64:
days, and the reproductive cycles of grouped females are often longer and more irregular. However, when grouped female mice are exposed to the pheromones contained in a male’s urine, the
Whitten effect occurs, and the majority of the female mice will enter a new estrus cycle by the third day of exposure. However, there is little evidence for a similarly functioning vomeronasal, or olfactory, system (thought to be the sensory organ that initiates the Bruce, Vandenbergh, and Whitten effects) in humans. These differences, in putative stimulus and neural pathway (as well as species observed), stringently distinguishes the Whitten and McClintock effect, as the latter does not posit a role for male pheromones.
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The
Whitten effect occurs when a group of female mice are exposed to the urine produced by a male mouse. The male’s urine contains certain volatile, or airborne, pheromones that affect the hormonal processes of the females that control their reproductive status. A sexually mature and viable male must
63:
The female mice do not require direct contact with the male’s urine to produce the
Whitten effect, as the pheromone contained in the urine is airborne and therefore is taken up by the females through their olfactory system. The reproductive cycle of female mice in isolation is approximately 4 to 5
155:
Jemilio, Bozena, Scott Harvey, and Milos
Novotny. "Promotion of the Whitten Effect in Female Mice by Synthetic Analogs of Male Urinary Constituents." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 83 (1986):
52:(1956, 1966, 1968), whereby male mouse pheromone-laden urine synchronizes the estrus cycle "among unisexually grouped females," and is an example of male-to-female pheromonal effects in mice, similar to the
177:
Ma, Weidong, Zhongshan Miao, and Milos V. Novotny. "Introduction of Estrus in
Grouped Female Mice (Mus Domesticus) by Synthetic Analogs of Preputial Gland Constituents." Chem. Senses 24 (1999): 289-93.
143:
Ochiogu, Izuchukwu S., Chike F. Oguejiofor, and
Ambrose N. Nwagbo. "Males' Non-Enhancement of Bruce and Whitten Effects in Female Mice – Mus Musculus." Animal Research International 6 (2009): 1077-081.
48:
When the pheromones contained in the urine of male mice stimulate synchronous estrus in a population of female mice, it is known as the
Whitten effect. This is a phenomenon observed by
165:
Gangrade, B.K., and C.J. Dominik. "Studies of the Male-Originating
Pheromones Involved in the Whitten Effect and Bruce Effect in Mice." Biology of Reproduction 31 (1984): 89-96.
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Whitten, WK; Bronson, FH; Greenstein, JA (1968-08-09). "Estrus-inducing pheromone of male mice: transport by movement of air".
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produce the urine, as the pheromones that produce the
Whitten effect are dependent on male sex hormones such as testosterone.
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Whitten, W.K. (July 1956). "Modification of the oestrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male".
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Whitten, WK (1957-12-21). "Effect of exteroceptive factors on the oestrous cycle of mice".
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contained in the urine of male mice can be such stimuli, inducing
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Whitten, W.K. (1966). "Pheromones and mammalian reproduction".
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Social signals, or social stimuli, have an effect on
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is stimulation, by male pheromones, of synchronous
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16:Synchronisation of oestrus by male pheromones
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116:(11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p.
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286:(1). Biology of Reproduction: 89–96.
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453:Behavioral endocrinology
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27:in a female population.
648:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
428:Animal sexual behaviour
280:Biology of Reproduction
587:Tool use by non-humans
540:Philosophical ethology
485:Comparative psychology
433:Animal welfare science
112:Physiology of behavior
225:Journal code: 0375363
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693:William Homan Thorpe
458:Behavioural genetics
418:Animal consciousness
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332:1968Sci...161..584W
243:1957Natur.180.1436W
777:Behavioral Ecology
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490:Emotion in animals
468:Cognitive ethology
89:Vandenbergh effect
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473:Comfort behaviour
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40:synchronous
818:Categories
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550:Stereotypy
95:References
36:pheromones
784:Behaviour
727:Societies
565:Honeycomb
213:0022-0795
156:4576-579.
824:Ethology
803:Category
748:Journals
575:Instinct
525:Learning
520:Instinct
495:Ethogram
478:Grooming
401:Branches
394:Ethology
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259:13493564
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560:Hive
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