710:
1023:. Depending on where the space-like hypersurface is chosen, the Einstein-Rosen bridge can either connect two black hole event horizons in each universe (with points in the interior of the bridge being part of the black hole region of the spacetime), or two white hole event horizons in each universe (with points in the interior of the bridge being part of the white hole region). It is impossible to use the bridge to cross from one universe to the other, however, because it is impossible to enter a white hole event horizon from the outside, and anyone entering a black hole horizon from either universe will inevitably hit the black hole singularity.
1031:– general relativity must also allow the time-reverse of this type of "realistic" black hole that forms from collapsing matter. The time-reversed case would be a white hole that has existed since the beginning of the universe, and that emits matter until it finally "explodes" and disappears. Despite the fact that such objects are permitted theoretically, they are not taken as seriously as black holes by physicists, since there would be no processes that would naturally lead to their formation; they could exist only if they were built into the initial conditions of the
1060:. In both cases, however, it is not possible to reach the region "in" the white hole, so the behavior of it - and, in particular, what may come out of it - is completely impossible to predict. In this sense, a white hole is a configuration according to which the evolution of the universe cannot be predicted, because it is not deterministic. A "bare singularity" is another example of a non-deterministic configuration, but does not have the status of a white hole, however, because there is no region inaccessible from a given region. In its basic conception, the
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861:, discussed below, the white hole event horizon in the past becomes a black hole event horizon in the future, so any object falling towards it will eventually reach the black hole horizon). Imagine a gravitational field, without a surface. Acceleration due to gravity is the greatest on the surface of any body. But since black holes lack a surface, acceleration due to gravity increases exponentially, but never reaches a final value as there is no considered surface in a singularity.
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means that the interior black-hole region can contain a mix of particles that fell in from either universe (and thus an observer who fell in from one universe might be able to see light that fell in from the other one), and likewise particles from the interior white-hole region can escape into either universe. All four regions can be seen in a spacetime diagram that uses
1035:. Additionally, it is predicted that such a white hole would be highly "unstable" in the sense that if any small amount of matter fell towards the horizon from the outside, this would prevent the white hole's explosion as seen by distant observers, with the matter emitted from the singularity never able to escape the white hole's gravitational radius.
1186:, proposed by Joel Smoller and Blake Temple in 2003, has the “big bang” as an explosion inside a black hole, producing the expanding volume of space and matter that includes the observable universe. This black hole eventually becomes a white hole as the matter density reduces with the expansion. A related theory gives an alternative to dark energy.
994:, infalling particles take an infinite time to reach the black hole horizon infinitely far in the future, while outgoing particles that pass the observer have been traveling outward for an infinite time since crossing the white hole horizon infinitely far in the past (however, the particles or other objects experience only a finite
998:
between crossing the horizon and passing the outside observer). The black hole/white hole appears "eternal" from the perspective of an outside observer, in the sense that particles traveling outward from the white hole interior region can pass the observer at any time, and particles traveling inward,
880:
argued that the time reversal of a black hole in thermal equilibrium results in a white hole in thermal equilibrium (each absorbing and emitting energy to equivalent degrees). Consequently, this may imply that black holes and white holes are reciprocal in structure, wherein the
Hawking radiation from
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itself is a white hole. It further suggests that the emergence of a white hole, which was named a "Small Bang", is spontaneous—all the matter is ejected at a single pulse. Thus, unlike black holes, white holes cannot be continuously observed; rather, their effects can be detected only around the
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at extremely high densities. Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity. Instead, the collapsing matter on the other side of the event horizon reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds, forming a regular
Einstein–Rosen bridge. The other side of the bridge
1002:
Just as there are two separate interior regions of the maximally extended spacetime, there are also two separate exterior regions, sometimes called two different "universes", with the second universe allowing us to extrapolate some possible particle trajectories in the two interior regions. This
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Depending on the type of black hole solution considered, there are several types of white holes. In the case of the
Schwarzschild black hole mentioned above, a geodesic coming out of a white hole comes from the "gravitational singularity" it contains. In the case of a black hole possessing an
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Note that the maximally extended
Schwarzschild metric describes an idealized black hole/white hole that exists eternally from the perspective of external observers; a more realistic black hole that forms at some particular time from a collapsing star would require a different metric. When the
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whose core contracts until it turns into a black hole. Such a configuration is not static: we start from a massive and extended body which contracts to give a black hole. The black hole therefore does not exist for all eternity, and there is no corresponding white hole.
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separation, giving what is called a 'space-like surface') and draw an "embedding diagram" depicting the curvature of space at that time, the embedding diagram will look like a tube connecting the two exterior regions, known as an "Einstein-Rosen bridge" or
1210:(which gives rise to black holes when a star somewhat more massive than the sun exhausts its nuclear "fuel"), there is no clear analogous process that leads reliably to the production of white holes. Although some hypotheses have been put forward:
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are born from the collapse of stars, white holes represent the theoretical birth of space, time, and potentially even universes. At the center, space and time do not end into a singularity, but continue across a short transition region where the
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infalling stellar matter is added to a diagram of a black hole's history, it removes the part of the diagram corresponding to the white hole interior region. But because the equations of general relativity are time-reversible – they exhibit
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A view of black holes first proposed in the late 1980s might be interpreted as shedding some light on the nature of classical white holes. Some researchers have proposed that when a black hole forms, a Big Bang may occur at the
1163:) of matter. According to general relativity, the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular black hole. In the Einstein–Cartan theory, however, the minimal coupling between torsion and
111:
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process that can lead to the formation of such a configuration, and imposing it from the creation of the universe amounts to assuming a very specific set of initial conditions which has no concrete motivation.
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like the one at the center of the black hole's interior. In order to satisfy this requirement, it turns out that in addition to the black hole interior region that particles enter when they fall through the
1982:
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In 2014, the idea of the Big Bang being produced by a supermassive white hole explosion was explored in the framework of a five-dimensional vacuum by Madriz
Aguilar, Moreno and Bellini.
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away, it had been assumed that they were the seat of exotic physical phenomena such as a white hole, or a phenomenon of continuous creation of matter (see the article on the
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from the outside, there must be a separate white hole interior region, which allows us to extrapolate the trajectories of particles that an outside observer sees rising up
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an ordinary black hole is identified with a white hole's emission of energy and matter. Hawking's semi-classical argument is reproduced in a quantum mechanical
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Another widespread idea is that white holes would be very unstable, would last a very short time and even after forming could collapse and become black holes.
1590:
Klebanov, Igor R. (October 2001). "TASI lectures: Introduction to the AdS/CFT correspondence". In Harvey, Jeffrey; Kachru, Shamit; Silverstein, Eva (eds.).
1056:, then the white hole happens to be the "exit door" of a black hole existing in another universe. Such a black hole - white hole configuration is called a
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At present, very few scientists believe in the existence of white holes and it is considered only a mathematical exercise with no real-world counterpart.
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theory of gravity extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the
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are violated by quantum effects. From this region, space and time emerge with the structure of a white hole interior, a possibility already suggested by
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Sitio oficial de la Nasa en donde se explica la cuestión: los cuásares fueron supuestos como agujeros blancos pero la hipótesis quedó descartada
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becomes a new, growing baby universe. For observers in the baby universe, the parent universe appears as the only white hole. Accordingly, the
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To be able to exist, a white hole must either arise from a physical process leading to its formation, or be present from the creation of the
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is the
Einstein–Rosen interior of a black hole existing as one of possibly many inside a larger universe. The Big Bang was a nonsingular
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977:) in spacetime, it should be possible to continue this path arbitrarily far into the particle's future, unless the trajectory hits a
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853:. They attract matter like any other mass, but objects falling towards a white hole would never actually reach the white hole's
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929:. These equations, the foundation of modern physics, describe the curvature of spacetime due to massive objects. Whereas
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were discovered it was assumed that these were the sought-after white holes but this assumption has now been discarded.
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of constant time (a set of points that all have the same time coordinate, such that every point on the surface has a
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Descubren nuevas evidencias de la transición al blanco de los agujeros negros, Universidad
Complutense de Madrid.
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White holes as a kind of "exit" from black holes, both types of singularities would probably be connected by a
1104:). These ideas are now abandoned, the observed properties of quasars being very well explained by those of an
1159:, as a dynamical variable. Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (
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with a gas of radiation (not compulsory). Because a thermal-equilibrium state is time-reversal-invariant,
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has a white hole region in its past. This region does not exist for black holes that have formed through
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1511:. Princeton science library (Repr. ed.). Princeton, N.J. Woodstock: Princeton University Press.
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815:, however, nor are there any observed physical processes through which a white hole could be formed.
803:, from which energy-matter, light and information cannot escape. White holes appear in the theory of
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which will eventually reach the black hole interior region can also pass the observer at any time.
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should not have any "edges". For any possible trajectory of a free-falling particle (following a
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anime, as the radiance it exudes is both sentient and evil, known as the Light of
Destruction.
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In this spacetime, it is possible to come up with coordinate systems such that if you pick a
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can be seen as a naked singularity in outer space, but does not correspond to a white hole.
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Finally, it has been postulated that white holes could be the temporal inverse of a
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spacetime. The horizontal direction is space and the vertical direction is time.
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Madriz
Aguilar, José Edgar; Moreno, Claudia; Bellini, Mauricio (January 2014).
2187:
A. Retter & S. Heller (2012). "The revival of white holes as Small Bangs".
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The possibility of the existence of white holes was put forward by cosmologist
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1269:, wherein the protagonists must find a way to deal with its temporal effects.
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Cosmic
Catastrophes: Exploding Stars, Black Holes, and Mapping the Universe
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890:
807:. In addition to a black hole region in the future, such a solution of the
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2467:
End of Black Hole Is Starting of Big Bang – Discussed in Newsgroup in 1999
1096:, whose luminosity makes it possible to observe them from several billion
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In its mode of formation, a black hole comes from a residue of a massive
995:
796:
476:
446:
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1298:. In this game, falling into the black hole in the center of the planet
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with no charge and no rotation. Here, "maximally extended" implies that
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1713:(in Russian). Vol. 1. Москва: Советская энциклопедия. p. 184.
1602:
1596:. Singapore ; River Edge, NJ: World Scientific. pp. 615–650.
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1390:
1350:
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1218:(note that, like white holes, wormholes have not yet been found); when
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Unlike black holes for which there is a well-studied physical process,
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800:
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106:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}
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at which the observable universe had a finite, minimum scale factor.
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776:
257:
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Barceló, Carlos; Carballo-Rubio, Raúl; Garay, Luis J (18 May 2017).
3336:
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2131:
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1232:
anomalous gamma-ray burst that occurred in 2006 was a "white hole".
1215:
1190:
1167:
generates a repulsive spin–spin interaction that is significant in
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1061:
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829:
and others have proposed that these supermassive black holes could
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436:
276:
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2203:
2078:
2026:
1943:
1084:. None of these solutions appears satisfactory: there is no known
3376:
2398:"¿Hemos detectado ya agujeros blancos y no los hemos reconocido?"
2282:"The primordial explosion of a false white hole from a 5D vacuum"
1194:
event itself. The paper even proposed identifying a new group of
1168:
821:(SMBHs) are theoretically predicted to be at the center of every
2062:"Nonsingular, big-bounce cosmology from spinor-torsion coupling"
3396:
3386:
3366:
3088:
2687:
2677:
2342:"Exponential fading to white of black holes in quantum gravity"
1435:
1430:
1219:
1093:
822:
788:
784:
2497:
901:
792:
2008:"Cosmology with torsion: An alternative to cosmic inflation"
2279:
1653:"Black Hole Evolution Traced Out with Loop Quantum Gravity"
1420:
1228:
Astronomers Alon Retter and Shlomo Heller suggest that the
1073:
842:
3493:
2484:
Forward to the Future 2:Back to the Past, with Interest...
2339:
799:
can escape from it. In this sense, it is the reverse of a
1553:
Hawking, S. W. (1976). "Black Holes and Thermodynamics".
953:. White holes are predicted as part of a solution to the
1838:
Black Hole Physics: Basic Concepts and New Developments
1888:"An obstacle to creating a universe in the laboratory"
990:
from the event horizon. For an observer outside using
841:
Like black holes, white holes have properties such as
3470:
2160:"'Big Wave' Theory Offers Alternative to Dark Energy"
1863:
1861:
1831:
1790:
1788:
49:
921:
introduced the idea of white holes as a solution to
1115:
2186:
1886:Farhi, Edward & Guth, Alan H. (January 1987).
1858:
1785:
783:that cannot be entered from the outside, although
105:
3542:
2427:Embedding of the inverted Schwarzschild Solution
1128:Lee Smolin § Cosmological natural selection
1092:In view of the enormous quantities radiated by
2182:
2180:
1869:"Trou blanc : définition et explications"
1705:(1988). "БЁЛАЯ ДЫРА" [White hole]. In
1552:
1499:
2513:
1983:"Every Black Hole Contains Another Universe?"
1927:"Radial motion into an Einstein–Rosen bridge"
1650:
893:, whose time reversal is the same as itself.
748:
2252:
1701:
1276:serves as a major source of conflict in the
2177:
1769:
1742:
1289:serves as a very important location in the
3079:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
2520:
2506:
1738:
1736:
1313:appears in the animated television series
825:and may be essential for their formation.
755:
741:
2357:
2297:
2202:
2157:
2124:
2077:
2056:
2025:
2005:
1942:
1924:
1885:
1763:
1670:
1601:
1141:, which would create a new universe that
859:maximally extended Schwarzschild solution
2472:Forward to the Future 1:Trapped in Time!
1589:
900:
2457:Shockwave cosmology inside a Black Hole
2125:Roy Britt, Robert (17 September 2003).
2006:Popławski, Nikodem J. (November 2010).
1794:
1733:
1729:(in Russian). Наука. 1976. p. 310.
1470:
3543:
2501:
2139:from the original on 27 February 2024
1531:
1249:
1201:
1067:
3455:
1925:Popławski, Nikodem J. (April 2010).
2158:Moskowitz, Clara (17 August 2009).
2127:"Did cosmos begin as a black hole?"
1539:University of California, Riverside
889:is described by a thermal gas in a
13:
1651:Carlo Rovelli (10 December 2018).
905:A diagram of the structure of the
66:
14:
3587:
3571:Hypothetical astronomical objects
2462:Michio Kaku: Mr Parallel Universe
2420:
885:treatment, where a black hole in
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3454:
3445:
3444:
2743:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
2614:
2445:Schwarzschild Wormhole animation
1116:Big Bang/Supermassive White Hole
722:
721:
708:
38:
16:Hypothetical region of spacetime
2860:Innermost stable circular orbit
2527:
2390:
2333:
2322:
2273:
2246:
2235:
2151:
2118:
2050:
1999:
1991:. 12 April 2010. Archived from
1975:
1918:
1879:
1825:
1534:"Is the Big Bang a black hole?"
3286:Timeline of black hole physics
2404:(in Spanish). 17 December 2018
2316:10.1016/j.physletb.2013.12.005
2255:"Израильтяне нашли белую дыру"
2044:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056
1961:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.03.029
1717:
1695:
1681:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.241301
1644:
1583:
1546:
1525:
1493:
1464:
1:
3054:Nonsingular black hole models
2346:Classical and Quantum Gravity
1457:
1189:A 2012 paper argues that the
1153:Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble
1050:Reissner-Nordström black hole
1038:
907:maximally extended black hole
2429:2d plot White hole in Google
2253:Леонид Попов (27 May 2011).
2221:10.1016/j.newast.2011.07.003
1912:10.1016/0370-2693(87)90429-1
1509:The nature of space and time
1108:in the center of which is a
1005:Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates
775:is a hypothetical region of
7:
3276:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
3241:Hypercompact stellar system
3231:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
1745:"White Holes and Wormholes"
1593:Strings, Branes and Gravity
1323:
1316:Voltron: Legendary Defender
857:(though in the case of the
836:
219:Gravitational time dilation
21:White hole (disambiguation)
10:
3592:
2962:Black hole complementarity
2929:Bousso's holographic bound
2914:Quasi-periodic oscillation
2612:
2606:Malament–Hogarth spacetime
2096:10.1103/PhysRevD.85.107502
1805:Cambridge University Press
1795:Wheeler, J. Craig (2007).
1772:"Collapse to a black hole"
1620:10.1142/9789812799630_0007
1451:Many-worlds interpretation
1361:Conformal cyclic cosmology
1125:
1119:
896:
833:supermassive white holes.
339:Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon
180:Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
18:
3440:
3314:
3166:
3128:
3107:
3046:
3005:
2954:
2833:Gravitational singularity
2820:
2713:
2623:
2548:
2535:
2438:27 September 2011 at the
1658:American Physical Society
1471:Carroll, Sean M. (2004).
1346:Gravitational singularity
992:Schwarzschild coordinates
979:gravitational singularity
913:In the 1930s, physicists
3417:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
3342:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
2875:Blandford–Znajek process
2376:10.1088/1361-6382/aa6962
1988:National Geographic News
1725:
955:Einstein field equations
819:Supermassive black holes
809:Einstein field equations
344:Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein
324:Einstein field equations
147:Mathematical formulation
2673:Active galactic nucleus
2433:Schwarzschild Wormholes
1726:Вселенная, жизнь, разум
1711:ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИЯ
1577:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.191
1143:expands outside of the
1110:supermassive black hole
868:, the black hole emits
3301:Tidal disruption event
3271:Supermassive dark star
3189:Black holes in fiction
3174:Outline of black holes
2807:Supermassive dark star
2726:Gravitational collapse
1532:Gibbs, Philip (1997).
1473:Spacetime and Geometry
1208:gravitational collapse
1029:Time reversal symmetry
1021:Schwarzschild wormhole
965:describing an eternal
949:in 1964, developed by
910:
872:and so it can come to
813:gravitational collapse
214:Gravitational redshift
107:
3561:Concepts in astronomy
3179:Black Hole Initiative
2992:Holographic principle
2450:21 April 1999 at the
1840:. Springer. pp.
904:
502:Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou
457:Kerr–Newman–de Sitter
277:Einstein–Rosen bridge
209:Gravitational lensing
165:Equivalence principle
108:
2982:Final parsec problem
2941:Schwarzschild radius
2489:4 March 2016 at the
2477:4 March 2016 at the
1751:on 27 September 2011
1356:Black hole cosmology
1336:White hole cosmology
963:Schwarzschild metric
923:Einstein's equations
887:anti-de Sitter space
432:Einstein–Rosen waves
158:Fundamental concepts
47:
19:For other uses, see
3281:Superluminal motion
3256:Population III star
3226:Gravitational waves
3184:Black hole starship
2967:Information paradox
2368:2017CQGra..34j5007B
2308:2014PhLB..728..244M
2213:2012NewA...17...73R
2088:2012PhRvD..85j7502P
2036:2010PhLB..694..181P
1953:2010PhLB..687..110P
1904:1987PhLB..183..149F
1832:Frolov, Valeri P.;
1703:Старобинский, А. А.
1612:2001sbg..conf..615K
1569:1976PhRvD..13..191H
1501:Hawking, Stephen W.
1184:Shockwave cosmology
1174:observable universe
1132:Shockwave cosmology
1102:steady state theory
874:thermal equilibrium
805:eternal black holes
386:Kaluza–Klein theory
272:Minkowski spacetime
224:Gravitational waves
3566:General relativity
3115:Optical black hole
3028:Reissner–Nordström
2987:Firewall (physics)
2892:Gravitational lens
2058:Popławski, Nikodem
1995:on 27 August 2019.
1873:Techno-Science.net
1250:In popular culture
1202:Various hypotheses
1198:with white holes.
1068:Physical relevance
959:maximally extended
940:John Lighton Synge
936:Einstein equations
927:general relativity
915:Robert Oppenheimer
911:
769:general relativity
715:Physics portal
487:Oppenheimer–Snyder
427:Reissner–Nordström
319:Linearized gravity
267:Spacetime diagrams
170:Special relativity
103:
32:General relativity
3468:
3467:
3261:Supermassive star
3251:Naked singularity
3246:Membrane paradigm
2972:Cosmic censorship
2946:Spaghettification
2934:Immirzi parameter
2887:Hawking radiation
2828:Astrophysical jet
2797:Supermassive star
2787:Binary black hole
2721:Stellar evolution
2663:Intermediate-mass
2286:Physics Letters B
2066:Physical Review D
2013:Physics Letters B
1931:Physics Letters B
1892:Physics Letters B
1851:978-0-7923-5145-0
1818:978-0-521-85714-7
1770:Andrew Hamilton.
1743:Andrew Hamilton.
1629:978-981-02-4774-4
1556:Physical Review D
1518:978-0-691-14570-9
1411:Quantum mechanics
1381:Naked singularity
951:Nikolai Kardashev
870:Hawking radiation
866:quantum mechanics
765:
764:
398:
397:
284:
283:
3583:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3458:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3120:Sonic black hole
3069:Dark-energy star
2924:Bekenstein bound
2909:M–sigma relation
2838:Ring singularity
2618:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2361:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2261:on 4 August 2012
2257:. Archived from
2250:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2206:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2081:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1946:
1937:(2–3): 110–113.
1922:
1916:
1915:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1747:. Archived from
1740:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1605:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1475:(5.7 ed.).
1468:
1267:of the same name
1196:gamma-ray bursts
1169:fermionic matter
1054:angular momentum
851:angular momentum
757:
750:
743:
730:
725:
724:
717:
713:
712:
497:van Stockum dust
482:Robertson–Walker
308:
307:
198:
197:
112:
110:
109:
104:
102:
101:
89:
81:
80:
62:
61:
42:
28:
27:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3436:
3412:ULAS J1342+0928
3372:SDSS J0849+1114
3357:Phoenix Cluster
3310:
3162:
3124:
3103:
3042:
3001:
2997:No-hair theorem
2950:
2904:Bondi accretion
2870:Penrose process
2816:
2782:Gamma-ray burst
2709:
2619:
2610:
2596:Direct collapse
2544:
2531:
2526:
2491:Wayback Machine
2479:Wayback Machine
2452:Wayback Machine
2440:Wayback Machine
2423:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2185:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2123:
2119:
2060:(29 May 2012).
2055:
2051:
2004:
2000:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1923:
1919:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1834:Igor D. Novikov
1830:
1826:
1819:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1700:
1696:
1649:
1645:
1630:
1588:
1584:
1551:
1547:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1401:Negative energy
1326:
1259:appears in the
1252:
1204:
1145:parent universe
1134:
1124:
1118:
1070:
1046:electric charge
1041:
961:version of the
919:Hartland Snyder
899:
878:Stephen Hawking
839:
827:Stephen Hawking
761:
720:
707:
706:
699:
698:
522:
521:
512:
511:
467:Lemaître–Tolman
412:
411:
400:
399:
391:Quantum gravity
378:Advanced theory
305:
304:
303:
286:
285:
234:Geodetic effect
195:
194:
185:
184:
160:
159:
143:
113:
94:
90:
85:
73:
69:
54:
50:
48:
45:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3432:Swift J1644+57
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:MS 0735.6+7421
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:Sagittarius A*
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2919:Thermodynamics
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2882:Accretion disk
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:BTZ black hole
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2422:
2421:External links
2419:
2416:
2415:
2389:
2352:(10): 105007.
2332:
2321:
2272:
2245:
2234:
2176:
2150:
2117:
2072:(10): 107502.
2049:
2020:(3): 181–185.
1998:
1974:
1917:
1898:(2): 149–155.
1878:
1857:
1850:
1824:
1817:
1784:
1762:
1732:
1716:
1707:ПРОХОРОВ, А.М.
1694:
1643:
1628:
1603:hep-th/0009139
1582:
1563:(2): 191–197.
1545:
1524:
1517:
1505:Penrose, Roger
1492:
1485:
1477:Addison-Wesley
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1307:
1302:leads to this
1300:Brittle Hollow
1283:
1270:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1203:
1200:
1157:torsion tensor
1120:Main article:
1117:
1114:
1106:accretion disk
1069:
1066:
1040:
1037:
1007:(see figure).
898:
895:
838:
835:
763:
762:
760:
759:
752:
745:
737:
734:
733:
732:
731:
718:
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405:
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401:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
380:
379:
375:
374:
373:
372:
370:Post-Newtonian
367:
362:
354:
353:
349:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
313:
312:
306:
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261:
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254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
229:Frame-dragging
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
204:Kepler problem
196:
192:
191:
190:
187:
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177:
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84:
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68:
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60:
57:
53:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3588:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3461:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:Markarian 501
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:XTE J1118+480
3330:
3328:
3327:XTE J1650-500
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:Schwarzschild
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
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2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
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2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Photon sphere
2853:
2851:
2850:Event horizon
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2775:Related links
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:Related links
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2736:Related links
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
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2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Schwarzschild
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2518:
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2500:
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2190:New Astronomy
2183:
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2154:
2138:
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1486:0-8053-8732-3
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1399:
1397:
1396:Negative mass
1394:
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1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Exotic matter
1374:
1372:
1369:
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1357:
1354:
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1347:
1344:
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1331:Arrow of time
1329:
1328:
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1199:
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1187:
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1165:Dirac spinors
1162:
1158:
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1123:
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1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
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1090:
1087:
1086:astrophysical
1083:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:ψ ** Ώ ** ώ (
1047:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:event horizon
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:known as the
956:
952:
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928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
903:
894:
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867:
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855:event horizon
852:
848:
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729:
719:
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632:Chandrasekhar
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623:
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613:
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550:
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547:Schwarzschild
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
516:
515:
508:
507:Hartle–Thorne
505:
503:
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498:
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485:
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418:
417:Schwarzschild
415:
414:
410:
404:
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392:
389:
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384:
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382:
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273:
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268:
265:
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247:
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242:
240:
239:Event horizon
237:
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119:
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116:
98:
95:
91:
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77:
74:
70:
63:
58:
55:
51:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
26:
22:
3576:Astrophysics
3535:Solar System
3362:PKS 1302-102
3290:
3236:Gravity well
3204:Compact star
3158:Microquasars
3143:Most massive
3047:Alternatives
2812:X-ray binary
2731:Neutron star
2668:Supermassive
2645:Hawking star
2586:Supermassive
2495:
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2324:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2248:
2237:
2197:(2): 73–75.
2194:
2188:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2069:
2065:
2052:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1993:the original
1986:
1977:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1872:
1837:
1827:
1798:
1775:. Retrieved
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1719:
1710:
1697:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1592:
1585:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1527:
1508:
1495:
1472:
1466:
1441:Solar System
1386:Antiparticle
1314:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1279:Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
1277:
1273:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1205:
1188:
1182:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1091:
1079:
1071:
1042:
1025:
1012:hypersurface
1009:
1001:
987:
947:Igor Novikov
944:
912:
891:gauge theory
863:
840:
817:
772:
766:
692:
652:Raychaudhuri
121:Introduction
25:
3551:White holes
3523:Outer space
3511:Spaceflight
3352:Centaurus A
3306:Planet Nine
3209:Exotic star
3138:Black holes
3084:Planck star
3033:Kerr–Newman
2748:White dwarf
2698:Radio-Quiet
2656:Microquasar
2529:Black holes
2292:: 244–249.
1807:. pp.
1665:(24): 127.
1406:Planck star
1371:Dark energy
1366:Dark matter
1295:Outer Wilds
1139:singularity
1098:light-years
996:proper time
931:black holes
797:information
781:singularity
667:van Stockum
597:Oppenheimer
452:Kerr–Newman
244:Singularity
3545:Categories
3402:Q0906+6930
3392:Hercules A
3322:Cygnus X-1
3291:White hole
3266:Quasi-star
3219:Preon star
3214:Quark star
3199:Big Bounce
3059:Black star
3017:Derivation
2865:Ergosphere
2821:Properties
2802:Quasi-star
2792:Quark star
2703:Radio-Loud
2591:Primordial
2581:Kugelblitz
2359:1607.03480
1777:12 October
1755:12 October
1672:1806.00648
1458:References
1446:Multiverse
1391:Antimatter
1351:Black hole
1341:Big Bounce
1311:white hole
1304:white hole
1291:video game
1287:white hole
1274:white hole
1257:white hole
1240:black hole
1230:GRB 060614
1178:Big Bounce
1126:See also:
1039:Properties
1016:space-like
967:black hole
801:black hole
773:white hole
520:Scientists
352:Formalisms
300:Formalisms
249:Black hole
175:World line
3487:Astronomy
3427:AT2018hyz
3074:Gravastar
3064:Dark star
2897:Microlens
2770:Hypernova
2765:Micronova
2760:Supernova
2714:Formation
2384:0264-9381
2299:1311.4853
2229:118505127
2204:1105.2776
2164:Space.com
2112:118434253
2104:1550-7998
2079:1111.4595
2027:1007.0587
1944:0902.1994
1416:Spacetime
1262:Red Dwarf
971:spacetime
777:spacetime
612:Robertson
577:Friedmann
572:Eddington
562:Nordström
552:de Sitter
409:Solutions
334:Geodesics
329:Friedmann
311:Equations
297:Equations
258:Spacetime
193:Phenomena
99:ν
96:μ
87:κ
78:ν
75:μ
67:Λ
59:ν
56:μ
3450:Category
3337:A0620-00
3296:Wormhole
3194:Big Bang
3094:Fuzzball
2977:ER = EPR
2843:Theorems
2641:Electron
2636:Extremal
2566:Rotating
2487:Archived
2475:Archived
2448:Archived
2436:Archived
2408:12 March
2169:23 March
2143:23 March
2137:Archived
2132:NBC News
1836:(1998).
1689:30608746
1638:14783311
1507:(1996).
1426:Wormhole
1324:See also
1265:episode
1216:wormhole
1191:Big Bang
1122:Big Bang
1082:universe
1062:Big Bang
1058:wormhole
1052:) or an
1033:Big Bang
975:geodesic
837:Overview
728:Category
592:Lemaître
557:Reissner
542:Poincaré
527:Einstein
472:Taub–NUT
437:Wormhole
421:interior
134:Timeline
3556:Gravity
3473:Portals
3460:Commons
3422:P172+18
3377:TON 618
3315:Notable
3167:Related
3153:Quasars
3148:Nearest
3108:Analogs
3038:Hayward
3006:Metrics
2651:Stellar
2576:Virtual
2571:Charged
2540:Outline
2364:Bibcode
2304:Bibcode
2209:Bibcode
2084:Bibcode
2032:Bibcode
1969:5947253
1949:Bibcode
1900:Bibcode
1842:580–581
1709:(ed.).
1608:Bibcode
1565:Bibcode
1220:quasars
1094:quasars
897:History
883:AdS/CFT
647:Hawking
642:Penrose
617:Bardeen
607:Wheeler
537:Hilbert
532:Lorentz
492:pp-wave
129:History
3397:3C 273
3387:NeVe 1
3367:OJ 287
3089:Q star
2955:Issues
2688:Blazar
2678:Quasar
2382:
2227:
2110:
2102:
1967:
1848:
1815:
1811:–198.
1687:
1636:
1626:
1515:
1483:
1436:Q star
1431:Quasar
1130:, and
849:, and
847:charge
823:galaxy
789:matter
785:energy
726:
693:others
687:Thorne
677:Newman
657:Taylor
637:Ehlers
622:Walker
587:Zwicky
462:Kasner
3499:Stars
3130:Lists
2631:Micro
2601:Rogue
2549:Types
2354:arXiv
2294:arXiv
2265:3 May
2225:S2CID
2199:arXiv
2108:S2CID
2074:arXiv
2022:arXiv
1965:S2CID
1939:arXiv
1667:arXiv
1634:S2CID
1598:arXiv
1137:core/
831:spawn
793:light
662:Hulse
602:Gödel
582:Milne
477:Milne
442:Gödel
139:Tests
3099:Geon
3023:Kerr
2624:Size
2410:2020
2380:ISSN
2267:2012
2171:2024
2145:2024
2100:ISSN
1846:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1779:2011
1757:2011
1685:PMID
1624:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1421:Star
1161:spin
1151:The
1074:star
988:away
917:and
843:mass
795:and
779:and
771:, a
672:Taub
627:Kerr
567:Weyl
447:Kerr
365:BSSN
2693:OVV
2683:LQG
2402:abc
2372:doi
2312:doi
2290:728
2217:doi
2092:doi
2040:doi
2018:694
1957:doi
1935:687
1908:doi
1896:183
1809:197
1677:doi
1616:doi
1573:doi
925:of
864:In
767:In
682:Yau
360:ADM
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2038:.
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2010:.
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1871:.
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1787:^
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