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seemed to be a park for white people, and where black people served as objects of ridicule: one game was called the "African Dip", and it involved patrons throwing projectiles at the head of a black person, and trying to hit him. Black columnists were irate that some black men willingly took these kinds of jobs. Admission policies were desegregated when the neighborhood changed and more people of color resided nearby. The housing development was to be called
Parkway Gardens, and at the time, it was seen as a hopeful sign that a neglected neighborhood would have new housing.
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that played
Scottish music, performed traditional Scottish folk music and folk dances. The Baby Incubators exhibit, a feature of several other fairs and parks of that time, attracted much attention and many donations. There is evidence that tiny infants were displayed at White City from the park's earliest days. The stories of the struggle for survival of these so-called "incubator babies" even made the west coast newspapers. (For example, a story of a 1-pound, 4 oz. infant from Indiana, called the "Tiniest Baby in the World", was written up in the
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to the park for 100 lucky boys and girls who sent in the best letters explaining why they wanted to come to Sally's party and spend a day at White City. Many of the children who responded had never been to an amusement park. This content continued into the early 1930s, when the "Sally Joy" of that time was a woman named Anna Nangle.
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the park took its name. One of the buildings housed a ballroom with a dancefloor large enough for 1,000 dancers. The park had a tower that could be seen for 15 miles (24.1 km). The
College Inn, a restaurant, could seat 2,500 diners at a time. "White City" was also the name associated with the landscaping and architecture of the
438:, along with the ongoing problems from the fires of 1925 and 1927, had a very negative impact on White City. Although 1930 still wasn't too bad for White City, with each successive year, attendance declined, and by 1933, the company that operated it was unable to pay the taxes that were due, causing the park to be placed in
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There was another fire at the park in early July 1925, and although it did some damage, it was contained without any serious injuries. A later fire in June 1927, however, was much more serious. Starting in the ballroom, it spread and did over $ 200,000 in damage; the tower that was not harmed in the
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newspaper made use of White City to hold an annual benefit for
Chicago's hospitals, with the proceeds devoted to helping babies who needed care. In addition to the regular exhibits, there were well-known bands of the day that came to perform: for example, in August 1907, the Kilties, a Canadian band
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Admission was ten cents in the early years, and newspaper ads noted that White City was open rain or shine. In good weather, patrons could enjoy "...the spacious plaza, the outdoor sports and amusements", and if the weather was inclement, there was "...the excellent vaudeville show, the
Chicago fire,
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advice columnist whose pen name was "Sally Joy Brown" sponsored a children's event beginning in 1923. Sally Joy's column had become famous for getting readers to do good deeds to help the poor, and even children often participated in lending a hand. Now, the newspaper wanted to provide free access
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circuit was one of the few jobs open to them. The exhibit showed a miniature city, with a miniature mayor, and even miniature horses. Also popular was the "Chicago Fire" exhibit, which featured an exhibit described as a faithful reproduction of the burning of the city: "... a panoramic display...
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once used the park as point of reference for the city of
Chicago. The park was located at 63rd Street and South Park Avenue (now Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive) and covered fourteen acres of land with gardens and strolling paths. There were several buildings all lined with white lights, from which
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In late
September 1911, White City experienced a serious fire, as flames swept through the southern section of the park. Newspaper reports said it started in a storage area near the railway, and it attracted a large crowd. A strong north wind kept the fire contained to the rear of the park, which
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states that he is
President of the White City Amusement Park. Newspaper articles that reported declining business in 1911 called Morris the "President of White City Construction Company, which operates the Chicago amusement park." Joseph was the proprietor of the Hotel Sherman (originally called
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of 1893 and been so impressed that he aspired to create an amusement park that was similar to it. Earlier 1905–1915 newspaper accounts had said the owners were two
Chicago brothers, Morris and Joseph Beifeld. Morris was frequently called the president of the corporation that operated the park, and
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quickly pointed out, was that the history of the White City
Amusement Park had been one of de facto segregation. Black people were discouraged from attending during the park's early years. As far back as 1912, there had been comments that the name "White City" was very appropriate, given how it
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also malfunctioned, injuring twelve people. The new park's operation appeared as safe as similar parks, and almost from the beginning, White City was very well received. The city experienced dramatic increases in ridership on the public transportation that took people to White City. In August
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was involved in one of these rallies. In 1946, the Congress of Racial Equality sued the management of the rink, saying it was violating the Illinois Civil Rights Law. Eventually, the White City rink was desegregated and changed its name to Park City. The Park City rink closed in 1958.
413:, killing twelve and injuring twenty-eight. The pilot, John A. Boettner was saved by his parachute. He was arrested, pending an investigation of the tragedy, but later released without charges. This crash resulted in the closure of the Grant Park Airstrip and the creation of the
338:, July 20, 1905, p. 2) At the time, not every hospital had incubators, and the Chicago Tribune was among the newspapers that used the Baby Incubator displays to raise money so that all hospitals in the Chicago area would have them. By 1908, another area amusement park,
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The same anti-black policies that had beset the amusement park also applied to the roller rink at the park. The rink was still open, and during the 1940s, it became the site of demonstrations and brawls as Blacks fought for their right to roller skate indoors. In 1942, the
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made use of the ballroom, which seated nearly 4000, and they brought with them a chorus of several hundred people. The evangelists planned to make appearances all over the Chicago area during the month, but wanted to do something very memorable to begin their
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prevented a nearby 200 foot tower in the center of the boardwalk from being destroyed. Firefighters were able to put the fire out without anyone sustaining serious injuries. The scenic railway and half of the Figure 8 took the brunt of the damage.
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White City had experienced periodic financial problems because attendance was dependent on the economy. As far back as 1915, there had been a question of whether the park's lease would be renewed, but finally the landlord, Chicago business mogul
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referred to the White City Amusement Park's executives as "President Joseph Beifeld, Treasurer Aaron J. Jones, and General Manager Paul D. Howse." Mr. Howse had been a journalist in Chicago, and his July 10, 1933
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from 1905 until the 1950s. At the time of its opening, on May 26, 1905, it was claimed to be the largest park of its type in the United States. It contributed to Chicago's status as the city with the most
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1950s and 1960s newspaper articles associated the park with an owner named Aaron Jones who was a Chicago entrepreneur who had been a successful operator of a penny-arcade business. Jones had visited the
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that was widely praised for its amazing spectacles. The park's ambitious plan faced obstacles. The newspapers reported on the construction rush, which led to an incident in February 1905 when three
219:, as they worked on a ceiling. After the park had opened, there was one occasion when a ride malfunctioned; a patron was killed, and two other patrons were injured. A year later, the park's
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In 1945, the land on which White City had stood was designated for a co-operative housing development for African-Americans. The irony, as reporters from black newspapers like the
346:", and elsewhere as Dr. M.A. McConey or Dr. M.A. Couney maintained an exhibit of an incubator in which live infants were tended, including the daughter of the editor of the
471:, is all but forgotten; but in its heyday, it was known as "the city of a million electric lights", because its tower was an amazing sight that could be seen for 15 miles.
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265:...the Baby Incubators, the Wild Animals show..." In August 1906, the list of features at the park included these: Big Otto's Trained Wild Animal Show,
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ride in Chicago. It also featured a roller coaster and the Garden Follies Dancers. The park featured regular outdoor concerts, and it had a
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1911 fire finally was destroyed in this blaze. Some historians believe the 1927 fire signalled the beginning of the end for the park.
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rose by 11,000 fares over the number of riders from a year earlier, an increase directly attributed to the opening of the park.
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then known as 'Chicago's Youngest Organist' was the organist at the roller rink and sometimes gave concerts. The park hosted
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1403:"Skating through the color barrier – Jimmy Davis's persistence led to the first roller rink open to black enthusiasts"
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White City continued to deteriorate until it was condemned in 1939 and its facilities were auctioned off in 1946.
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Today, White City Amusement Park, which was once considered the equal of other turn of the century parks like
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Top: Exhibit, c. 1905; Middle: White Horse Tavern, 1905: Bottom: Children sitting on an amusement device, 1915
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in miniature, with all the addenda of realistic fire and smoke effects and crumbling of buildings..."
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366:. They felt that White City was the place to launch the crusade in a very spectacular fashion.
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Charles W. Welch. "Meeting in White City Dance Hall Inaugurates Great Evangelical Campaign."
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In October 1910, White City served as the home of a major Christian evangelistic crusade. Dr.
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White City Amusement Park 1905-1933. Photo album and 32 original 1905 advertising articles
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Barnett, Albert (October 7, 1950). "Parkway Gardens Apartments, A New Idea in a New Era".
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as a model for worldwide amusement park architects, designers and planners. There was no
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Top: Entrance under construction, c. 1905; Middle: At night, 1916: Bottom: Ballroom, 1915
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718:"WHITE CITY" FOR BERLIN: Charles R. Lynch of Chicago Projects New Amusement Enterprise"
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During the early 1920s, the park continued to be involved with charity benefits. A
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performed at the park regularly. Daredevil aeronautic shows of performers like
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stated that he was one of White City's founders and its first general manager.
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White City served as the place of assembly and departure point for the first
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Midget City was a popular exhibit that featured 50 men and women who all had
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that had six cars and a miniature railroad. The park also featured the first
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in the United States until 1908. It eventually introduced the world to the
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ticket, and patrons purchased tickets to use each of the park's features.
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in the White City Amusement and Construction Company." Also in 1907, the
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the Sherman House) but in an article about self-made millionaires, the
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and were painted a chalky white. In its prime the park rivalled
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1121:"Annette Kellerman Sullivan, 87, 'Million Dollar Mermaid,' Dead"
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in print advertisements) was a recreational area located in the
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Louise Hutchinson. "The Tribune's Sally Joy to Retire Soon,"
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592:"The Roller-Coaster Life Of Towering And Tawdry White City"
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noted that he was not only a hotel magnate but "principal
939:"CHICAGO White City amusement park Ferris wheel railway"
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serviced the park, bringing passengers from Chicago's
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re-negotiated it and the park remained open. But the
1431:"Sue White City Skating Rink for Barring Negroes".
315:; at the time, the word used to describe them was '
1345:"Question of the Month: African Dip Carnival Game"
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792:"Three Workmen Are Hurt by Collapse of Scaffold".
409:into the Illinois Trust & Savings Building on
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1450:. Tribune Company. August 18, 1977. pp. B1.
199:White City was originally envisioned to be like
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1536:Demolished buildings and structures in Chicago
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1290:"State and City Inquiry in Balloon Tragedy",
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1343:Pilgrim, David; Sarah Graf (February 2007).
1197:"Tiny Infants Taken to 'Tribune' Hospital",
1055:"White City Roller Rink Demonstration, 1949"
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1277:"Blimp Bursts Over Loop; A 1919 Tragedy."
856:Jean Bond. "White City Dies As She Lived",
385:, called the "Wingfoot Air Express". Both
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417:(currently Midway International Airport).
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882:"Chicago Produces a Millionaire a Week",
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393:assembled dirigibles at the park for the
114:, which was first assembled at the park.
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716:Transatlantic, Marconi (April 2, 1911).
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747:"One Family's Odyssey In A Super- Park"
405:. On July 21, 1919, the dirigible run
272:The park information mentioned a small
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1059:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago
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1027:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago
965:Roller Coaster History: How It Started
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692:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago
662:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago
555:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago
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1349:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
1223:"White City Astir to Succor Babies",
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327:Beginning in the summer of 1906, the
1369:"Men in Statue, Babies in Courage",
1251:"White City Fire Draws Big Crowds",
898:"White City to Aid Tribune Babies,"
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775:"Place Like Dreamland for Chicago".
503:"White City Amusement Park, Chicago"
1531:Defunct amusement parks in Illinois
1526:1950s disestablishments in Illinois
1329:"White City Park Draws Thousands",
991:Foerstner, Abigail (May 29, 1985).
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35:White City (Chicago amusement park)
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1210:"Riverview Park Aids the Babies",
961:"Shoot-The-Chutes Ride In Chicago"
224:1905, ridership on the South Side
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1316:"Beifield Takes 98 Year Lease",
1162:November 14, 1932. Archived from
215:fell 25 feet (7.6 m) from a
16:Defunct amusement park in Chicago
1401:O'Hara, Delia (April 29, 1987).
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391:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
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1521:1905 establishments in Illinois
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1435:. January 19, 1946. p. 14.
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822:"Twelve Hurt on Park Coaster".
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796:. February 23, 1905. p. 3.
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590:Estep, George (April 6, 1986).
505:. Neonatology.org. May 12, 2007
745:Grossman, Ron (July 5, 1985).
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658:"World's Columbian Exposition"
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633:March 29, 1926. Archived from
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308:were also common at the park.
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1303:"Park Fire Imperils 15,000",
1097:March 8, 1943. Archived from
993:"It Was Chicago's 1st Suburb"
843:. August 31, 1905. p. 5.
781:. August 31, 1904. p. 6.
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19:For the 1893 White City, see
1184:"Ready for Babies Aid Day",
869:"Chicago Amusement Parks",
234:World's Columbian Exposition
177:World's Columbian Exposition
25:White City (amusement parks)
21:World's Columbian Exposition
7:
1242:, October 16, 1910, p. B6.
967:. UltimateRollerCoaster.com
924:"Attractions of the Park",
873:, September 16, 1911, p. 7.
807:"Death on Scenic Railway".
481:White City (amusement park)
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461:Congress of Racial Equality
292:shows, and performers like
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1268:, December 26, 1960, p. 22
1063:Chicago Historical Society
1031:Chicago Historical Society
915:, September 18, 1906, p. 9
828:. May 21, 1906. p. 2.
811:. July 3, 1905. p. 5.
696:Chicago Historical Society
686:Solzman, David M. (2005).
666:Chicago Historical Society
656:Rydell, Robert W. (2005).
559:Chicago Historical Society
538:. May 27, 1905. p. 9.
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1351:. Ferris State University
1255:, September 30, 1911, p.5
860:, December 6, 1959, p. S1
267:Hale's Tours of the World
84:White City Amusement Park
1214:, August 31, 1908, p. 12
1021:Vaillant, Derek (2005).
1468:Roller Coaster DataBase
1320:, July 22, 1916, p. 14.
1281:, July 21, 1957, p. D12
886:, March 24, 1907, p. F7
839:"South Side Elevated".
335:San Francisco Chronicle
23:. For other parks, see
1188:, July 24, 1907, p. 8.
928:, August 4, 1906, p. 5
530:"White City is Opened"
88:Greater Grand Crossing
1307:, July 6, 1925, p. 24
1201:, July 26, 1905, p. 6
911:advertisement in the
902:, July 29, 1907 P. 6.
549:Barker, Stan (2005).
535:Chicago Record Herald
82:(sometimes listed as
1373:, July 27, 1912, p.1
1294:, July 23, 1919, p.1
1229:, July 29, 1907, p.5
1101:on December 14, 2008
359:Charles M. Alexander
239:United States Census
1493: /
1166:on October 27, 2010
941:. Vintage Postcards
871:Wall Street Journal
841:Wall Street Journal
637:on January 31, 2011
319:,' and working the
125:White City Features
1130:. November 6, 1975
1128:The New York Times
1023:"Outdoor Concerts"
809:The New York Times
725:The New York Times
395:United States Navy
1497:41.779°N 87.617°W
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1292:Los Angeles Times
551:"Amusement Parks"
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294:Annette Kellerman
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203:, a park in
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185:Coney Island
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1500: /
1416:December 9,
1355:January 19,
1170:December 9,
1134:December 9,
1105:December 9,
1069:December 9,
1036:December 9,
1006:December 9,
971:December 7,
945:December 7,
760:December 9,
730:December 9,
701:December 9,
671:December 9,
641:December 9,
621:"In London"
605:December 9,
564:December 9,
509:December 7,
306:Horace Wild
282:roller rink
250:stockholder
1515:Categories
1488:87°37′01″W
1485:41°46′44″N
1464:White City
487:References
436:Depression
403:Grant Park
344:Dr. Couney
213:plasterers
118:Background
99:south side
80:White City
1160:Time Inc.
1095:Time Inc.
631:Time Inc.
399:dirigible
298:Bill Cody
290:burlesque
286:Hal Pearl
237:the 1910
226:'L' Train
201:Dreamland
1411:Newsbank
1001:Newsbank
755:Newsbank
600:Newsbank
475:See also
357:and Mr.
321:carnival
313:dwarfism
259:obituary
217:scaffold
209:Brooklyn
92:Woodlawn
1466:at the
407:crashed
364:revival
317:midgets
254:Tribune
103:Chicago
97:on the
1065:. 2005
1124:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
397:. A
1418:2008
1357:2009
1172:2008
1155:Time
1136:2008
1107:2008
1090:Time
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626:Time
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511:2008
389:and
300:and
171:Time
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101:of
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