149:(NAACP) was the first advocacy group to use James's case as an example of the ineffectiveness of anti-lynching laws. The group sent civil rights activist Ida B. Wells from Chicago to Cairo when Davis was applying for reinstatement. Wells's presence caused a rift in the Cairo black community, mostly because of the conflict of allegiances tied with Davis. Davis hired black men to his police force, and the black community respected him for granting their homes and families a relative safety not often afforded to other small river town black communities. Members of the black community also believed that James had committed the murder, and saw him mostly as a "worthless sort of fellow". Nevertheless, Wells continued her campaign to prevent the reinstatement, arguing that if Davis were to remain in his position, it would set a negative precedent for other towns to condone these kinds of attacks. Davis was not reinstated, and Deneen passed an order mandating that presiding officers be relieved of their job if they failed to protect their prisoners. These laws effectively ended mob lynchings in Illinois.
111:
increase security by the jailhouse, and even dismissed several groups of would-be citizen investigators from the crime scene. While the security was effective in keeping the jailhouse secure, the history of social disorder suggested that the mob was only gaining strength and would eventually overpower the guards. Alexander County
Sheriff Frank E. Davis and Deputy Thomas Fuller attempted to keep the detainees in the jailhouse safe from the impending invasion. Knowing the mob was targeting James, the two officers took him into the woods on the night of the 9th as the mob began to plan their attack on the town. To avoid the even further inflamed racial tensions in nearby towns, the three stayed in
95:, who was imperative in drafting the 1905 anti-lynch laws passed in Illinois. Deneen gained support from black voters, who saw him as being on their side. While most of the state supported lynching laws, smaller towns did not. Lynching was seen as a sort of "peoples' justice", as river towns became increasingly embroiled in vice-related activity. The laws were laxly enforced in areas where lynchings ran rampant. Police were overwhelmed with regulating the influx of organized crime, mostly revolving around prostitution and smuggling of alcohol. Mob action took precedence when police action failed to keep pace with the sentiments of the community.
20:
120:
murder scene in the alley. One man chopped off James's head, put it on a pike, and lifted it up for the cheering crowd to see. The mob then set James's body on fire and roasted the remains while men, women, and children shouted and cheered. When the fire died out, the horror continued as people moved in to dismember the body. Some took out their pocketknives and cut off ears and fingers and broke up bones to take as gruesome souvenirs.
107:"James had no alibi for the hour between five and six o'clock on November 8, the time which the coroner's jury thought the murder to have taken place. The flour sack that Green had allegedly been washing upon her arrest matched the gag found in Pelley's mouth. Cooper's alleged statement that she washed James's bloodstained clothes on the night of the murder and James's muscular build added to the limited evidence."
115:, about 27 miles north of Cairo. Hearing of the officers and James fleeing, 300 men from Cairo boarded a freight train to Karnak. The trio were quickly found and offered little resistance to the mob. The officers were disarmed and the mob kidnapped James. The next day, James, accompanied by the mob, arrived to a waiting crowd of hundreds at the Cairo train depot. McDermott describes his final moments,
135:
After James was dead, the mob returned to the jail and kidnapped Henry
Salzner, a white photographer who was charged with murdering his wife with an axe. Salzner's sentencing was scheduled to be held later that month, but the mob decided to murder him first. Salzner was lynched and shot in the public
144:
In the aftermath of the event, many prominent figures and groups denounced the murders. Governor Deneen responded to the Cairo lynchings by calling the mob violence "an outrageous proceeding and a disgrace to the state of
Illinois." He relieved Sheriff Davis and Deputy Fuller of their positions. The
119:
The judges, jury, and executioners lifted the rope to avenge the dead woman, but the rope broke and threw James roughly to the ground. As he stood, several people in the crowd riddled his body with approximately five hundred bullets. William James was dead. The mob ran with his bleeding body to the
103:
Stacy Pratt McDermott's 1999 article "'An
Outrageous Proceeding': A Northern Lynching and the Enforcement of Anti-Lynching Legislation in Illinois, 1905–1910" analyzes the events leading to James's final moments. Pelley's twisted and bruised dead body was found gagged with a cloth in an alley on the
110:
Mobs began to form across the river, and citizens started to "investigate" the crime scene and James's home. The mob began to carry out its own "investigation" of James, since the police force did not align with the mob's desired time frame. Hearing plans of the assembling mobs, the police began to
86:
Years before James's lynching, the
Illinois State Legislature implemented a series of anti-lynching laws to curb the racial tensions that had been brewing throughout the state. In 1901 alone, there were 135 lynchings in Illinois. Anti-lynching bureaus formed to assemble political capital to pass
104:
morning of
November 9. The police chief sent for bloodhounds and used them that day. The dogs led authorities to arrest five people: James, Arthur Alexander, Sam Mosby, Georgia Cooper, and another woman identified only by the surname Green. James and Alexander were the primary suspects.
45:
and killed before the police investigation had been completed. The townspeople of Cairo formed a mob and murdered him, along with a second prisoner from the town jail whose trial had been delayed. The lynching drew crowds of thousands, and led the
136:
square. After the second lynching, shouting matches and minor looting gripped Cairo until the next morning when the
Illinois National Guard implemented martial law and restored order in the town.
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Underground liquor establishments were common, and prostitution brought in considerable income. Most of the town's crime occurred in "low-dens" of the city, and involved organized crime.
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in
Illinois. The lynching also mobilized advocacy groups in the state to push for more legal protections of African-American communities in smaller towns.
206:
McDermott, Stacy Pratt (1999). "'An
Outrageous Proceeding': A Northern Lynching and the Enforcement of Anti-Lynching Legislation in Illinois, 1905-1910".
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624:
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385:. University of North Carolina (1793-1962). School of Law., Southern Commission on the Study of Lynching. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange.
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before the crime wave began. With the police force acting very slowly, the mob assembled and took matters into their own hands.
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91:, gained significant ground in drafting anti-lynching laws. These leaders were able to gain the support of Illinois Governor
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anti-lynching laws. While anti-lynching proponents met considerable resistance, civil rights leaders in
Chicago, such as
486:"An Outrageous Proceeding: A Northern Lynching and the Enforcement of Anti-Lynching Legislation in Illinois, 1905 -1910"
439:"An Outrageous Proceeding: A Northern Lynching and the Enforcement of Anti-Lynching Legislation in Illinois, 1905 -1910"
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Will "Froggy" James, an African-American man, was charged with the rape and murder of white 22-year-old Annie Pelley
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James' lynching on November 11, 1909. An estimated 10,000 spectators were present at the lynching.
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It was raining last night when 24-year-old Anna Pelley got off the streetcar at 28th and Sycamore
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163:, set partly in Cairo, depicts the lynching of James in its episode "The Ways of the Dead" in
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to pass a series of anti-lynch and anti-mob laws that led to major reforms throughout the
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due in large part to the town economy being primarily based on vice-related activity.
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Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases by Ida B. Wells-Barnett
535:
At the hands of persons unknown : the lynching of Black America
501:
454:
219:
2501:
623:
343:
Working the Mississippi : two centuries of life on the river
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Cairo, Illinois, had been experiencing a surge of racial tension
322:
James was accused of the murder of Anna Pelley, "a white girl,"
2601:
146:
34:
and his dead body mutilated on November 11, 1909 by a mob in
2570:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
539:(Modern Library pbk. ed.). New York: Modern Library.
147:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
16:
African-American man lynched in southern Illinois in 1909
70:
at the end of 1909. The town police force was lethargic
2787:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
532:
340:
610:
177:List of lynchings and other homicides in Illinois
3010:
2231:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
625:List of lynching victims in the United States
596:
413:
338:
54:involving the sentencing and protections for
416:"To the Members of the Anti-Lynching Bureau"
308:"One Lynching in Cairo, Ill.; Then, Another"
285:. Alexander County Illinois Genealogy Trails
81:
2661:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
283:Alexander County, Illinois Genealogy Trails
2632:
2477:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
2207:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
603:
589:
305:
2953:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
2413:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
1191:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
483:
436:
380:
205:
18:
2782:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
530:
276:
76:Racial tensions had been relatively low
3011:
484:McDermott, Stacy Pratt (Winter 1999).
437:McDermott, Stacy Pratt (Winter 1999).
248:
2419:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
2325:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
2016:
622:
584:
152:
3039:20th-century African-American people
2994:Lynching deaths in the United States
2124:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
2017:
376:
374:
372:
334:
332:
330:
201:
199:
197:
2655:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
2431:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
2213:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
312:Times Traveler, New York Times Blog
251:"Cairo, Illinois – Death by Racism"
13:
306:Niederkorn, William (2009-11-12).
14:
3055:
3024:1909 murders in the United States
2555:American Crusade Against Lynching
2201:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
369:
327:
194:
2767:America's Black Holocaust Museum
2550:American anti-lynching activists
2522:Nadir of American race relations
2112:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2048:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
381:Chadbourn, James Harmon (2008).
182:Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois
130:
2973:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
2607:National Conference on Lynching
2165:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2042:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
1383:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
561:
524:
30:, an African-American man, was
2089:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
477:
430:
420:Illinois During the Gilded Age
414:Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1902).
407:
299:
270:
242:
1:
3034:History of racism in Illinois
2989:Lynching in the United States
2290:Springfield race riot of 1908
708:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
612:Lynching in the United States
61:
2883:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
2814:And you are lynching Negroes
2666:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
2401:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
2307:Harris County, GA, lynchings
2249:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
2095:New Orleans massacre of 1866
208:The Journal of Negro History
7:
3029:Lynching deaths in Illinois
2792:Southern Poverty Law Center
2437:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2065:? Lachenais and four others
1503:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
820:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
249:Weiser, Kathy (July 2019).
170:
10:
3060:
2273:1906 Atlanta race massacre
2243:Phoenix, SC, election riot
2219:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
2171:Benjamin and Mollie French
187:
125:"An Outrageous Proceeding"
48:Illinois State Legislature
2981:
2800:
2759:
2678:
2580:William O'Connell Bradley
2540:
2494:
2490:
2319:East St. Louis, IL, riots
2071:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2054:New York City draft riots
2023:
2012:
1761:
1030:
635:
631:
618:
139:
98:
82:Anti-lynching legislation
2844:Deaths in police custody
2331:Jenkins County, GA, riot
2142:Chinese massacre of 1871
2060:Detroit race riot (1863)
1695:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
1487:Dick Rowland (attempted)
490:Journal of Negro History
443:Journal of Negro History
2825:Battle of Liberty Place
2820:Attack on John Shillady
2808:James Allen (collector)
2641:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
2425:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
2349:Omaha race riot of 1919
2337:Longview, TX, race riot
2313:Newberry, FL, lynchings
2255:Julia and Frazier Baker
2237:Porter and Spencer (MS)
2189:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
2147:Meridian, MS, race riot
2130:Opelousas, LA, massacre
1103:Paul Reed and Will Cato
788:Big Nose George Parrott
279:"PELLEY MURDER, Part 1"
277:Beasley, Frank (2006).
56:African American people
28:William "Froggie" James
2959:United States v. Shipp
2711:Rebecca Latimer Felton
2542:Anti-lynching movement
2459:Freedom Summer Murders
2389:Rosewood, FL, massacre
2354:Knoxville riot of 1919
1223:Laura and L. D. Nelson
531:Philip., Dray (2003).
347:. Columbia, Missouri.
157:The television series
128:
24:
2930:Summer in Mississippi
2877:Mississippi Cold Case
2831:The Birth of a Nation
2772:Civil Rights Memorial
2701:Sidney Johnston Catts
2679:Defenders of lynching
2365:Duluth, MN, lynchings
2343:Elaine, AR, race riot
2301:Laura and L.D. Nelson
2267:Watkinsville lynching
2225:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
2183:Hamburg, SC, massacre
2159:Election riot of 1874
2106:Camilla, GA, massacre
2028:Death of Joseph Smith
652:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
117:
22:
2648:Costigan-Wagner Bill
2585:Ella Barksdale Brown
2383:Perry, FL, race riot
2295:Slocum, TX, massacre
2195:Mart and Tom Horrell
2153:Colfax, LA, massacre
2136:Bear River City riot
1986:James Craig Anderson
1786:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
1391:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
426:on November 7, 2017.
383:Lynching and the law
3044:19th-century births
2890:The Ox-Bow Incident
2870:Mississippi Burning
2721:John Trotwood Moore
2377:Tulsa race massacre
2371:Ocoee, FL, massacre
1866:Mack Charles Parker
1794:Willie James Howard
339:Stepenoff, Bonnie.
68:due to a crime wave
2904:Reconstruction era
2716:John Temple Graves
2560:Jessie Daniel Ames
2507:Indiana White Caps
2177:Ellenton, SC, riot
2100:Reno Brothers Gang
1850:Judge Edward Aaron
1047:Ballie Crutchfield
255:Legends of America
153:In popular culture
25:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2947:They Won't Forget
2864:Lynching postcard
2777:The Legacy Museum
2746:James K. Vardaman
2686:Theodore G. Bilbo
2674:
2673:
2565:Martin C. Ansorge
2486:
2485:
2471:Michael Schwerner
2278:Kemper County, MS
2118:Pulaski, TN, riot
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1711:Shedrick Thompson
1591:Bernice Raspberry
1311:Name unknown (MS)
1215:Name unknown (TX)
836:Joseph Vermillion
804:John Wesley Heath
165:its second season
145:recently founded
41:James was denied
3051:
2801:Related articles
2751:Thomas E. Watson
2741:Benjamin Tillman
2706:Thomas Dixon Jr.
2630:
2629:
2492:
2491:
2395:Jim and Mark Fox
2083:Memphis massacre
2018:Multiple victims
2014:
2013:
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1989:
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113:Karnak, Illinois
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2447:Harriette Moore
2407:Tate County, MS
2019:
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1954:Arthur McDuffie
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1263:George Saunders
1261:
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1020:Benjamin Thomas
1018:
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980:Joseph H. McCoy
978:
972:William Andrews
970:
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940:Richard Puryear
938:
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874:
866:
858:
850:
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796:Charles Thurber
794:
786:
780:Joseph Standing
778:
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730:
722:
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700:Clubfoot George
698:
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455:10.2307/2649083
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316:
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259:
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84:
75:
71:
67:
64:
36:Cairo, Illinois
17:
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5:
3057:
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2924:Stone Mountain
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2736:Goodloe Sutton
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2261:Pana, IL, riot
2258:
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2020:
2010:
2009:
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1982:
1978:James Byrd Jr.
1974:
1966:
1962:Michael Donald
1958:
1950:
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1934:
1926:
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1910:
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1858:Willie Edwards
1854:
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1778:Johannes Kunze
1774:
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1719:George Armwood
1715:
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1447:John Hartfield
1443:
1439:Wesley Everest
1435:
1427:
1423:Wallace Baynes
1419:
1415:Olli Kinkkonen
1411:
1407:Jim McIlherron
1403:
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1371:
1363:
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1287:Charles Fisher
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1095:Marie Thompson
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1071:J. D. Mayfield
1067:
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908:Samuel J. Bush
904:
896:
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848:
844:George Meadows
840:
832:
824:
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100:
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93:Charles Deneen
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2919:Silent Parade
2917:
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2859:
2858:Hang 'Em High
2855:
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2619:
2618:Strange Fruit
2615:
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2593:
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2590:Father Divine
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2515:
2513:
2512:Jim Crow laws
2510:
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2288:
2285:
2284:Walker family
2282:
2279:
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2256:
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2250:
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2175:
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2128:
2125:
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2110:
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2104:
2101:
2098:
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2081:
2078:
2075:
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2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2011:
1995:
1994:Ahmaud Arbery
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:Yusef Hawkins
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Betty Gardner
1943:
1939:
1938:Marian Pyszko
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:Carol Jenkins
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Vernon Dahmer
1903:
1899:
1895:
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1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
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1859:
1855:
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1839:
1835:
1834:George W. Lee
1831:
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1823:
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1799:
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1787:
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1728:
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1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:James Cameron
1684:
1680:
1679:George Hughes
1676:
1672:
1671:J. C. Collins
1668:
1664:
1663:Leonard Woods
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:Owen Flemming
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Fred N. Selak
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
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1512:
1508:
1504:
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1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
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1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:George Taylor
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:Robert Prager
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Charles Jones
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
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1296:
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1288:
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1260:
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1252:
1248:
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1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:"Mose" Creole
1172:
1168:
1167:Matthew Chase
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:William Burns
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Fred Rochelle
1036:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:F. W. Stewart
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:John Anderson
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Alfred Blount
921:
917:
916:John Peterson
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
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869:
865:
861:
857:
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849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Michael Green
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:Henry Plummer
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Pancho Daniel
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:
638:
634:
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621:
617:
613:
606:
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587:
586:
583:
572:
571:
564:
556:
552:
548:
546:9780375754456
542:
537:
536:
527:
519:
515:
511:
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491:
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480:
472:
468:
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448:
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440:
433:
425:
421:
417:
410:
402:
398:
394:
392:9781584778295
388:
384:
377:
375:
373:
364:
360:
356:
354:9780826220530
350:
345:
344:
335:
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209:
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193:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
168:
166:
162:
161:
160:American Gods
150:
148:
137:
131:Henry Salzner
121:
116:
114:
108:
105:
96:
94:
90:
79:
59:
57:
53:
49:
44:
39:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2965:
2957:
2945:
2936:Sundown town
2928:
2896:
2888:
2875:
2868:
2856:
2849:
2838:The Clansman
2836:
2829:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2624:Ida B. Wells
2612:Paul Robeson
2517:Ku Klux Klan
2463:James Chaney
2453:Anniston, AL
2077:Plummer Gang
2032:Joseph Smith
1930:Henry Marrow
1890:Frank Morris
1818:Willie Earle
1727:Cordie Cheek
1655:Henry Choate
1575:Dan Anderson
1535:Raymond Byrd
1519:Samuel Smith
1471:Willie Baird
1351:Frank Little
1343:Paulo Boleta
1271:Robert Perry
1247:Mary Jackson
1207:King Johnson
1190:
1159:James Hodges
1079:George White
1063:Walker Davis
964:Jacob Henson
892:Robert Lewis
852:Ellen Watson
740:Jim Williams
716:Wyatt Outlaw
569:
563:
534:
526:
493:
489:
479:
446:
442:
432:
424:the original
419:
409:
382:
342:
321:
315:. Retrieved
311:
301:
293:
287:. Retrieved
282:
272:
264:
258:. Retrieved
254:
244:
214:(1): 61–78.
211:
207:
158:
156:
143:
134:
118:
109:
106:
102:
89:Ida B. Wells
85:
65:
40:
27:
26:
3019:1909 deaths
2968:(1999 film)
2852:(1936 film)
2731:James Rolph
2633:Legislation
2596:Flag Salute
2036:Hyrum Smith
1882:Lemuel Penn
1874:Louis Allen
1842:Emmett Till
1826:Lamar Smith
1802:Recy Taylor
1735:Claude Neal
1583:Will Sherod
1567:John Carter
1543:James Clark
1495:Henry Lowry
1367:Ell Persons
1255:Rob Edwards
1231:Will Porter
1087:David Wyatt
1055:George Ward
932:Henry Smith
828:Amos Miller
812:Eliza Woods
748:David Jones
692:Bill Sketoe
676:Joshua Boyd
636:Before 1900
43:due process
3013:Categories
2982:Categories
2909:Red Summer
2602:N.A.A.C.P.
2527:Red Shirts
2359:Red Summer
1898:James Reeb
1770:Felix Hall
1762:After 1940
1511:Joe Pullen
1479:Roy Belton
1431:Will Brown
1335:Jeff Brown
1295:John Evans
1279:? Anderson
1183:"Pie" Hill
1151:Jim Miller
1127:Slab Pitts
1119:Ed Johnson
956:Amos Hicks
876:Dick Lundy
868:Jim Taylor
317:2019-08-05
289:2019-08-05
260:2019-08-05
62:Background
2899:(musical)
1615:Joe Smith
1559:Tom Payne
1527:L. Q. Ivy
1455:Jay Lynch
1303:Leo Frank
1031:1900–1940
518:150209743
496:(1): 64.
471:150209743
449:(1): 63.
401:244222992
363:910847819
236:150209743
2966:Vendetta
2502:Lynching
2473:) (1964)
2038:) (1844)
1012:Sam Hose
555:51330092
171:See also
123:—
2495:General
884:Joe Coe
756:Jo Reed
510:2649083
463:2649083
228:2649083
188:Sources
52:Midwest
32:lynched
2897:Parade
2885:(1965)
2760:Memory
2479:(1964)
2455:(1961)
2449:(1952)
2439:(1946)
2433:(1945)
2427:(1943)
2421:(1937)
2415:(1933)
2409:(1932)
2403:(1930)
2397:(1927)
2391:(1923)
2385:(1922)
2379:(1921)
2373:(1920)
2367:(1920)
2361:(1919)
2345:(1919)
2339:(1919)
2333:(1919)
2327:(1918)
2321:(1917)
2315:(1916)
2309:(1912)
2303:(1911)
2297:(1910)
2286:(1908)
2280:(1906)
2269:(1905)
2263:(1899)
2257:(1898)
2251:(1898)
2245:(1898)
2239:(1897)
2233:(1892)
2227:(1892)
2221:(1891)
2215:(1880)
2209:(1879)
2203:(1879)
2197:(1878)
2191:(1878)
2185:(1876)
2179:(1876)
2173:(1876)
2167:(1874)
2155:(1873)
2149:(1871)
2138:(1868)
2132:(1868)
2126:(1868)
2120:(1868)
2114:(1868)
2108:(1868)
2102:(1868)
2091:(1866)
2085:(1866)
2079:(1864)
2073:(1864)
2067:(1863)
2056:(1863)
2050:(1862)
2044:(1858)
1996:(2020)
1988:(2011)
1980:(1998)
1972:(1989)
1964:(1981)
1956:(1979)
1948:(1978)
1940:(1975)
1932:(1970)
1924:(1968)
1916:(1967)
1908:(1966)
1900:(1965)
1892:(1964)
1884:(1964)
1876:(1964)
1868:(1959)
1860:(1957)
1852:(1957)
1844:(1955)
1836:(1955)
1828:(1955)
1820:(1947)
1812:(1946)
1804:(1944)
1796:(1944)
1788:(1943)
1780:(1943)
1772:(1941)
1753:(1940)
1745:(1940)
1737:(1934)
1729:(1933)
1721:(1933)
1713:(1932)
1705:(1931)
1697:(1931)
1689:(1930)
1681:(1930)
1673:(1928)
1665:(1927)
1657:(1927)
1649:(1927)
1641:(1927)
1633:(1927)
1625:(1927)
1617:(1927)
1609:(1927)
1601:(1927)
1593:(1927)
1585:(1927)
1577:(1927)
1569:(1927)
1561:(1927)
1553:(1926)
1545:(1926)
1537:(1926)
1529:(1925)
1521:(1924)
1513:(1923)
1505:(1922)
1497:(1921)
1489:(1921)
1481:(1920)
1473:(1920)
1465:(1919)
1457:(1919)
1449:(1919)
1441:(1919)
1433:(1919)
1425:(1919)
1417:(1918)
1409:(1918)
1401:(1918)
1393:(1918)
1385:(1918)
1377:(1918)
1369:(1917)
1361:(1917)
1353:(1917)
1345:(1916)
1337:(1916)
1329:(1916)
1321:(1916)
1313:(1915)
1305:(1915)
1297:(1914)
1289:(1914)
1281:(1913)
1273:(1913)
1265:(1912)
1257:(1912)
1249:(1912)
1241:(1911)
1233:(1911)
1225:(1911)
1217:(1911)
1209:(1911)
1201:(1910)
1193:(1909)
1185:(1909)
1177:(1909)
1169:(1909)
1161:(1909)
1153:(1909)
1145:(1907)
1137:(1907)
1129:(1906)
1121:(1906)
1113:(1906)
1105:(1904)
1097:(1904)
1089:(1903)
1081:(1903)
1073:(1903)
1065:(1903)
1057:(1901)
1049:(1901)
1041:(1901)
1022:(1899)
1014:(1899)
1006:(1898)
998:(1898)
990:(1898)
982:(1897)
974:(1897)
966:(1896)
958:(1894)
950:(1894)
942:(1894)
934:(1893)
926:(1893)
918:(1893)
910:(1893)
902:(1892)
894:(1892)
886:(1891)
878:(1891)
870:(1891)
862:(1890)
854:(1889)
846:(1889)
838:(1889)
830:(1888)
822:(1886)
814:(1886)
806:(1884)
798:(1882)
790:(1881)
782:(1879)
774:(1878)
766:(1877)
758:(1875)
750:(1872)
742:(1871)
734:(1870)
726:(1870)
718:(1870)
710:(1868)
702:(1864)
694:(1864)
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678:(1863)
670:(1858)
662:(1851)
654:(1837)
646:(1836)
553:
543:
516:
508:
469:
461:
399:
389:
361:
351:
234:
226:
140:Impact
99:Events
2443:Harry
514:S2CID
506:JSTOR
467:S2CID
459:JSTOR
232:S2CID
224:JSTOR
2940:list
2850:Fury
2532:Jews
2445:and
2161:(AL)
551:OCLC
541:ISBN
494:84:1
447:84:1
397:OCLC
387:ISBN
359:OCLC
349:ISBN
498:doi
451:doi
216:doi
3015::
2469:,
2465:,
2034:,
549:.
512:.
504:.
492:.
488:.
465:.
457:.
445:.
441:.
418:.
395:.
371:^
357:.
329:^
320:.
310:.
292:.
281:.
263:.
253:.
230:.
222:.
212:84
210:.
196:^
167:.
2942:)
2938:(
2816:"
2812:"
2620:"
2616:"
2598:"
2594:"
2461:(
2030:(
604:e
597:t
590:v
573:.
557:.
520:.
500::
473:.
453::
403:.
365:.
238:.
218::
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