398:. The Hazlitt family first lived in Philadelphia, where they were doubly stricken with loss. Harriet died in June at about eighteen months old. Another daughter, Esther, the last of the seven Hazlitt children, was born a few weeks later, only to die in September. Their loss was noted to have deeply affected their father. Hazlitt failed to find a post as a minister in Philadelphia, and Duncan Wu has argued that this influenced the condemnatory tone of Hazlitt's preface to his edited collection of three pamphlets by Joseph Priestley. The collection was issued by Robert Bell, the publisher of
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474:. However, the congregation of the King's Chapel was supportive of Freeman, and Hazlitt encouraged them—both in print, and from the King's Street pulpit—to ignore the bishop and accept Freeman as their pastor. This was a controversial view, since the notion of "lay ordination" was inimical to episcopalianism. On 19 June 1785, the King's Chapel changed its liturgy, removing references to the Trinity and adopting a new prayer book; in November 1787 it ended its affiliation with the Episcopal Church altogether.
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disputed texts of
Scripture, and the cause of civil and religious liberty. Here he passed his days, repining, but resigned, in the study of the Bible and the perusal of the Commentators – huge folios, not easily got through, one of which would outlast a winter! ... My father's life was comparatively a dream; but it was a dream of infinity and eternity, of death, the resurrection, and a judgment to come!
37:
540:
While
Hazlitt's failure to secure a powerful position in the Unitarian ministry may have been a source of disappointment for him, he continued to participate in Unitarian debate on a national level. In addition to producing three volumes of sermons while living at Wem, he was a regular contributor to
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In 1801 (possibly early 1802), Hazlitt's son
William returned to Wem to paint his portrait. Sitting in the chapel at Wem, with the winter sun raking across the subject's face, the painter described his 64-year-old father as "then in a green old age, with strong-marked features, and scarred with the
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After being tossed about from congregation to congregation in the heats of the
Unitarian controversy, and squabbles about the American war, he had been relegated to an obscure village, where he was to spend the last thirty years of his life, far from the only converse that he loved, the talk about
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a year. However, the congregation of
Carlisle demanded that Hazlitt sign a confession of faith as a condition of his appointment – Hazlitt refused, thereby rejecting the greatest opportunity for personal enrichment that he would have in his entire life, stating (according to his daughter,
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of £30, and ran the local school. He devoted much attention to the education of his son, William, with the intention that he would also become a
Unitarian minister. While the Reverend William Hazlitt's intensive tutoring of his son may explain in part the brilliance of the latter's subsequent
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for three years. Another son, Thomas, was born soon after the
Hazlitts' arrival in 1780; he survived only a few weeks. A daughter, Harriet, was born in late 1781 or early 1782. During this time Hazlitt exposed in the press the abuse of American prisoners of war at
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He sets out to subvert preconceptions about social and ecclesiastical hierarchies in a sweeping attack on the legitimacy of the
Established Church and its clergy. He argues for a distinctly egalitarian faith which comprehends both men and women, rich and
348:, and of religious hierarchies, was also central to Hazlitt's doctrine. He even called on parliament to adopt his form of Unitarianism, revealing the extent to which his religious beliefs had a politically radical edge. The literary critic
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in 1802. Paulin has argued that the younger
Hazlitt's reference to Shaftesbury is significant, because it establishes "a deliberate connection between advanced Whig culture and his father in the tiny Unitarian meeting-house in Wem".
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Hazlitt's sympathy with the
American cause, and the threats of physical harm which he received in Ireland, led him to emigrate to America in April 1783, sailing on the first ship which departed following the conclusion of the
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from violent abuse by British soldiers. However, the consequence of this was that Hazlitt himself became the target of abuse, it being reported that people cried out "beware of the black rebel" when he walked down the street.
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Despite achieving some success as a writer, Hazlitt was unable to secure a permanent post, and in 1786 he returned to England. After failing to obtain a steady income in London, Hazlitt settled with his family at
238:. Hazlitt was exposed to a range of controversial religious and philosophical views while at university, and it is possible that he converted to Unitarianism at this time. After graduating he became a chaplain to
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in Kent. Soon after their arrival, their son Loftus, only two and a half years old, died. A daughter, Margaret, was born in December. During this period Hazlitt maintained ties with figures such as
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visited Hazlitt at Wem – an encounter which was later described by Hazlitt's son in the essay "My First Acquaintance with Poets". In the essay, Hazlitt's life at Wem is described as follows:
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Margaret) that "he would sooner die in a ditch than submit to human authority in matters of faith". During this time Hazlitt delivered lectures on the evidences of Christianity at the
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under the pseudonyms "Philalethes" and "Rationalis", and publishing five religious volumes. His work provoked a substantial body of writing by other authors. In 1778 his son
408:. Indeed, the publication of Hazlitt's edition of Priestley's writings was motivated by the need to publish a profitable work, which would make up for the losses that
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after only two years, thereby signalling that he would never follow his father into the Unitarian ministry, the latter was bitterly disappointed. In 1798,
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writings, it was also responsible for his physical and mental breakdown under the strain of his father's expectations. When the younger Hazlitt left the
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incurred. Hazlitt used Bell to distribute unsold copies of a pamphlet that he had published in 1773, which provided him with much-needed income.
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Hazlitt also criticised Roman Catholic, Anglican and Episcopalian practices in his writings. He questioned the Biblical basis for praising the
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in Boston into America's first Unitarian congregation. When Hazlitt arrived in Boston, Freeman was embroiled in a controversy arising from his
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Wu, Duncan (2005). "William Hazlitt (1737-1820), the Priestley Circle, and the Theological Repository: A Brief Survey and Bibliography".
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178:. He was an important figure in eighteenth-century English and American Unitarianism, and had a major influence on his son's work.
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Wu, Duncan (2006). "The Journalism of William Hazlitt (1737-1820) in Boston (1784-5): A Critical and Bibliographical Survey".
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was founded in 1783, Hazlitt had the opportunity to become its first principal, in addition to being appointed to a living at
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of the seventeenth century, and which was characterised by republican beliefs. A friend of Hazlitt described him as "an ultra-
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This article is about William Hazlitt (1737–1820), a Unitarian minister and author. For other persons named Hazlitt, see
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Moyne, E. J. (1964). "The Reverend William Hazlitt: A Friend of Liberty in Ireland during the American Revolution".
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Burley, Stephen (2010). "'In this Intolerance I Glory': William Hazlitt (1737–1820) and the Dissenting Periodical",
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315:(1774). Stephen Burley, who has investigated Hazlitt's authorship of these works, describes Hazlitt's position in
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Burley, Stephen (2011). "Hazlitt the Dissenter: Religion, Philosophy, and Politics, 1766–1816", Ph.D. thesis (
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prison, which led to the replacement of the regiment accused of perpetrating the abuses. He also defended
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beliefs, which—like Hazlitt's own Unitarian doctrines—meant that he held unorthodox views about the
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in Gloucestershire. In the same year he commenced his literary career, when Benjamin Davenport and
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church which, in Hazlitt's view, have no basis in scripture. As a Unitarian, he also rejected the
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Wu, Duncan (2000). "'Polemical divinity': William Hazlitt at the University of Glasgow",
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Grayling 2000, pp. 70–1; Wu 2008, p. 78. This episode was recounted in the essay
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has also highlighted Hazlitt's political radicalism, associating him with the "
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Burley, Stephen (2009). "The Lost Polemics of William Hazlitt (1737-1820)".
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Moyne, E. J. (1961). "The Reverend William Hazlitt and Dickinson College".
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In 1780 Hazlitt returned to Ireland, ministering to a congregation at
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A Bibliography of the Writings of William Hazlitt (1737–1820)
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The Quarrel of the Age: The Life and Times of William Hazlitt
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Human Authority in Matters of Faith Repugnant to Christianity
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Hazlitt's writings at this time included pamphlets entitled
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In 1770 William and Grace Hazlitt, along with their sons
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The Day-Star of Liberty: William Hazlitt's Radical Style
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218:, in Ireland, and was educated at a grammar school. He
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1227:Wu, Duncan (2007). "Hazlitt, William (1737–1820)",
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518:in the town, for which he received a meagre annual
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514:in Shropshire. Hazlitt ministered at a dissenting
1243:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
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41:The Reverend William Hazlitt, from a
579:In his retirement, Hazlitt lived at
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1141:. London: Faber & Faber.
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1008:"On the Pleasure of Painting"
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647:Burley 2009, pp. 259, 273–5.
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557:", who read an old copy of
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1156:Wardle, Ralph M. (1971).
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1074:Grayling, A. C. (2000).
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948:Grayling 2000, pp. 9–12.
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541:periodicals such as the
939:Burley 2010, pp. 261–2.
755:Burley 2010, pp. 264–6.
728:Burley 2009, pp. 271–2.
529:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
992:Burley 2010, pp. 9–10.
606:Wardle 1971, pp. 4, 5.
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120:University of Glasgow
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1133:Paulin, Tom (1998).
957:Wu 2008, pp. 43, 49.
930:Wu 2006, pp. 229–31.
887:Burley 2009, p. 260.
746:Burley 2010, p. 263.
737:Burley 2010, p. 259.
710:Burley 2009, p. 261.
674:Burley 2010, p. 275.
587:in Somerset, and at
483:Thirty-Nine Articles
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206:Hazlitt was born to
1239:Wu, Duncan (2008).
905:Wu 2006, pp. 226–8.
896:Moyne 1961, p. 300.
857:Wu 2006, pp. 223–6.
848:Wu 2006, pp. 222–3.
830:Moyne 1964, p. 297.
821:Moyne 1964, p. 295.
803:Moyne 1964, p. 289.
683:Wu 2000, pp. 172–3.
501:Hazlitt's house in
240:Sir Conyers Jocelyn
1221:10.1093/res/hgl024
1200:10.1093/res/hgi107
1068:The Hazlitt Review
1060:10.1093/res/hgp059
1033:Paulin 1998, p. 5.
839:Wu 2008, pp. 27–8.
785:Wardle 1971, p. 6.
773:Paulin 1998, p. 2.
692:Wardle 1971, p. 5.
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220:matriculated
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81:20 July 1820
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1297:1820 deaths
1292:1737 births
1180:Romanticism
559:Shaftesbury
479:Holy Spirit
373:County Cork
311:(1771) and
210:parents at
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1286:Categories
1070:(3), 9–24.
1040:References
581:Addlestone
464:ordination
350:Tom Paulin
304:was born.
256:Marshfield
236:James Watt
228:Adam Smith
196:Title page
187:Early life
105:Occupation
60:1737-04-18
362:Dissenter
354:Real Whig
330:Duncan Wu
280:Maidstone
182:Biography
168:Unitarian
148:Signature
109:Unitarian
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589:Crediton
555:smallpox
545:and the
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