignment
455:
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434:civil servant
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365:Tolbert Death
363:
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224:Resting place
222:
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217:Assassination
215:
211:
207:
199:12 April 1980
198:
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77:
72:
69:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2416:
2220:
1982:
1826:
1799:
1757:
1741:The Inquirer
1740:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1669:
1661:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1616:the original
1611:
1602:
1581:cite journal
1569:. Retrieved
1565:the original
1551:
1525:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1465:
1456:
1436:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1387:Arkansas PBS
1386:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1278:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1232:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:the original
1160:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1092:
1072:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1044:
1035:
1025:
1016:
985:house arrest
970:
954:
944:
936:
934:
931:
911:
892:
885:
863:
856:
840:
815:, headed by
810:
790:
779:
771:
764:'s visit to
762:Jimmy Carter
731:
727:Eastern Bloc
715:Soviet Union
712:
708:Eastern Bloc
696:Soviet Union
693:
676:
672:
657:
649:
640:
618:
614:
595:
582:Grand Master
563:
540:
535:
533:
507:families of
498:
466:
427:
414:
413:
348:
347:
341:
335:
334:
305:
201:(1980-04-12)
152:Succeeded by
121:
101:Succeeded by
56:
18:
2679:1980 deaths
2674:1913 births
2598:Hailemariam
2181:Summerville
1571:10 February
1314:11 November
1220:|last=
1202:20 December
966:Lofa County
742:Vietnam War
736:during the
501:Bensonville
462:instability
189:Bensonville
186:13 May 1913
140:Preceded by
89:Preceded by
83:(1977–1980)
78:(1972–1977)
2668:Categories
2638:Tshisekedi
2603:Abdel Aziz
2517:Bouteflika
2362:Boumédiène
1998:Kpormakpor
1973:E. Barclay
1958:A. Barclay
1838:Samuel Doe
1832:1971–1980
1805:1952–1971
1493:29 January
1472:10 January
1419:29 January
1176:7 December
1008:References
979:, died in
899:Samuel Doe
853:Rice riots
795:and Cuba.
635:See also:
487:Background
477:Samuel Doe
349:Government
219:by firearm
182:1913-05-13
106:Samuel Doe
2653:Ghazouani
2648:Assoumani
2633:Ramaphosa
2583:Mutharika
2532:Mwanawasa
2477:Babangida
2402:Ramgoolam
2382:Hassan II
2231:B. Warner
2211:Smith Jr.
2191:S. Harmon
2156:C. Harmon
2146:Smith Sr.
2131:D. Warner
2003:Sankawulo
1943:Cheeseman
1537:cite news
1527:3 January
1522:0362-4331
1212:cite news
981:Minnesota
775:Firestone
719:Liberia’s
621:President
531:of 1878.
525:emigrated
342:1971-1980
238:True Whig
208:, Liberia
191:, Liberia
131:President
122:In office
112:23rd
57:In office
47:20th
2558:Obasanjo
2553:Chissano
2512:Compaoré
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2166:Thompson
2151:Gardiner
2116:Williams
1928:Gardiner
1360:BBC News
1120:Belgrade
991:See also
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660:nepotism
596:In 1951
517:enslaved
513:Virginia
419:Liberian
269:Children
206:Monrovia
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2573:Kikwete
2563:Nguesso
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2522:Eyadéma
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2487:Mubarak
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2452:Nguesso
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1918:Roberts
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1259:18 July
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584:of the
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1543:link
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